091-107 120820 11/1/04 2:43 PM Page 91 Chapter 7 Confederation Update New Challenges Government Takes Steps to Québec Votes: Protect Canadian IdentityOne Nation or Two? Ottawa Must Settle Outstanding More Power for Aboriginal Land Claims Provincial Governments? New Federal Laws to Protect Minority Rights Full Equality for Women Reflecting/Predicting and Men–Canada’s Goal 1. What challenges do these headlines and photo suggest Confederation has faced since 1867? 2. What do you think is the greatest challenge Confederation faces today? 91 091-107 120820 11/1/04 2:43 PM Page 92 92 Unit 1: Confederation A Changing Nation Canada today is not the Canada of 1867. Democratic government always grows and changes as we do. How has Canadian Confederation changed since 1900? Examine the following timeline. 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan become provinces. 1912 Manitoba, Ontario, and Québec are enlarged to their present- day boundaries. January 1916 Manitoba is the first province to grant its women citizens the vote. 24 May 1918 All women in Canada receive the right to vote in federal elec- tions. (see Chapter 21) 11 December 1931 Statute of Westminster gives Canada complete control over its own affairs. Until this time, some important decisions were still being made in Britain. Canada could not make treaties with other countries, for example. 31 March 1949 Newfoundland joins Confederation. 1960 Registered Indians are granted the right to vote in federal elections. 1965 Canada adopts a new flag—a single red maple leaf with red bars on a white back- ground. 1 July 1967 Canadians celebrate Canada’s 100th birthday. 1969 The Official Languages Act makes French and English the official languages of Canada. All federal government services will be avail- able in both French and English. 1970 The legal voting age for federal elections is lowered to 18 years. 1971 The federal government supports multicul- turalism. It encourages Canadians to take pride in the customs and traditions of varied ethnic backgrounds. 091-107 120820 11/1/04 2:43 PM Page 93 Chapter 7: Confederation Update 93 1980 Parliament recognizes “O Canada” as the national anthem. April 1982 The Constitution Act 1982 gives us the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms and a mechanism for amending (chang- ing) our constitution. 1985 The government changes the Indian Act so that Indian women who lost their Indian status through marriage can regain it. June 1987 The House of Commons approves the Meech Lake Accord, a constitutional amendment that recognizes Québec as a distinct society. The agreement fails to pass in the legislatures of Manitoba and Newfoundland. January 1, 1989 The Free Trade Agreement between Canada and the United States comes into effect. August 1992 The Charlottetown Accord proposes constitutional amendments that would recognize Québec as a distinct society and set the groundwork for Aboriginal self-govern- ment and a reformed Senate, along with other proposals. October 1992 In a national referendum, the Charlottetown Accord is rejected by the people of Canada. 1993 In the federal election, two regional parties come second and third behind the Liberals. They are the Bloc Québécois which favours sovereignty for Quebec and the Reform Party which is an Alberta-based conservative party. 1994 The North American Free Trade Agreement is signed with the United States and Mexico. 1995 Québec voters narrowly defeat a referendum calling for independence for Québec. Parliament recognizes Québec’s unique language, culture, and civil law. 1996 Parliament grants 5 regions a veto over changes to the Constitution. The regions are British Columbia, the Prairie Provinces, Ontario, Québec, and the Atlantic Provinces. 1998 The Nisga’a of British Columbia sign a land claims agreement. It gives them land, self-government, resource rights, and cash. 1999 The Northwest Territories is divided into two parts. The eastern Arctic is called Nunavut and has Inuit self- government. 091-107 120820 11/1/04 2:43 PM Page 94 94 Unit 1: Confederation Will Confederation enough seats in Parliament to become the Survive? Official Opposition. In the 1997 federal election, From the beginning, there were groups in the BQ was the third largest party in the House Canada who opposed Confederation. On the of Commons. first birthday of Confederation, the city of In 1995, Québec held another referendum Halifax draped its main street in black to show on independence. Once again the province its opposition to the union. If Macdonald’s voted to remain part of Canada, but by a very promise of a railway had not been kept, British narrow margin. The issue of Québec separatism Columbia may have left Canada. is still very much alive. Separatism in Québec Regional Concerns Since the 1970s, many people feel the strongest Canada is a large and very diverse country. It threat to Confederation has come from has