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Lesvos Island, Greece CRANIUM 24, 2 - 2007 The Late Pliocene vertebrate fauna of Vatera (Lesvos Island, Greece) Alexandra+A.E. der Geer George+A. Lyras and van Samenvatting in het deel het Griekse Vatera is een laat-pliocene (ongeveer twee miljoen jaar geleden) vindplaats zuidelijk van eiland vertebraten is is De fauna Lesbos, waar een vastelandsfaunavan grote gevonden en systematisch opgegraven. die bestaat uit de typische Europese zoogdieren van tijd: paarden (Equus), giraffes (Mitilanotherium), gazelles (Gazella), antilopen(Gazellospira), runderen( Leptobos), wasbeerhonden(Nyctereutes ), dassen (Meles), sabeltandkatten Mammuthus Bovendien (Homotherium), neushoorns(Stephanorhinus), mastodonten (Anancus) en mammoeten ( ). zijn soort er ook resten van een zeldzame soort makaak(Paradolichopithecus) en van een reuzenschildpad (Cheirogaster) ontdekt. Summary Pliocene the southern of Lesvos inwhich mainlandfaunaof Vaterais a Late (~2 Ma) locality in part Island, Greece, a large vertebrates has been found and systematically excavated. The fauna is composed of the typical European mammals of that time: horses (Equus), giraffes (Mitilanotherium), gazelles (Gazella), antelopes (Gazellospira), oxes dirk-toothed cats Homotherium rhinoceroses (Leptobos), raccoon dogs ( Nyctereutes ), badgers (Meles), ( ), of of (Stephanorhinus), mastodonts ( Anancus) and mammoths ( Mammuthus). In addition, the remains a rare species also discovered. macaque (Paradolichopithecus ) and a species of a giant tortoise ( Cheirogaster ) were Introduction now of the of part of the collections Museum Paleontology and Geology of the University of Vatera is a holiday resort at the south part of Athens and are housed in the Vrissa Natural Lesvos Island (Greece), famous for its long History Collection on Lesvos Island. sandy beach. But the area is known for yet antherreason: in the nearby sedimentary rocks there are several sites with fossil vertebrates et al. De Vos et The fossil sites and their (Dermitzakis 1991; al, 2002). age Although they all belong to the typical Late All the vertebrate fossils found in were expo- Pliocene fauna, which is common in many within the unit of the Vatera sures upper European localities, Vatera is a very special one, Formation. This unit is represented by fluvial as it is there, that the remains of two rare and deposits consisting of alternations of extraordinary creatures have been found. The breccia-conglomerates, sandy clays, sandy first is the primateParadolichopithecus, a large conglomerates and silt (Drinia et ah, 2002). In sized knownonly from Seneze macaque, total, 630 fossils havebeen recovered from 7 (France) andValea Grauneanu (Romania). sites (Fig. 1). All fossils were found within the Vatera is now the third locality in the world sandy clay layers, with the exception of the with this primate. The second is the giant proboscidean remains (sites H and U), which tortoise one of the largest tortoises Cheirogaster, This were found within the conglomerates. of the world and the last of its kind in Europe. seems to be related to the size of the which The of this is to an illus- remains, large as they are, scope paper present proboscidean trated overview of the Vatera locality, which is require, just like pebbles, a faster stream flow to often missed within the details of the studies be transported. published so far (Dermitzakis et al., 1991; F-Site Athanassiou, 2002; Eisenmann, 2002; De This is the richest site of the Formation. It has Lapparent de Broin, 2002; De Vos et al., 2002; been named after the of Drinia et al., 2002; Van der Geer & Sondaar, discovery Funny frag- of bones the initial of the 2002; Sondaar et al., 2006). The animal illustra- ments at stages research. The site excavated tions, used here, have been prepared by Alexis was systematically for 4 continues Vlachos under the guidance of the authors. The seasons (1997-2000), yielding 550 fossils to 15 different species of photographs of specimens have been shot by belonging mammals, one bird and one reptile (the Kyriakos Sykas. The fossils from Vatera are giant 11 The Late Pliocene vertebrate fauna of Vatera (Lesvos Island, Greece) Fig 1 Location of the fossil sites and photos showing some sections of the VateraFormation de de fossielen foto’s enkele secties de Vatera Formatie. Locatie van vindplaatsen van en met van 12 CRANIUM 24, 2 - 2007 discovered Till tortoise). Based on the fauna composition the which fossil plants were (Fig. 1). has been carried in site has been attributed to the MN 17 (about 2 now, no further study out these Ma) at the Late Pliocene (De Vos et al., 2002). two sites. DS-Site called after the and It was names (Daniela fauna of million The Vatera 2 years Sandra) of the ones who found the site. It has been excavated in the autumnof 2000. From ago fossils The terrestrial this site sixty were collected, belonging macaque bird and at least ten different mamma- to one kind of Two million