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An Analysis of the Profitability and Choice of Metropolitan Waste-Use in Urban Agriculture of the Federal Capital Territory, Abuja, Nigeria

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An Analysis of the Profitability and Choice of Metropolitan Waste-Use in Urban Agriculture of the Federal Capital Territory, Abuja, Nigeria An analysis of the profitability and choice of metropolitan waste-use in urban agriculture of the Federal Capital Territory, Abuja, Nigeria Analýza rentability a možností využití komunálního odpadu v městském zemědělství na území hlavního města Abuja, Federal Capital Territory, v Nigérii C.J. Arene1, G.I.O. Mbata2 1Department of Agricultural Economics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria 2Federal Capital Territory Agricultural Development Programme, Gwagwalada, Abuja, Nigeria Abstract: The study attempts to analyse the profitability of urban agriculture using metropolitan organic waste in Abuja, the Federal Capital Territory of Nigeria. The results show that the enterprise is profitable, and that output price is the most important determinant of the maximum variable profit. Other price factors, specifically planting materials, labour, and metropolitan waste (organic manure), account for less. Further analysis shows that level of education, age of farmers, per capita farm income, and household size are important determinants of choice of urban agriculture for food security and improvement of environmental quality. The chances of farmers willing to pay for urban agriculture will increase when their level of education and per capita income increase, while the chances of not willing to pay for such venture will increase when their ages and household size increase. The creation of more market outlets for urban produced foods is recommen- ded, among others. Key words: profitability, metropolitan waste-use, urban agriculture, Nigeria Abstrakt: Studie se zaměřuje na analýzu rentability využití organického komunálního odpadu v městském zemědělství v hlavním městě Abuja, Federal Capital Territory, v Nigérii. Výsledky studie ukazují, že takový podnik je rentabilní a že hlavním prvkem determinujícím maximální variabilní zisk je cena outputu, tedy výsledného produktu. Ostatní cenové faktory, jako je zejména osivo a sadba, práce a cena městského komunálního odpadu (organické hnojivo), mají menší význam. Další analýza ukazuje, že úroveň vzdělání, věk farmářů, příjem na osobu a velikost domácnosti jsou významné determinanty pro rozhodování o provozování městského zemědělství z hlediska potravinové bezpečnosti a životního prostředí. Ochota zemědělců investovat do městského zemědělství se zvyšuje s růstem jejich úrovně vzdělání a příjmu na osobu, zatímco neochota k tomuto typu podnikání roste se zvyšujícím se věkem a velikostí domácnosti. Doporučuje se mj. vytváření většího počtu tržních příležitostí pro tento typ produkce. Klíčová slova: rentabilita, využití městského komunálního odpadu, městské zemědělství, Nigérie Today’s cities operate on a throughput model, in can be added to other organic by-products such as which resources are imported and wastes are exported. leaf litter, garden trimmings, and food scraps. When Urban agriculture can help to close the loop between composted, this mixture yields rich mulch which can inputs and outputs by converting what are tradition- be used as fertilizer to nurture the growth of quality ally viewed as waste products into food and fuel, thus organic edibles in urban gardens (Laurence 1996). The lowering the size of the city’s ecological footprint. convergence of producers and consumers which occurs For example, sewage sludge from treatment plants with localized food production also reduces the need AGRIC. ECON. – CZECH, 54, 2008 (6): 269–275 269 for intakes from the larger resource stream, lowers The benefits of urban agriculture extend beyond the amount of pollution generated by long distance better nutrition, poverty reduction and jobs for the transportation, and conserves energy normally lost poor. Agricultural methods make the most out of to the system. This is achieved when the processing, scarce land, water and other natural resources, and packaging, transporting, and storing activities of the often make use of wastes and industrial by-products traditional agricultural model are bypassed for the as well. From the environmental and economic point growing and harvesting of produce in a single loca- of view, waste reduction is interesting. Finally, reduc- tion by a few individuals (Nugent 1997). ing environmental pollution in towns contributes to The urban agriculture referred to in this study is poverty alleviation because the urban poor are mostly defined as an industry that produces food and fuel, exposed to, and constrained by bad environmental largely in response to the daily demand of consumers conditions (Songspore, McGranahan 1993). The within a town, city or metropolis, on land and water metropolitan