always faced the challenge of uniting separatism in Québec. On 15 November 1976, regions that have very different needs, geogra- the Parti Québécois won an overwhelming phies, peoples, and economies. At the time of victory in the Québec provincial election. Confederation, the various regions had their The Parti Québécois, under its leader René own concerns and interests that led some to Lévesque, believed that Québec should sepa- reject the union. Today, some regions of the rate from the rest of Canada. They believed it country still feel that their interests are often was the only way to preserve their French lan- neglected. They complain that they do not have guage and culture from being overwhelmed by enough real power. This sense of alienation the English majority surrounding them. In 1980, has been particularly strong in the Western and the people of Québec voted in a referendum on Atlantic provinces. They argue that the federal whether or not to leave Canada. Of those who government is controlled too much by central voted, 59.5% wanted Québec to remain a part of Canada. The Reform Party was formed in 1987 Canada. to better represent the concerns of Western In 1990, the Bloc Québécois (BQ) was citizens in the Canadian government. In the formed as a federal party. Its leader was Lucien 1997 federal election, Reform won the second Bouchard. The goal of the BQ was to give largest number of seats in the House of Québec a strong voice in the federal govern- Commons. It became the Official Opposition. ment. In the 1993 federal election, the BQ won Regional Concerns These are some of the issues Canadians in var- ious regions are concerned about: • since most of the country’s population is in • great efforts have been made to keep Ontario and Québec, they elect more rep- Québec in Confederation and protect resentatives to the House of Commons French rights, but concerns in other and have more members in the Senate regions have often been neglected • most government projects seem to go to • Ottawa has done little to help western Ontario or Québec wheat farmers to survive and get a fair • more jobs are created in central Canada price for their crops than in the West or East • Ottawa has not done enough to create • the national budget and banks are con- new jobs in the Atlantic provinces where trolled in central Canada the fishery has been hard hit 091-107 120820 11/1/04 2:43 PM Page 95 Chapter 7: Confederation Update 95 Fast Forward Representatives of the federal and the ten Federal-Provincial Conferences provincial governments meet regularly. They discuss any problems that have arisen between the two levels of government. There are informal day-to-day contacts between offi- cials in Ottawa and the provinces. There are also regular meetings between ministers of the two levels of government. For example, the federal minister of agriculture meets reg- ularly with the agriculture ministers of each of the provinces. However, the most important meeting is the First Ministers’ Conference. It brings together the prime minister and the premiers of the ten provinces along with their advisors. These meetings usually focus on such topics as the constitution, national unity, economic policy, and job creation. The Provinces Versus Ottawa French. They see themselves as “First Another major source of tension within Nations.” They believe they have a right Confederation has been the division of powers to self-government and a claim to their lands between the provinces and Ottawa. As we have as the first inhabitants. Many also believe seen, the Fathers of Confederation believed that the Canadian government has broken that Canada should have a strong central gov- promises made in treaties with their ances- ernment. They thought the federal government tors. Aboriginal groups are challenging the should control important matters concerning Canadian government to honour their rights the whole country. The provincial governments and settle land claims. While some progress should be kept weak. has been made with agreements like the one But Canada has changed since 1867. It is no that gave the Inuit some self-government in longer a 19th-century country of farms and Nunavut, many other issues are still to be forests. It is a highly industrialized nation of resolved. skyscrapers and suburbs. Governments play a much bigger role in the lives of Canadians Women today. Provincial governments are expected to Since Confederation, women have gained the provide many more services such as health right to vote in Canada and to hold political care and education. Therefore, the provinces office. But in areas of business, employment, are demanding more power and a bigger share salaries, and politics, women are still battling of tax money to pay for these services. for equality with men. In many cases, women still have difficulty gaining top positions in Aboriginal Rights businesses and government.