Meeting Supplement 2004

Program of the Seventy-Third Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists

to be held at The Hyatt Regency Hotel Tampa, Florida April 14 to April 17, 2004

AAPA Scientific Program Committee:

John H. Relethford Chair and Program Editor

James Calcagno William L. Jungers Lyle Konigsberg Karen Rosenberg Theodore G. Schurr Lynette Leidy Sievert Dawnie Wolfe Steadman Joan Stevenson Karen B. Strier Jennifer Thompson

Christina Torres-Rouff, Program Assistant Edward Hagen, Computer Programming

Local Arrangements Committee:

Lorena Madrigal (Chair) David Himmelgreen Robert Tykot Curtis Weinker and many other student volunteers 2

Message from the Program Committee Chair

The 2004 AAPA meeting, our seventy- As in the past, we will meet in conjunc- third annual meeting, will be held at the tion with a number of affiliated groups in- Hyatt Regency Hotel in Tampa, Florida. cluding the American Association of Anthro- There will be 644 podium and poster presen- pological Genetics, the American Der- tations in 38 sessions, with a total of almost matoglyphics Association, the Dental An- 1,250 authors participating. The program thropology Association, the Human Biology includes eight podium symposia and one Association, the Paleopathology Association, poster symposium on a variety of topics: and the Primate Biology and Behavior In- Melanesian genetics, ecological immunity, terest Group. The Paleopathology Associa- paleoanthropological research in Asia and at tion has its meeting on Tuesday, April 13 the Asian frontiers, special senses in pri- and Wednesday. April 14. The Human Biol- mates, quantitative trait loci, life history ogy Association will meet on Wednesday, and energetics, and pregnancy. The program April 14 and Thursday, April 15. also includes the Second Annual Wiley-Liss Symposium; this year’s topic is the study of The following pages provide a map of human biology and globalization in Latin the Hyatt Regency Hotel; a summary table America, and includes talks by a number of of conference events; a daily conference distinguished colleagues from Latin Amer- schedule, including meetings of affiliated ica. associations, editorial boards, workshops, and various business meetings; a detailed As in past years, this year’s meetings listing of AAPA poster and podium sessions; reflect the international nature of our meet- the abstracts of the presentations; and an ings. Roughly 21 percent of the senior au- index of the authors showing the session thors live outside the United States, repre- numbers of their presentations. senting 27 nations. The largest representation is from the United Kingdom, Canada, AAPA activities commence on Wednes- Germany, Japan, Austria, Italy, Russia, day evening, April 14, with a panel discus- Belgium, and Australia. Our meeting also sion organized by our Career Development serves as an important avenue for presenta- Committee on “A First-hand Look at the tion of student research; roughly 40 percent Job-Search Process,” where successful appli- of all first authors are students. cants for a variety of recent jobs will give their insights into the job-search process. This is the third year that we have used This event will be followed by our annual an online registration system for payment of reception. Poster and podium sessions begin registration fees and submission of ab- Thursday morning and continue through stracts. As was the case for the past two Saturday afternoon. years, we have put together a searchable online database of the abstracts in this issue, The plenary session, held on Thursday which are available at the AAPA web site: evening, is an event entitled “A Funny Thing http://www.physanth.org. By entering key Happened on the Way to the Podium,” where terms, you can explore the contents of the three distinguished scholars (John Blangero, entire meeting supplement to find presenta- Milford Wolpoff, and one additional speaker tions on topics of special interest to you. The to be named) will each present a talk for search engine allows you to obtain abstracts which we have prepared a set of random, and determine when and where specific unrelated, and irrelevant slides. Come see posters and papers will be presented. how fast the speakers can think on their feet! Our annual luncheon on Friday fea- 3 tures Clyde Snow speaking on “Adventures Contents in the Bone Trade.” Our annual business meeting is on Friday evening. On Saturday evening, we will have our Student Awards Message From the Program Reception. Committee Chair...... 2

We acknowledge the generous support Hyatt Regency Hotel for the 2004 meetings that has been provided by the following donors: Meeting Rooms...... 4

· Department of Anthropology, University The Conference at a Glance ...... 5 of South Florida · College of Arts and Sciences, University Conference Schedule...... 8 of South Florida · Office of the Provost and Vice President AAPA Poster and Podium for Academic Affairs, University of South Presentation Schedule...... 14 Florida · Department of Pathology and Laboratory Abstracts of AAPA Poster and Medicine, University of South Florida Podium Abstracts...... 50 School of Medicine · C.A. Pound Human Identification Labo- Author/Session Index...... 217 ratory, University of Florida · Integrated DNA Technologies, Inc., Coralville, IA On the cover: St. Joseph Bay, Gulf County, · Bone Clones, Canoga Park, CA Florida, location of of a small Woodland period shell midden, and, in the distance, a Middle Florida Association of Medical Examin- · Woodland (AD 300-600) burial mound. Image ers courtesy of Nancy White, University of South · Alvin and Barbara Wolfe Florida.

The AAPA Program, Local Arrange- ments, and Executive Committees cordially invite you to our seventy-third annual meeting. We look forward to seeing you in Tampa.

John H. Relethford

AAPA Vice President and Program Committee Chair

4 Hyatt Regency Tampa Hotel

5 The Conference at a Glance (Note: Regency Ballroom and Buccaneer Suites are configured differently depending on day and event)

Tue Morning Tue Afternoon Tue Evening Wed Morning Wed Afternoon Wed Evening

Regency 1 PPA Poster PPA Poster Session Session; HBA poster session Regency 2 AAPA Career Development, 6 – 7:45 pm Regency 3

Regency 5

Regency 6

Regency 7

Buccaneer A PPA Workshop PPA Podium PPA Podium PPA Podium Session Session Session Buccaneer B PPA Workshop

Buccaneer C HBA Podium HBA Poster Session Session Buccaneer D

Galleria A PPA Registration, 8 am – 5 pm HBA Registration, 8 am – 5 pm PPA Registration 8 – 10 am Galleria B HBA Registration, 8 am – 5 pm AAPA Registration, 9 am – 5 pm

Hyde Park HBA Executive AJPA Editorial Board Meeting, noon – HBA Student Reception Committee 2 pm 5 – 7 pm dinner, 6 – 10 pm Outside AAPA Reception, 8 – 11 Esplanade pm City Center AJHB Editorial and Patio Board breakfast, 7:30 – 9 am Garrison Human Biology AAPA Executive Committee Meeting, Editorial Board 8 am – 6 pm Dinner, 6 – 8 pm Esplanade Book Exhibitors, 8 am – 5 pm Suite Channelside 1 Press/job Press/job Press/job Press/job Interviews interviews interviews interviews Channelside 2 Speaker Ready Speaker Ready Speaker Ready Speaker Ready

Key to acronyms: AAAG American Association of Anthropological Genetics AAPA American Association of Physical Anthropologists ADA American Dermatoglyphics Association AJHB American Journal of Human Biology AJPA American Journal of Physical Anthropology DAA Dental Anthropology Association HBA Human Biology Association JHE Journal of Human Evolution NCSE National Center for Science Education PPA Paleopathology Association

6 The Conference at a Glance (continued)

Thurs Morning Thurs Afternoon Thurs Evening Fri Morning Regency 1 Session 1. Human Biol. I Session 8. Primate Evol. I Session 15. Primate Be- Posters, 8:30 am – noon Posters, 1:30 – 5 pm hav. II Posters, 8:30 am – Session 2. Mol. Biol. Session 9. Human & Pri- noon Genet. Posters, 8:30 am – mate Brain Evol. I Posters, noon 1:30 – 5 pm Session 3. Population Session 10. Primate Biology Genet. I posters, 8:30 am II Posters, 1:30 – 5 pm - noon Regency 2 Session 4. Skeletal Biol. Session 11. Hominid Evol. HBA reception 7:30 – Session 16. Symposium: I, 8 am - noon II, 1 – 5 pm 10:30 pm Paleoanth. Research in East & Southeast Asia, 8 am - noon Regency 3 Session 17. AAPA/HBA Symposium: Ecological Immunology, 8 – 11:45 am Regency 5 Session 5. Hominid Evol. Session 12. Symposium: AAPA Plenary Session, I, 8 am – noon Island Melanesian Genetic 6:15 – 7:45 pm Regency 6 Diversity, 1 – 4:30 pm

Regency 7 Session 6. Primate Biol. I, Session 13. Primate Behav. 8– 11:30 am I, 1 – 5 pm Buccaneer A HBA Plenary Session HBA Plenary Session, 2 – 4 DAA Business Meeting, Session 18. Primate Evol. pm 7:45 – 8:45 pm II, 8 am – noon Buccaneer B Raymond Pearl Lecture, 4– HBA Business Meeting, 5 pm 5:30 – 6:30 pm

Buccaneer C Session 7. Dental Anth. I, Session 14. Paleopath. I, 1 – AAAG Business Meeting, Session 19. Population 8– 11:15 am 4:30 pm 7:45 – 8:45 pm Genet. II, 8 am – noon Buccaneer D Primate Biology/Behavior Interest Group Meeting, 7:45 – 8:45 pm Galleria A

Galleria B AAPA Registration, 8 am – 8 pm AAPA Registration

Hyde Park NCSE Lunch Meeting, 12 – ADA Business Meeting, 1:30 pm 7:45 – 8:45 pm City Center HBA Lunch, noon – 1:30 Wiley-Liss Reception, and Patio pm 8:30 – 10:30 pm Garrison Book Exhibitors, 8 am – 5 pm Book Exhibitors

Esplanade Book Exhibitors, 8 am – 5 pm Book Exhibitors Suite Channelside 1 Press/job interviews Press/job interviews Press/job interviews Press/job interviews

Channelside 2 Speaker Ready Speaker Ready Speaker Ready Speaker Ready 7 For a schedule of all conference events, see page 8. For a detailed listing of individual AAPA poster and podium presentations, see page 14.

Fri Afternoon Fri Evening Sat Morning Sat Afternoon

Regency 1 Session 20. Poster Sym- Session 26. Skeletal Biol. Session 33. Paleopath. II Posters, posium: Paleoanth. Re- III Posters, 8:30 – noon 1:30 – 5 pm search at the Asian Fron- Session 27. Dental Anth. II Session 34. Forensic Anth. Posters, tiers, 2:30 – 6 pm Posters, 8:30 - noon 1:30 – 5 pm Session 21: Hominid Evol. III Posters, 2:30 – 6 pm

Regency 2 Session 22. Symposium: AAPA Business Meeting, Session 28. Health and Session 35. Symposium: Evol. Of Pregnancy, 2 – 4:45 pm 8 – 11 pm Disease, 8 – 9:30 am Special Senses in Primates, 1 – 5 pm Session 29. Wiley-Liss Regency 3 Session 23. Skeletal Biol. Symposium: Human Biol. II, 2 – 6 pm & Globalization in Latin America, 10 am – noon

Regency 5 AAPA Luncheon, noon – Session 30. Hominid Evol. Session 36. Symposium: Life His- 2 pm IV, 8 am - noon tory, Energetics, & Human Evol., 1 Regency 6 – 4:45 pm

Regency 7 Teaching Outreach Program, 8 am – noon Buccaneer A Session 24. Symposium: Session 31. Primate Behav. Session 37. Skeletal Biol. IV, 1 – QTL Mapping, 2 – 6 pm III, 8 am - noon 4:45 pm Buccaneer B

Buccaneer C Session 25. Human & Session 32. Primate Biol. Session 38. Human Biol. II, 1 – 5 pm Primate Brain Evol. II, 2 III, 8 am – noon Buccaneer D – 6 pm

Galleria A

Galleria B AAPA Registration AAPA Registration, 8 am – noon Hyde Park Student Awards Committee Meet- ing, 4 – 5 pm City Center JHE Editorial Board and Patio Dinner, 5:30 – 8 pm Garrison Book Exhibitors Book Exhibitors, 8 am – 5pm

Esplanade Book Exhibitors Book Exhibitors, 8 am – 5pm Suite Channelside 1 Press/job interviews Press/job interviews Press/job interviews

Channelside 2 Speaker Ready Speaker Ready Speaker Ready

Saturday evening: Student Awards Reception, City Center & Patio, 5 – 7 pm

Conference Schedule For a schedule of individual AAPA poster and podium presentations, see page 14.

Tuesday, April 13, 2004

Paleopathology Association

8:00 am – 5:00 pm Registration. Galleria A.

8:00 am – 5:00 pm Workshops, Scientific Sessions. Buccaneer A–B.

Human Biology Association

8:00 am – 5:00 pm Registration. Galleria B.

6:00 pm – 10:00 pm Executive Committee Meeting. Hyde Park.

Human Biology (Journal)

6:00 pm – 8:00 pm Editorial Board Dinner. Garrison.

Wednesday, April 14, 2004

American Association of Physical Anthropologists

9:00 am – 5:00 pm Registration. Galleria B.

8:00 am – 6:00 pm Executive Committee Meeting. Garrison.

12:00 pm – 2:00 pm American Journal of Physical Anthropology Editorial Board Luncheon. Hyde Park.

6:30 pm – 7:45 pm Career Development Committee Panel: “A First-Hand Look at the Job-Search Process.” Panelists: Gregory Berg, Troy Case, Heather Edgar, Christopher Vinyard. Moderator: Elizabeth A. Miller. Regency 2.

8:00 pm – 11:00 pm Reception & Cash Bar. Outside Esplanade and City Center and Patio.

Paleopathology Association

8:00 am – 10:00 am Registration. Galleria A.

8:00 am – 5:00 pm Poster Session. Regency 1. Conference Schedule 9

Wednesday, April 14, 2004 (continued)

8:00 am – 5:00 pm Scientific Session. Buccaneer A-B.

Human Biology Association

7:30 am – 9:00 am American Journal of Human Biology Editorial Board Breakfast. City Center and Patio.

8:00 am – 5:00 pm Registration. Galleria A.

8:00 am – 12:00 pm Podium Session. Buccaneer C-D.

1:00 pm – 5:00 pm Poster Session. Regency 1.

1:00 pm – 5:00 pm Poster Session. Buccaneer C–D.

5:00 pm – 7:00 pm Student Reception. Hyde Park.

Thursday, April 15, 2004

American Association of Physical Anthropologists

8:00 am – 8:00 pm Registration. Galleria B.

8:30 am – 12:00 pm Session 1. Human Biology I. Contributed Posters. Regency 1.

8:30 am – 12:00 pm Session 2. Molecular Biology and Genetics. Contributed Posters. Regency 1.

8:30 am – 12:00 pm Session 3. Population Genetics I. Contributed Posters. Regency 1.

8:00 am – 12:00 pm Session 4. Skeletal Biology I: Diet, Disease, and Demog- raphy. Contributed Papers. Regency 2–3.

8:00 am – 12:00 pm Session 5. Hominid Evolution I: Hominid Origins and Early Hominid Evolution. Contributed Papers. Regency 5–6.

8:00 am – 11:30 am Session 6. Primate Biology I: Locomotion and Skeletal Biology. Contributed Papers. Regency 7.

10 Conference Schedule

Thursday, April 15, 2004 (continued)

8:00 am – 11:15 am Session 7. Dental Anthropology I. Contributed Papers. Buccaneer C–D.

1:30 pm – 5:00 pm Session 8. Primate Evolution I. Contributed Posters. Regency 1.

1:30 pm – 5:00 pm Session 9. Human and Primate Brain Evolution I. Contributed Posters. Regency 1.

1:30 pm – 5:00 pm Session 10. Primate Biology I. Contributed Posters. Regency 1.

1:00 pm – 5:00 pm Session 11. Hominid Evolution II: Australopithecines and Early Homo. Contributed Papers. Regency 2–3.

1:00 pm – 4:30 pm Session 12. A Second Biological Garden of Eden: Island Melanesian Genetic Diversity. Symposium. Regency 5–6.

1:00 pm – 5:00 pm Session 13. Primate Behavior I. Contributed Papers. Regency 7.

1:00 pm – 4:30 pm Session 14. Paleopathology I. Contributed Papers. Buccaneer C–D.

6:15 pm – 7:45 pm Plenary Session. “A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Podium.” Three speakers (John Blangero, Milford Wolpoff, and one additional speaker to be named) will each present a talk where they have not seen the random slides prepared for them! Regency 5–7.

8:30 pm – 10:30 pm Wiley-Liss Reception. City Center and Patio.

Human Biology Association

8:00 am – 12:00 pm Plenary Session. Buccaneer A–B.

12:00 pm – 1:30 pm HBA Lunch. City Center and Patio.

2:00 pm – 4:00 pm Plenary Session (continued). Buccaneer A–B.

4:00 pm – 5:00 pm Raymond Pearl Lecture: Stephen Stearns. “Human Genetic Variation and Selection Arenas.” Buccaneer A–B.

5:30 pm – 6:30 pm Business Meeting. Buccaneer B. Conference Schedule 11

Thursday, April 15, 2004 (continued)

7:30 pm – 10:30 pm Reception. Regency 2.

Dental Anthropology Association

7:45 pm – 8:45 pm Business Meeting. Buccaneer A.

American Association of Anthropological Genetics

7:45 pm – 8:45 pm Business Meeting. Buccaneer C.

American Dermatoglyphics Association

7:45 pm – 8:45 pm Business Meeting. Hyde Park.

Primate Biology & Behavior Interest Group

7:45 pm – 8:45 pm Business Meeting. Buccaneer D.

National Center for Science Education

12:00 pm – 1:30 pm Lunch Meeting. Hyde Park.

Friday, April 16, 2004

American Association of Physical Anthropologists

8:00 am – 5:00 pm Registration. Galleria B.

8:30 am – 12:00 pm Session 15. Primate Behavior II. Contributed Posters. Regency 1.

8:00 am – 12:00 pm Session 16. The Current State of Paleoanthropological Research in East and Southeast Asia. Symposium. Regency 2.

8:00 am – 11:45 pm Session 17. Human Ecological Immunity: Models and Methods for Future Research. Symposium. Regency 3.

8:00 am – 12:00 pm Session 18. Primate Evolution II. Contributed Papers. Buccaneer A–B.

8:00 am – 12:00 pm Session 19. Population Genetics II. Contributed Papers. Buccaneer C–D. 12 Conference Schedule

Friday, April 16, 2004 (continued)

12:00 pm – 2:00 pm AAPA Luncheon. Regency 5–7. Speaker: Clyde Snow. “Adventures in the Bone Trade: Some Musings on a Peripatetic Journey in Physical Anthropology.”

2:30 pm – 6:00 pm Session 20. Paleoanthropological Research at the Asian Frontiers. Poster Symposium. Regency 1.

2:30 pm – 6:00 pm Session 21. Hominid Evolution III. Contributed Posters. Regency 1.

2:00 pm – 4:45 pm Session 22. From Conception to Birth: Selective Pressures Shaping Pregnancy and its Outcomes. Symposium. Regency 2.

2:00 pm – 6:00 pm Session 23. Skeletal Biology II: Biomechanics. Contributed Papers. Regency 3.

2:00 pm – 6:00 pm Session 24. QTL (Quantitative Trait Loci) Mapping in Biological Anthropology. Symposium. Buccaneer A–B.

2:00 pm – 6:00 pm Session 25. Human and Primate Brain Evolution II. Con- tributed Papers. Buccaneer C–D.

8:00 pm – 11:00 pm Annual Business Meeting. Regency 2–3.

Journal of Human Evolution

5:30 pm – 8:00 pm Editorial Board Meeting. City Center and Patio.

Saturday, April 17, 2004

American Association of Physical Anthropologists

8:00 am – 12:00 pm Registration. Galleria B.

8:00 am – 12:00 pm Teaching Outreach Program. Regency 7.

8:30 am – 12:00 pm Session 26. Skeletal Biology III. Contributed Posters. Regency 1.

8:30 am – 12:00 pm Session 27. Dental Anthropology II. Contributed Posters. Regency 1.

Conference Schedule 13

Saturday, April 17, 2004 (continued)

8:00 am – 9:30 am Session 28. Health and Disease. Contributed Papers. Regency 2–3.

10:00 am – 12:00 pm Session 29. Human Biology and Globalization in Latin America. Second Annual Wiley-Liss Symposium. Regency 2–3.

8:00 am – 12:00 pm Session 30. Hominid Evolution IV: Archaic and Modern Humans. Contributed Papers. Regency 5–6.

8:00 am – 12:00 pm Session 31. Primate Behavior III: Biology, Ecology, and Demography. Contributed Papers. Buccaneer A–B.

8:00 am – 12:00 pm Session 32. Primate Biology III: Skulls, Teeth, and Sex. Contributed Papers. Buccaneer C–D.

1:30 pm – 5:00 pm Session 33. Paleopathology II. Contributed Posters. Regency 1.

1:30 pm – 5:00 pm Session 34. Forensic Anthropology. Contributed Posters. Regency 1.

1:00 pm – 5:00 pm Session 35. Evolution of the Special Senses in Primates. Symposium. Regency 2–3.

1:00 pm – 4:45 pm Session 36. Life History, Energetics, and Human Evolution. Symposium. Regency 5–6.

1:00 pm – 4:45 pm Session 37. Skeletal Biology IV: Bioarchaeology and Biodistance. Contributed Papers. Buccaneer A–B.

1:00 pm – 5:00 pm Session 38. Human Biology II. Contributed Papers. Buccaneer C–D.

5:00 pm – 7:00 pm Student Awards Reception. City Center and Patio.

AAPA Poster and Podium Presentation Schedule For a schedule of all conference events, see page 8.

Thursday Morning – April 15, 2004

Session 1. Human Biology I. Contributed Posters. Regency 1. Chair: LOREN R. LEASE, Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research.

8:00 – 8:30 am Poster set-up. 8:30 – 10:00 am Authors of even-numbered posters present for questions. 10:30 am – 12:00 pm Authors of odd-numbered posters present for questions. 12:00 – 12:30 pm Poster take-down.

1. Hunter-gatherer health at the Ernest Witte site (41AU36), southeast Texas. CORY J. BROEHM.

2. Naviculo-cuneiform I coalition: Evidence of statistically significant population variation in tarsal coalition frequencies. SCOTT E. BURNETT, D. TROY CASE.

3. Skeletal Analyses of Umm El-Jimal, Jordan (300-400AD). CHRISTOPHER R. CRAIN, PAMELA K. STONE.

4. Dental asymmetry through time in coastal Florida and Georgia populations. SHANNA E. WILLIAMS, MICHAEL W. WARREN.

5. A prospective study of maternal prenatal dietary intakes and the formation of enamel growth disruptions. SALLY E. KRAYNIK, ALICIA CARRASCO, ALAN H. GOODMAN, DONNA M. WINHAM, ALEXIS E. DOLPHIN.

6. Acculturation and bone density: Is there a link? JENNIFER L.Z. RICE.

7. Modeling the effects of social and economic change on health and nutritional status: Historical microenvironments. SUSAN L. JOHNSTON.

8. Obesity in East-Indian and African derived groups in Costa Rica. ELIZABETH KENNEY, LORENA MADRIGAL.

9. Ethnic differences in plasma lipid profiles among female school teachers in Hawaii: Japanese-Americans versus Euro-Americans. DANIEL E. BROWN, GARY D. JAMES, NICOLA M. NICCOLAISEN, ERIN A.K. KALUA, HAROLD A.T. TEFFT.

10. State regulation across the generations: Children's autonomic arousal and their parents’ daily schedules. JASON A. DECARO, CAROL M. WORTHMAN.

11. Are overnight norepinephrine and epinephrine excretion rates reproducible baseline measurements for diurnal stress studies? GARY D. JAMES.

12. Preliminary study of nighttime parenting behaviors among primiparous adolescent and adult mothers. LANE E. VOLPE, JAMES J. MCKENNA.

13. Western research in a non Western world: HIV in rural Tanzania. LINDA A. WINKLER, NATHAN DARITY, JESSICA HUFF, JESSICA MILEY, VALERIE HESS, FAITH BREBNOR.

14. Patterns of genetic diversity and linkage disequilibrium at interleukin-4 (IL-4) and interleukin-13 (IL-13) in human populations. ALESSIA RANCIARO, EDUARDO TARAZONA-SANTOS, SARAH A. TISHKOFF.

15. Reproductive measures, fitness and migrating Mennonites: An evolutionary analysis. JOAN C. STEVENSON, MICHAEL GRIMES, PHILLIP M. EVERSON.

16. How well does paternity confidence match actual paternity? Evidence from worldwide nonpaternity rates. KERMYT G. ANDERSON.

17. Diversity of paternal and maternal surnames in the Argentinean colonial period: Isonymy by ethno-social category. SONIA E. COLANTONIO, VICENTE FUSTER, MARIA DEL CARMEN FERREYRA, JAVIER LASCANO.

AAPA Poster and Podium Presentation Schedule 15

Thursday Morning – April 15, 2004 (continued)

18. Demography and kinship responses to livestock reduction amongst historic Navajo pastoralists. J. CHRISTOPHER DUDAR.

19. Ancient Maya population structure and social dynamics. A palaeodemographic approach to the Classic coastal site of Xcambó, Yucatán. VERA TIESLER, ANDREA CUCINA, THELMA SIERRA SOSA, RICHARD MEINDL.

20. Differential subsistence adaptations of agriculturalists and herders of the early intermediate period in the Lurin Valley, Peru: New data from stable isotope analysis. NICOLE L FALK, ROBERT H. TYKOT, MERCEDES DELGADO, EKATERINA A. PECHENKINA, JOE VRADENBURG.

21. Dietary adaptations in the Maya Lowlands through time and space: First results of stable isotope analysis of the Yucatan. EUGENIA BROWN MANSELL, ROBERT H. TYKOT.

22. Salivary amylase gene copy number: Have humans adapted to high starch diets? ELIZABETH F. CALDWELL, NOREEN VON CRAMON-TAUBADEL, MICHAEL E. WEALE, MARK G. THOMAS.

23. Roman Period fetal skeletons from the east cemetery (Kellis 2) of Kellis, Egypt. MATTHEW W. TOCHERI, TOSHA L. DUPRAS, PETER SHELDRICK, J. ELDON MOLTO.

24. Subadult growth in prehistoric Southeast Asia. SIAN E. HALCROW.

25. Testing a theory explaining the adaptive value of secondary osteons (Haversian systems). NEIL C. TAPPEN.

26. Regression modelling to predict energy expenditure: Comparison between adults and children. ISABELLE SARTON-MILLER, PATRICIA A. KRAMER.

27. Validating subjective signals of ovulation. LYNNETTE LEIDY SIEVERT, CATHERINE DUBOIS.

28. Effect of psychogenic stress on ovarian cycle dynamics in the baboon. KATHLEEN A. O’CONNOR, ELEANOR BRINDLE, K. DEE CAREY, KAREN RICE, REBECCA C. MILLER, JENNIFER ARANDA, MARC TATAR.

29. Biomechanical model of the index finger during simulated hardhammer percussion. CAMPBELL ROLIAN.

30. Functional differentiation between the clavicular and caudal heads of the pectoralis major muscle in Homo sapiens. KRISTI L. LEWTON, EMILY K. LANDIS, TRACY A. GAYHEART, MARC C. JACOFSKY.

Session 2. Molecular Biology and Genetics. Contributed Posters. Regency 1. Chair: ERIC J. DEVOR, Integrated DNA Technologies.

31. Life history variables and nucleotide substitution rate variation in the catarrhine primates. RYAN L. RAAUM, KIRSTIN N. STERNER, ANTHONY J. TOSI, SARAH A. FARLEY, LEI ZHANG, MARGARET S. HARPER, KATIE E. KRASINSKI, TODD R. DISOTELL, CARO-BETH STEWART.

32. The rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) corticotropin-releasing hormone gene: Sequence analysis and variation. RACHEL L. DVOSKIN, CHRISTINA S. BARR, TIM K. NEWMAN, DAVID GOLDMAN, STEPHEN J. SUOMI, J. DEE HIGLEY.

33. Comparative sequence analysis of a repeat polymorphism in the monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) gene promoter region in primates: Evidence for selection? TIMOTHY K. NEWMAN, J. DEE HIGLEY, DAVID GOLDMAN.

34. Expanded X-chromosomal dataset offers increased phylogenetic resolution in the Cercopithecini. ANTHONY J. TOSI, TODD R. DISOTELL.

35. Mitochondrial phylogeny of southern African baboons. ANDREW S. BURRELL, CLIFFORD J. JOLLY, JEFFREY ROGERS, TODD R. DISOTELL.

16 AAPA Poster and Podium Presentation Schedule

Thursday Morning – April 15, 2004 (continued)

36. Alpha-globin gene triplication in orangutans. MICHAEL E. STEIPER, MARYELLEN RUVOLO.

37. RNase 9, a unique new member of the primate RNase A superfamily: Evidence of diversifying selection and its role in host-defense innate immunity. ERIC J. DEVOR, KRISTIN A. MOFFAT-WILSON, MEREDITH P. MILLIS.

38. Nucleotide sequence variation of the Arginine Vasopressin Type II Receptor (AVPR2) gene in ethnically diverse human populations. LISA A. PFEIFER, BRIAN C. VERRELLI, SARAH A. TISHKOFF.

39. Genotype/phenotype analysis of lactase persistence in Tanzanian populations. KWELI B. POWELL, SARAH A. TISHKOFF.

40. A phylogenetic comparison of oxidative damage to DNA across European mitochondrial haplogroup clades. ANGELA M. HANCOCK, JON SEGER, RICHARD CAWTHON, ALAN ROGERS.

41. Mitochondrial DNA variation in Uto-Aztecan speaking populations. BRIAN M. KEMP, ANDRES RESENDEZ, DAVID G. SMITH.

42. Mitochondrial DNA analysis of the prehistoric people of Eel Point Locus C San Clemente Island, California. AMIEE B. POTTER, P. SCOTT WHITE.

43. Intact non-collagenous extracellular matrix proteins in ancient human bones from different time periods. TYEDE H. SCHMIDT-SCHULTZ, MICHAEL SCHULTZ.

Session 3. Population Genetics I. Contributed Posters. Regency 1. Chair: ERIC J. DEVOR, Integrated DNA Technologies.

44. Pattern of mitochondrial genetic variability of the black howler monkey (Alouatta caraya): An example of post-glacial range expansion in South American fauna. MARINA S. ASCUNCE, ESTEBAN HASSON, GABRIEL ZUNINO, CONNIE J. MULLIGAN, MARTA D. MUDRY.

45. Genetic studies of Mandrillus sphinx in Gabon. STEPHEN L. CLIFFORD, KATE A. ABERNETHY, LEE J.T. WHITE, PRESTON A. MARX, TODD R. DISOTELL, E. JEAN WICKINGS.

