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Do People Shape Cities, Or Do Cities Shape People? the Co-Evolution of Physical, Social, and Economic Change in Five Major U.S
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES DO PEOPLE SHAPE CITIES, OR DO CITIES SHAPE PEOPLE? THE CO-EVOLUTION OF PHYSICAL, SOCIAL, AND ECONOMIC CHANGE IN FIVE MAJOR U.S. CITIES Nikhil Naik Scott Duke Kominers Ramesh Raskar Edward L. Glaeser César A. Hidalgo Working Paper 21620 http://www.nber.org/papers/w21620 NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138 October 2015 We would like to acknowledge helpful comments from Gary Becker, Jörn Boehnke, Steven Durlauf, James Evans, Jay Garlapati, Lars Hansen, James Heckman, John Eric Humphries, Jackie Hwang, Priya Ramaswamy, Robert Sampson, Zak Stone, Erik Strand, and Nina Tobio. Mia Petkova contributed Figure 2. N.N. acknowledges the support from The MIT Media Lab consortia; S.D.K. acknowledges support from the National Science Foundation (grants CCF-1216095 and SES-1459912), the Harvard Milton Fund, the Wu Fund for Big Data Analysis, and the Human Capital and Economic Opportunity Working Group (HCEO) sponsored by the Institute for New Economic Thinking (INET); E.L.G. acknowledges support from the Taubman Center for State and Local Government; and C.A.H. acknowledges support from Google’s Living Lab awards and The MIT Media Lab consortia. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Bureau of Economic Research. At least one co-author has disclosed a financial relationship of potential relevance for this research. Further information is available online at http://www.nber.org/papers/w21620.ack NBER working papers are circulated for discussion and comment purposes. They have not been peer- reviewed or been subject to the review by the NBER Board of Directors that accompanies official NBER publications. -
The Reassertion of Race, Space, and Punishment's Place in Urban
Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 2013, volume 31, pages 372 – 380 doi:10.1068/d311r1 Review essay: The reassertion of race, space, and punishment’s place in urban sociology and critical criminology† In Great American City: Chicago and the Enduring Neighborhood Effect and The Collapse of American Criminal Justice Robert J Sampson and William Stuntz, respectively, highlight the intersection and reassertion—to draw upon and extend the work of Edward Soja (2011)—of race, space, and punishment’s place in urban sociology, critical criminology, and postmodern geography (Massey, 2012; Sampson, 2012; Ludwig et al, 2012; Sharkey, 2013). The structural circumstances of deprivation and criminalization facing African-Americans that they both highlight, and the related racialized perceptions of criminality that are counterparts, appear to be some of the salient features that recently led to the murder of a young black teenager, Trayvon Martin, in the US state of Florida. Florida is one of many US states with new Stand Your Ground laws which have proliferated across the country, along with a noticeable uptick in so-called ‘justified homicides’. In this instance the inequalities of race and space highlighted by these two authors tragically came together as a neighborhood watch patrolman shot and killed Trayvon and shaped the lack of an initial official response, until massive protests broke out across the US against the failure of authorities to charge the assailant with a crime (Sampson, 2012; Sampson and Raudenbush, 2004). This review essay presents these two landmark books, offering an appreciation and critique of their interrelated arguments and setting them in the context of a wider literature on the evolution of spatial, social class, and racial relations right up to our contemporary present. -
