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Urban Metabolism: a Review of Recent Literature on the Subject View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Revistes Catalanes amb Accés Obert Documents d’Anàlisi Geogràfica 2014, vol. 60/3 551-571 Urban Metabolism: A review of recent literature on the subject Marta Dinarès Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB). Departament de Geografia Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals (ICTA) Grup d’investigació INTERFASE en recursos, territoris i paisatges marins i costaners [email protected] Received: November 2013 Accepted: April 2014 Abstract Urban areas are the primary habitat for a majority of the global population. The deve- lopment of cities not only entails a fundamental change in human settlement patterns but also a dramatic transformation of the physical environment. Thus, urban areas and their development are at the centre of all discussions on sustainability and/or sustainable development. This review essay introduces the notion of Urban Metabolism (UM), a term that provides a conceptual framework to study how a city functions, and hence, a way to address the sustainability issue of a city. Due to the significance and scope of the subject, the notion of UM is interpreted and thus approached differently across diverse disciplines from both the natural and social science fields. In order to comprehend the commonalities and controversies between them, the present review also briefly introduces the historical roots of the term. This review reveals the increasing significance of a rich and rapidly evolving field of research on the metabolism of urban areas. Keywords: urban metabolism; city; sustainability; sustainable development; environment; fields of discipline. Resum. Metabolisme urbà: una revisió de la literatura recent sobre el tema Les àrees urbanes són el principal hàbitat de la majoria de la població mundial. El desen- volupament de les ciutats no sols implica un canvi essencial en els patrons d’assentament humans, sinó també una dramàtica transformació del medi físic. D’aquí que tant les àrees urbanes com el seu desenvolupament esdevinguin el tema central de tots els debats sobre sostenibilitat i desenvolupament sostenible. Aquest assaig introdueix la noció del meta- http://dx.doi.org/10.5565/rev/dag.134 ISSN 0212-1573 (imprès), ISSN 2014-4512 (en línia) Marta Dinarès Urban Metabolism: A review of recent literatura on the subject bolisme urbà (MU), un terme que proporciona un marc conceptual per a l’estudi del funcionament de les ciutats i, en conseqüència, una aproximació a l’anàlisi de la sosteni- bilitat d’aquestes. Tant la importància com l’abast del tema deriven cap a formes diverses d’interpretar i, per tant, d’aplicar el concepte del MU a través de les diferents disciplines dels camps de coneixement de les ciències naturals i socials. Amb l’objectiu de comprendre les similituds i controvèrsies entre aquestes, la present revisió també exposa breument les arrels històriques del terme. Aquesta revisió posa de manifest la importància creixent d’un camp de recerca sobre el metabolisme de les àrees urbanes immers en una abundant, fèrtil i ràpida evolució. Paraules clau: metabolisme urbà; ciutat; sostenibilitat; desenvolupament sostenible; medi ambient; disciplines del coneixement. Resumen. Metabolismo urbano: una revisión de la literatura reciente sobre el tema Las áreas urbanas son el principal hábitat de la mayoría de la población mundial. El desa- rrollo de las ciudades no solo implica un cambio fundamental en los patrones de asenta- miento humano, sino también una dramática transformación del entorno físico. Es por ello que tanto las áreas urbanas como su desarrollo se encuentran en el centro de todas las discusiones sobre sostenibilidad y desarrollo sostenible. Este ensayo introduce la noción de metabolismo urbano (MU), un término que proporciona un marco conceptual para el estudio del funcionamiento de las ciudades y, consecuentemente, una aproximación al análisis de la sostenibilidad de las mismas. Tanto la importancia como el alcance del tema derivan en formas distintas de interpretar y, por tanto, de aplicar la noción del MU a tra- vés de distintas disciplinas pertenecientes a los campos de las ciencias naturales y sociales. Con el fin de comprender las similitudes y las controversias entre las mismas, la presente revisión también expone brevemente las raíces históricas del término. Esta revisión pone de manifiesto la importancia creciente de un campo de investigación sobre el metabolismo de las zonas urbanas inmerso en una abundante, fértil y rápida evolución. Palabras clave: metabolismo urbano; ciudad; sostenibilidad; desarrollo sostenible; medio ambiente; disciplinas de conocimiento. Résumé. Métabolisme urbain: Un examen de la littérature récente sur le sujet Les zones