46. Y chromosome genetic variation in Tanzanian populations: Implications for modern human origins. JIBRIL B. HIRBO, MARY K. GONDER, JOHN HODAX, JOANNA MOUNTAIN, ALEC KNIGHT, SARAH A. TISHKOFF.

47. Complete mitochondrial genome sequencing of Tanzanians implies an east African origin of modern humans. MARY K. GONDER, SARAH A. TISHKOFF.

48. Linked autosomal genetic marker systems and pre-Out of Africa subdivision. MATTHEW J. JOBIN, UMA RAMAKRISHNAN, JOANNA L MOUNTAIN.

49. Reconstructing the peopling of Cameroon through the analysis of mitochondrial DNA. VALENTINA COIA, FABIO VERGINELLI, ILARIA BOSCHI, GABRIELLA SPEDINI, DAVID COMAS, FRANCESC CALAFELL, CINZIA BATTAGGIA, GIOVANNI DESTRO-BISOL.

50. A clinal pattern of human Y chromosome diversity in North Africa. BARBARA ARREDI.

51. Genetic Diversity in an urban population in West Africa: A preliminary analysis. JADA P. BENN TORRES, ANNE C. STONE.

52. African-American lineage markers: Determining the geographic source of mtDNA and Y chromosomes. JOSEPH G. LORENZ, ANDREA VOSBIKIAN, JEANNE BECK, PATRICK K. BENDER, ALICE WHITTEMORE, FATIMAH JACKSON.

53. Interregional gene flow in the eastern Mediterranean: A Cypriot melting pot? NATHAN KAYNE HARPER. AAPA Poster and Podium Presentation Schedule 17

Thursday Morning – April 15, 2004 (continued)

54. mtDNA Variation in Old Believer and ethnic Russian populations of Northern Siberia. SAMARA RUBINSTEIN, NISHI MEHTA, SERGEY I. ZHADANOV, MAGGIE A. COCCA, LUDMILLA P. OSIPOVA, THEODORE G. SCHURR.

55. mtDNA variation in Kazakhs of the Southern Altai Republic, and their relationship to Turkic-speaking populations. OMER GOKCUMEN, SERGEY I. ZHADANOV, LUDMILLA P. OSIPOVA, THEODORE G. SCHURR.

56. Comparison of Y-chromosome and mitochondrial genetic diversity in Panamanian Amerinds. ANGELICA GONZALEZ-OLIVER, MARINA S. ASCUNCE, CONNIE J. MULLIGAN.

57. Mitochondrial sequence variation in the Canadian Mohawk. KAY S. GRENNAN, D. ANDREW MERRIWETHER.

58. Mitochondrial DNA analysis of the ancient Peruvian highlanders. NOBORU ADACHI, KEN-ICHI SHINODA, IZUMI SHIMADA.

59. An alternative model for Clovis colonization that retains Amerind genetic diversity. ALAN G. FIX.

60. Comparative mtDNA analysis of adapting to life at high altitudes. KRISTEN M. SAARI, DAVID M. REED, CYNTHIA M. BEALL, D. ANDREW MERRIWETHER.

61. Mitochondrial DNA analysis for the study of variation and determination of geographic identity of indigenous human skeletal remains. HATTIE B. WETHERINGTON, JAMES GAREY, LORENA MADRIGAL.

62. Native American interests and human genetic research. KARI BRITT SCHROEDER, RIPAN S. MALHI, JASON A. ESHLEMAN, DAVID G. SMITH.

63. Dermatoglyphic ridge counts compared to short tandem repeats as measures of population distance. ELIZABETH A. DIGANGI, RICHARD L. JANTZ.

64. Dermatoglyphic phenotypic heterogeneity among individuals with non syndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL/P) and their relatives in China and the Philippines. NICOLE M. SCOTT, SETH M. WEINBERG, KATHERINE NEISWANGER, CARLA A. BRANDON, JEFFREY C. MURRAY, YOU-E LIU, MARY L. MARAZITA.

65. “Race” and anthropology’s public face: Carleton S. Coon and the segregationists. KEVIN A. YELVINGTON.

66. Social network structure and human/HIV coevolution. STEVEN M. GOODREAU.

Session 4. Skeletal Biology I: Diet, Disease, and Demography. Contributed Papers. Regency 2–3. Chair: NIELS LYNNERUP, University of Copenhagen.

8:00 am Early Homo remains from Georgia (Southern Caucasus). D. LORDKIPANIDZE.

8:00 am Breast-feeding variability in the French Modern Period: A comparison of the effects of differential social-economic status. ESTELLE HERRSCHER, M. ANNE KATZENBERG, FRÈDÈRIQUE VALENTIN, RENÈE COLARDELLE.

8:15 am Inca-period diet for the central coast of Peru: A preliminary report on the isotopic analysis of human bone collagen from Puruchuco-Huaquerones. JOCELYN S. WILLIAMS.

8:30 am A contribution to the nutritional history of prehistoric Sardinia (Italy): Preliminary results of isotopic analyses of bone collagen, bone apatite and tooth enamel. LUCA LAI, ROBERT H. TYKOT.

8:45 am The effects of growth velocity on stable nitrogen isotope ratios in subadult long bones. ANDREA L. WATERS, M. ANNE KATZENBERG.

9:00 am Mesolithic and Neolithic subsistence in Belgium: Evidence from stable isotopes. CAROLINE POLET, HERVE BOCHERENS, MICHEL TOUSSAINT.

9:15 am Developmentally mediated intra-individual variation in inorganic stable isotopes. ELIZABETH A. QUINN, JOHN D. KINGSTON, GEORGE J. ARMELAGOS.

18 AAPA Poster and Podium Presentation Schedule

Thursday Morning – April 15, 2004 (continued)

9:30 am Single osteons and seasonality: A SIMS analysis of human bone from Wadi Halfa. HENRY P. SCHWARCZ, CHRISTINE D. WHITE, MOSTAFA FAYEK.

9:45 am Break

10:00 am Prehistoric subsistence adaptations in west-central Florida as determined by stable isotope analysis. JENNIFER A. KELLY, ROBERT H. TYKOT, JERALD T. MILANICH.

10:15 am Histological analysis of ribs from a 20th century Black South African population: Differentiating a microstructural pattern for pellagra and general malnutrition. ROBERT R. PAINE, BARRETT P. BRENTON.

10:30 am Evaluation of diagnostic criteria for coding osteoarthritic lesions: Correlation between lipping, porosity, and eburnation. ERIC J. BARTELINK.

10:45 am A new method to quantify the 3D morphology of bone surfaces, with application to muscle enthesis rugosity. ANN C. ZUMWALT.

11:00 am The right preferences? Bilateral asymmetry in the upper and lower limbs of modern humans. BENJAMIN M. AUERBACH, CHRISTOPHER B. RUFF.

11:15 am Evidence of interpersonal violence in the W. Montague Cobb skeletal collection. JENNIFER L. MULLER.

11:30 am Variation in the microscopic appearance of the frontal bone in a cadaveric population. JANENE M. CURTIS, JOHN H. LANGDON, STEPHEN P. NAWROCKI, ALEX ROBLING.

11:45 am Tooth cementum annulations in paleodemography- The exemplary case of Lauchheim. URSULA WITTWER-BACKOFEN, JAMES VAUPEL.

Session 5. Hominid Evolution I: Hominid Origins and Early Hominid Evolution. Contributed Papers. Regency 5–6. Chair: CHARLES MUSIBA, North Dakota State University.

8:00 am Anthropoid taxonomic diversity at Rudabánya, a late Miocene subtropical swamp forest in central Europe. DAVID R. BEGUN, MARIAM C. NARGOLWALLA.

8:15 am Bovid metapodials, late Miocene paleoenvironments, and hominoid evolution. ROBERT S. SCOTT.

8:30 am Oreopithecus bambolii: An unlikely case of hominid-like grip capability in a Miocene ape. RANDALL L. SUSMAN.

8:45 am The bipedal brachiator: A kinematic analysis of bipedal walking in Hylobates lar. EVIE E. VEREECKE, KRISTIAAN D'AOÛT, PETER AERTS.

9:00 am Arboreal bipedalism in Bwindi chimpanzees: Implications for models of the evolution of hominid bipedalism. CRAIG B. STANFORD.

9:15 am Lumbar vertebral number in early hominids: Anatomical and developmental considerations. BURT A. ROSENMAN, KINGSBURY G. HEIPLE, C. OWEN LOVEJOY.

9:30 am The effect of leg length on human locomotor performance. HERMAN PONTZER.

9:45 am Megadontia and bipedalism: Did habitual bipedalism evolve in early hominids to reduce the energetic costs of increasing head weight? EDWARD H. HAGEN.

10:00 am Break

10:15 am Bipedality, Hox genes, hominid origins and chromosome two. EVELYN J. BOWERS.

10:30 am Patterns of dental variation in chimpanzees and gorillas: A comparison with implications for the choice of model in reconstructing fossil taxonomy. VARSHA C. PILBROW.

10:45 am The significance of the capitate/metacarpal II articulation for grasping in early hominids. THERESA M. FRANZ, RANDALL L. SUSMAN. AAPA Poster and Podium Presentation Schedule 19

Thursday Morning – April 15, 2004 (continued)

11:00 am Postcranial sexual dimorphism at the A.L. 333 site. DEBORAH CUNNINGHAM, THEODORE M. COLE III, CAROL WARD, DANIEL J. WESCOTT.

11:15 am Facial heights: Implications of postnatal ontogeny and facial orientation for skull morphology in humans and chimpanzees. MARKUS BASTIR, ANTONIO ROSAS.

11:30 am Comparing ontogenetic trajectories of Homo, Pan and Australopithecus africanus. PHILIPP GUNZ, PHILIPP MITTEROECKER, FRED L. BOOKSTEIN, GERHARD W. WEBER.

11:45 am Identifying pleiotropy in hominid dental evolution: Results from a baboon model. LESLEA J. HLUSKO, MICHAEL C. MAHANEY.

Session 6. Primate Biology I: Locomotion and Skeletal Biology. Contributed Papers. Regency 7. Chair: NAYUTA YAMASHITA, University of Southern California.

8:00 am Geometric modeling of the center of gravity in Pan troglodytes. ADAM D. SYLVESTER.

8:15 am The effects of limb mass distribution on primate quadrupedalism. DAVID A. RAICHLEN.

8:30 am Vertical climbing kinematics in specialized and generalized prosimians: Implications for morphology and performance. JANDY B. HANNA.

8:45 am External forces on the limbs of jumping lemurs. BRIGITTE DEMES, THERESA M. FRANZ, KRISTIAN J. CARLSON.

9:00 am Duty factors and lateral-sequence gaits in primates and chameleons. MATT CARTMILL, DANIEL SCHMITT, PIERRE LEMELIN.

9:15 am Muscle-bone interactions in a mouse gene knockout model: Implications for functional analysis of the primate postcranial skeleton. MARK W. HAMRICK, CATHERINE PENNINGTON.

9:30 am Cross-sectional geometry and locomotor behavior of habituated chimpanzees from the Tai and Mahale National Parks. KRISTIAN J. CARLSON, DIANE M. DORAN, KEVIN D. HUNT, TOSHISADA NISHIDA, ATSUSHI YAMANAKA, CHRISTOPH BOESCH.

9:45 am Break

10:00 am Multivariate comparison of divergent ossification patterns in the mammalian proximal femur. MARIA A. SERRAT, PHILIP L. RENO, MELANIE A. MCCOLLUM, RICHARD S. MEINDL, C. OWEN LOVEJOY.

10:15 am Patterns of phylogenetic signal in primate long bones. MATTHEW C. O’NEILL, SETH D. DOBSON.

10:30 am Morphological variation in the hominoid vertebral column: Implications for the evolution of human locomotion. LAUREN S. STEVENS, C. OWEN LOVEJOY.

10:45 am A comparative three-dimensional geometric morphometric study of growth and similarity in the primate scapula. NATHAN M. YOUNG.

11:00 am An evaluation of the coefficient of variation and average taxonomic distance to detect multiple taxa in extant hominoid samples. MATTHEW SKINNER, BRIAN RICHMOND, NICOLE SILVERMAN, BERNARD WOOD.

11:15 am Conservation biology of Malagasy strepsirhines: A phylogenetic approach. SHAWN M. LEHMAN.

Session 7. Dental Anthropology I. Contributed Papers. Buccaneer C–D. Chair: DEBBIE J. GUATELLI-STEINBERG, Ohio State University.

8:00 am The Italian populations during the Copper Age (III millennium BC): Analysis of the genetic barriers. ALFREDO COPPA, ANDREA CUCINA, MICHAELA LUCCI, FRANZ MANNI, RITA VARGIU.

20 AAPA Poster and Podium Presentation Schedule

Thursday Morning – April 15, 2004 (continued)

8:15 am Dental anthropology in Scotland: Morphological comparisons between medieval Scotland and northern Europe. ALMA J. ADLER, M.E. WATT, C.G. TURNER II.

8:30 am Origin of the inhabitants of Bronze Age Bactria: A dental morphological investigation. REBECCA NOSAKA, BRIAN E. HEMPHILL.

8:45 am Amazons of the Amu Darya?: A dental pathological investigation of gender and status in Bronze Age Bactria. SARAH BLAYLOCK, BRIAN E. HEMPHILL.

9:00 am Occlusal Fingerprint Analysis (OFA) - Quantifying individual wear pattern of tooth crowns using optical 3-D topometry. OTTMAR KULLMER, KERSTIN ENGEL, MATHIAS HUCK, LILIAN ULHAAS, OLAF WINZEN, FRIEDEMANN SCHRENK.

9:15 am Dental microwear at Mission San Luis de Apalachee. JASON M. ORGAN, MARK F. TEAFORD, CLARK S. LARSEN.

9:30 am Woodland to Mississippian dietary transitions in Indiana as indicated by dental microwear analysis. CHRISTOPHER W. SCHMIDT.

9:45 am Dental reduction and diet in the Prehistoric Ohio River Valley. MOLLY K. HILL.

10:00 am Break

10:15 am The size of the dentition. PETER W. LUCAS.

10:30 am Molar shear crests as dietary indicators: Evidence from primate ecological analogs. AARON S. HOGUE.

10:45 am Weaning in early medieval England. PAMELA M. MACPHERSON, CAROLYN A. CHENERY.

11:00 am Investigation of age at weaning using Sr/Ca ratios in human tooth enamel. LOUISE T. HUMPHREY, TERESA E. JEFFRIES, M. CHRISTOPHER DEAN.

Thursday Afternoon – April 15, 2004

Session 8. Primate Evolution I. Contributed Posters. Regency 1. Chair: MARK COLLARD, Washington State University.

1:00 – 1:30 pm Poster set-up. 1:30 – 3:00 pm Authors of even-numbered posters present for questions. 3:30 – 5:00 pm Authors of odd-numbered posters present for questions. 5:00 – 5:30 pm Poster take-down.

1. The effects of time and habitat differences on the dentition of Victoriapithecus macinnesi from middle Miocene deposits at Maboko. BRENDA R. BENEFIT, ELIZABETH LYNCH.

2. The Middle Miocene Maboko Island primate locality: New data and the integration and reinterpretation of existing data suggest the paleoenvironment was lacustrine. BRADLEY T. WATKINS.

3. Phyletic and locomotor affinities of the Victoriapithecus forelimb. KATHLEEN T. BLUE, MONTE L. MCCROSSIN, BRENDA R. BENEFIT.

4. Incisor variation in Miocene proto-hominoids: A comparative study across 12 fossil genera. CANDACE A. DAVIS.

5. An infant skull of Lufengpithecus from Yuanmou, Yunnan Province, China. FENG GAO, JAY KELLEY, LIANG ZHENG, WU LIU.

6. Locomotor diversity among Miocene catarrhines: Another look at retroflection of the medial epicondyle of the humerus. MONTE L. MCCROSSIN.

7. A geometric morphometric comparison of Gigantopithecus giganteus and Gigantopithecus blacki with implications for hominoid taxonomy and phylogeny. STEVEN F. MILLER, RUSSELL L. CIOCHON. AAPA Poster and Podium Presentation Schedule 21

Thursday Afternoon – April 15, 2004 (continued)

8. Did Proconsul heseloni have a tail? MASATO NAKATSUKASA.

9. Metric variation in the dentition of Ouranopithecus macedoniensis (de Bonis and Melentis, 1977). CAITLIN M. SCHREIN.

10. Apical tuft morphology in subfossil lemurs and living primates: Function and phylogenetic inertia. HEATHER F. SMITH, WILLAM L. JUNGERS, ELWYN SIMONS, PIERRE LEMELIN.

11. Reconstruction of ear ossicles from the most primitive primate cranium known using ultra high resolution computed tomography. MARY T. SILCOX, JONATHAN I. BLOCH.

12. Thinking small: A comparative study of dental microstructure in Cantius, Otolemur, Perodicticus, and Saimiri. WENDY DIRKS, FERNANDO V. RAMIREZ ROZZI, DONALD J. REID, ROBERT L. ANEMONE.

13. Variation in omomyid ankles and its implications for phylogeny reconstruction. MATTHEW A. TORNOW.

14. Phylogenetic implication on humeral and calcaneal morphologies of Amphipithecidae. NAOKO EGI, MASANARU TAKAI, SOE THURA TUN, NOBUO SHIGEHARA, TAKEHISA TSUBAMOTO.

15. New eosimiid species from the latest middle Eocene of Pondaung, Myanmar. MASANARU TAKAI, NAOKO EGI, TAKEHISA TSUBAMOTO, NOBUO SHIGEHARA.

16. Testing for hyperpaedomorphosis in southern African Plio-Pleistocene baboons. FRANK L. WILLIAMS.

17. Size, shape, and integration in hominoid crania. JOSHUA M. POLANSKI.

18. Heterochrony and geometric morphometrics: A comparison of cranial growth in Pan paniscus versus Pan troglodytes. PHILIPP MITTEROECKER, PHILIPP GUNZ, GERHARD WEBER, FRED L. BOOKSTEIN.

19. Sexual selection, homoplasy and fossil primate phylogenetics. MARK COLLARD.

20. Primate speciosity, taxonomic distributions, and power law behavior. ANTHONY J. OLEJNICZAK.

21. Muscle recruitment in primates: Preliminary results on the question of neuromuscular conservation in primates. SUSAN G. LARSON, JACK T. STERN, JR.

22. Humeral torsion in anthropoids and its relationship to upper thoracic and/or pectoral girdle shape. AMY E. JUDD.

23. Character analysis of hominoid trunk and forelimb morphology: Synapomorphy or homoplasy? STEVEN WORTHINGTON.

24. Quantifying curvature in fragmentary fossil hominoid phalanges using the anatomical curve fitting (ACF) method. ANDREW S. DEANE, DAVID R. BEGUN, ERIK P. KREMER.

Session 9. Human and Primate Brain Evolution I. Contributed Posters. Regency 1. Chair: MARK COLLARD, Washington State University.

25. Comparative volumetric analysis of the hominoid amygdala. NICOLE L. BARGER, LISA STEFANACCI, NATALIE SCHENKER, KATERINA SEMENDEFERI.

26. A comparative volumetric analysis of the human and ape hippocampus. KATE TEFFER, NATALIE SCHENKER, KATERINA SEMENDEFERI.

27. Papio brain and sulcal growth: A comparison with Macaca. MELISSA L. RAGUET-SCHOFIELD, STEVEN R. LEIGH.

28. The spindle neurons of frontoinsular cortex (area FI) are unique to humans and African apes. ATIYA HAKEEM, JOHN ALLMAN, NICOLE TETREAULT, KATERINA SEMENDEFERI. 22 AAPA Poster and Podium Presentation Schedule

Thursday Afternoon – April 15, 2004 (continued)

29. Accelerated cell column development: A Comparison between normal and Down Syndrome in four areas of cortex. DANIEL P. BUXHOEVEDEN, MANUEL F CASANOVA.

30. Molecular evolution of ASPM, a gene involved in human brain development. BENJAMIN M. BURKLEY, CONNIE J. MULLIGAN.

31. Timing characteristics of two different facial signals: Deliberate and spontaneous smiles. KAREN L. SCHMIDT, ZARA AMBADAR, L. IAN REED, JEFFREY F. COHN.

Session 10. Primate Biology II. Contributed Posters. Regency 1. Chair: SARAH ELTON, Hull York Medical School.

32. The primates of Phu Khieo Wildlife Sanctuary. ANDREAS KOENIG, EILEEN LARNEY, KITTI KREETIYUTANONT, CAROLA BORRIES.

33. Phayre’s leaf monkeys - multimale groups with female dispersal. CAROLA BORRIES, EILEEN LARNEY, ABIGAIL DERBY, ANDREAS KOENIG.

34. Parapatric groups of black and common squirrel monkeys (Saimiri vanzolinii and Saimiri sciureus) in the central Amazon. DYLAN M. SCHWINDT, JOSÈ M. AYRES.

35. Patterns of ecological diversity in modern small mammal communities of Madagascar. KATHLEEN M. MULDOON.

36. The slow pace of primate infancy: Lengthened lactation in long-lived learners. MEREDITH L. BASTIAN.

37. Serum leptin reflects ecological differences in vervet monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops) populations. PATRICIA L. WHITTEN, TRUDY R. TURNER.

38. A quantitative analysis of the ecological niche space of savanna baboon populations, and its taxonomic implications. JASON M. KAMILAR.

39. Effects of habitat on fluctuating asymmetry in a population of wild ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta). KRISTA D. FISH, MICHELLE SAUTHER, FRANK CUOZZO.

40. Dental variation and dental health in a wild population of ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta) from Beza Mahafaly Special Reserve, Madgascar. FRANK P. CUOZZO, MICHELLE L. SAUTHER, KRISTA D. FISH.

41. A captive infant female gorilla with vitamin D and calcium deficiency: Preliminary description. ANNA BELLISARI, DANA L. DUREN, RICHARD J. SHERWOOD, MICHAEL BARRIE.

42. Stress, life history, and dental development in the vervet (Chlorocebus aethiops) and baboon (Papio hamadryas) from dental histology. DONALD J. REID, WENDY DIRKS, CLIFFORD J. JOLLY, JANE E. PHILLIPS-CONROY, FREDERICK BRETT.

43. Age changes in the adult skulls of Old World monkeys (Primates: Cercopithecidae). NINA G. JABLONSKI.

44. Muzzle morphology and size in Mandrillus leucophaeus. SARAH ELTON, BETHAN J. MORGAN.

45. Sex differences in growth patterns in proboscis monkeys and crested langurs. DEBRA R. BOLTER.

46. A comparison of craniofacial sexual dimorphism in Papio ursinus and P. cynocephalus. RIASHNA SITHALDEEN, REBECCA ROGERS ACKERMANN.

47. Relationship between tooth size and mandibular size and shape in primates. DELISA L. PHILLIPS, J. MICHAEL PLAVCAN, DAVID J. DAEGLING.

AAPA Poster and Podium Presentation Schedule 23

Thursday Afternoon – April 15, 2004 (continued)

48. Analysis of cranio-mandibular shape differences between Pan paniscus and Pan troglodytes using geometric morphometrics. CHRIS A. ROBINSON, KATERINA HARVATI.

49. Variation of the mandibular molars in extant lemuriform primates: A qualitative and quantitative study. JESSICA L. WHITE.

50. Attrition in the dentition of a population of Peruvian tamarins (Saguinus mystax mystax). ALEXANDRA M. ROBINSON, SUSAN M. FORD, PAUL A. GARBER.

51. Skeletal and dental development in wild chimpanzees from Tai National Forest, Ivory Coast and Gombe Reserve, Tanzania. ADRIENNE L. ZIHLMAN, DEBRA BOLTER, CHRISTOPHE BOESCH.

52. Body composition and proportions in gibbons (Hylobates) and siamangs (Symphalangus): A preliminary report. MARISSA SOUSA, ADRIENNE ZIHLMAN.

53. Anatomical components of locomotion in five genera of apes: A preliminary overview. ROBIN K. MCFARLAND, MARISSA SOUSA, ADRIENNE L. ZIHLMAN.

54. Postcranial, cranial, and body mass dimorphism in three sympatric West African primates. JULIE E. MARVIN, J. MICHAEL PLAVCAN, W. SCOTT MCGRAW.

55. Locomotor adaptations in primates and other mammals. HELEN J. CHATTERJEE, WILLIAM PARR.

56. Precocial development of hindlimb muscle mass ratios in quadrupedal and leaping. MADELIENE ATZEVA, MELISSA L. KIRKBRIDE, ANNE M. BURROWS, TIMOTHY D. SMITH.

57. Bilateral asymmetry in the upper arm bones of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). LAUREN A. SARRINGHAUS, JAY T. STOCK, WILLIAM C. MCGREW, LINDA F. MARCHANT.

58. The relationship between locomotor behavior and the fabric principal direction of trabecular bone. TIMOTHY M. RYAN, RICHARD A. KETCHAM.

59. Comparison of size and shape patterns in the postcranial skeleton of Macaca, with attention to locomotor variation in M. fascicularis and M. nemestrina. KIMBERLY A. NICHOLS-BOWN, KATHLEEN RATTEREE.

60. Influence of arboreal support type upon stride duration and duty factor during primate arboreal quadrupedalism. NANCY J. STEVENS.

61. The relationship between midcarpal joint morphology and ulnar deviation of the hand in strepsirhine primates. PIERRE LEMELIN.

62. Head kinematics during locomotion in a gibbon and Japanese macaques. EISHI HIRASAKI, HIROO KUMAKURA.

63. Morphological variation in the genus Perodicticus. DAVID P. STUMP.

64. Using SEM to qualitatively identify structural differences in the hairs of nectar feeding prosimians. MAGDALENA N. MUCHLINSKI.

65. Quantifying male ejaculate volume: High-resolution x-ray computed tomography scanning of primate sperm plugs. JOYCE A. PARGA, MURAT MAGA, DEBORAH J. OVERDORFF.

66. Modeling the precision of landmark location data. DENNIS E. SLICE, CHRISTINE UNTEREGGER, KATRIN SCHAEFER, FRED L. BOOKSTEIN.

Session 11. Hominid Evolution II: Australopithecines and Early Homo. Contributed Papers. Regency 2–3. Chair: SUSAN ANTÓN, New York University.

1:00 pm Early Pliocene hominids and their environments from Gona, Ethiopia. SCOTT W. SIMPSON, J. QUADE, N. LEVIN, P. RENNE, B. BUTLER, W.C. MACINTOSH, S. SEMAW.

24 AAPA Poster and Podium Presentation Schedule

Thursday Afternoon – April 15, 2004 (continued)

1:15 pm Fossil excavations of the Makapansgat Member 2 and adjacent breccias. TAFLINE C. CRAWFORD, JEFFREY K. MCKEE, GLENN C. CONROY, KEVIN L. KUYKENDALL, ALF G. LATHAM.

1:30 pm Species richness in early hominins: A reply to Conroy. GLENN C. CONROY.

1:45 pm Canine dimorphism in Australopithecus anamensis. CAROL V. WARD, J. MICHAEL PLAVCAN.

2:00 pm Sexual dimorphism in the Hadar A. afarensis sample: Another look. SANG-HEE LEE.

2:15 pm Can sexual dimorphism in skeletal size be used to assess sexual dimorphism in body size? CHRISTOPHER B. RUFF, HENRY M. MCHENRY.

2:30 pm Interpretation of postcranial variation in South African Plio-Pleistocene hominids. PATRICIA S. VINYARD.

2:45 pm Molar topography and dental functional morphology of Australopithecus afarensis and early Homo. PETER S. UNGAR.

3:00 pm Break

3:15 pm Seasonality and australopithecine diets: New high-resolution carbon isotope data. MATT SPONHEIMER, JULIA LEE-THORP, DARRYL DE RUITER.

3:30 pm The scarcity of African mid-Pleistocene hominin fossils. RICHARD POTTS.

3:45 pm The roles of infant crying and motherese during prelinguistic evolution in early hominins. DEAN FALK.

4:00 pm The geometry of anthropometrics: A new typology of landmarks FRED L. BOOKSTEIN, KATRIN SCHAEFER, PHILIPP MITTEROECKER, PHILIPP GUNZ, HORST SEIDLER.

4:15 pm An analysis of variation in early Indonesian mandibles. FANG-YI CHIANG, RACHEL CASPARI.

4:30 pm A multivariate analysis of the postcranium of KNM-ER 3735 (Homo habilis). MARTIN HAEUSLER, HENRY M. MCHENRY.

4:45 pm Predicting the location of well-preserved Palaeolithic archaeological sites in Africa and Asia based on the likelihood of bone preservation. KATHRYN M. HOLMES, KATE ROBSON BROWN, MATTHEW COLLINS.

Session 12. A Second Biological Garden of Eden–Island Melanesian Genetic Diversity. Symposium. Regency 5–6. Organizer and Chair: JONATHAN S. FRIEDLAENDER, Temple University.

This symposium brings together new findings on the remarkable genetic diversity in Island Melanesia—the region extending from New Guinea to Fiji. Diversity in Island Melanesia reflects a very old and relatively isolated settlement history. For this reason, it has sometimes been called a “Second Biological Garden of Eden.” During the past 8 years, Pacific population genetics has focused on a controversy surrounding hypothesized migrations from approximately 5,000 to 3,000 years ago which included the colonizations of Polynesia and Micronesia. The symposium necessarily addresses these relatively recent episodes, since the focus of our collaborative efforts is on the Bismarck Archipelago and Solomon Islands, a key region in these expansions. In addition, the papers identify the genetic signatures of considerably earlier population movements and isolation in the region extending back 40,000 years. The different roles of drift, migration, and selection at a series of loci are discussed, using data from the same set of diverse populations.

1:00 pm Island Melanesian pasts - A view from archaeology. GLENN REGINALD SUMMERHAYES.

1:15 pm Recent research on the historical relationships of the Papuan languages. ANDREW PAWLEY, MALCOLM ROSS.

1:30 pm Marital migration rates, malaria epidemiology, and biological diversity within Island Melanesia. GEORGE KOKI, JONATHAN FRIEDLAENDER.

1:45 pm Patterns of mitochondrial variation in Melanesia and implications for the settling of the Pacific: Haplogroup 8. LYDIA SMITH, KAY GRENNAN, JONATHAN FRIEDLAENDER, D. ANDREW MERRIWETHER.

AAPA Poster and Podium Presentation Schedule 25

Thursday Afternoon – April 15, 2004 (continued)

2:00 pm Minding the P's and Q's: New mtDNA haplogroup data from Melanesia. FRED GENTZ, FRANÇOISE THOMPSON, JONATHAN FRIEDLAENDER, THEODORE SCHURR, MOSES SCHANFIELD, D. ANDREW MERRIWETHER.

2:15 pm Peopling Melanesia: A genetics synthesis. D. ANDREW MERRIWETHER, JONATHAN FRIEDLAENDER.

