The Representation of Filmic Masculinity in Five South Korean Award – Winning Films Gabriel
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TẠP CHÍ PHÁT TRIỂN KHOA HỌC & CÔNG NGHỆ: 5 CHUYÊN SAN KHOA HỌC XÃ HỘI VÀ NHÂN VĂN, TẬP 2, SỐ 3, 2018 Korean Men in Western film festival: The representation of filmic masculinity in five South Korean award – winning films Gabriel. F. Y. Tsang Abstract—Masculinity is volatile, subject to social. It has a stronger sensitivity to the national representation. It is both personal and collective, identity and cultural specificity of South Korea. It interchanging with historical and cultural dynamics. replicates some filmic elements from other This essay holds a focus on Korean masculinities regions, such as actions from Hong Kong, represented in five award-winning South Korean documentary styles from China and explosive films. In both diachronic and international perspectives, it differentiates between ideal, real and scenes from the United States, but simultaneously filmic masculinities, illuminating that ancient and remains its focus on rendering Korean-ness. The modern Korean masculinities do not purely stick to emphasis of Korean-ness is a crucial way for a fixed, expected and shared ideology. There are South Korean films to differentiate themselves variations in response to personal intention, from their competitors, and to let film critics, nationhood and cultural globalization. The main especially the Western ones, make clear argument of this essay is that conventional regulation is not the sole source to influence identification. masculinity representation. Even violation of 2002 and 2004 are two significant years in the idealized manhood could deliver a sense of Korean film history. They mark the critical masculinity. Extending this argument to the concern success of South Korean films. In 2002, Im with international film marketing, this essay Kwon-taek won the Best Director Award for Chi- questions about whether diversification of gender hwa-seon (also known as Painted Fire, Strokes of features would blur Korean masculinity and create new gender identification. Fire or Drunk on Women and Poetry) at the Cannes Film Festival, whereas Lee Chang-dong’s Keywords—cultural globalization, masculinity, film Oasis won the Special Director’s Award, the nationhood, South Korean films Fipresci Best Film Award, the Signis Award and the Marcello Mastroianni Award at the Venice 1. INTRODUCTION Film Festival. In 2004, Park Chan-wook’s Oldboy won Grand Prix at the Cannes Film Festival, and fter the commercial success of Kang Jeg- Kim Ki-duk won the Best Director Award for yu’s Shiri (1999), attracting 5.8 million A Samaritan Girl and four awards for 3-Iron viewers that beat the local box office record set by (including the Best Director Award, the Fipresci Titanic (4.7 million viewers) (Kim Youna 2013, Best Film Award, the Little Golden Lion Award 10), the South Korean film industry revived. It and the Signis Award) at the Berlin Film Festival welcomed a prolific new wave, encouraging mass and the Venice Film Festival respectively. The production of films with higher quality that success of five Korean films in two years at three supported a marketing war against Hollywood major art film festivals does not simply mean products internally and overseas, and delivering a separate acceptance of individual efforts paid to sense of internationalization. Unlike the French renovate Korean genres. It implies a critical notice New Wave, lasting from the late 1950s to the of the rise of collectively constituted filmic 1960s, that focused on personalizing the themes formula that represented the self-identification of and techniques of films, Korean New Wave, South Korean nationals. despite innovative ways of expression, is more Four Korean directors mentioned above are all Received: 10-01-2018, Accepted: 11-5-2018; Published: men. Including Kim Ki-duk’s Samaritan Girl, 30-9-2018 which is about the female protagonist offering Gabriel F. Y. Tsang, Sun Yat-sen University free prostitution after the death of her best friend, Email: [email protected] those award-winning films have male characters 6 SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT JOURNAL: SOCIAL SCIENCES & HUMANITIES, VOL 2, ISSUE 3, 2018 playing significant roles. The themes of the films cognitive, perceivable and ever-changing. Filmic are basically androcentric. Directors generally masculinity makes a reference to the masculine assign actors to certain roles according to the representation in reality, and can imitate, distort, function and characterization that match their exaggerate, extract and modify it as what a physical sex, with a principle that women are director consciously or unconsciously intends. under control and suppressed. In the following Merely applying textual analysis, one can merely sections, I will address the masculine issues identify masculinity through differentiating it through studying and contextualizing the volatile from the elements that female characters masculinity represented in the five films. represent. In Chi-hwa-seon, Jang Seung-eop has clear personalities opposite to those of female 2. IM