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G. Skoll & M. Korstanje – The Role of Art in two Neighborhoods Cultural Anthropology 81-103 The Role of Art in Two Neighborhoods and Responses to Urban Decay and Gentrification Geoffrey R. Skoll1 and Maximiliano Korstanje2 Abstract One of the most troubling aspects of cultural studies, is the lack of comparative cases to expand the horizons of micro-sociology. Based on this, the present paper explores the effects of gentrification in two neighborhoods, Riverwest in Milwaukee, Wisconsin USA and Abasto in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Each neighborhood had diverse dynamics and experienced substantial changes in the urban design. In the former arts played a pivotal role in configuring an instrument of resistance, in the latter one, arts accompanied the expansion of capital pressing some ethnic minorities to abandon their homes. What is important to discuss seems to be the conditions where in one or another case arts take one or another path. While Riverwest has never been commoditized as a tourist-product, Abasto was indeed recycled, packaged and consumed to an international demand strongly interested in Tango music and Carlos Gardel biography. There, tourism served as an instrument of indoctrination that made serious asymmetries among Abasto neighbors, engendering social divisions and tensions which were conducive to real estate speculation and great financial investors. The concept of patrimony and heritage are placed under the lens of scrutiny in this investigation. Key Words: Abasto, Riverwest, Gentrification, Patrimonialization, Discrimination, Tourism. Riverwest: How Artistic Work Makes the Moral Bonds of a Community Social studies of art offer illuminating perspectives on art’s roles in societies, how social conditions affect art, and how the arts affect and reflect social conditions. -
I the MULTICULTURAL MEGALOPOLIS
i THE MULTICULTURAL MEGALOPOLIS: AFRICAN-AMERICAN SUBJECTIVITY AND IDENTITY IN CONTEMPORARY HARLEM FICTION A Dissertation Submitted to the Temple University Graduate Board In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY by Shamika Ann Mitchell May 2012 Examining Committee Members: Joyce A. Joyce, Ph.D., Advisory Chair, Department of English Sheldon R. Brivic, Ph.D., Department of English Roland L. Williams, Ph.D., Department of English Maureen Honey, Ph.D., Department of English, University of Nebraska-Lincoln ii © Copyright 2012 by Shamika Ann Mitchell iii ABSTRACT The central aim of this study is to explore what I term urban ethnic subjectivity, that is, the subjectivity of ethnic urbanites. Of all the ethnic groups in the United States, the majority of African Americans had their origins in the rural countryside, but they later migrated to cities. Although urban living had its advantages, it was soon realized that it did not resolve the matters of institutional racism, discrimination and poverty. As a result, the subjectivity of urban African Americans is uniquely influenced by their cosmopolitan identities. New York City‘s ethnic community of Harlem continues to function as the geographic center of African-American urban culture. This study examines how six post-World War II novels ― Sapphire‘s PUSH, Julian Mayfield‘s The Hit, Brian Keith Jackson‘s The Queen of Harlem, Charles Wright‘s The Wig, Toni Morrison‘s Jazz and Louise Meriwether‘s Daddy Was a Number Runner ― address the issues of race, identity, individuality and community within Harlem and the megalopolis of New York City. Further, this study investigates concepts of urbanism, blackness, ethnicity and subjectivity as they relate to the characters‘ identities and self- perceptions. -
On the Material and Immaterial Architecture of Organised Positivism in Britain
$UFKLWHFWXUDO Wilson, M 2015 On the Material and Immaterial Architecture of Organised Positivism in Britain. Architectural Histories, 3(1): 15, pp. 1–21, DOI: http:// +LVWRULHV dx.doi.org/10.5334/ah.cr RESEARCH ARTICLE On the Material and Immaterial Architecture of Organised Positivism in Britain Matthew Wilson* Positivism captured the Victorian imagination. Curiously, however, no work has focused on the architec- tural history and theory of Positivist halls in Britain. Scholars present these spaces of organised Positiv- ism as being the same in thought and action throughout their existence, from the 1850s to the 1940s. Yet the British Positivists’ inherently different views of the work of their leader, the French philosopher Auguste Comte (1798–1857), caused such friction between them that a great schism in the movement occurred in 1878. By the 1890s two separate British Positivist groups were using different space and syntax types for manifesting a common goal: social reorganisation. The raison d’être of these institu- tions was to realize Comte’s utopian programme, called the Occidental Republic. In the rise of the first organised Positivist group in Britain, Richard Congreve’s Chapel Street Hall championed the religious ritu- alism and cultural festivals of Comte’s utopia; the terminus for this theory and practice was a temple typology, as seen in the case of Sydney Style’s Liverpool Church of Humanity. Following the Chapel Street Hall schism of 1878, Newton Hall was in operation by 1881 and under the direction of Frederic Harrison. Harrison’s group coveted intellectual and humanitarian activities over rigid ritualism; this tradition culmi- nated in a synthetic, multi-function hall typology, as seen in the case of Patrick Geddes’ Outlook Tower. -