2:30 pm Y chromosome variation in Melanesian populations. LAURA SCHEINFELDT, JONATHAN FRIEDLAENDER, FRANÇOISE THOMPSON, RENATO ROBLEDO, D. ANDREW MERRIWETHER, WILLIAM BEGGS, PATRICK BENDER, TATIANA KARAFET, MICHAEL HAMMER, JOSEPH LORENZ.

2:45 pm Break

3:00 pm Pigmentation variation in Island Melanesia and associated candidate gene variation. HEATHER L. NORTON, JONATHAN S. FRIEDLAENDER, D. ANDREW MERRIWETHER, GEORGE KOKI, CHARLES MGONE, MARK D. SHRIVER.

3:15 pm An informative 9.1-kb in/del polymorphism on chromosome 22 across Island Melanesian populations. RENATO ROBLEDO, LAURA SCHEINFELDT, FRANÇOISE THOMPSON, GEORGE KOKI, CHARLES MGONE, D. ANDREW MERRIWETHER, JONATHAN FRIEDLAENDER.

3:30 pm Charting genomic variability for clues on population history and genetic adaptation. MARK D. SHRIVER.

3:45 pm Patterns of genomic variation in the Baining of New Britain in relation to other world populations. MICHAEL F. HAMMER, ELIZABETH.T. WOOD, MAYA M. PILKINGTON, ABIGAIL W. BIGHAM, ZAHRA MOBASHER, GEORGE KOKI, CHARLES MGONE, JONATHAN FRIEDLAENDER.

4:00 pm JC Virus genotype distribution in Papua New Guinea. JILL CZARNECKI, JONATHAN FRIEDLAENDER, CHARLES MGONE, GERALD STONER.

4:15 pm Discussion: JEFFREY C. LONG, JONATHAN FRIEDLAENDER.

Session 13. Primate Behavior I: Social Behavior. Contributed Papers. Regency 7. Chair: CHERYL D. KNOTT, Harvard University.

1:00 pm The cohesive nature of gestural communication among Pan paniscus in the wild. ELLEN J. INGMANSON.

1:15 pm Idiosyncratic social behaviors of brown capuchins in an anthropogenic landscape are consistent with prevalent socioecological theory. SUE BOINSKI.

1:30 pm Copulation calls and female mate choice in baboons. DARIO MAESTRIPIERI, MARCO LEONI, JAMES R. RONEY, JESSICA C. WHITHAM.

1:45 pm Stained v. clean males: Female power maintains male bimorphism in Verreaux’s sifaka (Propithecus verreauxi verreauxi). REBECCA J. LEWIS.

2:00 pm The Jack Sprat hypothesis: Diet competition in a female-dominant species. SHARON T. POCHRON, PATRICIA C. WRIGHT.

2:15 pm The efficacy of female choice in chimpanzees of the Taï National Park, Côte d'Ivoire. REBECCA M. STUMPF, CHRISTOPHE BOESCH.

2:30 pm Does estradiol modulate sexual solicitations in the female Sichuan Golden Monkey (Rhinopithecus roxellana)? CAIE YAN, ZHIGANG JIANG.

2:45 pm Nice chimps don't always finish last: Dominance rank and behavioral style in chimpanzees. STEPHANIE F. ANESTIS.

3:00 pm Break

3:15 pm Dominance, cortisol and stress in wild chimpanzees. MARTIN N. MULLER.

3:30 pm Resident male replacement in Cebus capucinus groups. KATHARINE M. JACK, LINDA M. FEDIGAN.

26 AAPA Poster and Podium Presentation Schedule

Thursday Afternoon – April 15, 2004 (continued)

3:45 pm Increased male-male cooperation among brown capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella) in Suriname. LAURIE M. KAUFFMAN, ERIN E EHMKE, SUE BOINSKI.

4:00 pm Adult male relations with juveniles among brown capuchins (Cebus apella) in Suriname: Affiliation, antagonism, or benign neglect? ERIN E. EHMKE, LAURIE M. KAUFFMAN, SUE BOINSKI.

4:15 pm Meat sharing by chimpanzees at Ngogo, Kibale National Park. DAVID P. WATTS, JOHN C. MITANI.

4:30 pm Correlates of territorial boundary patrol behavior in wild chimpanzees. JOHN C. MITANI, DAVID P. WATTS.

4:45 pm Leveling coalitions in primate males: Toward an explanation of human egalitarianism. CAREL P. VAN SCHAIK, SAGAR PANDIT.

Session 14. Paleopathology I. Contributed Papers. Buccaneer C–D. Chair: BRENDA J. BAKER, Arizona State University.

1:00 pm Food and the state: Bioarchaeological investigations of diet in the Moche Valley of Perú. CELESTE M. GAGNON.

1:15 pm An investigation of the range of skeletal indicators of vitamin D deficiency in adults and juveniles. MEGAN B. BRICKLEY, SIMON MAYS, RACHEL IVES.

1:30 pm Synergistic musculoskeletal attachment sites in the upper extremity and activity patterns at Tell Abraq, United Arab Emirates, 2300 BC. JANET M. COPE, LOUIS M. ADLER, DEBRA L. MARTIN, DAN D. POTTS.

1:45 pm Progress in the aDNA identification of syphilis in archaeological human remains. TANYA E. VON HUNNIUS, DONGYA YANG, SHELLEY R. SAUNDERS.

2:00 pm Microscopic diagnosis in ancient treponema diseases. MICHAEL SCHULTZ, TYEDE H. SCHMIDT-SCHULTZ.

2:15 pm Growth, stress and deprivation in the Old Frankfort Cemetery: An evaluation of stature, hypoplasias and Harris lines in a nineteenth century population. PETER E. KILLORAN, DAVID POLLACK, CHRISTOPHER TILLQUIST, MINDI KING, ASA HELM, AMY HOWARD.

2:30 pm When size does not matter: An examination of aggregate osteoarthritis. ELIZABETH WEISS.

2:45 pm Break

3:00 pm Sacroiliac joint ankylosing: From evolution to paleopathology. ISRAEL HERSHKOVITZ, GALI DAR.

3:15 pm Why Erik "Not al all" - A possible case of Marfans Syndrome. TORBJORN P. AHLSTRÖM.

3:30 pm An empirical test of mortality bias in the skeletal series from Hasanlu. DIANA B. SMAY.

3:45 pm Preliminary report on the human skeletal remains from the Kubinski site (11WI1186), a Middle Woodland period ossuary. WILLIAM J. PESTLE, MICHAEL D. COLVARD, SCOTT J. DEMEL.

4:00 pm Patterns of damage in Egyptian mummies and related causes. ELLEN SALTER-PEDERSEN.

4:15 pm Developmental enamel defects of deciduous dentition from Taumako Island, Southwest Solomon Islands, Pacific Islands. HALLIE R. BUCKLEY.

AAPA Poster and Podium Presentation Schedule 27

Friday Morning – April 16, 2004

Session 15. Primate Behavior II. Contributed Posters. Regency 1. Chair: LESLIE J. DIGBY, Duke University.

1. Littoral forest primate fauna in the Tolagnaro (Fort Dauphin) region of southeastern Madagascar. MATTHEW A. BANKS.

2. Population viability analysis of ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta) of the Beza-Mahafaly Special Reserve, Madagascar. DANA WHITELAW, KRISTA FISH, MICHELLE SAUTHER, LISA GOULD, ROBERT SUSSMAN.

3. Howler monkey (Alouatta pigra) populations in five Maya archaeological zones in southern Mexico and northern Guatemala. LEANDRA G. LUECKE.

4. Group size resurgence in mantled howlers (Alouatta palliata). MARGARET R. CLARKE.

5. Changes in social structure in Eulemur fulvus rufus in southeastern Madagascar from 1988-2003. ELIZABETH M. ERHART, DEBORAH J. OVERDORFF, THOMAS MUTSCHLER.

6. Optimal size of feeding and traveling subgroups of spider monkey (Ateles belzebuth). LUISA ARNEDO, JORGE AHUMADA.

7. The response of the Ngogo chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) community to a period of ripe fruit scarcity. KEVIN B. POTTS.

8. A preliminary study of the demography and ecology of mouse lemurs (Microcebus griseorufus and Microcebus murinus) in the Beza Mahafaly Special Reserve, southwest Madagascar. EMILIENNE RASOAZANABARY.

9. Feeding and ranging of hoolock gibbons (Hylobates hoolock) in the Borajan Wild Life Sanctuary, Assam, India. GAYATRI S. THAMPY, JAYANTA DAS, W. SCOTT MCGRAW.

10. Reconstructing human behavioural evolution through phylogenetic analyses of extant hominoid behaviour. SAMANTHA J. BANKS, MARK COLLARD.

11. Development of foraging skills in the aye-aye (Daubentonia madagascariensis). ELISSA B. KRAKAUER.

12. Looking for safety at the top: Sleep site selection by Propithecus diadema edwardsi within Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar. SUMMER J. ARRIGO-NELSON.

13. A taphonomic analysis of crowned hawk-eagle nests from Tai National Forest, Ivory Coast. CATHERINE A. COOKE, SUZANNE SHULTZ, W. SCOTT MCGRAW.

14. Seed dispersal by black howler monkeys (Alouatta caraya) in a northeastern Argentinean flooded forest. ANA SALLENAVE, SUSANA P. BRAVO.

15. A preliminary study of seed dispersal by white-faced capuchins (Cebus capucinus) and mantled howlers (Alouatta palliata) in Costa Rica. SARAH J. SMITH.

16. Habitat structure of a non-forest corridor used by a group of Tana mangabeys (Cercocebus galeritus). JULIE WIECZKOWSKI.

17. Foraging, ranging, and spatial memory in the mantled howler monkey (Alouatta palliata). CHRISTOPHER A. SHAFFER.

18. Lemur latrines: Do “latrines” of wild primates function in inter-group olfactory communication? MITCHELL T. IRWIN, KAREN E. SAMONDS, JEAN-LUC RAHARISON, PATRICIA C. WRIGHT.

19. Allo-mothering in black and white colobus monkeys (Colobus guereza). TARA R. HARRIS.

20. Behavioral differences in hierarchical relationships: Aggression and grooming among male and female Macaca fascicularis at Pedangtegal, Bali, Indonesia. MARIO E. NIETO, AGUSTIN FUENTES.

28 AAPA Poster and Podium Presentation Schedule

Friday Morning – April 16, 2004 (continued)

21. A comparison of female dominance in blue-eyed black lemurs (Eulemur macaco flavifrons) and gray gentle lemurs (Hapalemur griseus griseus). LESLIE J. DIGBY, ALEXANDER M. STEVENS.

22. A preliminary study of social behavior and pair-bonding in wild titi monkeys (Callicebus discolor) in Amazonian Ecuador. ANTHONY DI FIORE, DYLAN M. SCHWINDT.

23. Adult male-immature interactions in long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) at Padangtegal, Ubud, Bali, Indonesia. JAMES B. MILLETTE, BEN Z. FREED, AGUSTIN FUENTES, JAMES E. LOUDON.

24. Male-infant interactions in wild sifaka (Propithecus verreauxi). DIANE K. BROCKMAN, PATRICIA L. WHITTEN.

25. Behavioral and hormonal estrus cycles in captive geriatric lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla). SYLVIA ATSALIS, SUE MARGULIS.

26. Perimenstrual behavior in captive female chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). RACHEL W. JOHNS, LEANNE T. NASH.

27. Play patterns in small juvenile white-faced capuchin monkeys (Cebus capucinus) in Costa Rica. KATHERINE C. MACKINNON.

28. Social behavior and aggression among semi-free ranging ringtailed lemurs. ROBERT W. SUSSMAN, ANNA STARK, RACHEL KRIWINSKY, LINDSAY MEADOR, JOHN SEVERSON, DAVID ULEVITCH, DUNCAN WARD.

29. Social dynamics of captive male western lowland gorillas living in all-male groups. TARA S. STOINSKI, CHRISTOPHER W. KUHAR, KRISTEN E. LUKAS.

30. Influence of availability on food transfer patterns in a captive Angolan colobus monkey group. PETER J. FASHING.

31. A stone in their hands... are monkeys tool users?. BERNARDO URBANI, PAUL A. GARBER.

32. Possible intergeneric differences in finding objects among lemurs. ANJA M. DEPPE, PATRICIA C. WRIGHT.

33. Vocal communication within a troop of mantled howling monkeys (Alouatta palliata). MARTHA C. MCKEON, KRISTIN WINNOR.

34. Acoustic variation in the long calls of wild spider monkeys (Ateles belzebuth belzebuth). STEPHANIE SPEHAR.

35. Cross species communication? Video analysis of human-monkey interactions. KATHERINE A. BERANEK, AGUSTIN FUENTES.

36. Chimpanzees and humans: The role of spatial analysis in primate conservation. AMANDA G. CLAPP, JILL D. PRUETZ.

37. Effect of human cohabitation on activity budgets in white-fronted capuchin monkeys (Cebus albifrons) in Ecuador: A pilot study. MICHELLE Y. FIELD.

38. Sacred cropraiders? An examination of sympatric associations among Homo sapiens and Macaca fascicularis on the island of Bali. JAMES E. LOUDON, AGUSTIN FUENTES, MICHAELA E. HOWELLS, JESSICA FRAVER, ARTA PUTRA, NENGAH WANDIA, I. GEDE SOMA, I. NYOMAN SUARHTA, SRI WIDYASTUTI, AIDA ROMPIS.

39. Ontogenetic influences on prehensile-tail use in Cebus capucinus. MICHELLE F. BEZANSON.

40. Sifaka positional behavior: Ontogenetic and quantitative genetic approaches. RICHARD R. LAWLER.

41. Kinematics and kinetics of bonobo (Pan paniscus) climbing. KIRSTEN SCHOONAERT, KRISTIAAN D’AOÛT, DRIES LAUWERS, PETER AERTS.

42. Creating the collection: Ontogeny of locomotion in Vietnamese colobines. CATHERINE C. WORKMAN.

43. Intraspecific differences in positional behavior of the white-faced saki, Pithecia pithecia, and the influence of habitat characteristics. SUZANNE E. WALKER.

AAPA Poster and Podium Presentation Schedule 29

Friday Morning – April 16, 2004 (continued)

Session 16. The Current State of Paleoanthropological Research in East and Southeast Asia. Symposium. Regency 2. Organizers: SHEELA ATHREYA, Texas A&M University, and MICHELLE M. GLANTZ, Colorado State University. Chair: SHEELA ATHREYA, Texas A&M University.

This symposium explores the current state of research on human evolution in Asia, bringing together scholars whose work focuses on two historically well-researched regions of the continent, namely China and island Southeast Asia (Indonesia). Skeletal, biogeographic, and paleoenvironmental studies of hominid occupation during the Middle and Late Pleistocene are highlighted. In addition, methodological and technological advancements in fossil and site analysis as applied to the Asian evidence are presented. The purpose of this symposium is to review the latest research in these two regions of the Old World in order to explore more in-depth issues related to evolutionary trajectories in Asia, and the role of these populations in the origin of modern humans.

8:00 am A test of the multiregional hypothesis of modern human origins using the basicranial evidence from Southeast Asia and Australia. ARTHUR C. DURBAND.

8:15 am Discovery of Sambungmacan hominid fossils and its contribution to the study of human evolution in Australasia. FACHROEL AZIZ, YOSUKE KAIFU, HISAO BABA, TEUKU JACOB, SHUICHIRO NARASAKI.

8:30 am Morphology of Sambungmacan 4 skull and the evidence of discontinuity in Australasia. HISAO BABA, FACHROEL AZIZ, YOSUKE KAIFU, REIKO T. KONO, TEUKU JACOB.

8:45 am Taxonomic affinities and geochronological age of RH1, the first fossil hominid from West Java, Indonesia. ANDREW KRAMER, TONY DJUBIANTONO, FACHROEL AZIZ, JAMES S. BOGARD, ROBERT A. WEEKS, WILLIS E. HAMES, JAMES M. ELAM, DANIEL C. WEINAND, ARTHUR C. DURBAND, MR. AGUS.

9:00 am The post-cranial functional morphology of Javanese bovids as an indicator of paleoenvironment. DANIEL C. WEINAND.

9:15 am Niah Cave paleoanthropology in late Pleistocene regional context. JOHN S. KRIGBAUM.

9:30 am Biogeography of Homo erectus: Insights from Indonesia and China. SUSAN ANTÓN, ETTY INDRIATI.

9:45 am Break

10:00 am Assessing the relationship of Asian Middle Pleistocene Homo to other regional populations using frontal bone morphology. SHEELA ATHREYA.

10:15 am Human evolution in the far northeast: The significance of the Jinniushan fossil for models of modern human origins. ZUNE LU, KAREN R. ROSENBERG.

10:30 am The uplift of the Qinghai-Xizang plateau and its effects on human evolution in East Asia. YOUPING WANG.

10:45 am Affinities of the Middle Pleistocene crania from Dali and Jinniushan, China. G. PHILIP RIGHTMIRE.

11:00 am Three-dimensional digital restoration of the Yunxian crania. TIANYUAN LI, M. AMELIE, M. LIAO, X. FENG.

11:15 am Three-dimensional mapping of the Homo erectus Loci at Zhoukoudian, China. RUSSELL L. CIOCHON, NOEL T. BOAZ.

11:30 am Late Pleistocene human evolution in China: East Asian pathways to modernity. DENNIS A. ETLER.

11:45 am Discussion: MILFORD WOLPOFF.

30 AAPA Poster and Podium Presentation Schedule

Friday Morning – April 16, 2004 (continued)

Session 17. Human Ecological Immunity: Models and Methods for Future Research. Symposium. Regency 3. Organizer and Chair: THOMAS MCDADE, Northwestern University.

There is growing interest in field-based research on immune function and its implications for infectious disease, adaptation, ecology, and life history. The complexity of the immune system raises a number of methodological and conceptual challenges that have limited prior research. This symposium brings together scholars working on a wide range of immunological issues in non- clinical settings, and invites them to discuss the models and methods that have informed their research. Comparative, adaptationist, developmental, and ecological perspectives have the potential to contribute greatly to our understanding of this critical host defense system, and to establish human ecological immunology as a vibrant area of investigation. Cosponsored by the Human Biology Association.

8:00 am Human ecological immunology: Challenges and opportunities. THOMAS W. MCDADE.

8:15 am Comparative studies of immune system parameters and disease risk in nonhuman primates. CHARLES NUNN.

8:30 am Co-evolution of malaria infection and the human genome: Implications for human evolutionary history. SARAH TISHKOFF, BRIAN C. VERRELLI, EDUARDO TARAZONA-SANTOS, ALESSIA RANCIARO.

8:45 am Population-pathogen histories, MHC efficiency, and vaccine efficacy. JENNIFER L. KUZARA.

9:00 am Immunity and micronutrient status: New directions for field research. BETTINA SHELL-DUNCAN.

9:15 am Iron, stress, and immunity: A monkey model. GABRIELE R. LUBACH, CHRISTOPHER L. COE.

9:30 am Puberty, immunity and malnutrition in Schistosoma japonicum. STEPHEN T. MCGARVEY.

9:45 am Break

10:00 am Testosterone, parasitemia, and cytokine correlates during human malarial infection. FRANK B. COGSWELL, JACKELINE ALGER, MARK JAMES, MICHAEL P. MUEHLENBEIN.

10:15 am Balancing the immunological demands of pregnancy and infection. JESSE KWIEK, ELIZABETH T. ABRAMS, DAN MILNER, VICTOR MWAPASA, STEVEN R. MESHNICK.

10:30 am Fluctuating asymmetry and immune status: Implications for intrauterine growth in a population of South American natives. A. MAGDALENA HURTADO.

10:45 am How important is immunostimulation in causing growth stunting? CATHERINE PANTER-BRICK, PETER G. LUNN.

11:00 am What's stress got to do with it? The social ecology of immune function. CAROL M. WORTHMAN.

11:15 am Are there critical periods in the ontogeny of stress response and immune function? MARK V. FLINN, BARRY G. ENGLAND.

11:30 am Discussion: THOMAS MCDADE.

Session 18. Primate Evolution II. Contributed Papers. Buccaneer A–B. Chair: WILLIAM L. JUNGERS, Stony Brook University.

8:00 am New hypothesis of primate supraordinal relationships and its bearing on competing models of primate origins: A test from the fossil record. JONATHAN I. BLOCH, MARY T. SILCOX, DOUG M. BOYER, ERIC J. SARGIS.

8:15 am Developmental basis of canine dimorphism in early Eocene Notharctines. GARY T. SCHWARTZ, ELLEN MILLER, GREGG GUNNELL.

8:30 am New dental and postcranial remains of late Eocene Wadilemur elegans (Galagidae, Lorisiformes). ERIK R. SEIFFERT, ELWYN L. SIMONS, TIMOTHY M. RYAN.

AAPA Poster and Podium Presentation Schedule 31

Friday Morning – April 16, 2004 (continued)

8:45 am MicroCT analysis of the ontogeny of mandibular biomineralization in Archaeolemur. MATTHEW J. RAVOSA, STUART R. STOCK, ELWYN L. SIMONS.

9:00 am The semicircular canals of subfossil lemurs and their functional significance. ALAN WALKER, GAIL E. KROVITZ, MARY T. SILCOX, ELWYN L. SIMONS, FRED SPOOR.

9:15 am Radiocarbon dating of the extinctions in late prehistoric Madagascar. DAVID A. BURNEY, LIDA BURNEY, WILLIAM L. JUNGERS, LAURIE R. GODFREY.

9:30 am The interorbital region of Dolichocebus gaimanensis (Platyrrhini, early Miocene, Argentina) based on high resolution X-ray CT imaging—phylogenetic implications. TERRY R.T. MITCHELL, RICHARD F. KAY, MATTHEW W. COLBERT, TIMOTHY B. ROWE.

9:45 am Paradolichopithecus: A large-bodied terrestrial papionin (Cercopithecidae) from the Pliocene of western Eurasia. ERIC DELSON, STEPHEN R. FROST.

10:00 am Break

10:15 am Description and analysis of postcranial elements of Paradolichopithecus arvernensis: A large-bodied papionin from the Pliocene of Eurasia. NELSON C. TING, WILLIAM E.H. HARCOURT-SMITH, STEPHEN R. FROST, ERIC DELSON.

10:30 am Sternebrae morphology in extant primates and Proconsul. HEATHER DROUGHT, NATALIE VASEY, ALAN C. WALKER.

10:45 am A new species of stem catarrhine from the early Miocene of Uganda. JAMES B. ROSSIE, LAURA MACLATCHY.

11:00 am Which species of hominoids are present at the early Miocene sites Napak and Moroto, Uganda? LAURA M. MACLATCHY, JAMES B. ROSSIE.

11:15 am Dental microwear analyses of Sivapithecus and contemporaneous fauna. SHERRY V. NELSON.

11:30 am Evolution of primate life histories. STEVEN R. LEIGH, ROBIN M. BERNSTEIN.

11:45 am Selective forces and size change in the evolution of sexual size dimorphism in Primates. ADAM D. GORDON.

Session 19. Population Genetics II. Contributed Papers. Buccaneer C–D. Chair: MICHAEL C. MAHANEY, Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research.

8:00 am The analysis of variation of mtDNA hypervariable region-1 suggests that Eastern and Western Pygmies diverged before the Bantu expansion. GIOVANNI DESTRO-BISOL, VALENTINA COIA, ILARIA BOSCHI, FABIO VERGINELLI, CINZIA BATTAGGIA, FRANCESC CALAFELL, GABRIELLA SPEDINI.

8:15 am Ancient migrations and population expansions in East Africa: Genetic evidence for Tanzanian prehistory. HOLLY M. MORTENSEN, MARY K. GONDER, EDUARDO TARAZONA-SANTOS, JIBRIL HIRBO, SARAH A. TISHKOFF.

8:30 am Patterns of human variation as reflected by multi-locus genetic comparisons. MAYA M. PILKINGTON, ABIGAIL W. BIGHAM, SARAH B. KINGAN, ZAHRA MOBASHER, JASON A. WILDER, ELIZABETH T. WOOD, MICHAEL F. HAMMER.

8:45 am African Y-chromosome haplotypes strongly correlate with linguistic groups. ELIZABETH WOOD, DARYN A. STOVER, CHRISTOPHER EHRET, GIOVANNI DESTRO-BISOL, GABRIELLA SPEDINI, A. SILVANA SANTACHIARA, HOWARD MCLEOD, BEVERLY I. STRASSMANN, HIMLA SOODYALL, MICHAEL F. HAMMER.

9:00 am Mitochondrial D-loop analysis of bovid skeletal material from Eritrea. CONNIE J. MULLIGAN, MARINA S. ASCUNCE, ANDREW KITCHEN, PETER R. SCHMIDT.

9:15 am Inference of recent migration following complete population isolation. JOANNA L. MOUNTAIN, MARCELA MIYAZAWA, UMA RAMAKRISHNAN.

32 AAPA Poster and Podium Presentation Schedule

Friday Morning – April 16, 2004 (continued)

9:30 am A population-genetic study of the Etruscans. GUIDO BARBUJANI.

9:45 am Insight into demographic events and population history of Siberian populations: A comparison of Y-chromosome, X- chromosome and mitochondrial data. TATIANA M. KARAFET, LUDMILA P. OSIPOVA, SARAH B. KINGAN, ABIGAIL BIGHAM, LAURA MAYER, JASON A. WILDER, MICHAEL F. HAMMER.

10:00 am Break

10:15 am MtDNA variation in indigenous Altaians, and their genetic relationships with Siberian and Mongolian populations. THEODORE G. SCHURR, SERGEY I. ZHADANOV, LUDMILLA P. OSIPOVA.

10:30 am High levels of variation at the mitochondrial 9bp repeat locus in the Sakha of Siberia. LARISSA A. TARSKAIA, REBECCA GRAY, BEN BURKLEY, CONNIE J. MULLIGAN.

10:45 am Does Greenberg's linguistic classification predict patterns of New World genetic diversity? KEITH L. HUNLEY, JEFFREY C. LONG.

11:00 am Using Y-chromosome and mtDNA variation to reconstruct eastern North American population history. DEBORAH A. BOLNICK.

11:15 am An examination of Aleut and Eskimo genetic variation: Implications for divergence estimates and migration hypotheses. STACY E. MCGRATH, D. ANDREW MERRIWETHER.

11:30 am Detecting relationships in the Great Lakes region using ancient mtDNA. BETH A.S. SHOOK.

11:45 am Haplotype resources in dbSNP: NCBI's database of genetic variation. STEPHEN T. SHERRY.

Friday Afternoon – April 16, 2004

Session 20. Paleoanthropological Research at the Asian Frontiers. Poster Symposium. Regency 1. Organizers: MICHELLE M. GLANTZ, Colorado State University, and SHEELA ATHREYA, Texas A&M University. Chair: MICHELLE M. GLANTZ, Colorado State University.

The purpose of this symposium is to explore the state of paleoanthropological research in relatively underrepresented regions of Asia. Papers focus on Central Asia, North Asia (Japan and Korea), and peninsular South and Southeast Asia. Skeletal morphometric and archaeological evidence for hominid occupation and behavior in this area of the Old World during the Pleistocene and early Holocene is reviewed. The Asian evidence is examined from the standpoint of theoretical modeling, historical developments, and comparative analyses with other regions. The goal of this symposium is to allow a more focused discussion of issues related to human evolutionary trajectories in historically underrepresented regions of the Asian supercontinent.

2:00 – 2:30 pm Poster set-up. 2:30 – 4:00 pm Authors present for questions. 4:00 – 4:30 pm Discussion (in Atrium). 6:00 – 6:30 pm Poster take-down.

1. The earliest stages of human colonization of the Central Asian arid zone: New discoveries in Mongolia and Kazakhstan. ANATOLY P. DEREVIANKO, ANATOLY N. ZENIN.

2. The Early Paleolithic of Kazakhstan: Eastern boundary of the Acheulian culture? SERGEI A. GLADYSHEV.

3. The Paleolithic of southern Kyrgyzstan: New discoveries and revision. ANATOLY N. ZENIN.

4. New hominid remains from the Obi-Rakhmat rockshelter, northwestern Uzbekistan: Insights into the makers of the Initial Upper Paleolithic of Central Asia. ANDREI I. KRIVOSHAPKIN, MICHELLE M. GLANTZ, BENCE VIOLA, TATIANA CHIKISHEVA, PATRICK J. WRINN, A.P. DEREVIANKO, UTKUR I. ISLAMOV, HORST SEIDLER.

5. A reanalysis of the Neandertal status of the Teshik-Tash child. MICHELLE M. GLANTZ, TERRENCE B. RITZMAN.

AAPA Poster and Podium Presentation Schedule 33

Friday Afternoon – April 16, 2004 (continued)

6. The Middle to Upper Paleolithic interface in Central Asia and the status of Obi-Rakhmat. LEONID VISHNYATSKY.

7. Vertebrate taphonomy and geochronology of Initial Upper Paleolithic occupation horizons at Obi-Rakhmat Grotto, Uzbekistan. PATRICK J. WRINN, ANDREI I. KRIVOSHAPKIN, ANATOLY P. DEREVIANKO, UTKUR I. ISLAMOV.

8. A craniometric view from the Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene of East Asia: The Zhoukoudian Upper Cave and Minatogawa. NORIKO SEGUCHI.

9. Biobehavioral adaptations in a Late Upper Paleolithic Southeast Asian population (Tam Hang, Laos). LAURA L. SHACKELFORD.

10. Craniofacial variation of prehistoric and recent populations from Far East, Oceania, and New World: Model-free and model-bound approach. TSUNEHIKO HANIHARA, MAYUMI KAWANO, HAJIME ISHIDA.

11. An odontometric and craniometric perspective on past and present population relationships in East and Southeast Asia, Australia and the Pacific. C. LORING BRACE, NORIKO SEGUCHI.

12. East of Eden, west of Cathay: An investigation of Bronze Age interactions along the Great Silk Road. BRIAN E. HEMPHILL.

Session 21. Hominid Evolution III. Contributed Posters. Regency 1. Chair: PATRICIA A. KRAMER, University of Washington.

2:00 – 2:30 pm Poster set-up. 2:30 – 4:00 pm Authors of even-numbered posters present for questions. 4:30 – 6:00 pm Authors of odd-numbered posters present for questions. 6:00 – 6:30 pm Poster take-down.

13. New and revised faunal samples from in situ and dumpsite breccia deposits at Gondolin, North West Province, South Africa. JUSTIN W. ADAMS, FRANK SENEGAS.