KWON-TAEK’S CHI-HWA-SEON: characters. In the love relationships, except the IMAGINING ANCIENT KOREAN first one that he fails because of his inferior social MASCULINITY identity, he usually plays an active role to make As the first Korean film that won a major award choices, instead of being chosen. The women he from one of the three most important art film met, except a prostitute, are all incapable of festivals, Chi-hwa-seon is a delicate pastiche of sustaining their lives through laboring and hence the cultural elements of the nineteenth-century need to depend on their fathers, husbands or male Korea. Like Japanese director Akira Kurosawa’s sex partners. The low education level and social Rashomon (1950), which won Golden Lion status cause their compliance with the men’s Award at the 1951 Venice Film Festival, and commands, as what Mary Wollstonecraft (1792) Chinese director Chen Kaige’s Farewell My criticized and reasoned about the subordinated Concubine (1993), which won Palme d’Or at the condition of European women in her era. For 1993 Cannes Film Festival, this film brought the instance, the sister of Jang Seung-eop’s master national film industry into the gaze of judges and follows her brother’s arrangement to get married satisfied their expected Oriental imagination. Kate with a man whom she may not love but can give E. Taylor-Jones quoted Kim So-young’s her economic support. Besides, the sex partner of statement that Chi-hwa-seon “provides a Jang, who truly loves him, needs a sexual framework through which the present South relationship with another painter in order to Korean problems under the globalization era can survive, after Jang left her for a long time for be rethought” and referred it to “the perceived drawing in the countryside. Under the observable desire of Im to appeal to the international social structure in the film, one can conclude that audience rather than focusing on the domestic the Korean masculinity represented in Chi-hwa- one” (2013: 49). That means the ancient setting of seon comprises rather arbitrary behaviors, this film creates an aesthetic illusion that alienates dominant social position and freedom of both local and overseas audience from their disobedience. This kind of masculinity is also familiar contemporary contexts. However, the observable in other ancient Korean films, such as cultural elements that modern South Korea has Hwang Jin Yi (2007) concerning a roguish male inherited from the past shortens the cognitive family servant becoming the instructor of a distance between the daily perception of the South legendary prostitute who had been his mistress. Korean audience and the narrated past of the film. Christina K. Gilmartin asserts that “Gender is In contrast, for the Western audience, the relational; femininity and masculinity make sense integration of various artistic elements, such as only in relation to each other, and behaviours that traditional painting with ink and brushes, playing are thought to transgress gender boundaries can be Dizi (a traditional Chinese instrument) and tea understood only if we know how a particular ceremony, largely detach them from their society has mapped those boundaries.” (1994: 1). everyday experience and identification of Korean She points out ther elativist nature of gender specificity. characterization and identification, especially the Masculinity, like cultural and artistic elements, importance of society in assigning masculinity to can create an effect of defamiliarization.1It is known. The technique of art is to make objects ‘unfamiliar,' to 1According to Viktor Shklovsky who conceptualized the make forms difficult to increase the difficulty and length of term “defamiliarization,” “The purpose of art is to impart the perception because the process of perception is an aesthetic sensation of things as they are perceived and not as they are end in itself and must be prolonged.” (1998: 16). TẠP CHÍ PHÁT TRIỂN KHOA HỌC & CÔNG NGHỆ: 7 CHUYÊN SAN KHOA HỌC XÃ HỘI VÀ NHÂN VĂN, TẬP 2, SỐ 3, 2018 men and femininity to women, and setting and be righteous (yi). In Chi-hwa-seon, Jang boundaries between two genders through the Seung-eop has some performances unrelated to assignment. The binary opposition involves a masculinity in the Western gaze, such as his sophisticated process of signification. In Moira consistent respect for his teacher. He keeps this Gatens’s view, this process is a historically and respect even after his teacher acknowledges that culturally given fact. She suggests that the artistic achievement of Jang is higher than his. masculinity and femininity, as imaginary In the Confucian sense, what Jang does related to products, have no “fixed essence,” but rather a his teacher, such as feeling shameful after “historical specificity” (1996:11,16). History occupying an important space in the paper for a differentiates bodies and withdraws the painting contributing to an important officer, inbetweenness of genders. That is why Gatens, shows his compliance with the ethical discipline with a practical concern, asserts that “there is no in which identity is more determinative than neutral body, there are two kinds of bodies: the ability.