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Reproductive Biology of the Female Red Deep-Sea Crab, Chaceon

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Reproductive Biology of the Female Red Deep-Sea Crab, Chaceon REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY OF THE FEMALE RED DEEP-SEA CRAB, CHACEON QUINQUEDENS (SMITH, 1879), IN THE MID-ATLANTIC BIGHT By Stephanie Martínez Rivera Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Maryland Eastern Shore in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy December 2018 Dissertation Committee Dr. Bradley G. Stevens, Chair Dr. J. Sook Chung Dr. Andrea Johnson Dr. William Christopher Long Dr. Thomas Miller Copyrighted © 2018 by Stephanie Martínez Rivera All Rights Reserve ii ABSTRACT The crabs of the Family Geryonidae are widely distributed on the continental slopes of the world (Hastie, 1995). Deep-water geryonid crabs have been described as slow- growing, with late maturation and possible infrequent recruitment (Hastie, 1995). Some geryonid crab have been commercially targeted around the world, however the previous characteristics imply that it is unlikely that high yields are sustainable (Hastie, 1995). The red deep-sea crab (RDSC), Chaceon quinquedens Smith, 1879, is an epi-benthic brachyuran that can be found along the continental shelf and slope in the Western Atlantic Ocean, ranging from Nova Scotia to Florida (including the Gulf of Maine and the Gulf of Mexico) at water depths of 200–1800+ m and temperatures of 5–8 °C (Haefner & Musick, 1974; Wigley et al., 1975; Steimle et al., 2001). Red deep-sea crabs support a small, male-only and market-driven fishery since the 1970s New England and the Mid-Atlantic (Wigley et al., 1975; Wahle et al., 2008). To this day, there is still little information about C. quinquedens biology, growth, natural mortality, abundance and reproduction. Therefore, RDSC are considered a data-poor stock. Although a fishery management plan was implemented in 2002 by the New England Fishery Management Council (Council), the lack of essential information makes it challenging to conduct stock assessment in order to determine the status of the stock. Consequently, research focus on RDSC biology is vital to provide information to improve management strategies to preserve the fishery resource. The understanding on the reproductive biology of a species is important for developing a sustainable management for the fishery (Zairion et al., 2015). The overall goal of this dissertation research is to describe the reproductive biology of the present population of C. quinquedens. iii DEDICATION I want to dedicate my dissertation to my parents, Maribel Rivera Vega and Tomás Martínez González, for their unconditional love and support. To my sister, Karina Marie Martínez Rivera, for the words of wisdom and encouragement to pursue my dreams. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am thankful to my advisor Dr. Bradley G. Stevens for giving me the opportunity to work in this project and guidance throughout my degree. I would like to express my deep gratitude to my dissertation committee, Dr. J. Sook Chung, Dr. Andrea Johnson, Dr. William Christopher Long and Dr. Thomas Miller for their advice and insights. Financial support for this research was provided by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Grant NA11SEC4810002 and NA16SEC4810007 as part of the NOAA Living Marine Resources Cooperative Science Center. I am extremely grateful to The Atlantic Red Crab Company, Jon Williams (CEO), Bruce Medeiros (Manager), Johnny (Captain) and the crew for allowing us on their fishing trips and assistance during sampling. I want to thank the Red Crab Research Group including Shadaesha Green, Dr. Indu Sharma and Justin Wilson for helping me in the sample collection. My summer intern Samantha Peart for the help with the histology analysis. I would like to acknowledge Dr. Andrés G. Morales-Núñez for the assistance at the lab and letting me use the microscopes in his laboratory. I am very thankful to Audy J. Peoples for his review and comments to my dissertation. My friends and peers Wilmelie Cruz Marrero and Laura C. Almodóvar Acevedo for their support, advise and help throughout this process. I want to acknowledge all my other friends and fellow students for the support and good times during all the years of graduate school. I will always be grateful for my family, they have always believed in me and encouraged me to work hard to achieve my goals. Los amo. v TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................... iii DEDICATION ................................................................................................................... iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................ v TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................... vi LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................. ix LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................ x CHAPTER 1 : GENERAL INTRODUCTION .................................................................. 1 RED DEEP-SEA CRAB LIFE HISTORY ..................................................................... 1 RED DEEP-SEA CRAB SYSTEMATICS ..................................................................... 5 RED DEEP-SEA CRAB ECOLOGY ............................................................................. 6 REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY ..................................................................................... 11 Reproductive cycle .................................................................................................... 11 Factors that regulate reproduction ............................................................................. 12 Ovary morphology..................................................................................................... 14 Size at sexual maturity............................................................................................... 14 Morphological maturation ......................................................................................... 15 Ovary maturation ....................................................................................................... 16 Mating behavior......................................................................................................... 17 Fecundity ................................................................................................................... 17 Embryo development................................................................................................. 18 FISHERY ...................................................................................................................... 19 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES AND HYPOTHESES ..................................................... 24 SAMPLE COLLECTION ............................................................................................. 24 vi REFERENCES .............................................................................................................. 26 CHAPTER 2 : OVARIAN DEVELOPMENT, OOGENESIS AND SIZE AT SEXUAL MATURITY OF THE FEMALE RED DEEP-SEA CRAB, CHACEON QUINQUEDENS SMITH, 1879, IN THE MID-ATLANTIC BIGHT .......................................................... 43 ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................. 43 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................... 45 MATERIALS AND METHODS .................................................................................. 47 Morphological Maturity ............................................................................................ 47 Physiological Maturity .............................................................................................. 48 Size at Sexual Maturity ............................................................................................. 49 RESULTS ...................................................................................................................... 50 Morphology of the female reproductive system ........................................................ 50 Stages of oocyte development ................................................................................... 50 Stages of ovarian development .................................................................................. 53 Seasonality of ovarian maturation ............................................................................. 55 Size at morphological sexual maturity ...................................................................... 55 Size at physiological sexual maturity ........................................................................ 55 DISCUSION .................................................................................................................. 56 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .......................................................................................... 60 REFERENCES .............................................................................................................. 61 CHAPTER 3 : FECUNDITY OF RED DEEP-SEA CRAB, CHACEON QUINQUEDENS SMITH, 1879, IN THE MID-ATLANTIC BIGHT .......................................................... 83 ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................. 83 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................
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