14. Examination of the paleoenvironments of two South African caves. ANNA G. BLACKBURN WITTMAN, JUSTIN W. ADAMS.

15. Assessing variation within commingled hominid fossil assemblages using nonparametric density estimation. THEODORE M. COLE, DEBORAH L. CUNNINGHAM.

16. Faunal composition and bone accumulating agents in the Plio-Pleistocene cave infills of South Africa. DARRYL J. DE RUITER.

17. Preliminary taphonomic analysis of microfaunal assemblage from Coopers D deposit, Gauteng Province, South Africa. KRISTIN A. FLESCHNER, CONOR D. HARTMAN, PATRICK J. LEWIS, CHRISTINE M. STEININGER, LEE R. BERGER, STEVE CHURCHILL.

18. Trace element, strontium isotopic ratio and X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) analysis of Pleistocene human teeth from the Altai. CHRISTOPHER LATKOCZY, MARIA TESCHLER-NICOLA, KATRIN SCHAEFER, DETLEF GUENTHER, THOMAS BENCE-VIOLA, HORST SEIDLER, GERHARD WEBER, ALEXANDER DEREVIANKO, THOMAS PROHASKA, GERALD SCHULTHEIS.

19. A preliminary assessment of the microfaunal assemblage from the Coopers D deposit, Gauteng, South Africa. PATRICK J. LEWIS, CHRISTINE M. STEININGER, NANCY BARRICKMAN, LEE R. BERGER, STEVE CHURCHILL.

20. Forelimb morphology of bovids found in swamps and edaphic grasslands: Reconstructing habitat preference. CAROLINE J. ROBB.

21. The habitat and trophic preferences of Paranthropus, a new theoretical model. ALAN B. SHABEL.

22. GIS and palaeoanthropological surveys-Experiences. T. BENCE VIOLA, CHRISTOPH URBANEK, KATRIN SCHAEFER, GERHARD W. WEBER, OTTMAR KULLMER, OLIVER SANDROCK, HASEN SAID, HORST SEIDLER.

23. Adaptive regimes and genus designations of Plio-Pleistocene hominins: A multivariate approach. BRANDON C. WHEELER. 34 AAPA Poster and Podium Presentation Schedule

Friday Afternoon – April 16, 2004 (continued)

24. The dynamics of vertical jumping in bonobos. KRISTIAAN D’AOÛT, MELANIE SCHOLZ, MAARTEN F. BOBBERT, PETER AERTS.

25. Size and power required for locomotion in early hominids: Paleobiology meets OH62 (again). ROBERT B. ECKHARDT, ADAM J. KUPERAVAGE, KAROL GALIK.

26. Descrying shapes from the dawn: Internal femoral architecture of BAR 1002'00. KAROL GALIK, ADAM J. KUPERAVAGE, BRIGITTE SENUT, MARTIN PICKFORD, DOMINIQUE GOMMERY, JACQUES TREIL, ROBERT B. ECKHARDT.

27. Estimating hominoid reciprocal joint congruence: A comparison of two morphometric techniques. WILLIAM E.H. HARCOURT-SMITH, JOHANN KIM, ERIC DELSON.

28. Comparing hominoid proximal femur morphology using geometric morphometrics. ELIZABETH HARMON.

29. Bipedalism in orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus). BRANKA HRVOJ-MIHIC, LINDA D. WOLFE.

30. Do body proportions matter when predicting the energy required to walk? PATRICIA A. KRAMER, ISABELLE SARTON- MILLER.

31. Knuckle walking signal in the digits of Pan and Gorilla: Examining the curvature of the proximal and middle phalanges of the apes. STACEY A. MATARAZZO.

32. Morphology of the proximal radius: Implications for locomotor adaptations of early hominins. BIREN A. PATEL.

33. Throwing ability in fossil hominids. HOLLY M. DUNSWORTH.

34. Comparison of “sex blind” dimorphism indices with application to the A. afarensis fossil assemblage. PHILIP L. RENO, RICHARD S. MEINDL, M.A. MCCOLLUM, C.O. LOVEJOY.

35. Paranthropus paleobiology: A review. PAUL J. CONSTANTINO, BERNARD A. WOOD.

36. Posterior facial height and mandibular tooth crowding in chimpanzees with reference to anterior tooth crowding in robust Australopithecus. BROOKE A. GARNER, MELANIE A. MCCOLLUM.

37. Geometric reconstruction of the MLD 37/38 endocranium. SIMON NEUBAUER, PHILIPP GUNZ, PHILIPP MITTEROECKER, GERHARD W. WEBER.

38. ‘Meeting your ancestor’: Some notes on Robert Broom's first encounter with the Taung Child. GORAN STRKALJ, QIAN WANG.

39. Are early hominin hypodigms equally biased samples? CATHERINE M. HARADON, ANNA K. BEHRENSMEYER, RENE BOBE, BERNARD WOOD.

40. Phylogenetic analysis of extant hominids using temporal bone morphometrics. CHARLES A. LOCKWOOD, WILLIAM H. KIMBEL, JOHN M. LYNCH.

41. An extant primate-based assessment of the likely importance of homoiology in hominid phylogenetics. STEPHEN J. LYCETT, MARK COLLARD.

42. Mandibular and craniofacial shape in the hominid lineage: A comparative analysis using 3D-morphometrics. MARY- ASHLEY HAZEL.

43. Cranial variation among the Plio-Pleistocene hominins from Dmanisi, Georgia. P. JAMES MACALUSO, JR., DAVID E. HOPWOOD, GEORGIA KIOUKIS, NASSER MALIT, ALEXANDER J. NEVGLOSKI, JR., JULIA B. MCCAUSLAND- GAINES, DAVID LORDKIPANIDZE.

44. Ontogeny of mandibular shape in Neandertals and modern humans. GAIL E. KROVITZ.

45. Variation in Neanderthal early ontogeny: Craniometric evidence from Dederiyeh children. HAJIME ISHIDA, OSAMU KONDO, TSUNEHIKO HANIHARA, TETSUAKI WAKEBE, YUKIO DODO, TAKERU AKAZAWA.

46. Postcranial robusticity and limb-length proportion in Neandertal children. OSAMU KONDO, HAJIME ISHIDA. AAPA Poster and Podium Presentation Schedule 35

Friday Afternoon – April 16, 2004 (continued)

47. A 3-D analysis of shape differences in the scapula between Neanderthals and modern humans using geometric morphometrics. KAREN L. BAAB, KATERINA HARVATI.

48. Neandertal lumbar lordosis and pelvic orientation. CHARLES E. HILTON, RACHEL L. NUGER.

49. An analysis of Neandertal trauma patterns. JANET C. GARDNER.

50. Freezing, fighting and falling; an exploration of trauma causality in the Neanderthals, Fuegians, Eskimo and Aleut. SIMON UNDERDOWN.

51. Testing hypotheses for dental reduction in Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene hominids. CHARLES M. FITZGERALD, SIMON HILLSON.

52. New research on the Palaeolithic of Lurestan, West Central Iran. HAMED VAHDATINASAB, KOROOSH ROUSTAEI, FEREYDON BIGLARI, SAMAN HEYDARI, GEOFFREY. A CLARK.

Session 22. From Conception to Birth: Selective Pressures Shaping Pregnancy and its Outcomes. Symposium. Regency 2. Organizers and Chairs: ELIZABETH T. ABRAMS, University of Michigan, and CRYSTAL l. PATIL, Ohio State University.

Pregnancy necessitates acute shifts in maternal energetic, nutritional, immunological, and social strategies with long-term consequences for both the mother and fetus. Selective pressure in the pre- and post-pregnancy periods are well established; however, less is known about these pressures during the actual pregnancy. Research on maternal morbidity and mortality, pregnancy loss, and variation in birth outcomes demonstrates that there are strong selective forces at work during pregnancy. Life history theory and reproductive ecology provide an excellent framework from which to investigate the role of pressures shaping pregnancy in the past and present. This symposium aims to launch interest in a new and growing area in the human experience by synthesizing data on environmental, physiological, and social forces to unravel the influences that shape, and have shaped, pregnancy.

2:00 pm A time to be born: Why does human pregnancy last nine months? KAREN R. ROSENBERG, WENDA R. TREVATHAN.

2:15 pm Fetal load in bipeds: Selection pressure for female lumbopelvic adaptation. KATHERINE K. WHITCOME.

2:30 pm Reproductive suppression: The critical process of implantation. PABLO A. NEPOMNASCHY, BARRY G. ENGLAND.

2:45 pm Fetal adaptations to maternal nutritional status during pregnancy. LINDA S. ADAIR.

3:00 pm Alterations in growth rate underlie fetal adaptive strategies. AMANDA L. THOMPSON, MICHELLE LAMPL.

3:15 pm Placental adaptation to chronic hypoxia (high altitude residence) and pregnancy outcome. STACY ZAMUDIO, NICHOLAS P. ILLSLEY.

3:30 pm Poor outcomes following malaria during pregnancy. ELIZABETH T. ABRAMS, VICTOR MWAPASA, DEBORAH D. KAMWENDO, STEVEN R. MESHNICK.

3:45 pm Break

4:00 pm Maternal energy status during pregnancy and birth outcomes in Tanzania. CRAIG A. HADLEY, MONIQUE BORGERHOFF MULDER.

4:15 pm Negotiating the demands of pregnancy in a high fertility population. CRYSTAL L. PATIL.

4:30 pm Discussion: IVY PIKE.

36 AAPA Poster and Podium Presentation Schedule

Friday Afternoon – April 16, 2004 (continued)

Session 23. Skeletal Biology II: Biomechanics. Contributed Papers. Regency 3. Chair: VALERIE BURKE DELEON, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine.

2:00 pm The Wolff's law debate: Throwing out the water, but keeping the baby. BRIGITTE M. HOLT, CHRISTOPHER B. RUFF, ERIK TRINKAUS.

2:15 pm Correspondence of trabecular and cortical geometries: A natural test of Wolff's Law. MICHAEL T. BLACK.

2:30 pm Variations in cortical material properties of baboon mandibles. QIAN WANG, PAUL C. DECHOW.

2:45 pm Image-based weighted measures of skeletal stiffness: Case studies of great ape mandibles. ANDREW J RAPOFF, NEEL B. BHATAVADEKAR, DAVID J. DAEGLING.

3:00 pm Trabecular bone structure in human and chimpanzee knee joints. BRIAN G. RICHMOND, MASATO NAKATSUKASA, RICHARD KETCHAM, T. HIRAKAWA.

3:15 pm Mechanical regulation of tibiofemoral joint growth: A computational analysis. JEFFREY H. PLOCHOCKI, CAROL V. WARD, DOUGLAS SMITH.

3:30 pm Architectural and biomechanical alterations in medieval humeri: Is there a pre-adaptive relationship to humeral form? JILL A. RHODES, CHRISTOPHER J. KNUSEL.

3:45 pm The dynamic actions of the human fibula. THOMAS M. GREINER, KEVIN A. BALL, SCOT P. WOODWARD.

4:00 pm Break

4:15 pm Variation in estradiol level affects diaphyseal bone growth in response to mechanical loading. MAUREEN J. DEVLIN.

4:30 pm World-wide variation in the residual strength of the humerus, femur, and tibia. OSBJORN M. PEARSON, ROBIN CORDERO.

4:45 pm The examination of age and sex-related changes in cortical bone mineral density and geometric properties of the radius in a 19th century archaeological population. PATRICK BEAUCHESNE, SABRINA C. AGARWAL, SELBIE MICHELLE, SHELLEY SAUNDERS, CHRISTOPHER GORDON, COLIN WEBBER.

5:00 pm The mechanobiology of cranial sutures. CRAIG D BYRON, MARK W. HAMRICK, JIM BORKE, JACK YU.

5:15 pm Morpho-geometric functional analysis of New World cranial samples and the distribution of the Paleoamerican morphological pattern. ROLANDO GONZÁLEZ-JOSÉ, NEUS MARTÍNEZ-ABADÌAS, MARINA SARDI, ANTONIO GONZÁLEZ-MARTÍN, SILVINA VAN DER MOLEN, FERNANDO RAMÍREZ-ROZZI, MIQUEL HERNÁNDEZ, HÈCTOR PUCCIARELLI.

5:30 pm A test of the Fully anatomical method of stature estimation. KATHRYN A. KING.

5:45 pm Estimation of living body mass from multiple skeletal elements. SHAMSI DANESHVARI, OSBJORN PEARSON.

Session 24. QTL (Quantitative Trait Loci) Mapping in Biological Anthropology. Symposium. Buccaneer A–B. Organizers and Chairs: JOHN BLANGERO and SARAH WILLIAMS-BLANGERO, Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research.

Molecular and statistical advances in human genetics now permit the dissection of the genetic basis of quantitative traits. Knowledge of the underlying genetic architecture of such traits is essential for understanding and predicting their evolutionary trajectories. To date, most human evolutionary studies of quantitative traits, such as morphometrics, have assumed a classical polygenic form of inheritance. The papers in this symposium show how the specific genes influencing quantitative traits can be localized and identified, and how application of state-of-the-art techniques for gene mapping are informative for problems of long standing interest in biological anthropology. The first half of the symposium presents papers on QTL mapping in anthropologically relevant populations, and the second half presents papers on traits that have traditionally been of interest in biological anthropology, such as dental traits, stature, and obesity. Consponsored by the American Association of Anthropological Genetics. AAPA Poster and Podium Presentation Schedule 37

Friday Afternoon – April 16, 2004 (continued)

2:00 pm Quantitative trait linkage mapping studies in the Jirels of Nepal. SARAH WILLIAMS-BLANGERO, JOHN L. VANDEBERG, BRADFORD TOWNE, BHARAT JHA, JOHN BLANGERO.

2:15 pm Quantitative trait linkage mapping studies in Samoa. RANJAN DEKA, DANIEL WEEKS, STEPHEN T. MCGARVEY.

2:30 pm Quantitative trait linkage mapping studies in the Schmiedeleut Hutterites of South Dakota. BONNY L. SPECKER, MICHAEL C. MAHANEY, TERESA L. BINKLEY, LORENA M. HAVILL.

2:45 pm Quantitative trait linkage mapping in the Strong Heart Family Study of American Indians. LAURA ALMASY, BARBARA V. HOWARD, ELISA T. LEE, LYLE BEST, THOMAS K. WELTY, RICHARD DEVEREUX, RICHARD R. FABSITZ, SHELLEY COLE, SANDRA LASTON, HARALD H.H. GÖRING, VINCENT P. DIEGO, BENNETT DYKE, JEAN W. MACCLUER.

3:00 pm Quantitative trait linkage mapping in the Fels Longitudinal Study. ELLEN W. DEMERATH, STEFAN A. CZERWINSKI, ROGER M. SIERVOGEL, BRADFORD TOWNE.

3:15 pm The Nizwa Family Study: Mapping genes for complex metabolic diseases in the Arab Bedouins of Oman. ANTHONY G. COMUZZIE, RIAD BAYOUMI, SAYEED AL YAHYAEE, SULAYMA AL BARWANI, JAWAD AL LAWATI, GUOWEN CAI, SARAH WILLIAMS-BLANGERO, MOHAMMED O. HASSAN.

3:30 pm Discussion: LYNN JORDE.

3:45 pm Break

4:00 pm QTL mapping in biological anthropology: Dental traits in pedigreed baboons. MICHAEL C. MAHANEY, LESLEA J. HLUSKO, JEFFREY ROGERS, LAURA A. COX, KENNETH M. WEISS.

4:15 pm Genome-wide linkage analyses of human stature in pedigree samples from different ethnicities. HARALD GÖRING, JOHN BLANGERO.

4:30 pm QTL mapping in biological anthropology: Skeletal maturation. BRADFORD TOWNE, JOHN BLANGERO, JOHN S. PARKS, SHELLEY A. COLE, MILTON R. BROWN, DANA L. DUREN, ALEX F. ROCHE, ROGER M. SIERVOGEL.

4:45 pm QTL mapping in biological anthropology: Bone density. STEFAN A. CZERWINSKI, BRAD TOWNE, ELLEN W. DEMERATH , ROGER M. SIERVOGEL.

5:00 pm QTL mapping in biological anthropology: Sex hormone variation. LISA J. MARTIN.

5:15 pm QTL mapping in biological anthropology: Genotype x age interaction in the growth hormone axis. VINCENT P. DIEGO, LAURA ALMASY, MICHAEL C. MAHANEY, ANTHONY G. COMUZZIE, JEAN W. MACCLUER, JOHN BLANGERO.

5:30 pm QTL mapping in biological anthropology: Obesity. RAVINDRANATH DUGGIRALA, RECTOR ARYA, CHRISTOPHER P. JENKINSON, LAURA ALMASY, PETER O'CONNELL, MICHAEL P. STERN, JOHN BLANGERO.

5:45 pm Discussion: KEN WEISS.

Session 25. Human and Primate Brain Evolution II. Contributed Papers. Buccaneer C–D. Chair: KATERINA SEMENDEFERI, University of California at San Diego.

2:00 pm Validation of plaster endocast morphology through 3D CT image analysis. BRIAN B. AVANTS, JAMES C. GEE, P. THOMAS SCHOENEMANN, JANET M. MONGE, JASON E. LEWIS, RALPH L. HOLLOWAY.

2:15 pm Dissection method in brain endocast reconstruction. MICHAEL S. YUAN, RALPH L. HOLLOWAY.

2:30 pm Another look at the brain volume and reorganization of the Stw505 A. africanus from Sterkfontein, S. Africa. RALPH L. HOLLOWAY.

2:45 pm The Monte Circeo Neandertal brain endocast. LYNN E. COPES, RALPH L. HOLLOWAY.

38 AAPA Poster and Podium Presentation Schedule

Friday Afternoon – April 16, 2004 (continued)

3:00 pm Two new Neandertal brain endocast reconstructions from Krapina. CHET C. SHERWOOD, RALPH L. HOLLO- WAY, DOUGLAS C. BROADFIELD.

3:15 pm Analysis of chimp-human brain differences via non-rigid deformation of 3D MR images. P. THOMAS SCHOENE- MANN, BRIAN B. AVANTS, JAMES C. GEE, L. DANIEL GLOTZER, MICHAEL J. SHEEHAN.

3:30 pm Endocranial capacity estimated from 3-D CT: Methodological issues. JASON E. LEWIS, P. THOMAS SCHOENE- MANN, JANET M. MONGE.

3:45 pm Sex differences in the brain likely occurred after the ape-human split. DOUGLAS C. BROADFIELD, RALPH L. HOLLOWAY, JEFFREY T. LAITMAN.

4:00 pm Break

4:15 pm Behavioral correlates of neuroanatomical asymmetries in great apes. WILLIAM HOPKINS, CLAUDIO CANTA- LUPO.

4:30 pm Changes in human brain and skull during growth. ANNE-MARIE GUIHARD-COSTA, FERNANDO RAMIREZ- ROZZI, EMMANUEL CABANIS, MARIE-THÈRËSE IBA-ZIZEN.

4:45 pm Development and evolution of morphological integration in the human brain. KRISTINA ALDRIDGE.

5:00 pm The aging brain: The cognitive reserve hypothesis and hominid evolution. JOHN S. ALLEN, JOEL BRUSS, HANNA DAMASIO.

5:15 pm A cellular aging pattern unique to humans and common chimpanzees. EMMANUEL P. GILISSEN, KARELLE LEROY, JEAN PIERRE BRION, JOE ERWIN, PATRICK R. HOF.

5:30 pm Pattern and scaling of baseline brain activity: A comparative analysis of regional cerebral glucose metabolism. JA- SON A. KAUFMAN.

5:45 pm Observations on the olfactory system of Tremacebus harringtoni (Platyrrhini, early Miocene, Sacanana, Argentina) based on high resolution X-ray CT scans. RICHARD F KAY, JAMES B. ROSSIE, MATTHEW W. COLBERT, TIMOTHY B. ROWE.

Saturday Morning – April 17, 2004

Session 26. Skeletal Biology III. Contributed Posters. Regency 1. Chair: DONNA C. BOYD, Radford University.

1. Isotopic analysis of life history and social stratification at two Wheeden Island mound Sites in central Florida. BETHANY L. TURNER, JOHN D. KINGSTON, GEORGE J. ARMELAGOS, JERALD T. MILANICH.

2. Prehistoric diet in the central Himalayas: Stable isotope results from Malari, Garhwal (India). ROBERT H. TYKOT, TAMSIN O'CONNELL, KAREN PRIVAT, SANJIV JUYAL, VINOD NAUTIYAL.

3. Reconstructing diet and dietary histories in a colonial Afro-Caribbean population from Guadeloupe, West Indies. TAMARA L. VARNEY.

4. Stable isotope analysis as an indicator of diet and social status in La Tène Bohemia. JONATHAN D. LE HURAY.

5. PIXE and paleodiet: Reconstructing subsistence of Florida's Middle Archaic using a new method of trace element analysis. ERICA N. CHAMBERS, JOHN S. KRIGBAUM, IVAN I. KRAVCHENKO, HENRI A. VAN RINSVELT.

6. Effects of load orientation and constraints on finite element analyses of a primate mandible. DAVID J. DAEGLING, RUXANDRA MARINESCU, ANDREW J. RAPOFF. AAPA Poster and Podium Presentation Schedule 39

Saturday Morning – April 17, 2004 (continued)

7. The effect of parity on spinal and forearm BMD in the baboon (Papio hamadryas). LORENA M. HAVILL, MICHAEL C. MAHANEY, JEFFREY ROGERS.

8. Biomechanics of great ape and human hands and feet and its relationships with positional behavior. DAMIANO MARCHI.

9. Cross-sectional geometry of the human forefoot. NICOLE L. GRIFFIN, BRIAN G. RICHMOND.

10. Relative bone strength in the upper and lower limbs of a Predynastic Egyptian population. MELISSA ZABECKI, MATTHEW C. O'NEILL, CHRISTOPHER B. RUFF.

11. Differential constraints on the pattern of skeletal robusticity in human limbs relative to climatic and behavioral influences on morphology. JAY T. STOCK.

12. Modern human variation in the femoral bicondylar angle: Functional analysis and model-building. WILSON D. SWEITZER.

13. Angular dimensions are a good predictor of functional joint motion. THOMAS J. MASTERSON, PETER V. LOUBERT, DAVID SCHMITZ.

14. Correlation between pelvic girdle measurements and foot length. KATHERINE A. MANLEY-BUSER, KATHLEEN M. TWIST.

15. A geometric morphometric study of cranial sexual dimorphism in selected indigenous populations of South Africa. DANIEL FRANKLIN, NICK MILNE, LEONARD FREEDMAN.

16. Geomorphometric evidence for a Caribbean multiple population dispersal. ANN H. ROSS.

17. Preliminary analysis of dental morphology and identity of an early iron producing population in the Mouhoun Bend, Burkina Faso. KENNETH C. MAES, JOEL D. IRISH, AUGUSTIN F.C. HOLL, PHILLIP L. WALKER, GEORGE J. ARMELAGOS.

18. Provenance of African origin individuals from the colonial cemetery of Campeche (Mexico) by means of LA-ICP-MS. ANDREA CUCINA, HECTOR NEFF, VERA TIESLER.

19. Diachronic patterns in health and dental metrics in historic African-Americans of Virginia. DONNA C. BOYD, C. CLIFFORD BOYD.

20. African-American biohistory at Presidentís Island, Tennessee. MURRAY K. MARKS, ANNE M. KROMAN.

21. The effects of intentional cranial deformation on the development and pathology of the temporomandibular joint. ERICA TYLER.

22. Zygapophyseal facet distances of the lumbar vertebrae: A predictor for spondylolisthesis? ANNE D. HOLDEN, CAROL V. WARD, BRUCE LATIMER.

23. Identification of sex specific mining activities from enthesopathies on the ancient Hallstatt skeletons. DORIS E. PANY.

24. Musculoskeletal stress markers (MSM) as indicators of kneeling behavior in a Byzantine Jerusalem monastery. BRITTANY HAYDEN, ANDREA HATCH, JAIME ULLINGER, DENNIS P. VAN GERVEN, SUSAN GUISE SHERIDAN.

25. Femoral neck activity and kneeling at a Byzantine monastery. JULIA A. JENNINGS, JOELLE INMAN, JAIME ULLINGER, DENNIS P. VAN GERVEN, SUSAN G. SHERIDAN.

26. Non-metric traits of the femur and tibia related to Byzantine monastic prayer. MARY E. KOVACIK, LINDSAY TALARICO, JAIME ULLINGER, SUSAN G. SHERIDAN.

27. "Fall on your knees": Squatting facets and Byzantine monasticism. JAIME M. ULLINGER, SUSAN G. SHERIDAN, BERT DE VRIES.

28. A look at adult skeletal aging methods: A Mississippian example. CHARLES E. MINTON, DAWNIE WOLFE STEADMAN.

40 AAPA Poster and Podium Presentation Schedule

Saturday Morning – April 17, 2004 (continued)

29. Growing old on Black Mesa: A new look at aging in the past. JAMIE EDWARDS, DEBRA MARTIN.

30. A modern revision of E. Hooton's study of the Indians of Pecos Pueblo. KATHERINE E. WEISENSEE.

31. Adaptation and change in Gulf Coast Florida. DALE L. HUTCHINSON.

32. The CT Database at the University of Pennsylvania Museum. JANET MONGE, SCHOENEMANN P. THOMAS, JASON LEWIS, L. DANIEL GLOTZER.

33. Isotopic analysis of mummified human remains from northwestern Argentina: A dietary reconstruction. NICOLE R. SHELNUT, ROBERT H. TYKOT, ADOLFO A. GIL.

Session 27. Dental Anthropology II. Contributed Posters. Regency 1. Chair: ELIZABETH A. NEWELL, Elizabethtown College.

34. Health at Little Salt Spring: Frequency of dental pathologies at Middle Archaic site in Florida. CHRISTINE E. ALVAREZ.

35. A paleopathological assessment of the Bowser Site skeletal population. JENNIFER R. CARTER, ROBERT R. PAINE.

36. Dental caries distribution in the Anglo-Saxon population of Sedgeford, England. MARIA T. FASHING.

37. Microscopic openings of dentinal tubules on naturally heavily worn occlusal surfaces of specimens from a Japanese archaeological site using SEM. TERUYUKI HOJO.

38. Patterns of variation in enamel microdefect appearance in the first permanent molar and canine. REBECCA J. FERRELL, DONALD J. REID.

39. Individual chronology of enamel dental microdefects in the juvenile segment of the Portus Romae community. LUCA BONDIOLI, ALFREDO COPPA, CHARLES FITZGERALD, ALESSIA NAVA, ROBERTO MACCHIARELLI.

40. ‘From the mouths of babes’: Patterns of enamel hypoplasia in the deciduous teeth of non-human primates. ELIZABETH A. NEWELL.

41. Hypoplasia of the tooth root: A new unspecific stress marker in human and animal paleopathology. WOLF R. TEEGEN.

42. Asymmetry of three deciduous teeth and their replacements in the Gullah. DEBBIE J. GUATELLI-STEINBERG, PAUL SCIULLI, HEATHER EDGAR.

43. Cementum annulation: Problems and prospects for ageing of human remains. BRIAN J. DEAN, LYNNE S. BELL, MARGARET C. COX.

44. Different patterns of mandibular growth in Papio and Pan are produced by genus-specific developmental changes and rates of change in mandibular proportions. JULIA C. BOUGHNER, M. CHRISTOPHER DEAN.

45. Trace element analysis of dentin: A test of the application of PIXE and Laser Ablation methods to the assessment of childhood diet from archaeologically-derived adult human teeth. BARBARA R. HEWITT.

46. Effects of chorionicity on tooth size in monozygotic twins. EDWARD F. HARRIS.

47. An odontometric reduction trend among ancient Maya populations from northern Belize. GABRIEL D. WROBEL.

48. Tooth modification in late Iron Age in Cambodia. KATE M. DOMETT, NANCY TAYLES.

49. Purposeful manipulation of teeth in Final Neolithic burials from Upper Egypt. JOEL D. IRISH.

AAPA Poster and Podium Presentation Schedule 41

Saturday Morning – April 17, 2004 (continued)

50. Detecting subpopulations at Grasshopper Pueblo through the use of dental morphology. JOHN A. MCCLELLAND.

Session 28. Health and Disease. Contributed Papers. Regency 2–3. Chair: SUSAN L. JOHNSTON, West Chester University.

8:00 am Spatial distribution of childhood morbidity patterns in a Dominican village. COLLEEN H. NYBERG, MARK V. FLINN.

8:15 am Seasonality of health status measures of urban Bhutia women in Sikkim, India. SHARON R. WILLIAMS.

8:30 am Therapeutic effects of Bach Flower Essences: A double-Blind analysis. ROBERT A. HALBERSTEIN, LYDIA A. DESANTIS.

8:45 am Estimating inter-individual variation in human cortisol levels: Mixed models applied to data from Nepal, Mongolia and the U.S. DANIEL J. HRUSCHKA, BRANDON A. KOHRT, CAROL M. WORTHMAN.

9:00 am Early life stress and adult health: A view from the Western Hemisphere sample. RICHARD H. STECKEL.

9:15 am Biological indicators of social heterogeneity. EKATERINA PECHENKINA.

Session 29. Human Biology and Globalization in Latin America. Second Annual Wiley-Liss Symposium. Regency 2–3. Organizers and Chairs: LORENA MADRIGAL and DAVID HIMMELGREEN, University of South Florida.

The fields of biological anthropology and human biology provide an excellent framework for the study of the effects of globalization on human health. Globalization here is taken in a broad perspective, and includes ancient and recent population movements, as well as the incorporation of traditional communities into the world cash economy. Latin America has been an area of convergence and movements of different peoples for many centuries, from the trans-Atlantic trade following 1492 to more recent migrations. Also, it is an area in which human health is being affected by rapid modernization and incorporation into the cash economy. This symposium brings together human biologists and biological anthropologists who have researched various areas of human biology, from population genetics to nutrition, adaptation, and sexually-transmitted disease, in Latin America.

10:00 am Bio-cultural components of the co-existence of under-nutrition and obesity in Latin America. A. ROBERTO FRISANCHO.

10:15 am The emergence of obesity and related chronic diseases in developing countries: Causes and consequences. REYNALDO MARTORELL.

10:30 am An exploratory study of the nutrition transition in rural Costa Rica. DAVID A. HIMMELGREEN, CARA S. KLEMPNER, MARIBEL VEGA, JEFFERY LOPEZ.

10:45 am The spread of HIV/AIDS in Latin America: The impact of globalization and tourism. NANCY Y. ROMERO-DAZA.

11:00 am The CulÌs of Costa Rica: An initial health assessment of an East-Indian-derived group in Costa Rica. LORENA MADRIGAL, FLORY OTAROLA, MWENZA BLELL, ERNESTO RUIZ.