THE NETWORK CITY Paul Craven Barry Wellman Research Paper No. 59 Centre for Urban and Community Studies Department of Sociology
THE NETWORK CITY Paul Craven Barry Wellman Research Paper No. 59 Centre for Urban and Community Studies and Department of Sociology University of Toronto July, 1973 To appear in a special issue on "The Community" of Sociological Inquiry. ABSTRACT The network approach to urban studies can be differentiated from other approaches by its insistence on the primacy of structures of interpersonal linkages, rather than the classification of social units according to their individual characteristics. Network analysis is an approach, leading to the formulation of particular kinds of questions, such as "who is linked to whom?" and "what is the structure and content of their relational network;" at the same time it is a methodology for their investigation. Following a discussion of network analytic methods, several of the key issues in urban studies are investigated from this perspective. Interpersonal ties in the city, migration, resource allocation, neighbor hood and connnunity are examined in terms of the network structures and processes that order and integrat~ urban activities. These structures and processes reveal U1emselves to be ever more complex and extensive at each level of the investigation. A view of the city itself as a network of networks is proposed. It is the organization of urban life by networks that makes the scale and diversity of the city a source of strength rather than chaos, while it is precisely that scale and diversity which maKes the complex and widely-ramified network structures possible. The flexibility inherent in network structures can accommodate a variety of situations, while variations in the content and intensity of network linkages allows for the co-ordination and integration of widely different people and activities. -
URBAN SOCIOLOGY in THEORY + PRACTICE Course 11.469 Department of Urban Studies + Planning Fall 2013
URBAN SOCIOLOGY IN THEORY + PRACTICE Course 11.469 Department of Urban Studies + Planning Fall 2013 Class meetings: Wednesdays, 5:30-8:30 PM, Room 10-401 Faculty: Xavier de Souza Briggs, Room 9-521, [email protected], voice 617-253-7956 Office hours: sign up online at my webpage or make appointment through staff assistant Staff assistant: Harriette Crawford, Room 9-519, [email protected], voice 253-7736 COURSE DESCRIPTION This graduate-level seminar introduces students to a set of core writings in the field of urban sociology and explores the creative dialectic—and sometimes conflict—between sociology and planning (with planning defined as including both the policy and design traditions). Topics include the changing nature of community, social inequality, political power, social and spatial change, the use and impacts of technology and technological change, and the relationship between the built environment and human behavior. We examine the key theoretical paradigms that have constituted sociology since its founding, assess how and why they have changed over time, and discuss the implications of these shifts for urban research and planning practice. As such, the course has two goals: (1) To give students a more critical appreciation of the contemporary, comparative, and historical contexts in which planning skills and sensibilities have been developed and could be applied; and (2) To offer a “sociology of knowledge” approach to the field of urban sociology, so as to prepare doctoral students to pursue the sociology general (“first field”) exam. LEARNING APPROACH AND EVALUATION The seminar is centered on intensive and often Socratic discussion, plus some brief lectures, about the assigned readings and study questions. -
On Sociological Reflexivity © American Sociological Association 2021