years ago, a giant macaque lian species. Its is probably Late Pliocene age (Paradolichopithecus arvernensis). lived around (De Vos et al, 2002). Vatera Remains of this primate have been found the and consist two E-site only in F-site, of mandibles (one attributed to an adult female, This was the first site tobe discovered in the other to a juvenile male), some postcranials Vatera. It was named after a nearby building, and some isolated teeth (Fig. 2). The size and which was thought to belong to the Electric morphology of the material is similar to that Company. The only remains that have been from Seneze (holotype of the species) and Valea found are two bovid teeth, material of a large Graunceanuluiin Romania. horse, a raccoon dog mandible and a femur was as as the fragment of a large felid. Originally, this site Paradolichopithecus big largest baboons of considered to be of Late Pleistocene (Papio ursinus) today. However, was age what makes this is not its (Dermitzakis et al. 1991; and see below, under macaque so special of due to the size, even if it is too for a but its the section horses). Later, presence large macaque, of life. Van der Geer & of the Late Pliocene was to raccoon dog, a age way According Sondaar Postcranial material from considered as more realistic Vos et al. 2002). (2002), (De r terrestrial Paradolichopithecu s suggests a highly of locomotion. has also been way It suggested U, H, T and V-site that this large monkey occupied a similar H and had From each one of these sites (U for Unknown, ecological niche as Australopithecus, a for T for and for similar of locomotion et House, Tortoise V Vatera), way (Sondaar al., 2006). is known. In the tusk The authors demonstrated that only one species U-site, a same fragment and two molars of a mammoth Australopithecus was not a perfect biped as were found. The modern humans (.Homo but a (Mammuthus meridionalis) sapiens),, employed a somewhat H-site was discovered while digging trench more all-round locomotion, compa- of house. that trench trained for the construction a In rable to a chimpanzee or macaque, heavily fragmentated tusks and molars of a which can walk bipedally for quite a distance, found. On the mastodont (Anancus arvernesis) were but are also good at climbing trees. the 2 of the similarities in the From the T- and V-sites, only carapax of ground postcranial small small tortoises were excavated. The material, it has been suggested that the locomo- tortoises from the T- and V-sites are of little tion of Paradolichopithecus was comparable to stratigraphic value. The same is valid for the that of early hominids like Australopithecus. of Sondaar al. concluded that mammoth, because the stratigraphic range Finally, et (2006) this mammoth species is from the Late Pliocene Paradolichopithecus lived at the forest edge till the early Middle Pleistocene. The mastodont bordering the savannah. A. arvernensis lived from the Late Miocene till One of thetwo Paradolichopithecus mandibles the end of the Late Pliocene. found in Vatera belongs to a juvenile male (Van Other fossiliferous sites der Geer & Dermitzakis, unpublished data). It based was concluded that, on eruption pattern, The lower part of the Vatera Formation consists this animal died during his puberty. For male of lacustrine and brackish deposits (Drinia et al., baboon-like monkeys this is a very stressful Within of formation and 2002). this part the episode of their lives. During this life stage, close to there is of Vatera, a quarry (Fig. 1) leave their natal and become they group periph- claystone that contains plant and fish fossils. On eral. Social behaviour like grooming and a higher stratigraphic level, close to the village playing now decreases, while aggressive of there is second in Vrissa, a clay quarry, encounters and fighting with other males 13 The Late Pliocene vertebrate fauna of Vatera (Lesvos Island, Greece) from The mandi- Fig 2 Two mandibles and a humerus from the baboon-like Paradolichopithecus arvernesis Vatera. male the ble on the left belongs to a juvenile and mandible on the right to an adult female. arvernensis Twee onderkaken en een dijbeen van baviaan-achtige Paradolichopithecus van Vatera. De onderkaak de rechts volwassen links is van een jong mannetje en onderkaak van een vrouwtje. 3 Hans Brinkerink full Vatera tortoise. The Fig standing next to a sized replica of the giant giant tortoise, named Brinkerink and “Lolita” by France De Lapparent de Broin, was sculpted by Hans in Baarn (The Netherlands) Lesvos Vrissa Collection in 1999. It is transported to for opening of the Natural History September of now stand- ing in the backyard of the building, which houses the collection. Hans Brinkerink staande naast een levensgrote replica van de reuzenschildpad van Vatera. De reuzenschildpad, genaamd ”Lolita” door France De Lapparent de Broin, was door Hans gemaakt in Baarn (Nederland) en toen naar de de Vrissa Collectie in 1999.
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