11:15 am Molecular variability and sociocultural change - past, present, and future. FRANCISCO M. SALZANO.

11:30 am Admixture estimates in a Mexican population stratified by socioeconomic status. RUBEN LISKER, A. MALACARA, E. RAMIREZ, O. MUTCHINICK.

11:45 am Discussion: THOMAS LEATHERMAN.

42 AAPA Poster and Podium Presentation Schedule

Saturday Morning – April 17, 2004 (continued)

Session 30. Hominid Evolution IV: Archaic and Modern Humans. Contributed Papers. Regency 5–6. Chair: PATRICIA S. VINYARD, Northeastern Ohio Universities College of Medicine.

8:00 am Paleodeme genetic diversity: Pitfalls and prospects. JOHN HAWKS.

8:15 am Neanderthals from El Sidrón cave (Asturias, Spain). Presentation of a new sample. ANTONIO ROSAS, JAVIER FORTEA, MARCO DE LA RASILLA, MARKUS BASTIR, CAYETANA MARTÌNEZ-MAZA.

8:30 am Newly discovered Neandertal remains from the Les Pradelles site (Marillac-le-Franc, Charente, Southwest France). BRUNO MAUREILLE, ALAN MANN, BERNARD VANDERMEERSCH.

8:45 am The functional correlates and consequences of Neandertal pelvic morphology. J.W. YOUNG.

9:00 am Functional morphology and evolution of the Neandertal pelvis. ANDREW GALLAGHER.

9:15 am New data on early developmental differences between Neanderthals and modern humans. CHRISTOPH P.E. ZOLLIKOFER, MARCIA S. PONCE DE LEÓN, OSAMU KONDO, HAJIME ISHIDA, YUKIO DODO, HIROMASA SUZUKI, Y. KOBAYASHI, K. TSUCHIYA, TAKERU AKAZAWA.

9:30 am Longevity and the evolution of modernity. RACHEL CASPARI, SANG-HEE LEE.

9:45 am A new model for the Neanderthal vocal tract. MARGARET CLEGG.

10:00 am Break

10:15 am Derived morphology in Neandertal maxillary molars: Insights from above. SHARA E. BAILEY.

10:30 am Causal modeling of nasal breadth and intercanine distance in fossil and recent Homo. NATHAN E. HOLTON, ROBERT G. FRANCISCUS, VALERIE L. FORMAN-HOFFMAN.

10:45 am A tale of two morphs? A craniometric analysis of the Near Eastern hominids. JAMES H. KIDDER, ARTHUR C. DURBAND.

11:00 am Toward a phylogenetic classification of late Pleistocene Homo in Africa, the Levant, and Australasia and its implications for the biological origins of the first Australians. MICHAEL C. WESTAWAY.

11:15 am Are Neandertal males really male? JASON W. WILSON, MILFORD H. WOLPOFF.

11:30 am Neanderthal taxonomy reconsidered: Implications from multivariate models of intra- and inter-specific differences . KATERINA HARVATI, STEPHEN R. FROST, KIERAN P. MCNULTY.

11:45 am The Upper Paleolithic Mladec assemblage: Cranial geometry compared with anatomically modern humans and Neanderthals. GERHARD W. WEBER, PHILIPP MITTEROECKER, PHILIPP GUNZ, SIMON NEUBAUER, FRED L. BOOKSTEIN, MARIA TESCHLER-NICOLA.

Session 31. Primate Behavior III: Biology, Ecology, Demography. Contributed Papers. Buccaneer A–B. Chair: ELLEN J. INGMANSON, Bridgewater State College.

8:00 am Subtleties in African monkey positional behavior and support use: The influence of microhabitat variation within a single site in the Kibale Forest, Uganda. GARY P. ARONSEN.

8:15 am Kinematic analysis of trunk-to-trunk leaping in Goeldi’s monkey (Callimico goeldii). PAUL A. GARBER, GREGORY BLOMQUIST, GUSTL ANZENBERGER.

8:30 am Does digestion time limit group size in folivorous primates? OLIVER SCHUELKE, MUKHESH K. CHALISE, JULIA NIKOLEI, DORIS PODZUWEIT, J.U. GANZHORN, CAROLA BORRIES, ANDREAS KOENIG.

8:45 am Food mechanical properties and niche partitioning in a community of Neotropical primates. BARTH W. WRIGHT. AAPA Poster and Podium Presentation Schedule 43

Saturday Morning – April 17, 2004 (continued)

9:00 am How primates eat: An analysis of food handling and processing in a community of African cercopithecoids. JOANNA E. LAMBERT.

9:15 am Chimpanzee juveniles constrain their mothers' gregariousness. RICHARD W. WRANGHAM, HERMAN PONTZER.

9:30 am Losing the edge: Tooth wear and life history in rainforest sifakas of Madagascar. STEPHEN J. KING, SHARON POCHRON, PAT C. WRIGHT, JUKKA JERNVALL.

9:45 am Break

10:00 am Extraordinary demography and life history in patas monkeys (Erythrocebus patas). LYNNE A. ISBELL, TRUMAN P. YOUNG.

10:15 am Population demography of northern muriquis (Brachyteles hypoxanthus). KAREN B. STRIER, JEAN PHILLIPE BOUBLI, ITALO MOURTHE, CARLA DE BORBA POSSAMAI, SERGIO L. MENDES.

10:30 am Differential maternal investment and sex allocation in wild Hanuman langurs. JULIA OSTNER, ANDREAS KOENIG, CAROLA BORRIES.

10:45 am Chimpanzees at Ngogo - The noble savage? SIMONE TEELEN.

11:00 am The effects of logging on the densities of the Pagai, Mentawai Island primates. LISA M. PACIULLI.

11:15 am GPS collars for monkeys: The state of technology. DAVID S. SPRAGUE.

11:30 am Genotyping aids field study of unhabituated wild chimpanzees. LINDA F. MARCHANT, AMANDA L. ENSMINGER, WILLIAM C. MCGREW, JILL D. PRUETZ, LINDA VIGILANT.

11:45 am Elementary technology of the wild chimpanzees of Fongoli, Senegal. WILLIAM C. MCGREW, SUSANNA JOHNSON-FULTON, JILL D. PRUETZ.

Session 32. Primate Biology III: Skulls, Teeth, and Sex. Contributed Papers. Buccaneer C–D. Chair: MATT CARTMILL, Duke University.

8:00 am Cranial allometry, phylogeography and systematics of baboons inferred from geometric morphometric analysis of landmark data. STEPHEN R. FROST, LESLIE F. MARCUS, FRED L. BOOKSTEIN, DAVID P. REDDY, ERIC DELSON.

8:15 am Allometric influences on facial form in lesser apes. BRIAN T. SHEA, ERIN R. LESLIE.

8:30 am (Non)allometric craniofacial sexual dimorphism in hominoids. KATRIN SCHAEFER, PHILIPP MITTEROECKER, PHILIPP GUNZ, MARKUS BERNHARD, HORST SEIDLER, FRED L. BOOKSTEIN.

8:45 am Wide faces or large canines? The attractive versus the aggressive primate. ELEANOR M. WESTON, ADRIAN E. FRIDAY, RUFUS A. JOHNSTONE, FRIEDEMANN SCHRENK.

9:00 am Evidence that female choice impacts the evolution of dimorphism in primates. J. MICHAEL PLAVCAN.

9:15 am Biological variability of wild ring-tailed lemurs, Lemur catta: Effects of habitat and sex. MICHELLE L. SAUTHER, KRISTA FISH, FRANK CUOZZO.

9:30 am 50 years of chimpanzee demography at Taronga Park Zoo, Australia. JUDITH H. LITTLETON.

9:45 am Dentine shape as a taxonomic indicator and the origins of bilophodont molars. CHRISTOPHER C. GILBERT, ANTHONY J. OLEJNICZAK, LAWRENCE B. MARTIN.

10:00 am Break

10:15 am Relative enamel thickness in a large sample of Pan and Pongo molars. TANYA M. SMITH, SHANNON BENES, LAWRENCE B. MARTIN.

44 AAPA Poster and Podium Presentation Schedule

Saturday Morning – April 17, 2004 (continued)

10:30 am Can low-magnification stereomicroscopy reveal diet? LAURIE R. GODFREY, GINA M. SEMPREBON, NIKOS SOLOUNIAS, MICHAEL R. SUTHERLAND, WILLIAM L. JUNGERS.

10:45 am In vivo jaw kinematics and mandibular bone strain in Eulemur fulvus and Chlorocebus aethiops and the functional significance of phase II. CALLUM F. ROSS, MARK WOLFF.

11:00 am Assessing the role of biomechanical variables during primate mastication using finite element analysis. DAVID S. STRAIT, PAUL C. DECHOW, BRIAN G RICHMOND, CALLUM F. ROSS, MARK A. SPENCER.

11:15 am Food properties and jaw performance in three sympatric species of Hapalemur in Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar. NAYUTA YAMASHITA, CHRISTOPHER J. VINYARD, CHIA L. TAN.

11:30 am Where the wild things are: Linking lab and field work in studying tree gouging in common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus). CHRISTOPHER J. VINYARD, PETER W. LUCAS, MONICA M. VALENCA-MONTENEGRO, LEONARDO C.O. MELO, YUMMA M. VALLE, MARIA A.O. MONTEIRO DA CRUZ.

11:45 am Masseter muscle fiber architecture in tree-gouging (Callithrix jacchus) and non-gouging (Saguinus oedipus) callitrichids. ANDREA B. TAYLOR, CHRISTOPHER J. VINYARD.

Saturday Afternoon – April 17, 2004

Session 33. Paleopathology II. Contributed Posters. Regency 1. Chair: ELIZABETH A. MILLER, California State University, Los Angeles.

1. Dietary reconstruction of enslaved African from the New York African Burial Ground: Elemental concentrations in permanent molars. PORTIA BURTON, JOSEPH L JONES, STEPHANIE ALLEN, ALAN H. GOODMAN, DULASIRI AMARASIRIWARDENA, MARK MACK, MICHAEL L. BLAKEY.

2. Metastatic carcinoma: Skeletal pattern and diagnosis. MICHELLE D. HAMILTON, MURRAY K. MARKS.

3. Brucellosis in ancient Nubia: Morbidity in biocultural perspective through time at Semna South, Sudan. MARY M. AUBIN.

4. Brucellosis at Abydos, Egypt. BRENDA J. BAKER.

5. A possible early case of advanced treponemal disease from Tennessee. T.K. BETSINGER, N.J. KUEMIN DREWS.

6. Presence of Mycobacterium infection at the Crystal River archaeological site: Preliminary findings. RHETA E. LANEHART, DAVID HIMMELGREEN, ROBERT H. TYKOT, HELEN D. DONOGHUE, MARK SPIGELMAN, JENNIFER KELLY, NICOLE FALK.

7. Tuberculosis in Inuits from Pt. Hope, Alaska: A possible maritime resource connection. SARAH E. GOSSETT, CHARLES E. HILTON.

8. Evidence of biomechanical stress in a Middle Mississippian skeletal population. VICKI L. WEDEL, LESLEY M. RANKIN-HILL.

9. Disease and trauma in skeletal remains from a Fifth Dynasty cemetery at Giza, Egypt. DAWN M. MULHERN.

10. Bilateral erosive arthropathy of the upper limbs: An Inuit case from Point Hope, Alaska. MEGAN R. LATCHAW, CHARLES E. HILTON.

11. Bioarchaeological evidence for the heath status of an early Icelandic population. PHILLIP L. WALKER, JESSE BYOCK, JACQUELINE T. ENG, JON M. ERLANDSON, PER HOLCK, KAETHIN PRIZER, MARK TVESKOV.

12. Human skeletal remains from the Island of the Sun, Lake Titicaca, Bolivia. CHRISTINA TORRES-ROUFF. AAPA Poster and Podium Presentation Schedule 45

Saturday Afternoon – April 17, 2004 (continued)

13. Health as a reflection of bio-cultural discontinuity in the Neolithic Cis-Baikal. ANGELA R. LIEVERSE.

14. New evidence of human sacrifice in the North Coast of Peru: Middle Sicán ritual killing in the Lambayeque Valley. HAAGEN D. KLAUS, JORGE C. CENTURION, MANUEL C. CURO.

15. "Funked up and Yowza": A study of descriptive terms used in the evaluation of infectious lesions. KEITH P. JACOBI, MARIE DANFORTH, GABRIEL D. WROBEL.

Session 34. Forensic Anthropology. Contributed Posters. Regency 1. Chair: ELIZABETH A. MILLER, California State University, Los Angeles.

16. Fracture patterns in drivers and front passengers of automobile collisions. HEATHER L. GRAY.

17. Biological distance analysis of Postclassic skull rows and pairs, El Petén, Guatemala. WILLIAM N. DUNCAN.

18. Lytic lesions of the cranial vault: Differential diagnosis in dry bone. MICHAEL W. WARREN, JOHN J. SCHULTZ.

19. A new method for measuring soft tissue thicknesses of the face using ultrasound. SHELLEY L. SMITH, GAYLORD S. THROCKMORTON, PETER BUSCHANG.

20. Where have all the hands gone? Anthropological case from biblical times. ALON BARASH, ISRAEL HERSHKOVITZ, YEHUDA HISS.

21. The evolution of forensic anthropology in Los Angeles County, California: A 23-year perspective. ELIZABETH A. MILLER, JUDY M. SUCHEY, ERIK ARBUTHNOT, CRAIG HARVEY.

22. Age at death determination. using the skeletal histomorphometry of the third metacarpal and third metatarsal from autopsy and cadaver samples ADRIENNE L. FOOSE, ROBERT R. PAINE, RICHARD A. NISBETT, SRIDHAR NATARAJAN.

23. Age related changes in arachnoid foveae: Test of a new quantitative method. STEPHEN M. DURAY, STACIE S. MARTEL.

24. Estimating individual age-at-death parameters through multi-trait Bayesian analysis. ERIN H. KIMMERLE, LYLE KONIGSBERG.

25. Estimating age at death from thoracic and lumbar vertebral ring epiphyseal union data. A. MIDORI ALBERT, KELLY A. MCCALLISTER.

26. The creation of an anthropometric and DNA database to aid in the identification of illegal immigrant remains. LORI E. BAKER, ERICH J. BAKER.

27. Assessing the uniqueness of frontal sinus outlines Using Elliptic Fourier Analysis. ANGI M. CHRISTENSEN.

28. Morphometric analysis of craniofacial traits used in ancestral identification. SUMMER J. DECKER, JENNIFER L. THOMPSON, BERNARDO T. ARRIAZA.

29. Analysis of four contemporary trophy skulls in Los Angeles County, California. SYLVERE C.M. VALENTIN, ELIZABETH MILLER.

30. Examination of the mortuary use of fire as a taphonomic process. MISTY A. WEITZEL.

31. Time since death: The problem of determining PMI in skeletal remains. ALEXANDER KNABL, CHRISTIAN REITER, HORST SEIDLER, MARIA TESCHLER-NICOLA.

32. Disturbing the dead: The displacement and destruction of skeletal remains in early medieval Wessex, c.600-1100AD. ANNIA K. CHERRYSON. 46 AAPA Poster and Podium Presentation Schedule

Saturday Afternoon – April 17, 2004 (continued)

33. Cremations of the Linearbandkeramik culture in relation to the burial practices of early Neolithic communities in South- western Germany. IRIS TRAUTMANN.

34. A bug's life: A paleoentomological case study from Chachapoya Perú. KENNETH C. NYSTROM, ALAINA GOFF, M. LEE GOFF.

Session 35. Evolution of the Special Senses in Primates. Symposium. Regency 2–3. Organizers and Chairs: TIMOTHY D. SMITH, Slippery Rock University, CALLUM F. ROSS, State University of New York at Stony Brook, and NATHANIEL J. DOMINY, University of Chicago.

Since the advent of the arboreal theory and visual predation hypothesis of primate origins, specialized sensory structures have been perceived as defining characteristics of the Order. Higher primate taxa are partly defined by specializations of one or a suite of sensory structures. Accordingly, the functional significance of these sensory modalities is pivotal for understanding the origin and present day variation of primate behavior and ecology. This symposium examines the evolution of primate special senses, with particular emphasis on primate origins and current debates in primate behavioral ecology.

1:00 pm Vision, olfaction and brain size in Parapithecus grangeri. ELIOT C. BUSH, ELWYN L. SIMONS, JOHN M. ALLMAN.

1:15 pm Evolutionary modifications of primate visual cortex. TODD M. PREUSS.

1:30 pm Loss of olfactory receptor genes is coupled to the acquisition of full trichromatic color vision. YOAV GILAD, V. WIEBE, M. PRZEWORSKI, D. LANCET, S. PÄÄBO.

1:45 pm Is primate hearing special? RICKYE S. HEFFNER, HENRY E. HEFFNER.

2:00 pm The evolution of somatosensory systems in primates. JON H. KAAS.

2:15 pm Scaling and adaptive radiation of sensory brain structures. ROBERT A. BARTON.

2:30 pm Effects of activity pattern on eye and orbit morphology in primates. EDWARD C. KIRK.

2:45 pm Diversity in primate auditory structure and its influence on hearing performance. MARK N. COLEMAN.

3:00 pm Break

3:15 pm Is there a valid morphological basis for primate macrosomia or microsomia? TIMOTHY D. SMITH, KUNWAR P. BHATNAGAR.

3:30 pm Comparative immunohistochemistry of the primate vomeronasal organ. JOHN C. DENNIS, TIMOTHY D. SMITH, KUNWAR P. BHATNAGAR, ANNE M. BURROWS, CHRIS J. BONAR, EDWARD E. MORRISON.

3:45 pm Human chemical communication: Should we fearamone? CHARLES J. WYSOCKI.

4:00 pm Co-evolution of brain size and orbit orientation in primates and other mammals. CHRISTOPHER P. HEESY.

4:15 pm A comparative analysis of olfaction and primate social behavior. LAURA J. ALPORT, DEBORAH J. OVERDORFF.

4:30 pm Sensory perception of food: A study of fruits, fingers, and fermentation. NATHANIEL J. DOMINY, PETER W. LUCAS, NUR SUPARDI NOOR.

4:45 pm Discussion: NATHANIEL J. DOMINY.

AAPA Poster and Podium Presentation Schedule 47

Saturday Afternoon – April 17, 2004 (continued)

Session 36. Life History, Energetics, and Human Evolution. Symposium. Regency 5–6. Organizers and Chairs: GRAZYNA JASIENSKA, Jagiellonian University, and RICHARD G. BRIBIESCAS, Yale University.

This symposium focuses in emerging research on the role of human energetics in human evolution. Life history theory suggests that time and energy availability are finite, often resulting in selection for allocation mechanisms and strategies that most efficiently regulate somatic and reproductive needs. Energy allocation trade offs between the demands of growth, maintenance, storage, and reproduction, has played a central role in the evolution of humans and nonhuman primates. Consequently, human and nonhuman primate physiology is characterized by allocation mechanisms that can be quantitatively assessed to test various life history predictions. The papers in the symposium focus on the physiology of energetic and metabolic management.

1:00 pm Forty days and forty nights: biocultural perspectives on the energetics of the immediate postpartum period among subsistence horticulturalists in the Brazilian Amazon. BARBARA A. PIPERATA, DARNA L. DUFOUR.

1:15 pm The impact of a labor-saving technology on birth spacing in southern Ethiopia. MHAIRI A. GIBSON, RUTH MACE.

1:30 pm Energy status, energy balance and energy expenditure in relation to ovarian function in rural and urban women from Poland. GRAZYNA JASIENSKA, INGER THUNE, PETER T. ELLISON.

1:45 pm A longitudinal study of the proximate and ultimate causes of child mortality in the Dogon of Mali. BEVERLY I. STRASSMANN.

2:00 pm Neuroendocrine reflections of senescence in human males: Indications of decreased energy allocation ability with age? RICHARD G. BRIBIESCAS.

2:15 pm Age related changes in body composition among Turkana males. BENJAMIN C. CAMPBELL, PAUL W. LESLIE.

2:30 pm Human male testosterone variation viewed within a framework of mating and parenting effort. PETER B. GRAY.

2:45 pm Break

3:00 pm Body size and fat predict fertility and reproductive success among Hadza hunter-gatherers. FRANK W. MARLOWE.

3:15 pm The immunosomatic metabolic diversion hypothesis and testosterone correlates to intestinal parasitemia in wild male chimpanzees. MICHAEL P. MUEHLENBEIN.

3:30 pm Maternal and prenatal influences on male life history. CHRISTOPHER W. KUZAWA, ELIZABETH M MILLER, LINDA S. ADAIR.

3:45 pm Leptin, body composition and energy metabolism in the Buryat herders of Southern Siberia. WILLIAM R. LEONARD, ANTHONY G. COMUZZIE, MARK V. SORENSEN, M.J. MOSHER, VICTOR A. SPITSYN.

4:00 pm The energetic cost of arboreal motherhood in orangutans: Effects on the inter-birth interval. CHERYL D. KNOTT.

4:15 pm Measurement of urinary C-peptide in chimpanzees offers a noninvasive tool for comparative studies of energetics. DIANA SHERRY, BENJAMIN CAMPBELL, RICHARD W. WRANGHAM, PETER T. ELLISON.

4:30 pm Discussion: GRAZYNA JASIENSKA and RICHARD BRIBIESCAS.

Session 37. Skeletal Biology IV: Bioarchaeology and Biodistance. Contributed Papers. Buccaneer A–B. Chair: CHRISTOPHER W. SCHMIDT, University of Indianapolis.

1:00 pm Faunal remains from La Nuestra Senora de Atocha and Santa Margarita. MONICA FARALDO, LINDA L. TAYLOR.

1:15 pm Taphonomy, selective preservation and robusticity in human skeletal samples: The osteometrical paradox. SILVIA M. BELLO.

48 AAPA Poster and Podium Presentation Schedule

Saturday Afternoon – April 17, 2004 (continued)

1:30 pm Investigating cemetery diversity: Grave variation, osteology and social identity late Anglo-Saxon England, c. 700- 1100AD. JO L. BUCKBERRY.

1:45 pm Culturally modified human remains from the Hopewell Mound Group. CHERYL A. JOHNSTON.

2:00 pm Raiding and ritual violence in the ancient Andes: A study of cranial trauma among populations from Majes valley, Peru. TIFFINY A. TUNG.

2:15 pm Bridging histories: The bioarchaeology of Seminole ethnogenesis. CHRISTOPHER M. STOJANOWSKI.

2:30 pm The variation of body proportions over a period of 7,000 years in Denmark. PIA BENNIKE.

2:45 pm A test of developmental causality of morphological integration. JESSICA H. HUNT.

3:00 pm Break

3:15 pm Assimilation pelvis in human obstetrics and evolution. ROBERT G. TAGUE.

3:30 pm Fluctuating asymmetry and stress in a medieval Nubian population. VALERIE BURKE DELEON.

3:45 pm Physique and climatic adaptations of Paleoindians. JOSEPH F. POWELL, OSBJORN M. PEARSON, J. SMART.

4:00 pm Intra population variation of cranial nonmetric traits compared to discrete dental traits of the Illinois Bluff Mounds. ARION T. MAYES.

4:15 pm Intra-population and temporal variation in ancient Egyptian crania. SONIA R. ZAKRZEWSKI.

4:30 pm A three-dimensional approach to intra-regional variation among Archaic populations of the Mid-South. NICOLE J. KUEMIN DREWS.

Session 38. Human Biology II. Contributed Papers. Buccaneer C–D. Chair: STACY ZAMUDIO, New Jersey Medical School.

1:00 pm Ventilatory control and exercise response in lowland born admixed Peruvians tested at 4,338 m. TOM D. BRUTSAERT, MELISA KIYAMU, ESTEBAN J. PARRA, MARK D. SHRIVER, ALFREDO GAMBOA, MARIA RIVERA-CH, FABIOLA LEON-VELARDE.

1:15 pm Using humanities to unwrap biology: The Qiang controversy. STEPHEN M. BAILEY, JUIPING XU, XSIAO HU.

1:30 pm Population structure of Irish migrants to northern England in the late nineteenth century. MALCOLM T. SMITH, ANTHONY C. HEPBURN, DANIEL JACKSON, DONALD MACRAILD, JAMES MACPHERSON.

1:45 pm What does the human biological perspective suggest concerning migration routes into the Americas? ROBERTA L. HALL.

2:00 pm The peopling of Americas. The 'Out of Beringia' model tested from cranio-functional morphology. FERNANDO V. RAMIREZ ROZZI, MARINA SARDI, ROLANDO GONZALEZ JOSE, HECTOR PUCCIARELLI.

2:15 pm Neighbours or sisters? Testing models of cultural transmission in the Pacific using phylogenetic methods. FIONA M. JORDAN, RUTH MACE.

2:30 pm Cold adaptations of the Polynesians: Nasal morphology. VINCENT H. STEFAN.

2:45 pm Break

3:00 pm Geographic patterns of nasal morphology in Homo. MARC MEYER, JODI BLUMENFELD, P. THOMAS SCHOENEMANN.

3:15 pm Brunhilde in Lilliput? Sexual dimorphism in English skeletal samples from the Romano-British period to post- medieval times. MARIANNE SCHWEICH, CHRISTOPHER J. KNUSEL.

AAPA Poster and Podium Presentation Schedule 49

Saturday Afternoon – April 17, 2004 (continued)

3:30 pm Patterns of sexual dimorphism in Homo. ADAM P. VAN ARSDALE, MARC MEYER.

3:45 pm Local, national and international variation in human secondary sex ratio as a function of maternal condition. RUTH H. MACE, MHAIRI GIBSON.

4:00 pm Intra-populational pattern of facial growth in humans: A geometric morphometric analysis. EKATERINA BULYGINA, PHILIPP MITTEROECKER, LESLIE AIELLO.

4:15 pm Is fluctuating asymmetry a stable trait? DAVID V. LEONE, MARK V. FLINN.

4:30 pm Growing up in diverse environments: Effects on adult salivary estradiol. ALEJANDRA NUNEZ-DE LA MORA, ROBERT T. CHATTERTON, OSUL CHOUDHURY, DORA NAPOLITANO, JORDANA HOCHMAN, GILLIAN R. BENTLEY.