STXXXX10.1177/0735275121995213Sociological TheoryKrause 995213research-article2021 Original Article Sociological Theory 2021, Vol. 39(1) 3 –18 On Sociological Reflexivity © American Sociological Association 2021 https://doi.org/10.1177/0735275121995213DOI: 10.1177/0735275121995213 st.sagepub.com Monika Krause1 Abstract This article offers a critique of the self-observation of the social sciences practiced in the philosophy of the social sciences and the critique of epistemological orientations. This kind of reflection involves the curious construction of wholes under labels, which are the result of a process of “distillation” or “abstraction” of a “position” somewhat removed from actual research practices and from the concrete claims and findings that researchers produce, share, and debate. In this context, I call for more sociological forms of reflexivity, informed by empirical research on practices in the natural sciences and by sociomaterial approaches in science and technology studies and cultural sociology. I illustrate the use of sociological self-observation for improving sociological research with two examples: I discuss patterns in how comparisons are used in relation to how comparisons could be used, and I discuss how cases are selected in relation to how they could be selected. Keywords reflexivity, sociology of the social sciences, philosophy of the social sciences, participant objectification, comparison, case selection When practicing social scientists discuss divisions among themselves, and choices open to them, they routinely -
LEHMAN COLLEGE of the CITY UNIVERSITY of NEW YORK URBAN STUDIES CURRICULUM CHANGE 1. Type of Change: New Minor 2. Program Descr
LEHMAN COLLEGE OF THE CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK URBAN STUDIES CURRICULUM CHANGE 1. Type of Change: New Minor 2. Program description: Director: Donna Kirchheimer Steering Committee: Mario Gonzalez-Corzo, David Fletcher, Dene Hurley, Cindy Lobel, Juliana Maantay, Shehzad Nadeem, Gail Perry-Ryder, James Jervis, Joseph Rachlin, Milagros Ricourt, Robyn Spencer, Elin Waring. Urban Community Development (Interdisciplinary minor) This interdisciplinary program is designed to introduce students to a variety of topics and issues in urban community development. Students will be exposed to community based local, national and international social, political and economic analyses, as well as to political figures, philosophies, theories and movements. The minor is designed especially for students who wish to combine an interest in community development with majors such as African and African American Studies, Anthropology, Economics, Geography, History, Latin American and Puerto Rican Studies, Philosophy, Political Science, and Sociology. DEGREE REQUIREMENTS Students will satisfy the College requirement of a minor field by taking four courses (12- 15 credits), at least two of which must be at the 300 level or higher. 3 credits AAS 226 (Community Organization) 3 - 4 credits One field work course in community service to be chosen from the list of field work courses for the Urban Community Development Minor and approved by a member of the Steering Committee. 6-8 credits Two courses to be chosen from the electives list of courses for the Urban Community Development Minor in consultation with a member of the Steering Committee (who may also approve non-listed courses). Note: The same courses may not be used for both the major and the minor. -
Architectural Propaganda at the World's Fairs
Regis University ePublications at Regis University All Regis University Theses Spring 2016 Architectural Propaganda at the World’s Fairs Jason C. Huggins Regis University Follow this and additional works at: https://epublications.regis.edu/theses Recommended Citation Huggins, Jason C., "Architectural Propaganda at the World’s Fairs" (2016). All Regis University Theses. 707. https://epublications.regis.edu/theses/707 This Thesis - Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by ePublications at Regis University. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Regis University Theses by an authorized administrator of ePublications at Regis University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Regis University Regis College Honors Theses Disclaimer Use of the materials available in the Regis University Thesis Collection (“Collection”) is limited and restricted to those users who agree to comply with the following terms of use. Regis University reserves the right to deny access to the Collection to any person who violates these terms of use or who seeks to or does alter, avoid or supersede the functional conditions, restrictions and limitations of the Collection. The site may be used only for lawful purposes. The user is solely responsible for knowing and adhering to any and all applicable laws, rules, and regulations relating or pertaining to use of the Collection. All content in this Collection is owned by and subject to the exclusive control of Regis University and the authors of the materials. It is available only for research purposes and may not be used in violation of copyright laws or for unlawful purposes. The materials may not be downloaded in whole or in part without permission of the copyright holder or as otherwise authorized in the “fair use” standards of the U.S. -
Shandong's Yintan Town and China's “Ghost City” Phenomenon
sustainability Article Shandong’s Yintan Town and China’s “Ghost City” Phenomenon Qianyi Wang 1,*, Ran Li 2 and Kee Cheok Cheong 2 1 Economic School of Shandong Technology and Business University, Yantai 264000, China 2 Institute of China Studies, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +0086-18663876866 Received: 12 July 2019; Accepted: 18 August 2019; Published: 23 August 2019 Abstract: Although much research has been devoted to urbanization and city growth, urban dynamics also include city decay and renewal. Extant theories and models have been developed to explain these dynamics. They do not, however, fit the experience of China’s “ghost cities”. These cities have been characterized as state-built but minimally inhabited, testimony to planning failure by the monolithic Chinese state. The goal of the article is to provide in-depth insights to China’s ghost city phenomenon and its effects to residents from local stakeholders’ perspectives. A review of Shandong’s new Yintan city reveals many ghost city attributes, but its development trajectory was at odds with this stereotype. Yintan’s lack of success was attributable to too little, not too much, state intervention, reflecting limited state capacity to develop and manage the new city by Rushan, the nearby small city seeking to capitalize on the central government’s development imperatives. These distinctive features notwithstanding, generic key drivers of city growth can help explain Yintan’s lack of development, in a sense, reconciling the city’s experience with extant research elsewhere. Keywords: ghost city; government intervention; local stakeholders 1. Introduction Urbanization is gaining momentum in developing countries, especially the largest, China and India, and cities are expected to contribute increasingly to macroeconomic growth. -
Comparative Analysis of Urban Decay and Renewal in the Cities of Detroit and Pittsburgh, Postwar to Present: an Introductory Survey
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF URBAN DECAY AND RENEWAL IN THE CITIES OF DETROIT AND PITTSBURGH, POSTWAR TO PRESENT: AN INTRODUCTORY SURVEY A thesis submitted to The Honors Program at UDM in partial fulfillment of the requirements for Graduation with Honors by Alexander M. Tolksdorf May 2013 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES iv LIST OF TABLES vi PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS vii CH. 1: INTRODUCTION 1 CH. 2: DENSITY, POPULATION, AND SIZE 7 CH. 3: TRADITIONAL ROOTS OF URBAN DECAY 29 CH. 4: MANIFESTATIONS OF URBAN DECAY 55 CH. 5: ANALYSIS OF THE COMPARISION 77 APPENDIX A: POPULATION DENSITY OF DETROIT 105 APPENDIX B: CRIME DATA TABLES 112 BIBLIOGRAPHY 117 iii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2-1 10 The population of Detroit and Pittsburgh, 1900-2010 Figure 2-2 11 The population of Detroit, 1950-2010 Figure 2-3 11 The population of Pittsburgh, 1950-2010 Figure 2-4 18 The densities of Detroit and Pittsburgh, 1900-2010 Figure 2-5 18 Comparing Detroit to three other cities Figure 2-6 24 Dashboard Summary of the Detroit Residential Parcel Summary Figure 2-7 25 Housing Vacancy Rates in Detroit Figure 4-1 67 Murder & Non-negligent Homicide Rates in Detroit & Pittsburgh, 1985-2010 Figure 4-2 68 Violent Crime Rates in Detroit & Pittsburgh, 1985-2010 Figure 4-3 68 Property Crime Rates in Detroit & Pittsburgh, 1985-2010 Figure 5-1 81 Accounts & Contracts Receivable – General Fund, City of Detroit, 2005-2012 Figure 5-2 82 General Fund Balance, City of Detroit, 2005-2012 Figure 5-3 82 General Fund Balance, City of Pittsburgh, 2005-2011 Figure 5-4 83 Cash & Cash Equivalents