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Body Temperature of Spectacled Parrotlet Nestlings in Relation to Body Mass and Brood Size ’

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Body Temperature of Spectacled Parrotlet Nestlings in Relation to Body Mass and Brood Size ’ 280 SHORT COMMUNICATIONS The Condor 94:280-282 0 The Cooper Ornithological Society 1992 BODY TEMPERATURE OF SPECTACLED PARROTLET NESTLINGS IN RELATION TO BODY MASS AND BROOD SIZE ’ GUSTAVO H. RATTAN INCIVA, Muse0 de CienciasNaturales, Cali, Colombia and Department of Zoology, Universityof Florida, Gainesville,FL 3261 I 2 NATALIA G&u. Departamentode Biologia, Universidadde1 Valle, Cali, Colombia Key words: Colombia; Forpus conspicillatus;par- portunity to examine the effect that the presence of rots; nestlingtemperature: thermal development. nestlingsof different ages, and thus different thermo- regulatory capacities, has on nestling body tempera- Nestlings of altricial birds hatch as ectothermic poi- ture. kilotherms and within a few days changeto endother- SPECIES, STUDY AREA AND mic homeotherms. This ontogenetic development of METHODS physiologicalthermoregulation has been widely stud- ied in passerines(e.g., Hill and Beaver 1982). Young The natural history of Forpus conspicillatusis de- nestlings isolated from the nest are unable to ther- scribed in detail by G6mez (199 1). Briefly, these small moregulate, and consequentlytheir body temperature parakeets lay 2-6 eggs(X = 3.7) at two day-intervals. (T,) drops close to ambient temperature (T,). Gradu- Incubation begins with the first or secondegg, thereby ally, nestlingsdevelop a physiologicalcapacity to main- producing a highly asynchronousbrood. Modal brood tain a high T,. Young birds in the nest, however, ex- size is three, with a range of l-6. Females brood nest- perience a more benign thermal environment because lings until the oldest is about 13 days. Therefore, in of insulation provided by the nest itself and huddling large broods the smaller nestlingsmay not be brooded with siblings. Thus, broods have a higher thermal in- at all by adults. Nestlings grow slowly and fledgeasyn- ertia and can combine their thermogenic capabilities chronously at an age of about 32 days. Fledging mass to maintain high body temperature (Hill and Beaver is about 27 g (adult mass K = 27.8 g). 1982). Passerineshave hiah growth rates, and this has We studied SpectacledParrotlets-at a farm 15 km beenrelated to thermoreg?a& altriciality; it hasbeen south of Cali. in the CaucaVallev C1 .OOO m elevation). argued that becausenestlings do not have to assume Colombia. In this area, parrotlefs‘nkst mostly in cav: the costsof thermoregulationuntil late in nestling life, ities in bamboo (Guadua angustzfilia)fence posts. For available energycan be devoted to growth (Case 1978). this study, we also usednest boxes ( 10 x 10 x 15 cm), The parrots (Psittaciformes)comprise a distinct and which we hung from treesat heightsof 1.8-2.2 m. Most homogeneousorder that exhibits some notable repro- data in this study are from nestlings growing in nest ductive characteristics.They lay relatively small eggs boxes. that have prolonged incubation periods;hatchlings are During morning hours (07:00-10:30), we weighed extremely altricial and grow slowly (Bucher 1983). The nestlings with 20 g (0.5 g precision) and 50 g (1.0 g ontogeny of homeothermy in psittaciforms has been precision) Pesola spring balancesand measured their studied in captive Agapornis roseicollis(Bucher and cloaca1temperature, using a digital thermometer with Bartholomew 1986). Body temperatures of brooded a 40-gaugecopper-constantan thermocouple, or a Mil- nestlingsincrease with age,while the lower critical tem- ler-Weber cloaca1quick reading thermometer. Probes perature,i.e., the lower boundaryofthe thermal neutral were inserted about 10 mm into the cloaca.Thermom- zone, decreaseswith age. However, the effects that eters were checked against each other to ensure com- broodsof different sizesmay have on body temperature parable readings. Cloaca1temperature was measured of nestlingshave not been investigated.Parrots usually within 30 set after taking a nestling out of the nest. We lay every two days and exhibit extreme hatching asyn- also subjected nestlings to a mild cold challenge, by chrony (Forshaw 1973). Therefore, nestlingsof widely exposingthem individually to ambient temperature in differing agesare present in the nest. In this paper, we the shade for a 10 min period, after which cloaca1 report field data on body temperature of nestling Spec- temperature was measured.Ambient temperature was tacled Parrotlets(Forpus conspicillatus). In this species, measuredat a height of 1 m in the shade.Temperature hatching is asynchronousand brood size varies from in the nest cavity was measured by placing the ther- one to six (G6mez 1991) thereby providing an op- mocouplejust above the nestlings,before opening the next box. We do not have a complete data set for nest temperatures,however, and we used ambient temper- ature for analyses.On average, nest temperature was ’ Received 15 May 199 1. Accepted 16 October 1991. 