4:45 pm Age estimation of human skeletal remains - a comparison of methods from Lauchheim, Germany. SVENJA WEISE, JESPER BOLDSEN, JO L. BUCKBERRY, STEPHANIE DOPPLER, JUTTA GAMPE, GISELA GRUPE, GERHARD HOTZ, CLARK S. LARSEN, ARIANE KEMKES- GROTTENTHALER, DEBRA PRINCE, J.W. VAUPEL, J. WAHL. U. WITTWER-BACKOFEN. 50

Abstracts of AAPA Poster and Podium Presentations

Poor outcomes following malaria dur- Anthropology, Southern Illinois Univer- lations with limited food resources. Ma- ing pregnancy. sity. ternal and fetal adaptations to nutritional inadequacies have developed to enhance E.T. Abrams1, V. Mwapasa2, D.D. Kam- Genetic background of the pre- survival of the fetus. For example, moth- wendo2, S.R. Meshnick3. 1Department of Columbian populations is considered to be ers may reduce energy expenditure Anthropology, University of Michigan, very important to know the genetic back- through reduced physical activity and 2Department of Epidemiology, University ground of the founders of the Inca Empire; increased metabolic efficiency. In response of Michigan, 3Department of Epidemiol- however, it has not yet been fully clarified. to protein-energy undernutrition, the fetal ogy, University of North Carolina-Chapel In the present study, we performed the growth trajectory can be altered in a Hill. mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) analysis of “brain sparing” manner, that is, by reduc- the pre-Columbian Peruvian highlanders ing mass of other organs, in particular, Malaria is associated with a number of excavated from caverns in the highlands skeletal muscle, while brain growth is poor pregnancy outcomes, including low northwest of Cuzco during the Peruvian largely preserved. Such patterns are typi- birth weight and maternal anemia. Out- Expedition of 1914 and 1915 under the cally manifested by low relative weight at comes are worse in primigravids, and auspices of Yale University and The Na- birth, which can potentially be “corrected” negative effects lessen with parity. Ma- tional Geographic Society (Grant and by compensatory postnatal growth. How- laria parasites localize in the placenta MacCurdy, 1923). ever, such adaptations, which enhance during pregnancy; however, despite the To identify their genealogy securely, we survival in the short term, are not without proximity of the parasites, congenital analyzed the coding region of mtDNA by short and long term costs such as in- malaria is rare. This suggests that selec- using amplified product-length polymor- creased risk of neonatal mortality and tive pressure against fetal acquisition of phisms (Umetsu et al., 2001) and direct chronic disease in later life. There may be malaria is strong. The immunological sequencing. We also sequenced the seg- less plasticity in response to specific mi- effects of placental malaria on low birth ments of the two hypervariable regions of cronutrient deficiencies. For example, weight have been well demonstrated, and mtDNA, and assigned the mtDNA under maternal iodine deficiency produces irre- may represent a consequence of the in- study to relevant haplogroups using the versible fetal brain damage. Maternal flammatory process that mechanically known mtDNA databases. overnutrition and dysregulation of glucose blocks malaria parasites from traversing Like many other South American popu- metabolism also affect fetal growth and the placenta to the fetus. In this study, we lations, haplogroup B4 was the most pre- survival by increasing risk of macrosomia examined the effects of malaria on the dominant among the specimens examined and hypoglycemia at birth. relationship between maternal and neona- in the present study. However, distribu- tal anemia. We assayed markers of ane- tion pattern of haplogroups and many of New and revised faunal samples from mia, severity of malaria, erythropoietin (a the sequence haplotypes of the hypervari- in situ and dumpsite breccia deposits marker of red blood cell production), im- able region were different from those of at Gondolin, North West Province, mune markers, and markers of fetal stress previously reported pre-Columbian Sicán South Africa. in maternal, placental, and cord blood. and Sipán populations (Shinoda et al., The samples included malaria-infected (n 2002). Our result suggests that pre- J. W. Adams1,2, F. Senegas3. 1Department = 33) and uninfected (n = 56) women who Columbian Peruvian highlanders may of Anthropology, Washington University delivered at the Queen Elizabeth Central have been genealogically different from in St. Louis. 2School of Anatomical Sci- Hospital in Blantyre, Malawi. Malaria the pre-Columbian populations who lived ences, University of the Witwatersrand. was associated with maternal anemia along the northern coast of Peru. 3Department of Palaeontology and (t=2.66, p=0.012) and increased maternal H.O.P.E, Transvaal Museum, P.O. Box erythropoietin levels (t=3.43, p=0.001). Fetal adaptations to maternal nutri- 413, Pretoria 0001, South Africa. Increased maternal erythropoietin levels tional status during pregnancy. significantly correlated with neonatal This paper provides new and updated head circumference and length but were L.S. Adair. Department of Nutrition, Uni- listings of macro- and micromammalian not related to birth weight. Cord erythro- versity of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. faunal remains recovered from several poietin was not associated with any mark- phases of excavation at Gondolin, a cave ers of anemia, inflammation, fetal stress, Maternal nutritional status during site with Plio-Pleistocene brecciated de- or birth outcome. These results suggest pregnancy, reflected in energy and nutri- posits situated 35km northeast of the that the mother may allow temporary ent stores and dietary intake, is a strong Sterkfontein Valley. First, we present a declines in her third trimester health to determinant of fetal growth, which affects revised and expanded listing of faunal buffer the fetus. infant survival. Maternal nutrition af- remains from the GD 2 in situ excavations fects fetal growth directly in providing conducted in 1979, of which a portion had Mitochondrial DNA analysis of the cellular building blocks and essential been previously described by Watson ancient Peruvian highlanders. components of regulatory proteins. Fur- (1993). Second, we offer an expanded and ther, nutritional sufficiency or insuffi- updated catalogue of faunal remains ex- N. Adachi1, K. Shinoda2, I. Shimada3. ciency may stimulate or inhibit other cavated from a 1997 field season that 1Department of Anatomy and Anthropol- regulatory functions or metabolic path- sampled from a test trench dug into ogy, Tohoku University School of Medi- ways, resulting in altered patterns of fetal mixed, dumpsite deposits at the site cine, 2Department of Anthropology, Na- growth. The increased energetic and nu- (Menter et al., 1999). Faunal specimens tional Science Museum, 3Department of trient demands of pregnancy represent recovered from blocks and loose sediment significant stressors, particularly in popu- from the test trench included the recovery AAPA Abstracts 51

of artiodactyl and carnivore remains not Why Erik “Not at all”? - A possible als. Thus, vertebral ring epiphyses may represented in the GD 2 in situ deposits. case of Marfans syndrome. provide age information beyond ages for Third, we provide the first listing and which other epiphyses are commonly ac- analysis of micromammalian remains T. Ahlström. Institute of Archaeology and tive, possibly improving age estimations, sampled from various dumpsite deposits Ancient History, University of Lund. with implications for paleodemography at Gondolin. Faunal representation and and forensic anthropology. their distribution across several distinct Earl Birger Magnusson of Sweden We obtained data from 57 individuals breccia types indicate that there were (d.1266) founded a royal dynasty based on from the Terry Collection: 23 females, 34 multiple phases of infilling and faunal his own lineage. Two of his sons became males, black and white, aged 14 to 27 deposition, potentially both spatially as kings, Valdemar and Magnus. However, a years. After stages of vertebral ring union well as temporally, during the time period younger son, Erik, bore the pejorative were recorded, mean values were calcu- spanning approximately 2.5 to 1.5 million epithet “Not at all”, for reasons unknown. lated for each individual, which correlated years ago. It is surmised that he chooses the epithet highly with age at death (r=0.777). There himself to mark his lower status com- were no statistically significant popula- Dental anthropology in Scotland: pared to the brothers. Further, the cause tional or sex differences. However, fe- Morphological comparisons between of his untimely death, at an age of ap- males showed a higher correlation be- medieval Scotland and northern proximately 30 years, in a period of politi- tween vertebral ring epiphyseal union Europe. cal turmoil, has not been resolved. Duke mean values and age at death (r = .862) Erik was buried with his father, Earl than did males (r = .714). Observational A.J. Adler1, M.E. Watt2, C.G. Turner II1. Birger, in the Varnhem Abbey. analyses of the raw data revealed the 1Dept. of Anthropology, Arizona State Earl Birger’s grave was rediscovered in earliest age at which union began was 14 University, 2Oral Sciences, Glasgow Den- 1928 and reopened in 2001. The original and 17 years for females and males, re- tal School, University of Glasgow. report mentioned that the skeleton of the spectively. The oldest ages of remaining younger man, Erik, in the grave bore activity, where fusion was not totally Throughout its diverse history, many signs of osteoarthritis, but nothing else. complete in all epiphyses, were 24 and 26 groups have settled in Scotland. The The renewed osteological analysis demon- years for females and males, respectively. question of homogeneity in Scotland is an strated osteoarthritis in the cervical ver- Additional findings will be discussed. interesting one as different regions have tebrae, manifested unilateral osteophyto- Insofar as our results corroborated earlier had varying degrees of impact from differ- sis in the thoracic and lumbar vertebrae. findings, this method is recommended for ent parts of Europe. Previously, Adler, This is indicative of scoliosis. Abnormal use in skeletal age estimation. Watt and Turner (2003) looked at discrete chest shape is indicated by a pectus cari- dental morphological traits and showed natum. Based on the paleopathological Development and evolution of mor- that samples from different parts of Scot- findings, possible diagnosis has been dis- phological integration in the human land significantly differed from each cussed. brain. other. The question remains as to Specifically, Marfans syndrome is pre- whether differences amongst the peoples sented as a probable cause to the skeletal K. Aldridge. Pennsylvania State Univer- of these regions can be traced to their changes. Marfans syndrome is a disease of sity and Johns Hopkins University. biocultural histories. the connective tissues. Apart from involv- To address this question, Medieval sam- ing the skeleton, it also affects the eye Studies have shown that human brain ples from five regions of Scotland sight as well as the structural integrity of evolution has been accomplished through (Whithorn, Aberdeen, Linlithgow, St. An- the blood vessels. I will discuss how the differential change in component parts of drews and Hallowhill) (Adler et al., 2003) new data enlightens our understanding of the brain. Morphological integration (MI) were compared with those from regions of an historic event, an unusual epithet, as refers to the interdependency between Europe which may have had the largest well as a paleopathological condition hith- parts of an organism that, together, pro- biocultural effects on Scotland. Data from erto not described in the paleopathological duce an integrated, functional whole. The England, Ireland, Holland, Norway and literature. degree of integration between component Denmark, were taken from previously parts reflects the functional and develop- published studies. Estimating age at death from tho- mental relationships between those parts, Samples were analyzed using the Ari- racic and lumbar vertebral ring epi- and is related to whether characters zona State University Dental Anthropol- physeal union data. evolve separately, or in concert. The goal ogy System (ASUDAS). Regional groups of this study is to examine patterns of MI were compared both on a trait by trait A.M. Albert, K. McCallister. Anthropology in the development and evolution of the basis, and using the multivariate MMD Program, University of North Carolina at human brain. statistic. Given their long history of con- Wilmington. In this study, three-dimensional land- tact, it is not surprising that English and mark coordinate data were collected from Irish samples were most similar to all This study further examined the rela- MRIs of human infants (N=12) and adults groups within Scotland. Dutch samples tionship between age at death and stages (N=19), and bonobos, chimpanzees, goril- were most dissimilar from Scottish sam- of epiphyseal union of the superior and las, and orangutans (N=10). A bootstrap- ples, indicating less contact. Of the Scot- inferior thoracic (T1-T12) and first two ping algorithm was used to determine tish samples, Whithorn was most similar lumbar (L1-L2) vertebral centra (“ring” whether patterns of MI differ significantly to Ireland, reflecting frequent contacts epiphyses). We compared results to ear- between infant and adult human brains, between these areas. Aberdeen was most lier findings by Albert and Maples (1995). and between adult humans and great dissimilar to all non-Scottish regions, Both studies showed final fusion often apes. suggesting they may have had the least extended into the middle 20’s, later than Results show that overall levels of MI amount of contact with outside areas. other epiphyses that generally fuse by the are similar in infant and adult human late teens to early 20’s in most individu- brains. However, there are distinct re- 52 AAPA Abstracts

gions that display increased levels of inte- Quantitative trait linkage mapping in L. Alport, D. Overdorff. Department of gration in infants, and regions that dis- the Strong Heart Family Study of Anthropology, University of Texas at Aus- play increased levels in adults. Overall American Indians. tin. levels of MI are similar in adult humans and great apes, though there are focal L. Almasy1, B.V. Howard2, E.T. Lee3, L. Olfaction is an important means of areas that are more highly integrated in Best4, T.K. Welty4, R. Devereux5, R.R. communication among mammals, yet humans while others are more highly Fabsitz6, S. Cole1, S. Laston1, H.H.H. little is known about the specific functions integrated in great apes. These results Göring1, V.P. Diego1, B. Dyke1, J.W. Mac- of the olfactory system within the primate suggest that the pattern of integration in Cluer1. 1Southwest Foundation for Bio- order. Primates vary considerably in their the human brain changes over the course medical Research;, 2Medlantic Research olfactory anatomy. For instance, while all of development, and differs between hu- Institute, 3University of Oklahoma Health primates possess a main olfactory bulb mans and apes. Together, these differ- Sciences Center, 4Missouri Breaks Indus- (MOB), only strepsirrhines and platyr- ences in integration may serve as the tries Research Inc., 5Cornell Medical Col- rhines possess an accessory olfactory bulb developmental basis for phenotypic differ- lege, 6National Heart, Lung, and Blood (AOB). Although primates show wide ences between human and non-human Institute. variation in social behavior, few compara- hominoid brains. tive analyses of sensory anatomy have The Strong Heart Study began in 1988 considered the effects of social variables. The aging brain: The cognitive re- with the goal of investigating cardiovascu- The purpose of this analysis is to elucidate serve hypothesis and hominid evolu- lar disease and related risk factors in the role of olfaction in the context of social tion. American Indians. Strong Heart Study behavior. In this regard, we use phyloge- participants ages 45-74 were enrolled netic analyses to compare the relative size J.S. Allen, J. Bruss, H. Damasio. Dept. of through centers in Arizona, South Dakota, of sensory structures, with social variables Neurology, University of Iowa. and Oklahoma, with approximately 1500 such as mating system and group size. individuals seen at each site. The Arizona Using data from 44 primate species, we In mammals, including primates, there participants are of Pima, Maricopa, and test the following predictions: (1) Because is a strong positive correlation between Tohono O’Odham descent. Participants in the AOB is associated with mating in brain size and maximum lifespan. This Oklahoma are Apache, Caddo, Comanche, mammals, we predict that AOB size is correlation does not require that longevity Delaware, Fort Sill Apache, Kiowa, and correlated with mating behaviors. (2) In per se has been selected for or that older Wichita whereas those in South Dakota the absence of an AOB in catarrhines, we individuals contribute to the fitness of are Sioux. In 1996, a genetics component predict that the size of the MOB is corre- younger kin. Among mammals, humans was added and families were ascertained lated with social variables. (3) Alterna- are among the most encephalized and live for linkage studies. Approximately 1250 tively, social communication in catar- the longest, and intergenerational assis- individuals in 40 extended families are rhines may have shifted from olfaction to tance is common in human societies. being collected at each center. Families vision. Thus, we predict that visual anat- Evolutionary models that incorporate were selected through a sibship of 2 to 8 omy is correlated with social behaviors. the behavior of older individuals should siblings who had participated in the origi- We show that in strepsirrhine primates take into account the physiological proc- nal epidemiological study. The parents, only, relative AOB size increases with the esses associated with the aging brain. Our spouses, offspring, spouses of offspring, number of males with which a female high-resolution MRI analysis of gray and and grandchildren of these original par- mates. Variables are not correlated with white volumes in a series of 87 healthy ticipants were enrolled to build the ex- the MOB. However, size of the visual cor- individuals (ages 22-88 years) indicates tended pedigrees. Identical data collec- tex is correlated with group size, suggest- that gray matter decreases linearly over tion protocols were used at all sites and a ing that catarrhines may, indeed, rely the adult lifespan of an individual. White wide range of phenotypes is available, more heavily on vision for social commu- matter volumes increase slowly, peaking including lipid levels, blood pressure, ca- nication. in the 45-55 year range, before starting a rotid ultrasound and echocardiographic decline that becomes precipitous begin- measures, hormone levels, reproductive Health at Little Salt Spring: Fre- ning in the 65-70 year range. Although and medical history, anthropometrics, and quency of dental pathologies at Mid- there is regional variation in the brain, all demographic variables. Genotyping is in dle Archaic site in Florida. of the major lobes conform to this basic progress for a genome-wide linkage pattern. screen. The Strong Heart Family Study is C. Alvarez. Department of Anthropology, The “cognitive reserve hypothesis” pos- biomedically important because it investi- Texas State University—San Marcos . tulates that individuals with relatively gates risk factors for cardiovascular dis- larger brains may be more resistant to the ease, a prevalent cause of morbidity and The Little Salt Spring site consists of a effects of Alzheimer’s disease, brain injury mortality, in understudied populations. It large sinkhole, basin and slough on the and seizures. If larger brain size is associ- is also of interest scientifically as a model western coast of Florida which preserved ated with “successful aging,” then a posi- in that it illustrates how epidemiological organic material, including human skele- tive evolutionary feedback loop between studies may have large families embedded tal remains from the Middle Archaic pe- increased brain size and increased longev- in them and it provides an opportunity to riod (6000 BP). Remains of approximately ity could have been established, via inter- compare across three fairly disparate fifty individuals were recovered at the site generational care of kin (including infor- populations. from 1959 through 2002. The purpose of mation transfer via language). Such a this study is to determine the general feedback loop may have contributed to A comparative analysis of olfaction health of individuals in the sample based rapid increases in brain size and longevity and primate social behavior. on the frequency of dental pathologies. over the past 2 MY of hominid evolution. From 84 individual bone elements, the Funding: Program Project Grant NINDS total available dentition is analyzed, in- NS 19632 and the Mathers Foundation. cluding eleven mandibles and four maxil- AAPA Abstracts 53

lae. The following characteristics are ex- ternity confidence are more accurate in 2Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, amined: age, dental attrition, and pa- their assessment of paternity than men Indonesia. thologies, including the frequency of lin- with low paternity confidence. Further- ear enamel hypoplasia (LEH), caries, ab- more, the difference in nonpaternity be- Recent work has identified significant scesses, periodontal disease, calculus, and tween these groups remains when com- geographic variation in cranial shape antemortem tooth loss. pared by geographical region (U.S., within Asia. Specifically, cranial shape When compared with other hunter- Europe, and elsewhere). Apparently not differentiates northern Chinese from In- gatherer groups, the frequency of ab- all men are equally good at assessing pa- donesian H. erectus, regardless of time scesses and tooth loss in the sample is low ternity, which raises interesting questions period. Due to the discontinuous distribu- (under 5%). While calculus and periodon- into the mechanisms by which men assess tion of known fossils, whether the geo- tal disease occur more frequently (40%), paternity confidence. graphic pattern of shape difference forms the cases are mild rather than severe. The a continuous (smooth) north-south clinal frequency of linear enamel hypoplasia is Nice chimps don’t always finish last: gradation, or a steep clinal gradation (i.e., also low (12%). Due to the nature of the Dominance rank and behavioral style conjunction) remains obscure. Interpreta- diet, the frequency of caries is low (less in chimpanzees. tion of the pattern is further complicated than 1%), and attrition is high, as ex- by a lack of temporal overlap between pected. Based on these results, the dental S.F. Anestis. Dept. of Anthropology, Yale localities in the two regions and by the health of the individuals in the sample is University. diachronous nature of both samples. We good, when good health is defined as the evaluate temporal variation in cranial absence of disease. Overall health based Primatologists have often remarked on anatomy of the Indonesian and Chinese on dentition is also good–indicators that “personality” differences among their subsamples to further elucidate the na- point to high stress and disease such as study animals. They refer to alphas of ture of the biogeographic pattern. LEH, abscesses, and tooth loss have lower both sexes as “mellow” or “mean,” catego- To avoid large time gaps within se- frequencies. The data suggests a healthy, rize females according to maternal style, quences, we focus on the time transgres- stable population at Little Salt Spring and compare adolescents with respect to sive samples from Sangiran, Java and during the Middle Archaic period. their interest in achieving high rank. Zhoukoudian, China which span from Such variation in behavioral style is about 1.6 to 1.1 Ma and from about 600 to How well does paternity confidence rarely quantified, despite recognition that 200 ka, respectively. We consider cranio- match actual paternity? Evidence it may have an important influence on dental characters and metrics, as well as from worldwide nonpaternity rates. individual reproductive success. cranial capacity. We compare within and Young chimpanzees in captivity form across chronostratigraphic units of each K.G. Anderson. Anthropology, University dominance hierarchies that are unstable sample to assess 1) sample homogeneity, of Oklahoma. because of variation in individual growth 2) character change, and 3) size change rates and, often, because keepers move through time. Overall the Javan sample Men can never be fully positive of pater- animals among groups. Individuals also is more variable than the Chinese. The nity, but must instead rely on indirect show extreme variation in behavioral Javan sample also exhibits clearer tempo- cues to assess paternity confidence. Noth- style, differing in such characteristics as ral trends in shape, in part related to re- ing is known, however, of how well pater- how they respond to individual and coali- duced massiveness of cranial superstruc- nity confidence matches actual paternity. tionary aggression and how frequently tures. Certain characters are stereotypic The costs of mistakenly assessing pater- they initiate positive social interactions in the Chinese sequence including mas- nity may be different for actual fathers with groupmates. I documented variation toid cresting patterns. However, distinc- versus actual non-fathers, because men in behavioral style among juvenile and tive Chinese skull shape is established in who unknowingly raise another man’s adolescent peer groups of chimpanzees its earliest individuals (Skull III), and child receive zero fitness benefits from living at the New Iberia Research Center temporal trends toward the exaggeration doing so, while men who abandon a (University of Louisiana at Lafayette) of this shape exist (if Skull III is adult) as spouse and child may still receive fitness over the course of 3 years. I show that do other related trends. benefits if the child survives to maturity. individuals with similar dominance ranks Because of these differences in fitness can have very different behavioral styles; Optimal size of feeding and traveling costs, men with high paternity confidence for example, alpha status can be main- subgroups of spider monkey (Ateles should be more accurate in their assess- tained through overt aggressive acts or belzebuth). ment of paternity than men with low pa- simply by signals that threaten aggres- ternity confidence. sion. I also test the hypothesis that high L. Arnedo1, J. Ahumada2. 1Anthropology I test this hypothesis using published baseline urinary cortisol level is associ- Department, University of Wisconsin, data on nonpaternity to compare nonpa- ated with particular styles. An under- 2USGS National Wildlife Health Center. ternity rates from two groups of men, standing of behavioral style variation will based on their presumed level of paternity help explain differences between indi- Spider monkeys associate in subgroups confidence. Men with high paternity con- viduals in such variables as response to to feed, travel, and rest. Several studies fidence (subjects in genetic studies) have acute and chronic stressors, probability of showed that subgroup size responds di- very low rates of nonpaternity (median = achieving high rank, and ultimately re- rectly to the availability of fruit in the 1.9%, N = 22). Men with extremely low productive success. home range. However, it is unknown paternity confidence (cases of disputed whether different types of subgroups re- paternity resulting in paternity tests) Biogeography of Homo erectus: In- spond differently to fruit availability. In have much higher levels of nonpaternity sights from Indonesia and China. this study we analyzed the effect of fruit (median = 30.2%, N = 30). These levels are availability in feeding subgroups and significantly different (Wilcoxon sign-rank S.C. Antón1, E. Indriati2. 1Department of traveling subgroups test), confirming that men with high pa- Anthropology, New York University, 54 AAPA Abstracts

On a community of spider monkeys at discontinuous lower canopy, but used logroups based on the variation at 15 STR Tinigua National Park – Colombia, data of lianas and undergrowth to facilitate bridg- loci are quite recent (C.I.95% < 13 kya). The activity and subgroup size were collected ing. For all taxa, short bounds were the Mediterranean Sea and the Sahara Desert during fruit abundance and scarcity sea- most common gap-crossing method. probably imposed an east-west direction sons. We found a correlation between However, complex factors exist. The on the peopling of this area. feeding subgroup size and patch size, but hypothesis that larger-bodied primates feeding subgroup size was not different use more sturdy supports was unsup- Looking for safety at the top: Sleep between seasons. On the contrary, travel- ported, as L. albigena used pliant sup- site selection by Propithecus diadema ing subgroups were significantly larger ports most often, while C. ascanius used edwardsi within Ranomafana Na- during the fruit abundance season (Mean the least, and P. badius was intermediate. tional Park, Madagascar. scarcity = 3.4 individuals ± 2.6, median = Also, L. albigena canopy and support use 2 vs. mean abundance = 4.5 individuals ± varied considerably between 2001 (low S.J. Arrigo-Nelson. Interdepartmental 3.14, median = 3). On average, traveling canopy, small pliant branches) and 2003 Doctoral Program in Anthropological Sci- subgroups were twice the size of feeding (taller trees, large supports). Variance in ences, Stony Brook University. subgroups (Traveling subgroups mean = forest microhabitats must be examined to 4.3 ± 3.06 vs. Feeding subgroups mean = properly evaluate primate positional be- For diurnal primates, day-active preda- 2.4 ±1.8 individuals). Feeding subgroups havior and support use. tors can be deterred through a combina- that had between 2 and 4 individuals tion of crypticity, vigilance, alarm calling, presented the highest feeding rates. This A clinal pattern of human Y chromo- and mobbing. However, when asleep, the suggests that although spider monkeys some diversity in North Africa. selection of “safe” sleeping locations is the adjust the size of the feeding subgroup to only thing that stands between these pri- patch size, there is an optimal subgroup B. Arredi1,2,3, E.S. Poloni2, S. Paracchini4, mates and their nocturnal predators. The size where individuals maximize food T. Zerjal2, D. M. Fathallah5, M. Makre- Propithecus population within the rainfor- intake. Spider monkeys prefer traveling in louf6, A. Novelletto7, C. Tyler-Smith3,8. est of Ranomafana National Park (RNP), large subgroups, but food availability 1Institute of Legal Medicine, Catholic Madagascar is threatened by one noctur- during the fruit scarcity is hypothesized to University of Rome, 2Dept. of Anthropol- nal predator, the fossa (Cryptoprocta decrease traveling subgroup size, guaran- ogy and Ecology, University of Geneva, ferox). Long-term study of the Propithecus teeing that every individual in the sub- 3Dept. of Biochemistry, University of Ox- populations within the selectively logged group will have access to fruit in the feed- ford, 4Wellcome Trust Centre for Human habitat at RNP has revealed high levels of ing subgroup. Genetics, University of Oxford, 5Pasteur fossa predation (up to 19 of 39 animals Institute, Tunis, 6Hospital Chu Bab El within 10 years). This study explores the Subtleties in African monkey posi- Oued Alger, 7Dept. of Cell Biology, Univer- impact that habitat disturbance has on tional behavior and support use: The sity of Calabria, 8The Wellcome Trust Propithecus behavior by comparing the influence of microhabitat variation Sanger Institute, Hinxton. sleep site selection and sleeping patterns within a single site in the Kibale For- of seven social groups from selectively est, Uganda. We have used a method based on primer logged and pristine forest areas over a extension and mass spectrometry allele one-year period. Data suggest that Pro- G.P. Aronsen. Department of Anthropol- detection to analyse 118 Y-chromosomal pithecus within both habitats demonstrate ogy, Yale University. SNPs from more than 250 unrelated indi- similar preferences for sleeping partners viduals sampled from five North African and group spacing during the night. A central problem in interpreting pri- populations, completing our set with pub- However, botanical inventory data col- mate positional behavior and support use lished data on Moroccan populations. Two lected from the sites suggest that habitat is the influence of canopy architecture. haplogroups, E3b2* and J*, make up 63% structure may limit sleep site choice, both From February-May 2003, I recorded posi- of the Y chromosomes observed in this in terms of sleep site height (absolute tional behavior and support use in three region. E3b2* rises in frequency from east and/or relative) and the number of sleep monkeys (Cercopithecus ascanius, Lopho- (~10%) to west (~64%) while the within- sites used. These data increase our under- cebus albigena, and Piliocolobus badius) sample gene diversity decreases, suggest- standing of the broad impact that habitat within the Kibale National Forest, ing an increasing level of genetic drift in disturbance, such as selective logging, can Uganda. I also collected data on forest the west. The inferred level of populations have on primate behavior and anti- structure, including tree species, canopy genetic structure is significant (FST=0.103, predation strategies. height and continuity, support character- P<0.0001) and fits the pattern expected Funding was provided for this project by: istics, and gap frequency. under an isolation-by-distance model. Fulbright (IIE), The St. Louis Zoo (FRC), My results indicate that P. badius spent Autocorrelation analyses reveal an east- Earthwatch, and Primate Conservation, the most time in the upper canopy, using west cline of genetic variation, compatible Incorporated. wide-crowned trees with very large, stout with the hypothesis of a demic diffusion. supports. L. albigena used mid-sized This expansion must have involved rela- Pattern of mitochondrial genetic branches in the middle canopy most often, tively small numbers of Y chromosomes to variability of the black howler mon- and C. ascanius used small branches in account for the reduction in gene diversity key (Alouatta caraya): An example of the middle and lower canopy. These can- accompanying the frequency increase of post-glacial range expansion in South opy height preferences correlate with the E3b2*, but with gene flow maintained to American fauna. number of gaps encountered, and how explain the observed pattern of isolation- they are crossed. P. badius faced the most by-distance. We speculate that the expan- M.S. Ascunce1,2, E. Hasson1, G. Zunino3, gaps in the disjunctive upper canopy, and sion forming the basis of Y-chromosomal C.J. Mulligan2, M.D. Mudry1. 1Grupo de thus leaped the most. L. albigena used variation in North Africa was associated Investigación en Biología Evolutiva, Dep- bridging in the more continuous middle with the Neolithic, since the estimations tartamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolu- canopy. C. ascanius also faced gaps in the of the TMRCA of the most common hap- ción, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Bue- AAPA Abstracts 55

nos Aires, 1428, Argentina. 2Department cene regional groups. The goal is to iden- evaluated). In all females estradiol pat- of Anthropology, University of Florida, tify the degree of distinctiveness of Asian terns are more variable. Gainesville, FL, USA. 3División de Mamí- populations. In the first aged female, high degree of feros, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Natu- Thirty-six fossils dated to between 1.8– cyclicity in estrus behavior, regularity of rales “Bernardino Rivadavia”, Buenos 0.9 kya are studied. Five aspects of the progestogen cycles, and close concordance Aires, 1405, Argentina. frontal bone are quantified using Ellipti- between hormonal cycling and estrus be- cal Fourier Analysis. The x and y har- havior, compare to patterns for prime- Primates, as long-lived and socially monic amplitudes are reduced using prin- aged females. However, both aged females complex mammals, offer the opportunity cipal components analysis. Fossils are show longer average cycle lengths than to study the effects of behavior and de- assigned to one of four regional groups the control, and progestogen peaks in the mography on evolution. Genetic differen- and discriminant function analyses are second female are even longer and more tiation among populations is determined performed for each aspect separately. The variable, possibly consistent with early by the interaction between current de- significance of Mahalanobis’ D2 statistic indications of reproductive failure. mography and evolutionary factors such between groups is reported. Starting in their midthirties, captive as natural selection, gene flow and genetic The results indicate that Asian speci- gorillas generally demonstrate less regu- drift. However, historic processes can also mens are not significantly morphologically lar ovarian cycles and reduced pregnancy affect the genetic diversity of populations. distinct in features of the frontal bone, rates. Thus, given a maximum lifespan of In this work, we analyze nucleotide vari- with the exception of the mid-orbital 50+years, 25% of female gorilla maximum ability at the mitochondrial control region browridge. Posterior probability misclas- lifespan can be nonreproductive. Through in the black howler monkey (Alouatta sifications most commonly place the Afri- continued monitoring of aging captive caraya) at the southern marginal distribu- can specimens with the Chinese or South- gorillas we aim to evaluate whether goril- tion of its geographical range. east Asians. This suggests that the mor- las experience reproductive termination A total of 674 bp were sequenced for the phological distinctiveness of Asians may akin to menopause. mitochondrial control region from 70 not be sufficient to warrant considering specimens sampled in seven localities. them a separate evolutionary clade. The Precocial development of hindlimb Twenty-six segregating sites and 33 hap- observed differences may represent popu- muscle mass ratios in quadrupedal lotypes were recorded in the entire sample lation-level forces such as drift or range and leaping prosimians. giving a haplotypic diversity of 0.943. Fu’s expansions rather than replacement (Fs) statistic employed to detect demo- events in Asia. This also demonstrates M. Atzeva1, M.L. Kirkbride1, A.M. Bur- graphic expansion, was significant (- that the frontal bone varies in a mosaic rows2, T.D. Smith1. 1School of Physical 10,760; P 0,007) allowing the estimation of fashion, which should be taken into ac- Therapy, Slippery Rock University, population sizes and the time of the most count when relying on these traits to draw 2Department of Physical Therapy, Du- recent common ancestor. Our results sug- conclusions about population relation- quesne University. gest that a demographic expansion oc- ships. curred approximately 13,500–6,500 years A recent study has shown muscle mass ago based on three different mutation Behavioral and hormonal estrus cy- ratios reflect specialized modes of locomo- rates. These dates correspond to the end cles in captive geriatric lowland go- tion in adult primates. However, no stud- of the Pleistocene glaciations and the be- rillas (Gorilla gorilla). ies have examined whether muscle mass ginning of the global warming when a ratios are specialized at birth. The present period of extreme dryness, known as the S. Atsalis1, S. Margulis2. 1, 2Behavioral study tests the hypothesis that leaping Younger Dryas, occurred. Benign climatic Research, Brookfield Zoo, 2Committee on primates differ in muscle mass distribu- conditions may have allowed the expan- Evolutionary Biology, University of Chi- tion from arboreal quadrupeds at birth. sion of the black howler monkey into the cago. Three species of primates were examined, most southern distribution of all extant Microcebus murinus (3 infants, 6 adults), New World monkeys. Research on great ape reproduction as Cheirogaleus medius (4 infants, 3 adults), females age may help in understanding and Tarsius syrichta (3 infants, 1 adult). Assessing the relationship of Asian reproductive aging and menopause in the Hindlimb muscles were dissected free Middle Pleistocene Homo to other human female. This study at Brookfield from tendons and overlying fascia. Each regional populations using frontal Zoo is part of a larger investigation un- muscle was lightly blotted dry and bone morphology. derway on reproductive senescence in weighed to the nearest 0.001 gm. Average female gorillas in North American zoos muscle/group masses were graphically S. Athreya. Department of Anthropology, where we compare behavioral estrus data compared among species/ages. Texas A&M University. to estradiol and progestogen cycles Overall, muscle mass ratios varied little (through fecal hormone analysis) to between neonates and adults of any spe- Models of Middle Pleistocene hominin evaluate if observed behavioral cyclicity in cies. Quadriceps muscle mass predomi- evolution focus on the evolutionary rela- geriatric (40+) females is driven by ovar- nated the thigh muscle mass in all spe- tionship between African and European ian activity. cies, but especially in T. syrichta (71% in populations, with little detail given to the Mean length of progestogen peaks (n=3 neonates and 74% in adults). In the two role of Asian groups. Evaluations of cra- cycles/female) are: 22±5 days for the con- cheirogaleids, quadriceps mass ranged nial morphology usually place Asian popu- trol, and 26±5 and 29±8 for the two aged from 44-48%. In the leg, the relative mass lations on evolutionary side branches. In subjects. Results point to strong physio- of superficial plantarflexors predominated this study, a quantitative assessment of logical validation of progestogen; peaks in M. murinus (39% in neonates and 37% the frontal bone is offered to understand show regularity and close coincidence with in adults) and T. syrichta (40% in neo- patterns of trait evolution and to statisti- monthly estrus behaviors (n=13 cy- nates and 42% in adults), whereas in C. cally evaluate the significance of morpho- cles/female for control and first aged fe- medius, the deep plantarflexors predomi- logical differences among Middle Pleisto- male, estrus behavior in the second not nated (38% in neonates and 42% in 56 AAPA Abstracts