waste being referred to in this work disposal throughout the urban and peri-urban areas, is the organic aspect of the metropolitan waste that applying intensive production methods, using and the farmers have sorted into an exclusively organic re-using natural resources and metropolitan wastes, fraction for utilization in the farm. to yield a diversity of crops and livestock. Large cities have been perceived as mushrooming Urban agriculture is presented as a large and growing out of control and representing a major problem for industry that uses urban waste water and urban solid humankind. If urbanization is indeed out of control, waste as inputs which close ecological loops when then the emergence of a new generation of very large processed on idle land and water bodies (Smith, Nasr cities may undermine any progress towards sustainable 1992). The positive impact of this neglected industry development. The challenge of supplying nutritionally include: (a) improved nutrition and health (b) improved adequate and safe food to city dwellers is substantial. environment for living, (c) increased entrepreneurship Accomplishing this task under conditions of growth (d) improved household food security of the urban poor and congestion demands that policy-makers seize (e) reduced food insecurity as it increases access to food, opportunities for integrating resource management especially fresh nutrient-rich foods, among population and planning efforts, understanding potential linkages suffering from food insecurity (the poor, temporarily between rural and urban areas, and anticipating the or permanently vulnerable). They do this through their changing needs of a country’s citizens in both rural own self-provisioning that directly provides food, or and urban settings. The need to address issues as- by using what they grow to reduce market expenditure sociated with urban agriculture is a pressing one, as or to increase income. As the urban poor are found to urban populations in both developed and developing be spending 60–80% of their income on food, any of countries continue to increase. these actions can have a major impact on household An important visible manifestation of the increas- well-being, and (f) available evidence suggests that ing ecological problems in African cities relates to urban agriculture enhances quantities of food for the problem of collection and disposition of solid the urban farmer and other low-income families and wastes. Domestic sewage is released untreated or supplements income for the urban farmer. only partially treated into the waterways in many Urban agriculture takes place in all regions of the countries. A 1986/87 survey of 660 households in Dar- world, but is most prevalent in Asia (Smith et al. es-salaam (Tanzania) revealed that only 15 percent 1996). Usually vegetables and fruits are grown on of the dirty water and sewage was being regularly land unsuited for building purposes and on unde- disposed of while the municipal sewage system in veloped public and private lands (IDRC 1993). In Khartoum (Sudan) served about 5 percent of the addition, intensive livestock production systems for city. Another survey found that about one-sixth of milk, meat, and poultry or egg production are op- the human solid wastes is dumped outside proper erational around and within city limits, with a trend toilet facilities (United Nations Centre for Human to zero grazing. In Kenya and Tanzania, two out of Settlement 1989). three urban families are engaged in farming (Mara, While the growing cities are likely to get the water Caincross 1989). In Taiwan, over half of all urban that they need, whatever the cost, they face the world- families are members of farming associations. Large wide serious problems in disposing the wastewater. Chinese cities produce 90 percent and more of their The wastewater contains a variety of pollutants of vegetable requirement within their urban regions. In biological origin depending on the level of industrial the United States, for instance, 70 percent of fruit, development, and chemical pollution control. In such vegetables and ornamental plants are grown on urban circumstances part, more often, all of these pollutants land (Rabinovith, Schmetzer 1997). find their way into the nearest water body, be it a river, 270 AGRIC. ECON. – CZECH, 54, 2008 (6): 269–275 canal, lake or the ocean. As a result, a number of the the work of Ughenu (2001), which addressed urban rivers, lakes and aquifers in these countries are being farming in Onitsha but did not estimate the eco- severely contaminated. Many studies have detected nomic implication of metropolitan waste-use in a bacteriological contamination of water resources, bid to evaluate the profitability and sustainability of which contribute to the high morbidity and mortality urban agriculture in the area. This study, therefore, rates, especially among infants through diarrhea and attempts to fill the gap. other
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