urbaines constituent l’habitat principal de la majorité de la population mon- diale. Le développement des villes implique non seulement un changement fondamen- tal dans les schémas d’établissement humain, mais aussi une transformation radicale de l’environnement physique. C’est pourquoi les zones urbaines et leur développement sont au centre de toutes les discussions sur le développement durable. Cet article introduit la notion de métabolisme urbain (MU), un terme qui fournit un cadre conceptuel pour l’étude du fonctionnement des villes et par conséquent, une approche de l’analyse de la viabilité de ce concept. En raison de l’importance et la portée du sujet, la notion de MU est interprété, et donc abordé, différemment selon les disciplines appartenant aussi bien aux domaines des sciences naturelles et qu’à celui des sciences sociales. Afin de comprendre les similitudes et les controverses entre ces dernières, cet article expose également brièvement les racines historiques du terme. Cet examen met en évidence l’importance croissante d’un domaine de recherche portant sur le métabolisme des zones urbaines, plongé dans une évolution rapide, riche et fertile. Mots-clé: métabolisme urbain; ville; développement durable; environnement; disciplines de la connaissance. 552 Documents d’Anàlisi Geogràfica 2014, vol. 60/3 Urban Metabolism: A review of recent literatura on the subject Marta Dinarès Summary Introduction and background Methodological approaches toward the What does urban metabolism mean? biophysical notion of urban metabolism A historical perspective of the concept Conclussions Contemporary understandings of urban Acknowledgements metabolism Bibliographical references Commonalities and controversies on urban metabolism Introduction and background1 Cities are the primary habitat for a fast-increasing majority of the global popu- lation. Modern urban growth, beginning in the 19th and early 20th centuries in Europe and America as a result of the spread of industrialization and the associated rapid increase in the use of fossil fuels, is now a common trend all over the world (Girardet, 1996). Cities have grown dramatically not only in size and density but complexity across the globe. This growing complexity is associated with their social struc- tures, economic systems, geopolitical settings, and the evolution of technology (Decker et al., 2000; Kennedy et al., 2007; Satterthwaite, 2007). According to the United Nations, over half of the world’s population lives today in urban areas (UN-WUP-2011), and by 2030 this figure is estimated to increase to 60% (Decker et al., 2000). Urban areas in low- and middle-income nations will absorb most of the world’s population growth between now and 2020 (Satterthwaite, 2007). Moreover, the majority of this urban population is located in coastal zones or in zones with a distinct coastal influence (Glasow et al., 2013). Recent studies show that low elevation coastal zones2, although accounting for only about 2% of the world’s land area, contain about 10% of the world’s population and 13% of the world’s urban population. On average, developing countries have a higher share of their population living in coastal lowlands (14%) than OECD countries (10%), with even greater disparities in the urban sphere (21% compared to 11%). Furthermore, urban settlements in coastal lowlands are densely settled and expand very rapidly (McGranahan et al., 2007). In the Mediterranean region, more than one third of the population lives in coastal administrative entities totalling less than 12% of the surface area of the Mediterranean countries. The concentration of population in the coastal zone is higher in the southern countries than in the northern shores of the basin (UNEP/MAP, 2012). 1. The work carried out by the authors of Broto et al. (2012) and Rapoport (2011) was par- ticularly useful for the writing of this review. 2. According to McGranahan et al. (2007), the Low Elevation Coastal Zone is defined as a contiguous zone along the coast less than 10m above sea level. Documents d’Anàlisi Geogràfica 2014, vol. 60/3 553 Marta Dinarès Urban Metabolism: A review of recent literatura on the subject The development of cities represents a fundamental change in human set- tlement patterns and entails a dramatic transformation of the physical environ- ment (Hosier, 1993). On a global scale, urban settlements occupying 2% of the world’s land surface use over three-quarters of the world’s resources and discharge similar amounts of wastes to the environment (Baccini, 1997; Barles, 2010; Girar- det, 1996). Hence, cities are not only important drivers for socio-economic development, but also sources of human pressures on ecosystems because of the environmental consequences associated with their development (Glasow et al., 2013; Sekovski
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