Emerging Pests Polyphagous and Kuroshio Shot‐Hole Borers/Fusarium Dieback Gold Spotted Oak Borer (GSOB)

John Kabashima, UCCE Pshb.org Eskalenlab.ucr.edu GSOB.ORG or ucanr.edu/sites/gsobinfo Polyphagous Shot-Hole Borer (PSHB) Fusarium Dieback (FDB) 2003 localized infestation

Nursery Avocado •Potential to transport Beetle misidentified •Economic Impact • PSHB/KSHB and Fusarium • Shipment Protocols A major threat Wait and See to Short Urban Landscape •Incubator Regulatory •Threat to Urban Forest •Pathways •Survey/Detection •Rapid Response •Pesticide Use •Water Runoff

Natural/Riparian • Major threat to native •Important Alternate Host •Ecological Impact PSHB/FDB 2003 localized infestation to 2012 regional infestation

2012-PSHB Found On Avocado in La Habra Avocado Nursery •Potential to transport • PSHB/KSHB and Fusarium Lag Phenomena •Economic Impact A major threat • Shipment Protocols Urban Landscape •Incubator Regulatory •Threat to Urban Forest •Pathways •Survey/Detection •Rapid Response •Pesticide Use •Water Runoff Natural/Riparian • Major threat to native trees •Important Alternate Host •Ecological Impact PSHB/KSHB/FDB/ 2016 Widespread Epidemic

Avocado • PSHB/KSHB & Fusarium Urban Landscape Nursery and Human A major threat •Incubator/Amplifier •Potential to transport •Threat to Urban Forest •Economic Impact • Shipment Protocols

Natural/Riparian Regulatory • Major threat to native trees •Pathways • Tijuana River Wetlands •Survey/Detection •Important Alternate Host •Rapid Response •Ecological Impact •Pesticide Use •Endangered •Water Runoff •Fire

Cal Fire, Fish and Wildlife, Board of Forestry, USDA Forest Service, Ca State Parks Public Agencies, NGOs, Land Managers, CDPR, Assembly Ag/Natural Resources, Audubon, University of California ANR, NRCS, RCDs, and… Kuroshio Shot‐Hole Borer/Fusarium Dieback Impact on Riparian Habitat in the The Tijuana River Valley

140,000 trees severely damaged Loss of ecological services such as endangered species habitat Fire and Flood Hazard

The forest at Dairy Mart Bridge before the beetle attack (May 2015). The forest at Dairy Mart Bridge after the beetle attack (February 2016).

Photos by John Bolund 1. Box elder (Acer negundo) * 2.Big maple (Acer macrophyllium)* 3. Evergreen Maple (Acer paxii) Host Range FD/PSHB 4. Trident maple (Acer buergerianum) 5. Japanese maple (Acer palmatum) 6. Castor bean (Ricinus communis) 7. California sycamore (Platanus racemosa) * 8. Red willow (Salix laevigata) * 9. Avocado (Persea americana) 2012 2016 10. Mimosa (Albizia julibrissin) 11. English Oak (Quercus robur) 12. Coast live oak (Quercus agrifolia)* Tree Species Attacked by Beetle 286 303 13. London plane (Platanus x acerfolia) 14.Cottonwood (Populus fremontii)* 15. White Alder (Alnus rhambifolia)* Tree Species Infected by Fungus 117 138 16.Titoki (Alectryon excelsus) 17. Engelmann oak (Quercus engelmannii))* 18. Cork Oak (Quecus suber) 19. Valley oak (Quercus lobata) * Agricultural Crops 13 13 20. Coral tree (Erythrina corallodendon) 21. Blue palo verde (Cercidium aculeata) * 22. Palo verde (Parkinsonia aculeata) California Native Tree Species 11 18 23. Moreton Bay Chestnut (Castanospermum 24. Brea (Cercidium sonorae) 25. Mesquite (Prosopis articulata)* Number of Tree Families 62 64 26. Weeping willow (Salix babylonica) 27. Chinese holly (Ilex cornuta) 28. Camelia (Camellia semiserrata) Number of Reproductive Hosts 19 41 29. Acacia (Acacia spp.) 30. Liquidambar (Liquidambar styraciflua) 31. Red Flowering Gum (Eucalyptus ficifolia) 32. Japanese wisteria (Wisteria floribunda) 33.Black Cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa)* 34. Goodding’s black willow (Salix gooddingii) 35. Goodding's black willow (Salix gooddingii) Eskalen, A., Stouthamer, R., Lynch, S.C., Rugman‐Jones, P., Twizeyimana, M., 36. Tree of heaven (Alianthus altissima) Gonzalez, A., Thibault, T. 2013. Host Range of Fusarium Dieback and its 37. Kurrajong (Brachychiton populneus) Ambrosia Beetle (Coleoptera: Scolytinae) Vector in Southern California. 38. Black mission fig (Ficus carica) Disease.In 97:7, 938‐951 39. Japanese beech (Fagus crenata) 40. Shiny Xylosma () 41. Mule Fat (Baccharis salicifolia) Source: PSHB.ORG PSHB/KSHB/FDB 2016 We will need a strong coalition of local, state and federal public agencies, NGOs, land managers and the public to move forward

Urban Landscape Nursery and Human •Incubator •Potential to transport •Threat to Urban and •Economic Impact Riparian Forest • Shipment Protocols Avocado • PSHB and Fusarium Regulatory A major threat •Pathways Natural/Riparian • Major threat to native trees •Survey/Detection •Important Alternate Host •Rapid Response •Ecological Impact •Pesticide Use •Endangered Species •Water Runoff •Fire

Cal Fire, Fish and Wildlife, Board of Forestry, USDA Forest Service, Ca State Parks Public Agencies, NGOs, Land Managers, CDPR, Assembly Ag/Natural Resources, Audubon, University of California ANR, NRCS, RCDs, and… Past and Current Funding

• California Avocado Commission (2010-2016) • USDA Forest Service, Forest Health Protection • Farm Bill • USDA APHIS Specialty Crops Grants • OC Parks • Ca. Assoc. of Nurseries and Garden Cntrs • Nursery Growers Assoc. • In Kind – Huntington Library, L. A. Arboretum, UCI West Coast Arborists, RPW Services, FMC,Syngenta, Mauget, Arbor Jet, Bayer, Target Specialty Products Funding is Needed For

– Basic and Applied Research – Survey and Detection – DNA identification – Mitigation and Rapid Response – Integrated Pest Management Strategies – Outreach and Education – Reforestation Strategies – Coordinating Statewide, Regional and Local Groups Survey,Detection & Identification Group Applied Research & Outreach & Education Management Strategies Group Group

Mitigation & Regional or Statewide Rapid Response Regulatory Group Coordinating Committee Group

Reforestation Group Finance Group

13 Governor’s Emergency Proclamation

Need to include trees that have been killed by GSOB and PSHB/KSHB/FDB Rome is Burning

• We need to make a decision – Are trees important and if so, are we going to allocate funding to protect and maintain them. – To fund and improve current plant protection structure or create a new paradigm. • There needs to be – Greater communication and collaboration between agencies, land trusts, and NGOs that deal with trees at the national, state and local level. – Continued investment in training and educating the public, funding agencies, regulators and scientists about invasive pests.