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University of California UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA UCLA UCLA Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title The Distorted Transformation of Mexico: Arbitralism and Developmentalism, and Political Capitalism and Subcapitalism. A Pathway towards Balancing Capitalism and Balanced Development, or Demdevelopment Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0012399n Author Nunez, Ramon Publication Date 2013 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Los Angeles The Distorted Transformation of Mexico: Arbitralism and Developmentalism, and Political Capitalism and Subcapitalism. A Pathway towards Balancing Capitalism and Balanced Development, or Demdevelopment A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Urban Planning by Ramón Angel Núñez De La Mora 2013 © Copyright by Ramon Angel Nunez De La Mora 2013 ii ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION The Distorted Transformation of Mexico: Arbitralism and Developmentalism, and Political Capitalism and Subcapitalism. A Pathway towards Balancing Capitalism and Balanced Development, or Demdevelopment by Ramon Angel Nunez De La Mora Doctor of Philosophy in Urban Planning University of California, Los Angeles 2013 Professor Leobardo Estrada, Chair Starting from the Mexican state´s and capitalism´s overall performance in democracy and development, this study addresses two types of social relationships that have shaped the country´s evolution over the twentieth century: those unleashed from the Constitution of 1917 to now, which are called the historical or postrevolutionary relationships, and those just rising at the turn to the twentieth- first century, named as the emerging or post-postrevolutionary relationships. Both relationships take place through a series of state and capitalist processes overlapping in the spheres of politics, production and policymaking. The historical relationships are identified as two national productive restructurings, eight processes and two phenomena. The two productive restructurings are those undertaken by Presidents Cárdenas and De La Madrid in 1935 and 1983 respectfully. The eight processes are those of (i) presidentialism, (ii) corporatism, (iii) statism, (iv) democratism as well as (v) free-marketism, (vi) urban-regional-rural unbalances, (vii) technological lag, and (viii) human development. As for the two phenomena, they are arbitralism and developmentalism and work superimposed on the two restructurings and the eight processes, thereby controlling the configuration and action of the postrevolutionary stage. The emerging iii relationships are taking shape in the last years as a path-dependent succession of historical and current trends, oligarchic disputes, state/market incapacities and “failures”, socioproductive struggles and sociopolitical movements, all of them profiling the evolution of domestic capitalism and regularizing the making of democracy and development in Mexico. Based on both historical and emerging relationships, an exercise of interpretation, conceptualization and prospection of the national unfolding is made, in order to comprehend the dynamics of continuity and change underlying Mexico´s course. Then it is stated that the phenomena of arbitralism and developmentalism engendered a (postrevolutionary) Regime of Political Capitalism and Subcapitalism, which exhaustion is generating a (post-postrevolutionary) new Regime of Balancing Capitalism and Balanced Development. The transition between both regimes is profiling a pathway for a (national) political order of Demdevelopment as a superior dimension of achieving growth, wellbeing, governance and progress in Mexico. Tellingly, this pathway is endowed with a policymaking choice to undertake a demdevelopmental Third Restructuring of national capitalism and state, as a first re-organizational step towards demdevelopment. Key words: Mexico, history, capitalism, free-marketism, statism, democracy, urban-regional-rural unbalances, technological lag, human development, arbitralism, developmentalism, political capitalism, subcapitalism. iv The dissertation of Ramon Angel Nunez de la Mora is approved: Randall Crane Reynaldo Macias Leobardo Estrada, Committee Chair University of California, Los Angeles 2013 v Dedication Dedico este estudio a la memoria de mi Padre Ramón Núñez Valencia, quien me ínculcó la vocación de estudiar todo el tiempo, sembró en mi la práctica del honor, y me enseñó a chiflar. Quiero también reconocer en este trabajo a los Presbíteros Elías De La Mora, Emilio Santana, y Gabriel de la Mora por sus orientaciones sustantivas en el principio de mi vida. vi Table of Contents Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………….………….