adults). Subtle differences in the leg may Johns Hopkins University School of Medi- erally been obtained by creating endocasts exist between these arboreal quadrupeds cine. out of rubber latex shells filled with plas- (reflecting more leaping in M. murinus ter. This process involves a number of and more grasping in C. medius). Overall, Studies of post-cranial asymmetry have procedures that, as with any casting proc- these results indicate that muscle mass the potential to elucidate epigenetic ef- ess, could conceivably introduce subtle ratios are highly conserved phylogenetic fects on limb bone morphology, but are errors. The extent to which endocast repli- characteristics of primates, and are pre- often limited in terms of numbers of indi- cas match the actual endocranial surfaces sent at birth despite the altrichial state of viduals, representation of different popu- has been difficult to determine with any neonates. lations, or dimensions included. This confidence. To investigate this, high- study examines postcranial bilateral resolution CT scans were taken of two Brucellosis in ancient Nubia: Morbid- asymmetry in a large world-wide sample endocasts (made by Prof. Ralph Holloway) ity in biocultural perspective through of Holocene humans (n=775; 474 males along with their corresponding crania. 3D time at Semna South, Sudan. and 249 females). 19 highly repeatable virtual endocasts were created from the measures of bone length, average mid- cranial CT scans and rigidly registered to M.M. Aubin. Department of Anthropology, shaft diaphyseal breath, and articular their corresponding 3D latex/plaster endo- Arizona State University, Tempe. breadth were taken on humeri, radii, cast CT images. The degree to which femora, and tibiae. Asymmetries were points on the surfaces of the crania- Brucellosis today causes considerable calculated as (right-left)/((right+left)/2) x derived virtual endocasts mismatch their morbidity and economic distress world- 100. registered latex/plaster versions can then wide and is rampant in many parts of the Greatest asymmetries occur in upper be assessed on a voxel-by-voxel basis and world, including north Africa (WHO, limb diaphyseal breadths (humerus , viewed in 3D. 1997). However, there has been a mini- 3.30%, radius, 2.30%), both right biased. Analysis of the differences indicate that mal amount of paleopathological work on Upper limb lengths and articular breadths 84% of the voxels in one pair, and 92% of brucellosis (e.g., Ortner, 2003) and only demonstrate significant, but smaller the voxels in the other are within 2 mm one study of the disease in an ancient right-side bias (0.5% -1.40%). Conversely, either way of the virtual endocast. Both population (Capasso, 1999). This study is a small but significant left side bias is comparisons show that the areas of larg- an examination of the skeletal manifesta- evident in many of the measures for the est mismatch occurs around the cranial tions of brucellosis in the ancient Nubian lower limb, with again the greatest later- base. While the average error is relatively population of Semna South, Sudan. It alization in diaphyseal breadths (0.5% - small, variation in the pattern of error assesses the disease’s impact on morbidity 0.8%). Lower limb lengths and articular across the surfaces clearly differs between in the population as well as provides evi- dimensions demonstrate smaller and more the two endocasts. This study gives an dence of consumption of dairy products for variable asymmetries. Sex differences in idea of the size of possible error inherent a site in which archaeological data is lack- asymmetry are generally minor, except in in plaster endocasts, thereby indicating ing. It documents brucellosis lesions in humeral diaphyseal breadth, which is the level of confidence we can have with Meroitic (n=374), Ballana (n=37) and more asymmetric in males (4.5%, vs. 2.6% studies relying on comparisons between Christian (n=12) period adult Nubians in females, p<.01). There is little if any them and, e.g., hominid fossil endocasts. (350 B.C. - A.D. 1200). correlation between length and diaphyseal Image analysis research using MRI of Archaeological presence of the primary breadth asymmetry in any bone. human and primate brains has suggested brucellosis vectors, especially goats and These results support the interpretation that the frontal lobe as a whole in humans cattle, in Nubian and Egyptian sites indi- of greater epigenetic plasticity in limb is not especially elaborated, while other cates potential brucellosis presence. bone cross-sectional dimensions than in research has suggested that the prefrontal While isolated cases from ancient Egypt lengths or articular breadths. The greater itself is larger as a percentage of total (Baker, n.d.; Hodgkins, 2003) have been upper limb diaphyseal breadth (but not cortex than in non-human primates. reported, disease frequencies in archaeo- length) asymmetry in males is consistent logical north African populations are, so with this interpretation. Previously ob- Discovery of Sambungmacan hominid far, absent. Analysis of the Semna South served “crossed symmetry” patterns be- fossils and its contribution to the skeletal materials, in accordance with tween upper and lower limbs are sup- study of human evolution in Austral- clinically defined criteria (Özaksoy, 2001; ported. Effects of subsistence strategy asia. Rajapakse et al., 1987), yields a total and geography are further investigated. brucellosis frequency of 2.11% from verte- F. Aziz1, Y. Kaifu2, H. Baba2, 3, T. Jacob4, bral lesions. All of those identified were Validation of plaster endocast mor- S. Narasaki5. 1Geological Research and from the Meroitic sub-sample; all but one phology through 3D CT image analy- Development Centre, Bandung, Indonesia. were male, and all were at least 30 years sis. 2National Science Museum, Tokyo, Japan. old at time of death. However, chi-square 3University of Tokyo, Japan. 4University statistics showed no statistical signifi- B. Avants1, J. Gee1, P.T. Schoenemann2, J. of Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. cance to these trends. All infections ap- Monge2, J.E. Lewis2, R.L. Holloway3. 5Board of Education, Gunma, Japan. peared long-standing and may have 1Department of Radiology, University of caused considerable debility in those af- Pennsylvania, 2Department of Anthropol- The Pleistocene deposits of the Sam- fected. ogy, University of Pennsylvania, bungmacan District, Central Java, have 3Department of Anthropology, Columbia so far yielded four hominid fossils. Sam- The right preferences? Bilateral University. bungmacan 1 (Sm 1), an adult male cra- asymmetry in the upper and lower nial vault with an incomplete base, was limbs of modern humans. A crucial component of research on brain found in 1973 during the construction of a evolution is the comparison of fossil endo- canal at a meander site of the Solo River. B.M. Auerbach, C.B. Ruff. Center for cranial surfaces with modern human and Morphological evaluation of Sm 1 varies Functional Anatomy and Evolution, The primate endocrania. The latter have gen- among researchers, but the specimen AAPA Abstracts 57

shows somewhat intermediate conditions digitized using a Microscribe-3DX digi- of the postglenoid process, presence of the between the Sangiran and Ngandong re- tizer. Specimen configurations were su- strong opisthionic recess, and develop- mains in our view. Sm 2, the mid shaft of perimposed with GPA using Morpheus ment of the postcondyloid tuberosity. In a right tibia of probable adult male, was and Morphologika. The fitted coordinates terms of such idiosyncratic morphologies, found in 1977 among the surface collection were statistically analyzed (PCA, dis- Sm 4, as well as Sm 1, shows an interme- of animal bones just near the canal of the criminant analysis) using SAS. Shape diate condition between the Early Pleisto- Solo River. Recent multi-element analysis differences separating groups along prin- cene Sangiran and late Middle to Late suggests that the bone was derived from cipal components were explored using Pleistocene Ngandong skulls. the late Early to Middle Pleistocene Ka- Morphologika. Thus, a series of the unique features buh Formation (Matsu’ura et al., 2000). PC1 and 2 (33.1 and 21.6 % respectively observed in the Ngandong specimens are Sm 3, a young adult female skull vault of the total variance) separated Neander- likely to have been evolved in a regional with an incomplete base, was picked up in thals from modern humans. PC1 was Homo erectus population in the Sunda 1997 by a worker who was collecting sand moderately correlated with centroid size. region under a substantially isolated con- from the river bed of the Solo River be- The positioning of the axillary sulci rela- dition. This apparent intensification of tween Mlare village and Cemeng village. tive to the infraglenoid tuberosity showed morphological distinctiveness through the The skull had been illegally transported to the expected pattern, as did glenoid fossa Middle Pleistocene period contradicts the USA by an unknown dealer and later shape: Neanderthals showed a shallower expectation of the multiregional model of returned to Indonesia by our effort in and less cranially oriented glenoid fossa the modern human origins. It is likely 1999. Although the vault is small and with a more superiorly located maximum that Javanese Homo erectus populations extremely rounded, its general morphol- antero-posterior width. However, Nean- have made minimal contributions to the ogy resembles that of the Ngandong derthals also exhibited a superoinferiorly ancestry of modern humans. skulls. In 2001, another skull with com- shorter infraglenoid tuberosity. PC 3 plete base was picked up, again, during (12.7 %) separated Inuit from recent Derived morphology in Neandertal the sand collection activity, at a spot only Americans. Recent Americans had a more maxillary molars: Insights from about 100 m upstream to the find spot of dorso-cranially oriented glenoid fossa and above. Sm 3. Sm 4 shows intermediate features a slightly supero-inferiorly shorter in- between the Sangiran and Ngandong re- fraglenoid tuberosity. The Upper Paleo- S.E. Bailey. Department of Anthropology, mains. lithic specimen showed a bisulcate pat- CASHP, The George Washington Univer- While these hominid fossils from Sam- tern. It was classified as modern human sity. bungmacan area demonstrate some de- by posterior probability. gree of morphological variation and their Supported by NSF DBI 9602234 (NY- This study investigates morphometric exact chronological ages are yet to be CEP), ACI 9982351 (NYCEP/AMNH Mor- variation in the maxillary first molar of known, they provide important clues to phometrics Group) contemporary humans and Middle to Late approach various questions regarding Pleistocene fossil hominins. Specifically, Javanese Homo erectus and will contrib- Morphology of Sambungmacan 4 it evaluates 1) whether perceived shape ute to further advancement of studies on skull and the evidence of discontinu- differences between Neandertals and con- human evolution in Australasia. ity in Australasia. temporary humans is significant, and 2) whether the features that contribute to A 3-D analysis of shape differences in H. Baba1,2, F. Aziz3, Y. Kaifu1, R. T. Kono1, the Neandertal tooth shape are unique to the scapula between Neanderthals T. Jacob4. 1National Science Museum, Neandertals. Data on three variables and modern humans using geometric Tokyo, Japan. 2University of Tokyo, Ja- (cusp area, cusp angle and occlusal poly- morphometrics. pan. 3Geological Research and Develop- gon area) were collected to assess tooth ment Centre, Bandung, Indonesia. shape and cusp orientation. The data K.L. Baab1,2, K. Harvati2,3. 1Department of 4University of Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, were collected from occlusal photographs Anthropology, CUNY Graduate Center, Indonesia. of maxillary molar crowns of Homo erectus 2New York Consortium in Evolutionary (n=3), archaic Homo sapiens (n=2), Nean- Primatology, 3Department of Anthropol- Sambungmacan 4 (Sm 4), the fossil hu- dertals (n=14), early (n=2), Upper Paleo- ogy, New York University. man cranial vault of an adult male indi- lithic (n=6) and contemporary (n=64) vidual, was found in October 2001 from modern humans. Univariate and multi- Previous studies have found numerous the river bed of the Solo River in Sam- variate tests were used to evaluate differ- differences between the scapulae of Nean- bungmacan District, Central Java. The ences among groups and principal compo- derthals and modern humans. Distin- specimen possesses a set of general mor- nent analysis was used to summarize guishing characteristics include the dorsal phological features seen in other Homo inter- and intra-sample variation. position of the subglenoid axillary sulcus erectus skulls from Asia and Africa. The Significant differences in all three vari- and a longer, narrower and less cranially fossil shows no obvious signs of fluvial ables were found. Analyses of relative oriented glenoid fossa. This study exam- transport, and is likely to have been de- cusp areas suggest that Neandertals are ined the shape and orientation of the gle- rived from the Kabuh Formation widely distinguished from contemporary and noid fossa and the superior axillary border distributed upstream near the findspot. Upper Paleolithic humans by a relatively (including the infraglenoid tuberosity and The chronologically younger Javanese large hypocone and small metacone. the axillary sulcus) in Neanderthals and Homo erectus skulls from Ngandong show Analyses of cusp angles suggest that Ne- modern humans using 3-D geometric a number of unique features that are not andertal tooth shape is highly divergent morphometrics. observed, or rare, among the earlier Homo when compared to both contemporary and Samples comprised pre-contact Inuit erectus from Sangiran or other archaic fossil humans. A small, internally placed (13), recent white Americans (15), Nean- fossil and living humans. Such features metacone contributes, at least in part, to derthals (3) and one Upper Paleolithic include an extremely straight and later- these differences. The analysis of occlusal European. Eight 3-D landmarks were ally thickened supraorbital torus, absence polygon area suggests that Neandertals 58 AAPA Abstracts

are unique in their possession of inter- Brucellosis at Abydos, Egypt. the forensic community and families by nally compressed cusps. In sum, the re- providing a centralized depository of col- sults indicate that Neandertal M1 shape is B.J. Baker. Dept. of Anthropology, Ari- lected information as well as genetic not only distinctive, but that it appears to zona State University. analysis of remains. This effort includes be derived from the more primitive shapes the exhumation of individuals from pau- of Homo erectus and anatomically modern The distribution of brucellosis and its per graves, anthropometric analysis of humans. impact on Old World populations is poorly their remains and mtDNA sequence Supported by the NSF (BCS-0002481) understood. Brucellosis has rarely been analysis. In addition, cases currently and LSB Leaky Foundation. documented in archaeological remains under investigation in offices along the (Aufderheide and Rodríguez-Martín, 1998; border are being accepted for mtDNA Using humanities to unwrap biology: Ortner, 2003), despite its common skeletal analysis and any information shared by The Qiang controversy. involvement in clinical studies. The pres- these agencies along with the genetic re- ence of principal reservoirs, including sults are included in the database. Al- S.M. Bailey1, J. Xu2, X. Hu3. 1Tufts Uni- domestic sheep, goats, and cattle, suggest though the project is in its infancy it has versity, 2Sichuan University, 3South that brucellosis would be frequent in an- assisted in the positive identification of China Normal University. cient Egyptian skeletal remains. Sacroil- one individual. With time the database iac lesions in two disarticulated skeletal will provide a significant increase in data Linguistic and historical data can re- series from the Smithsonian Institution, to help further understand the incredible solve a controversy over ontogenetic af- dating to the Middle Kingdom and later, diversity within the Hispanic classifica- finities of the Qiang, a Chinese nationality are the only evidence for brucellosis ad- tion used by forensic scientists. in the mountains of northwestern Si- vanced to date (Hodgkins, 2003). The Donde Esta database uses PHP chuan. Comparisons of prepubescent More secure identification of brucellosis middleware to enable users to access the school children at four high altitude sites in ancient Egypt is provided by a well- PostgreSQL database online. The dy- in Sichuan and Tibet show that Qiang preserved burial excavated from the Aby- namic interface allows users to query the children more resemble Tibetan than Han dos North Cemetery in late 2002. The database for possible cataloged remains or Hui peers in physiological adaptation third and fourth lumbar vertebrae of this by using indicators such as sex, height, and shape, but are intermediate in size middle adult female present the pathog- weight, last known location, broken bones and weight. Interpreting these biological nomonic Pedro-i-Pons sign. This lesion is and dental anomalies, among other cate- findings depends on one's choice of com- characterized by osteolysis of the antero- gories. A specialized scoring algorithm peting histories. superior margin of the vertebral body determines the significance of a match in Between the 8th and 18th centuries, accompanied by reactive bone formation the database. If a match exceeds 70%, Tibetan kings controlled western Sichuan. on the anterior aspect (Capasso, 1999). mtDNA examination of a maternal rela- Qiang today speak a Tibeto-Burmese dia- Additional pathology indicative of infec- tive is performed to verify the results. lect, share some settlements with Tibet- tious disease includes severe, bilateral Inquiries scoring below 70% are cached for ans and intermarry. As a result, American mastoiditis, lytic lesions on the proximal re-query at a later time against a future anthropologists and historians assume humeri, periosteal reactions on both fibu- inventory. this group is a remnant of early Tibetan lae, and nodular apposition on the visceral expansion; their name is seen as a variant surfaces of ribs. While this case consti- Littoral forest primate fauna in the of "Zhang," which means Tibetan. Chinese tutes the first diagnostic evidence of Tolagnaro (Fort-Dauphin) region of and European colleagues, by contrast, brucellosis at Abydos, further examination southeastern Madagascar. argue for an independent origin of the of the skeletal series is required to esti- Qiang from southwestern Mongolia about mate disease prevalence. The recent focus M. Banks. Department of Anthropology, 3,500 BP. on diagnostic criteria and prevalence of SUNY at Stony Brook. New data dispute Qiang linguistic affin- brucellosis in well-preserved skeletal se- ity with Tibetan, and suggest the two ries from Africa, the Near East, and the To expand knowledge of primate species groups' propinquity is a modern artifact. Mediterranean (e.g., Aubin, n.d.; Capasso, distributions, local population levels and Qiang fought Tibetan incursions repeat- 1999; Fan et al., 2003) contributes to their relationship with existing environ- edly, culminating in the Jinchuan Cam- evaluation of its impact on ancient popu- mental variables in an area of very high paigns of 1747-49. Tibetan and Qiang lations in these regions. conservation priority, three littoral forest molecular sequences are geographically sites of unknown primate density in the discordant. The creation of an anthropometric southeastern Madagascar were surveyed If Qiang are neither remnants of Tibetan and DNA database to aid in the iden- using the line transect method and bo- expansion nor long residents of high alti- tification of illegal immigrant re- tanical survey techniques from Sept. 2000 tude, then our findings challenge the mains. – July 2001. Increases in the encounter popular assumption that Tibetan patterns rates of 3 species including at least one of growth adaptation required habitation L.E. Baker1, E.J. Baker2. 1Dept. of Sociol- IUCN listed taxa (Eulemur collaris) since the Upper Paleolithic. Alternatively, ogy and Anthropology, Baylor University, emerge when a preliminary survey from Qiang growth may reflect convergent on- 2Dept. of Computer Science, Baylor Uni- 1997 is compared with the current study. togenetic pathways, or very recent admix- versity. Density estimates for these species were ture. These findings suggest we can ex- high in sites where they were discovered pand "biocultural" strategies to test bio- There were roughly 900 reported deaths and may reflect decreased hunting pres- logical hypotheses with data from the between 1999 and 2000 of immigrants sure on primates in these areas since humanities and social sciences. crossing illegally from Mexico into the 1997. However, patterned responses to United States. Forty-four percent of those habitat fragmentation and habitat loss individuals remain unidentified. This have been suggested in other areas in initiative aims to assist law enforcement, order to explain unusually high primate AAPA Abstracts 59

abundance in remnant blocks of pristine of vertebrates, and the utilization of a 3Dept. Animal Biology, University of Bar- habitat, and are also considered here. The large home range are reconstructed as celona, Spain. results from botanical surveys indicate occurring in the common ancestor of Homo that habitat conditions vary significantly and Pan. These findings have implications The Etruscan culture is documented in across littoral forest sites but none of for a number of prominent palaeoanthro- Central Italy in the first millennium BC. these were correlated with lemur popula- pological hypotheses. It is unclear whether the Etruscans can be tion density. Variation is likely a reflec- regarded as a biological population, or tion of floristic heterogeneity within litto- Where have all the hands gone? An- rather as an assemblage of people who ral forests and not necessarily the quality thropological case from biblical shared a non-Indo-European language of habitat for lemurs. Thus, although times. and a religion, but not recent common fragmented and disturbed, littoral forest ancestors. We collected bone specimens remnants in southeastern Madagascar A. Barash1, I. Hershkovitz1, Y. Hiss1,2. from 80 Etruscans who lived between the still provide both important and unique 1Department of Anatomy & Anthropology, 7th and the 3rd century BC. Using the refuges for lemur species. Efforts to un- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv strictest current criteria for validation of derstand more about this unique biologi- University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel. ancient DNA sequences, and eliminating cal community, threats to its persistence 2National Center of Forensic Medicine, Tel 53 specimens that did not comply with all and the role that primates play as a part Aviv, Israel. criteria (plus a possible case of consan- of the natural ecology here would be well guinity), we determined mitochondrial addressed with long-term research at Removal of the hands of captive warriors sequence in multiple clones derived from these sites. seems to be a common practice among 27 presumably unrelated individuals. biblical civilizations. Relief on walls of Twenty-two different sequences were Reconstructing human behavioural Assyrian palaces and Egyptian tombs found among these individuals, who ap- evolution through phylogenetic described the victorious armies cutting pear as genetically variable as modern analyses of extant hominoid behav- the hands of their enemies and bringing populations. No heterogeneity is apparent iour. them back to the king as a solid proof of among archaeological sites or time peri- their victory. In 722 B.C. the kingdom of ods, suggesting that the Etruscans shared S.J. Banks, M. Collard. Department of Israel was about to collapse. The armies of not only a culture, but also a mitochon- Anthropology, Washington State Univer- the Assyrian king Sennacherib had put drial gene pool. Observed mitochondrial sity. Samaria, its capital, under siege, which haplotypes appear related with, but sel- soon falls to the hands of the Assyrians. dom identical to, the haplotypes of modern One goal of palaeoanthropological re- This was the end of the Kingdom of Israel. Europeans. Genetic affinities suggest search is to reconstruct the path of human The Assyrian army, which had a reputa- evolutionary relationships with both Ital- behavioural evolution. There are several tion of being one of the cruelest armies, ian and Anatolian modern populations. potential ways of tackling this, but as Di return victorious home, with the ultimate Admixture estimates indicate that the Fiore and Rendall (1994) have noted re- evidence: the hands of the Israeli soldiers. component of the mitochondrial genome cently there is reason to think that ap- The Relief and drawings in the Assyrian that can be attributed to ancestors similar proaches involving the explicit adoption of and Egyptian palaces and tombs were to the current Anatolians was roughly a phylogenetic perspective are likely to be considered, for a long time, part of the three times as high among the Etruscans most successful. With this in mind, we exaggeration attitude typical to the time than in modern Italians. The paucity of undertook a literature review to deter- and region. Recently, a tomb near Etruscan sequences among modern Ital- mine the states of 75 behavioural charac- Samaria was excavated and revealed sev- ians of the same area is puzzling, and will ters in the five extant hominoid genera, eral skeletons. Based on the archaeologi- be addressed trying to estimate by com- Hylobates, Pongo, Gorilla, Pan, and Homo cal findings, the grave was dated to the puter simulation the severity of a bottle- (represented by the Ache and Hadza), as Assyrian time. Among the remains, there neck that could justify such a high rate of well as in two outgroup taxa, Papio and was one individual who showed evidence allele loss. Colobus. Thereafter, we employed the of extreme violent death. Among other cladistics-based computer program Mac- injuries, His left hand was missing. The Comparative volumetric analysis of Clade 4 to map the character states onto paper describes in details the many inju- the hominoid amygdala. the widely-accepted consensus molecular ries inflicted to the skull and other bones phylogeny for the hominoids, and to iden- and correlates them with the description N. Barger1, L. Stefanacci2, N. Schenker1, tify behavioural changes at key points in of massacre of captives by the Assyrian K. Semendeferi1. 1Dept. of Anthropology, the group’s evolutionary history. Our army seen on the wall of Nineveh. Infor- University of California at San Diego, analyses suggest that several important mation of the type of weapons (mainly 2Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La human behaviours have deeper roots than swords) used by the Assyrian army and Jolla CA. is commonly appreciated. For example, supportive evidence from present forensic tool-use and male-dominated inter-group cases are used to further analyze this The amygdaloid complex, a major limbic aggression are reconstructed as having case. structure comprised of many distinct sub- developed prior to the split between the nuclei, mediates appraisal of the social Pongo lineage and the lineage leading to A population-genetic study of the and physical environment and is exten- Homo, Pan and Gorilla, while terrestrial Etruscans. sively connected with cortical and subcor- locomotion, ground-based eating, and tical structures. To date, amygdala vol- bipedal threat displays are estimated to G. Barbujani1, C. Vernesi1, D. Caramelli2, umes have been reported for only four have appeared before the separation of the I. Dupanloup1, B. Chiarelli2, C. Lalueza- individual apes. Using stereological tech- Gorilla lineage and the lineage leading to Fox3. 1Dept. Of Biology, University of niques, we measured amygdala volumes Homo and Pan. Likewise, regular food Ferrara, Italy, 2Dept. Animal Biology and in one human, three chimpanzees, two sharing, the deliberate capture and killing Genetics, University of Florence, Italy, 60 AAPA Abstracts

bonobos, one gorilla, three orangutans, chance. Joint pathology was assessed in representing the extreme end of the life and two gibbons. the distal humerus from skeletal collec- history pace gradient. Infancy, the period Our analysis indicates that amygdala tions from prehistoric Central California of immaturity when parenting is most and whole brain volumes share a negative (n=315). Presence and absence for each intense and offspring are still dependent allometric relationship (p<.05). The abso- indicator was recorded and data were on their mother’s milk, is a critical stage lute amygdala volumes of the gibbon are analyzed using non-parametric statistics. in the skill and cognitive development of approximately 50% of the great ape val- Among individuals affected by at least one hominoids and other socially-biased ues, while individual great ape volumes indicator, lipping alone was the most learners. A large life history database was are 25-50% the size of the human value. common at 66.1%. Porosity, however, was assembled while surveying the published However, the gibbons have the largest rarely found alone (1.3%), but was much primate literature. Each of the three ma- amygdala volumes relative to brain size more common in conjunction with lipping jor stages of immaturity (gestation, lacta- and the relative volume of the human falls (29.3%). Eburnation rarely occurred in tion, and juvenility plus adolescence) was within the African ape range. The mean conjunction with lipping (1.9%) or with analyzed as a function of life history pace, amygdala volume for the orangutans was both lipping and porosity (1.5%). Age- indexed by female age at first reproduc- smaller than the mean for the African controlled statistical comparisons tenta- tion. Data from provisioned (captive or apes (p<.05). tively support a linkage between lipping semi-free-ranging) and wild, unprovi- Combined with our recent findings on and porosity. Eburnation, generally the sioned conditions were analyzed sepa- hippocampal (Teffer et al., in press) and result of severe joint wear, could not be rately. Analyses also controlled for phy- orbitofrontal cortex volumes, the amyg- adequately assessed due to its low preva- logenetic non-independence. dala data favor the idea of a reorganized lence in the sample. Preliminary results Results reveal a strong pattern: as the limbic system in hominoids. We found a suggest that further clinical and osteologi- pace of primate life history slows down, highly allometric relationship between the cal research is needed for understanding the period of infancy (lactation) lengthens amygdala and hippocampus, indicating diagnostic features of osteoarthritis. disproportionately compared to the other hominoids with larger brains have in- stages of immaturity. A disproportionately creased ratios of amygdala to hippocam- Scaling and adaptive radiation of lengthened infancy in species character- pus. Also, the orbitofrontal cortex and sensory brain structures. ized by relatively slow postnatal develop- amygdala, highly interconnected and ment suggests constraints on gestation. functionally integrated limbic structures R.A. Barton. Evolutionary Anthropology While plausible, the extended period of involved in appraising the social environ- Research Group, University of Durham, infancy relative to juvenility requires ment, are relatively small in the orangu- UK. further explanation. Evidence for the tan when compared with the other great “Needing to Learn” hypothesis, which apes. More detailed investigation of these The analysis of scaling and adaptation implicates skill learning as the primary structures can further elucidate the evolu- must be carried out within a phylogenetic explanatory process, is reviewed. Alterna- tion of the limbic system in hominoids. framework. I show how this principle tive interpretations, based on demo- relates to the evolution of primate sensory graphic life history and natural history Evaluation of diagnostic criteria for systems, vision and olfaction in particular. hypotheses (e.g. Maturational Con- coding osteoarthritic lesions: correla- The apparent non-linearity in the scaling straints, Cognitive Buffer), are also con- tion between lipping, porosity, and of some brain structures is largely an sidered. eburnation. artefact of ecologically related taxonomic differences in size. Neocortex size scales Facial heights: Implications of post- E.J. Bartelink. Dept. of Anthropology, in an approximately linear fashion with natal ontogeny and facial orientation Texas A&M University. brain size after taking into account “grade for skull morphology in humans and shifts” between primate taxa. In pri- chimpanzees. Despite decades of research, paleopa- mates, large neocortex size and overall thological diagnosis and interpretation of brain size are associated with expansion M. Bastir, A. Rosas. Department of Paleo- degenerative lesions remains elusive. To of the visual system, parvocellular visual biology, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Na- date, bioarchaeologists and clinicians have projections in particular. In turn, parvo- turales, C.S.I.C, Madrid, Spain. yet to reach a consensus on which criteria cellular expansion may be related to the are most appropriate for diagnosing os- evolution of colour vision and stereopsis. The upward or downward orientation of teoarthritis (OA). Recent literature ar- Olfactory structures also vary in size, and the primate face with respect to the basi- gues that indicators, such as joint poros- different evolutionary patterns are shown cranium and its consequences for the ity, should be deleted as signs of OA. This by the main and accessory olfactory sys- overall skull morphology is relevant in is problematic since bioarchaeological tems. Ecological factors associated with different aspects of physical anthropology research relies on specific criteria for di- visual and olfactory adaptive radiation are and craniofacial biology. Facial orienta- agnosing OA, which are then interpreted explored. tions are ontogenetically produced by as reflective of lifestyle and workload different vertical growth increments of stresses. Previous research further dem- The slow pace of primate infancy: anterior and posterior facial heights. onstrates that use of different criteria Lengthened lactation in long-lived However, their exact patterns of growth (e.g., coding and scoring methods) pro- learners. and development are unclear. Two groups duces different prevalence rates. of hypotheses exist regarding their ontog- This study assesses relationships be- M.L. Bastian. Department of Biological eny: (H1) Early facial pattern determina- tween three commonly used macroscopic Anthropology & Anatomy, Duke Univer- tion and minimal postnatal modification, indicators—osteophytic lipping, sub- sity. or (H2) gradual and continuous change of chondral porosity, and eburnation—in facial orientation during postnatal ontog- order to test whether the coexistence of Among mammals, primates are slow to eny. We investigated the morphogenetic more than one indicator is the result of mature to breeding age, with hominoids relevance of postnatal ontogeny for adult AAPA Abstracts 61