2.24% higher than ambient temperature (SD = 1.15, 2Corresponding address. n = 22). 282 SHORT COMMUNICATIONS logically limiting factor. In contrast, the observed cor- BUCHER,T. L., ANDG. A. BARTHOU~MEW.1986. The relation between body mass and temperature may be early ontogeny of ventilation and homeothermy determined by a pattern of slow growth, which is part in an altricial bird, Agapornis roseicollis (Psitta- of a suite of life history parameters(delayed maturity, ciformes). Respiration Physiology 65: 197-2 12. long life span) that are coupled with their complex CASE,T. J. 1978. On the evolution and adaptive sig- social behavior (Bucher 1983). nificanceof postnatalgrowth ratesin the terrestrial vertebrates.Quarterly Review of Biology 53:243- We thank don Alfonso Madriiian for allowing us to 282. work on his property. Carolina Murcia, Ron Edwards, FORSHAW,J. M. 1973. Parrots of the world. Double- Lou Guillette and an anonymous reviewer made com- day, New York. ments that greatly improved the manuscript. During the realization of this project GK was supported by GCIMEZ,N. 1991. Historia natural de1 Cascabelito (Forvus consvicillatus) en el Valle de1Cauca. Tesis. grants from the Colombian agenciesFundaci6n para la Promotion de la Investigaci6n y la Tecnologia(Ban- Depto. de Biologia, Universidad de1 Valle, Cali; Colombia. co de la Rephblica, Bogota) and-Fond0 de Investiga- ciones Cientificas “Francisco Jose de Caldas” (COL- HILL, R. W., AND D. L. BEAVER. 1982. Inertial ther- CIENCIAS). mostabilityand thermoregulationin broodsofRed- winged Blackbirds.Physiological Zoology 55:250- LITERATURE CITED 266. OLSON,J. M. 1991. Thermal relations of nestling BUCHER,T. L. 1983. Parrot eggs,embryos, and nest- Red-winged Blackbirdsin southeasternMichigan. lings: patterns and energetics of growth and de- Auk 108:711-716. velopment. PhysiologicalZoology 56:465483. The Condor 941282-286 0 The CooperOnnthological Society 1992 DENSITY OF LOONS IN CENTRAL ALASKA’ RICHARD B. bNC.TOT* U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Yukon Flats National Wildlife Refuge, 101 12th Avenue, Fairbanks, AK 99701 PHAM X. QUANG Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK 99775 Key words: Common, PaciJic, and Red-throated and Alaska were primarily about reproductive behav- Loon; Yukon Flats National Wildhfe Refuge; density; ior and nesting ecology, and have focused on small aerial survey; Alaska. geographicareas (Munro 1945; Davis 1972; Petersen 1976, 1979; Sjiilander and Agren 1976; Bergman and Loons breed acrossNorth America from the high arctic Derksen 1977; Fox et al. 1980; Smith 1981; Yonge south to about 43” north latitude (AOU 1983). POD- 1981; North 1986). Few studies specificallyaddressed ulations, particularly of Common ‘Loons (Gaha iA- abundanceover large, remote portions of Canada and mer), have recently-declined in the continental U.S. Alaska. Available data for these regionscome primar- and southern Canada (Sutcliffe 1979, Titus and ily from studieswhich focusedon other speciesor spe- VanDmff 1981, McIntyre 1988). As a result, state and cies-groupsof waterbirds (e.g., U.S. Fish and Wildlife private natural resourceorganizations began more in- Service annual pairs counts of waterfowl). Errors in tensive monitoring of loon populations (in McIntyre accuracy and precision are common in such multi- 1986, Strong 1988). These surveys, however, are re- speciessurveys (Smit et al. 198 1; Butler, U.S. Fish and stricted to areas accessibleby road, although recently Wildlife Service, pers. comm.). Annual Breeding Bird aircraft were used for more remote areas(Lee and Ar- Surveys throughout Canada are another source of in- buckle 1988, Strong 1990). formation, but again, are of limited value becauseonly Previous studiesof loons in remote areasof Canada road surveysare conducted(McNicholll988). We know of only one unpublished study conducted specifically to assessthe abundanceof loons in Alaska (McIntyre, Utica College, in prep.). I Received 15 May 1991. Accepted 27 August 1991. Our goal was to design and conduct an aerial survey 2Present address:Department of Biology, Carleton to estimate loon density over a large and remote area University, Ottawa, Ontario Kl S 5B6, Canada. of central Alaska. Previously, we reported the aerial .
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