…… 1 CHAPTER I The Historical Making of México: Configuration of Capitalism and Productive Restructurings. From a Social Dream to a Sub-capitalism…………………………………………………………..………………… 11 1. Historical Context………………………………………………………………………………………….. 11 1.1 Spain and New Spain/Mexico in the “Era of Revolution”…………..…………………………….. 11 1.2 Transitions to Independence and Capitalism in New Spain/Mexico……..……………………... 16 1.3 Globalization(s), International Development of Capitalism, and Mexico……..………………… 20 2. The Configuration of Capitalism………………………………………………………………………… 32 2.1 Half Century of Political Instability…………………………………………………………….…… 32 2.2 The Porfirian Political Regime………………………………………………………………….….. 36 2.3 Configuration of Capitalism………………………………………………………………………… 40 3. The Revolution and the Postrevolutionary Regime: Productive Restructurings and Development 3.1 The Revolution of 1910…………………………………………………………………………….. 57 3.2 The Postrevolutionary Political Regime……………….……………………………………………62 3.3 Productive Restructurings…………………………………………………………………………...69 CHAPTER II The Political Operationalization of México´s Making Process……………………..……………………… 80 1. The Mexican Nation-State............................................................................................................ 80 2. The Society-State Relations underlying Democracy and Development: Eight Processes….…… 87 3. Democracy Watershed: Seedbeds of (anti-) Democracy?............................................................92 3.1 Presidentialism: The real political system………………….………………………………… 92 3.2 Corporatism: The societal structuring method……………………………………………… 112 3.3 Statism: The organizational institutional strategy……………………………………………. 121 3.4 Democratism: The legitimating procedure, or the administration of a transition in name of democracy…………………………………………………………………....………………….138 4 Development Watershed: Seedbeds of (anti-) Development? .................................................... 163 4.1 Free-Marketism: The misunderstood vocation taken to extremes, still to be built…………163 4.2 Urban-Regional-Rural Imbalances: Capitalism´s trap or the failed state, or both………….174 4.3 Technological Lag: The great exigency for a real own development, or the missing link.. 191 4.4 Human Development: Subhuman Development……………………………………………….204 vii CHAPTER III. Arbitralism and Developmentalism: Political Capitalism and Subcapitalism. The two comprehensive phenomena makers of México. …………………………………………………………..…………………… 222 1. Arbitralism and Developmentalism: Path-dependent outcomes of the interaction among the Political Class, the Oligarchy and the Socio-State Relationships…………………………………………… 222 1.1 Politics…………………..……………………………………………………………………………… 222 1.2 Political class and Oligarchy………………..….………………………………………………………225 1.3 Interaction of the Political Class, the Oligarchy and the Socio-State Relationships: the ferment Arbitralsim and Developmentalism…………………..…………………………………………. 229 2. Arbitralism…………..…..……………………………………………..……………………………………234 3. Developmentalism…….………….……………….…………………..…………………………………..244 4. Political Capitalism and Subcapitalism…………….……………………………………………………260 CHAPTER IV A National Pathway for a Balancing Capitalism and a Balanced Development: From Political Capitalism and Subcapitalism towards Demdevelopment………………………..……………………… 266 1. Arbitralism and Developmentalism: The Postrevolutionary Regime of Political Capitalism and Subcapitalism……………………………………….……………………………………………………….. 269 2. From the exhausted regime to a New Regime for growth, governance and development: Balancing Capitalism, Democracy and Balanced Development = Demdevelopment………………………….274 3. Demdevelopment, the rising pathway: stemming from the ferment of both the nation´s experienced lessons and the emerging flow of different social relationships………………………………………280 3.1 Mexican lessons………………………………………………………………………………………280 3.2 An emerging flow of different social relationships…………………………………………………283 4 Demdevelopment as a Vía for a Societal and not-only-productive Third Restructuring of Mexican Capitalism. A Conceptual and Policy Framework…………………………………………………289 4.1 Two Restructurings: Two National Models and a same Regime. A Third Restructuring: No Model for Nations and a New Regime……………………………………………………………………..289 4.2 A Conceptual Framework for Policymaking: Principles, Premises and Policy Dimensions..…. 291 4.3 A Policy Approach for a Third Restructuring: Scope and Limits, Unbalances, and Institutional Reforms………………………………………………………………………………………………..295 4.4 Conclusions…………………………………………………………………………………………….299 Bibliography…..……………………………………………………………………………………………………302 viii Acknowlegements I wish to acknowledge Prof. Allen J. Scott Prof. Edward W. Soja Prof. Michael Storper for their intellectual contributions to my academic formation at UCLA. I want to thank Prof. Leo Estrada for
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