facial orientation and skull variation in Scanner (Stratec, Pforzheim, Germany). A size diversity in Rudabánya primates modern humans and chimpanzees by proximal section from the middle third of reveals indications of the probable exis- geometric morphometrics. Our results each left radius was taken with a pixel tence of additional taxa. Funded by support aspects of both hypotheses. Doli- size of 0.2mm and slice thickness of NSERC. cho- and brachyfacial patterns of facial 2.2mm, with a scan time of approximately growth and orientation are clearly present 3 min./slice. While both sexes show age- A captive infant female gorilla with pre- or perinatally in both species. In hu- related change in bone mineral density, vitamin D and calcium deficiency: mans, these variations belong mainly to there is no significant sex difference, in Preliminary description. the alveolar process. In chimpanzees, the contrast with modern populations. Geo- alveolar portion, as well as the nasal floor, metric properties of the radii (i.e. mean A. Bellisari1,2, D.L. Duren2, R.J. Sher- is involved in dolicho- and brachyfacial cortical thickness, cortical area, and polar wood2,3, M. Barrie4. 1Department of Sociol- morphologies. Whereas no ontogenetic area of moment of inertia) also show age- ogy/Anthropology, 2Lifespan Health Re- modification of facial orientation was related change, with sexual dimorphism. search Center, Wright State University, found in humans, chimpanzees did show The possible role of lifestyle factors in age- 3Department of Anthropology, University upward rotation of the face. These find- related bone loss in this population, and of Wisconsin-Madison, 4Columbus Zoo. ings support two hypotheses: 1) homo- the value of comparative measures of bone logue variation patterns at the alveolar density and geometry in the radius, are Previous descriptions of the growth of processes and the associated mandibular discussed. infant captive gorillas indicated that ill- morphologies in hominoids, hominids and ness episodes disrupt the typical pattern humans and 2) different levels of integra- Catarrhine taxonomic diversity at of skeletal growth during the first year. tion in primate skulls. If these interpreta- Rudabánya, a late Miocene subtropi- We present the physical growth of Mo’ana, tions are correct, then the present study cal swamp forest in central Europe. an infant lowland gorilla in the African shows how adult morphological variation Forest collection of the Columbus (Ohio) is systemically influenced by pre-, and D.R. Begun, M.C. Nargolwalla. Depart- Zoo. At age 7 months Mo’ana was diag- postnatal factors, which become morpho- ment of Anthropology, University of To- nosed with low bone density due to vita- logically superposed and developmentally ronto. min D and calcium deficiency. She also integrated into adult skull morphologies. presented with severe congenital kyphosis Rudabánya is a late Miocene fossil local- due to mid-thoracic hemivertebrae. Be- The examination of age and sex- ity with a rich and diverse record of plant, tween ages 16 and 23 months regular related changes in cortical bone min- invertebrate and vertebrate fossils. visits were made, standard anthropomet- eral density and geometric properties Among the taxa represented at rics were obtained, teeth were inspected, of the radius in a 19th century ar- Rudabánya are two catarrhines, Dryopith- and weekly weights, collected by zoo staff, chaeological population. ecus brancoi and Anapithecus hernyaki. were recorded. Data were then compared The samples for each these taxa are large to those previously obtained (by AB) of P. Beauchesne1, S.C. Agarwal2, M. Selbie3, and highly variable in size and morphol- other infant gorillas raised at the Colum- C. Gordon4, S. Saunders3, C. Webber4. ogy, and it is legitimate to ask if more bus Zoo. Although, to date, Mo’ana has 1Department of Anthropology, University taxa should be recognized. Standard shown no signs of mobility limitations, we of Western Ontario, 2Department of An- techniques of species recognition, based have documented alterations in her thropology, University of Toronto, largely on comparisons to ranges of varia- growth patterns. 3Department of Anthropology, McMaster tion in modern taxa, fail to falsify a single Relative to a small group of healthy University, 4Departments of Radiology species hypothesis in each genus. How- gorilla infants raised at the Columbus Zoo and Nuclear Medicine, McMaster Univer- ever, among wet forest localities with Mo’ana’s weight and skeletal growth is sity. extant primates the presence of only 2 delayed. For instance, although her anthropoid species is rare. In addition, growth indicators have steadily increased, Archaeological populations provide a the taxonomic diversity of other mammals her weight, head circumference, leg length unique model with which to study the at Rudabánya is generally higher and and arm length at age 19 months were natural history of bone loss and fragility, more in line with modern forest profiles. equivalent to those of infant males rang- offering an opportunity to examine bone Consideration of the paleoecology of ing in age from 9 to 13 months. Relative to maintenance in groups whose lifestyles Rudabánya, the paleobiogeographic his- body size, neurocranial measures appear were often very different from that of to- tory of catarrhines in the Miocene of small, while facial measures appear nor- day. However, there have been few non- Europe, the diversity of other mammals at mal. Results from this study provide a invasive studies of cortical bone mineral Rudabánya, and the variability in the unique insight into the growth of an in- density and geometry of the radius in Rudabánya primate samples, all com- fant gorilla with a growth disruption. skeletal populations. In order to examine pared to specific modern forest primate Many thanks to the African Forest staff and compare age and sex-related changes communities elsewhere in the Old World, of the Columbus Zoo for valuable assis- in bone quality and quantity in an ar- suggest that more anthropoid species, if tance and collaboration. chaeological sample, a study was made of not more genera, probably lived and died cortical bone mineral density and geome- around Rudabánya. Reasons for the un- Taphonomy, selective preservation try with the use of peripheral quantitative derestimate of anthropoid taxonomic di- and robusticity in human skeletal computed tomography (pQCT). Radii from versity at Rudabánya are both methodo- samples: The osteometrical paradox. a total of 151 individuals (m=98, f=53), logical and taphonomic, and as such are divided into 3 age categories (18-25, 26-45, probably not limited to Rudabánya. This S.M. Bello. Dept. of Palaeontology, The 46+ yrs.) from a 19th century archaeologi- has implications for interpreting inter- Natural History Museum. cal sample from the St. Thomas Anglican specific and intraspecific (e.g. sexual di- Church Cemetery from Belleville, Ontario, morphism) variability in many fossil taxa. Few studies have focused directly on the were scanned using a pQCT Research SA+ A review of patterns of morphological and effects of taphonomical processes on os- 62 AAPA Abstracts

teometric and anthropometric analyses. If it is assumed that Bed 3, 5b and 5w needed to ascertain the relationship be- However, any taphonomical process that represent time successive strata, then tween genetic haplotypes and tribal af- results in the selective preservation of results indicate that Victoriapithecus ex- filiation, and second, that overall, the more robust bones can bias osteoarchae- perienced a statistically significant de- genetic diversity observed in these urban ological analyses. This paper aims to decrease in lower molar tooth size through samples are higher than in other non- termine whether an assemblages of bones time. The greatest differences are ob- urban West African populations. may appear to be more or less robust than served between populations from Bed 3 the more complete (original) assemblage and Bed 5w which are most similar in The variation of body proportions from which it was derived due to its state terms of paleoenvironment, but may be over a period of 7.000 years in Den- of preservation. In a poorly preserved most different in terms of time. The least mark. osteological sample it is only possible to significant (although still significant) dif- measure the better-preserved bones. In a ferences are found between Bed 5b and 5w P. Bennike. Laboratory of Biological An- context where the weaker bones are the which are most different in terms of habi- thropology, Institute of Forensic Medicine, more altered, only the more robust bones tat. For example, lower M2 length University of Copenhagen, Denmark. can be measured and included in the os- changes from a mean of 7.78 (Bed 3, teometrical profile of the sample. This N=28) to 7.52 (Bed 5b, N=62) to 7.22 (Bed Skeletal material from the Mesolithic, means that more intense taphonomical 5w, N=39) with the t-test between Beds 3 the Neolithic, the Iron Age, the Viking processes may result in a greater discrep- and 5w yielding a p<.000009, and a Period and the Middle Ages in Denmark, ancy between the osteometrical profile of p<.0087 between Bed 5b and 5w. We con- has been studied in order to establish the osteological sample observed and the clude that habitat (forest vs. woodland) whether body proportions have changed osteometrical profile of the original as- had less influence on Victoriapithecus through time in Denmark. Measurements semblage. dental size, than did time. of corpses from around 1900 AD and from A sample of over five hundred adult the modern population are also included. skeletons of different osteological series Genetic diversity in an urban popula- The measurements used in this study was measured. The state of preservation tion in West Africa: A preliminary are the length of the upper and lower of the samples was attested by three pres- analysis. extremities and the length of the distal ervation indices considering the frequency and proximal bones of the extremities of of each bone in the sample, the quantity of J.P. Benn Torres1, A.C. Stone2. 1Depart- the two sides. The Bone Mineral Con- osseous material present and the measur- ment of Anthropology, University of New tent/Density (BMC/BMD) has been de- ability of each bone. The results suggest Mexico, 2Department of Anthropology, termined for selected bones from some of that the more robust bones have a better Arizona State University. the periods as well. A large number of chance of being represented, well pre- studies have shown that body proportions served and therefore measured. Neverthe- Understanding genetic diversity in West are related to various factors such as evo- less, the comparison of osteological sam- Africa is of importance because it provides lutionary trends, temperature, sexual ples coming from geographically and tem- insight into African population history maturity, subsistence economy and physi- porary closed populations suggests that a and overall human diversity, as well as cal activity, including mechanical stress. poorer state of preservation of the remains into the history of the African Diaspora. Furthermore, patterns of asymmetry may does not necessarily affect the degree of Studies regarding genetic diversity in be related to both genetic and mechanical robusticity observed. West African populations are comprehen- aspects. Other aspects related to the dem- sive but generally reference continental onstrated changes in body proportion The effects of time and habitat differ- population history, disease, or species through time in Denmark will also be ences on the dentition of Victori- origin and do not usually consider urban discussed. apithecus macinnesi from middle diversity. In this analysis, mtDNA hyper- The significance of body proportions in Miocene deposits at Maboko. variable region I (HVI) and four Y chro- various populations will be demonstrated mosome markers are examined in 152 in relation to the reconstruction of stature B.R. Benefit, E. Lynch. Dept. Sociology unrelated individuals representing nine from measurements of long bones and the and Anthropology, New Mexico State Uni- different ethnicities from two metropoli- use of various regression formulas by versity. tan areas in Ghana, West Africa. This comparing the measured length of skele- investigation highlights genetic diversity tons before excavation and the calculated In this study we compare molar size and and examines the relationship between stature from measurements of long bones. shape in 15 mya samples of Maboko Victo- tribal affiliation and genetic markers. In riapithecus from 1) Bed 3, stratigraphi- addition, comparisons concerning diver- Cross species communication? Video cally oldest, preserves open woodland sity and relationships are made between analysis of human-monkey interac- floodplain, 2) Bed 5b (brown clay) strati- these data and those published from other tions. graphically intermediate, preserves a African and African- derived populations. swamp forest, and 3) Bed 5w (white clay) The DNA samples in this study were K. Beranek, A. Fuentes. Department of highest level, preserves open woodland. collected via cheek cell swabs, extracted Anthropology, University of Notre Dame. Exact time differences between these using a standard phenol-chloroform strata are unknown. Bed 3 is separated method, and amplified by PCR. Electro- While humans and monkeys have coex- from Bed 5 by the amount of time that it phoresis and sequencing were used to isted for tens of thousands of years the took to form the Bed 4 calcrete, an inter- determine the genotype for each locus. context and specific patterns of human- val that could range from decades to thou- The heterozygosity and frequencies for monkey interactions are poorly known. On sands of years. Beds 5w and 5b could be each of these markers were calculated and the island of Bali, Indonesia, many tour- contemporaneous although the superposi- compared with previously published data. ists from around the world interact regu- tion of 5w suggests it is more recent. Preliminary analysis at several of these larly with semi-free ranging long-tailed loci indicates first, that more analysis is macaques (Macaca fascicularis). When AAPA Abstracts 63

these interactions contain aggression they tal, parietal, and temporal bones. The lowed by older infants (32 %) and young can lead to injury and have a substantial lesions extend to the endocranial surface juveniles (28.7%). These data suggest potential for disease transmission. Recent and are consistent with caries sicca. The that the prehensile tail serves different research at monkey forest sites in Bali facial region of the cranium also displays functions during infancy, juvenescence, reports potential predictive patterns in evidence of chronic infection. and adulthood. Additional relationships these aggressive interactions and docu- Although many of the returned remains among limb proportions, positional behav- ments the substantial problem that are accompanied by archaeological re- ior, and substrate use are discussed. pathogen transmission events pose to cords, this individual lacks any such asso- humans and macaques. Here we present ciations. However, the site number, Correspondence of trabecular and results of video analysis of 66 human- “40GN10” and “U.T. Pathology” were cortical geometries: A natural test of macaque interactions recorded during handwritten on the cranium, apparently Wolff’s Law. June-July of 2001 in an attempt to char- at the time of excavation. While exact acterize eliciting factors in both human dating of this material is not yet possible, M.T. Black. Biological Anthropology & and macaque behavior surrounding ag- all evidence suggests the remains are Anatomy, Duke University. gressive interactions. Twenty of these from the Early Woodland period. The sequences involved aggression, 18 of possible early date of these skeletal re- Wolff (1892) proposed that a bone’s load- which involved feeding of the macaques. mains, together with the severity of the ing regime could be inferred from the ge- Six of these aggressive encounters in- disease process, makes this individual a ometry of the enclosed trabecular bone, an volved bites of humans, and of these bites, significant contribution to the history of observation now generally extended to 5 involved food. The actors in these inter- treponematosis in the Americas. cortical bone and known as Wolff’s Law. actions are mainly human adult males While the relationship between mechani- and females and subadult and adult male Ontogenetic influences on prehensile- cal loads (or more accurately, the result- macaques. Certain human gestural and tail use in Cebus capucinus. ing strains) and cortical geometry has postural behaviors appear to ameliorate increasingly been questioned, it is more aggression by macaques. Other human M. Bezanson. Department of Anthropol- generally accepted that trabecular archi- behaviors such as sporadic or jerky ogy, University of Arizona. tecture corresponds to the direction and movements, attempts to physically contact magnitude of mechanical loading of the the macaque, or specific facial gestures During the course of growth and devel- whole bone. Thus, while the veracity of appear to elicit aggression. By document- opment, individuals experience ontoge- loading data obtained from an analysis of ing the behavior surrounding aggression netic changes in body weight, limb propor- cortical geometry may be questioned if between humans and macaques we may tions, and motor skills. These changes are used as the sole source of biomechanical be able to contextualize the aggression likely to exert a strong influence on forag- information, an analysis of trabecular within macaque and human behavioral ing strategies, travel efficiency, substrate architecture from the same cross-sectional repertoires and thus effectively incorpo- preference, and patterns of positional plane can be used to test the reliability of rate extant knowledge of primate behavior behavior. cortical measures of bone strength and into an applied management format. In this research, I examine ontogenetic stiffness. patterns of prehensile-tail use in Cebus There are few regions that present the A possible early case of advanced capucinus inhabiting a tropical rainforest opportunity for such a test, since several treponemal disease from Tennessee. in Costa Rica. Cebus capucinus was ob- criteria must be met to allow accurate served for 361 hours during 2002 and measurement of all parameters. The bone T.K. Betsinger1, N.J. Kuemin Drews2. 2003 at Estación Biológica La Suerte in should be one that can be modeled as a 1The Ohio State University, 2University of Northeastern Costa Rica. Behavioral data beam, and the section should be orthogo- Tennessee, Knoxville. were collected using a one-minute instan- nal to its longitudinal axis. Furthermore, taneous sampling technique. Five age the section should be fully filled with tra- During the 1960s and 1970s, a number classes were recognized. When riding beculae, and it should possess more than a of Tennessee sites were excavated by the dorsally, infants (birth-2 mos.) and older thin shell of cortical bone. The superior Tennessee Archaeological Society in con- infants (2 mos.-6mos) were observed to pubic ramus (SPR) meets these criteria. junction with the University of Tennessee. wrap their tails around their mother’s Measures of the magnitude and orienta- While the majority of artifacts and skele- arm, leg, tail or neck during approxi- tion of bone strength were obtained from a tal remains recovered during these exca- mately 12% of the time. When foraging sample of 20 high-resolution medical CT vations are currently curated by the independently, the older infants used scans of SPR. Moments of inertia and Frank H. McClung Museum at the Uni- their tails as mass-bearing fifth limbs 12.4 their principal axes were obtained for versity of Tennessee, a number of remains % of the observations. During feeding and cortical bone. The LFD algorithm was and artifacts have been retained in pri- foraging, young juveniles (6 mos.-1 year) used to determine trabecular principal vate collections. Recently, some of these and older juveniles (1 yr.-2 yrs) used their orientation, and Cn-BV/TV was used as a materials have been returned to the mu- tails in suspensory postures 13.9% and measure of overall trabecular strength. seum, including a skull and associated 10.1 % respectively. Overall, infants and Principal trabecular orientation was found mandible from the Wilhoite site (40GN10) juveniles were found to use their prehen- to correspond closely to the principal axis displaying evidence of advanced trepone- sile tails significantly more often than of cortical Imax. No relationship was found, mal disease. The Wilhoite site is located adults during feeding and foraging. however, between the magnitude of trabe- in Greene County, Tennessee and has Mass-bearing prehensile-tail use dif- cular strength and the magnitude of corti- been assessed as a habitation site dating fered during social behavior. Adults were cal Imax. exclusively to the Early Woodland period not observed in suspensory postures dur- (2-3kya). The remains are that of an ing social behaviors. During play, older adult male and exhibit extensive active juveniles were observed in suspensory and remodeled stellate lesions on the fron- postures 35.7% of the observations fol- 64 AAPA Abstracts

Examination of the paleoenviron- nated from the Sauromatae, located be- “Plesiadapiformes” is paraphyletic, with a ments of two South African caves. tween the Don and the Volga rivers, monophyletic Plesiadapoidea (Chro- where women rode horses and held posi- nolestes, Saxonellidae, Carpolestidae, and A.G. Blackburn Wittman1, J.W. Adams2. tions of high social status. Others, however, Plesiadapidae) as the sister group to Eu- 1Dept. of Anthropology, University of noted that among the Issadones and Mas- primates. The earliest known euprimate Colorado, 2Dept. of Anthropology, Wash- sagetae, found in ancient Bactria, women, skulls and skeletons differ from those of ington University in St. Louis. despite an agricultural urban lifeway, oc- plesiadapoids in having forward facing cupied traditional male roles and held high orbits with postorbital bars and adapta- Paleoenvironmental reconstructions for status. tions for arboreal leaping. However, ana- two South African Plio-Pleistocene cave Excavations in the North Bactrian oasis tomical features associated with special- sites, Buffalo Cave and Gondolin (GD 2) of Uzbekistan led to discovery of the ized manual and pedal grasping (includ- are compared to ascertain the best possi- Bronze Age Oxus Civilization. Two urban ing a nail on at least the hallux), as well ble habitat reconstructions for these sites. centers (Sapalli Tepe, Djarkutan) have as a petrosal bulla, are shared by the Buffalo Cave is located in the Makapan yielded human remains accompanied by common ancestor of plesiadapoids and Valley and Gondolin is near the sites of differing amounts of burial goods. Euprimates, even accounting for the mor- Sterkfontein and Swartkrans. The Gon- A sample of 216 males and females from phological diversity of plesiadapiforms. Of dolin faunal assemblage was collected by these sites were assessed for number and Cartmill’s “ordinally diagnostic” traits, Vrba in 1978 and is designated GD 2. quality of burial goods and examined for only the postorbital bar and forward fac- Habitats were reconstructed with two eight dental pathologies to determine if ing orbits appear to have originated at the methods (Reed 1996; Vrba 1985). Using material indicators of social status were euprimate node. The existing fossil record Reed’s methodology, the fauna from both accompanied by indications of differential is not consistent with either the grasp- sites were assigned trophic and substrate diet and health. Results show that fe- leaping or visual predation models of pri- adaptations. The GD 2 assemblage con- males were buried with more goods and mate origins in showing that specialized tains 4.2% aquatic species and 4.2% fresh objects of greater prestige than males. grasping is adaptively dissociated from grass grazers. However, there are no Females also experienced much higher leaping and forward facing orbits, respec- arboreal or frugivorous species in the as- prevalence of abscessing, antemortem tively. We infer that the common ancestor semblage. Based on these data, the habi- tooth loss and caries, slightly elevated of plesiadapoids and Euprimates was an tat at GD 2 appears to have been open levels of pulp exposures, hypercementosis arboreal grasper adapted for terminal grassland with a permanent water source. and resportion, but lower prevalence of branch feeding on fruits, flowers, and Buffalo Cave also lacks arboreal species hypoplasia and dental calculus. The re- nectars. and has no aquatic fauna or fresh grass sults indicate that differences in material grazers. Therefore, using this method, the objects reflect differences in social status Phyletic and locomotor affinities of habitat was likely open grassland. whereby Oxus Civilization females occu- the Victoriapithecus forelimb. A second method used to compare the pied social positions equal, if not superior, habitats looked at the percentages of Alce- to that of males. K. Blue1, M. McCrossin2, B. Benefit2. laphini and Antilopini bovid tribes (Vrba, 1Dept. of Anthropology, Minnesota State 1985). GD 2 has a very low representation New hypothesis of primate supraor- University-Mankato, 2Dept. of Sociology of Alcelaphines (14.7%) and Antilopini dinal relationships and its bearing on and Anthropology, New Mexico State Uni- (2.9%). This would seem to indicate that competing models of primate origins: versity. GD 2 was substantially tree and bush a test from the fossil record. covered. However, considering the rocky Victoriapithecus from the middle Mio- terrain, the low numbers of these bovids J.I. Bloch1, M.T. Silcox2, D.M. Boyer3, and cene of Maboko, Kenya is arguably the may not be surprising. Buffalo Cave has E.J. Sargis4. 1Museum of Geology, South best-known early Old World monkey. As slightly higher ratios of these tribes: Alce- Dakota School of Mines & Technology, first noted by von Koenigswald (1969), laphines 30.76% and Antilopini 7.69%. 2Dept. of Anthropology, University of Victoriapithecus predates the subfamilial These data place the combined ratio be- Winnipeg, 3Dept. of Anatomical Science, division of the cercopithecoid clade, being tween the 30% and 65% cutoffs indicated Stony Brook University, 4Dept. of Anthro- more primitive dentally than either extant by Vrba as demonstrating bush-covered pology, Yale University. colobines or cercopithecines. This study and open environments respectively. indicates Victoriapithecus also retains a Adaptive scenarios proposed to explain number of primitive forelimb features, Amazons of the Amu Darya?: A dental the origin of euprimates include visual principally straightness of the lateral pathological investigation of gender predation on insects (Cartmill), grasp- humeral shaft. Principal component and status in Bronze Age Bactria. leaping locomotion (Szalay and Dagosto), analyses indicate a resemblance to platyr- or exploitation of angiosperm products on rhines can also be discerned in measures S. Blaylock, B.E. Hemphill. Dept. of Soci- terminal branches (Sussman). Only the of the distal humerus, ulna, proximal ology & Anthropology, California State fossil record can provide a direct test of radius, carpals and the length/breadth University, Bakersfield. these hypotheses. Results from cladistic ratios of the metacarpal bones. Manufac- analysis utilizing cranial, postcranial, and tured phylogenies drawn from independ- Recent excavations in the middle Don dental evidence that includes new data on ent contrast data also support the similar- Valley of Russia have yielded rich female the most plesiomorphic tree shrew, Ptilo- ity of Victoriapithecus to Ceboidea. All graves that have been claimed to be those cercus, and from recently discovered, late four manufactured phylogenies group of the fabled “Amazons” of ancient litera- Paleocene-early Eocene plesiadapiform Victoriapithecus primarily with general- ture. However, these Scythian remains skeletons, unambiguously allies ple- ized Ceboidea, and secondarily with un- clearly represent a very late (c. 7th century siadapiforms with Euprimates to the ex- specialized Cercopithecinae such as Cer- B.C.) intrusion from the East. Herodotus clusion of other archontan groups (Scan- copithecus aethiops, Allenopithecus and suggested that Amazonian women origi- dentia, Dermoptera, and Chiroptera). Macaca fascicularis. AAPA Abstracts 65

Principal components analysis and inde- ploited by capuchins, especially dense and geography on patterns of variation at pendent contrast modeling also reveals liana forest and extensive bamboo stands. these two loci was also examined. resemblances between the forelimb of These findings provoke a more realistic, Victoriapithecus and extant cercopitheci- historical perspective on primate behav- Sex differences in growth patterns in nes, largely to the exclusion of Colobinae ioral ecology within ‘natural’ Neotropical proboscis monkeys and crested lan- (Blue 2002). This evidence, in conjunction habitats. The idiosyncratic capuchin be- gurs. with the presence of terrestrial characters havior at Raleighvallen also provides ro- in fossil members of both cercopithecid bust support for prevalent socioecological D.R. Bolter. Dept. of Anthropology, Uni- subfamilies, suggests that terrestriality theory predicting social responses to versity of California, Santa Cruz. may represent the ancestral condition of variations in food distribution, mating both extant Old World monkey lineages competition, predation risk, and transmis- Colobines represent a distinct group of (Ciochon 1987; Pickford and Senut 1988; sion of social signals. Old World monkeys that feed exclusively Strasser 1988). It follows that cercopithe- on leaves, seeds and unripe fruits. Their cines are best considered as retaining the Using Y-chromosome and mtDNA protein-rich diet may explain how they primitive condition, while colobines are variation to reconstruct eastern reach adulthood quicker than their cer- derived relative to this morphotype. The North American population history. copithecine cousins. Yet relatively little is forelimb of Victoriapithecus is seen to understood of colobine growth because of exhibit characters last shared by the D.A. (Weiss) Bolnick. Department of An- difficulties in captive rearing and tracking common ancestor of the catarrhine and thropology, University of California, individuals in the field. In this study, platyrrhine clades, as well as ancestral Davis. growth patterns were compared between cercopithecoid morphologies that it shares two wild-collected samples from Borneo— in common with modern cercopithecines. Eastern North America contains a cul- the large-bodied, highly sexually dimor- turally and linguistically diverse set of phic proboscis monkeys (Nasalis larvatus, Idiosyncratic social behaviors of indigenous peoples. Their origins and n=34) who travel via arboreal leaps; and brown capuchins in an anthropo- prehistory have been widely studied, but smaller-bodied crested langurs (Trachy- genic landscape are consistent with many hypotheses concerning population pithecus cristata, n=77) who move quad- prevalent socioecological theory. relationships, ancestral homelands, pre- rupedally on branches and swamp floors. historic migrations, and past interactions Body mass, trunk and hindfoot lengths S. Boinski. Department of Anthropology, remain controversial. Studies of mito- and reproductive state were taken at time University of Florida. chondrial DNA (mtDNA) variation in this of collection. Limb bone lengths, epiphy- region have helped to address some of seal fusions, and dental eruptions were Ongoing research at Raleighvallen, these issues, but inferences from mtDNA recorded. Samples were compared at within the Central Suriname Nature Re- may not be congruent with what other loci dental developmental stages ranging from serve in Suriname, documents a suite of would suggest due to stochastic variation, age class 0 (infancy) to 5 (adult). Female social tactics not described in brown capu- natural selection, or differences in male proboscis monkeys reached adult propor- chins (Cebus apella) elsewhere. These and female demographic histories. tions by late juvenility (age class 4) while include frequent direct between-group In this study, I examined genetic varia- age class 4 males continued growth for food competition, male alliances critical tion on the Y-chromosome, a separate sexually dimorphic dimensions. Crested for success in these agonistic inter-group locus, to improve our understanding of the langurs followed this general pattern, encounters, flexibility in female residence population history of eastern North Amer- except in femur length and body mass. and mate choice, and a lack of female ica. Samples were obtained from 300 Age class 4 males had completed femur social bonds. Males also commonly strike individuals, representing eight eastern growth while females had not, and both sticks and hard fruit against branches and North American populations. After ampli- females and males reached adult body break tree limbs in protracted bouts. Such fying the amelogenin locus to identify mass during age class 5. Growth similari- percussion appears liberated from forag- males, six biallelic polymorphisms (M19, ties suggest shared evolutionary patterns ing, as used in other capuchin popula- M3, M242, M173, M45, and RPS4Y) were to achieve adulthood in colobines. Diver- tions, and redirected to signal functions amplified to determine their Y-chromo- gent maturation of hindlimbs may reflect important in sexual selection. Percussion some haplogroups. Six Y-chromosome locomotor differences, and in body mass, at Raleighvallen generates mechanical microsatellites (DYS19, DYS388, DYS390, differences in growth rates by species. sounds that transmit farther and more DYS391, DYS392, and DYS393) were also This study provides a useful comparison reliably in this densely forested environ- analyzed to define the haplotypes within with cercopithecines (Cercopithecus ment than social signals based on visual each haplogroup. To estimate genetic dif- aethiops and Papio hamadryas) that re- or vocal displays. In turn, two environ- ferentiation and population relationships veals how sex differences in colobine mental factors appear responsible for the in eastern North America, pairwise ge- growth vary from cercopithecines. emergence of this idiosyncratic social netic distances between populations, hap- structure. (1) The biota of the Guianan logroup and haplotype diversities, and Individual chronology of enamel den- Plateau is characterized by low energy molecular variances within and between tal microdefects in the juvenile seg- and nutrient flow relative to other populations were calculated, and principle ment of the Portus Romae commu- Neotropical regions. (2) Regional edaphic coordinates analysis was performed. nity. characteristics are compounded by an- These Y-chromosome data were also com- thropogenic landscape transformations by pared with mtDNA data previously col- L. Bondioli1, A. Coppa2, C. FitzGerald3, A. pre-Columbian Amerindians populations lected from the same samples to evaluate Nava1, R. Macchiarelli4. 1Sect. Anthrop., in the area now encompassed by the differences in male and female patterns of Nat. Prehist. Ethnogr. “L. Pigorini” Mu- CSNR; these sites covary with distinctive gene flow and migration in this region. seum, Rome, Italy, 2Dept. Animal & Hum. plant communities preferentially ex- Finally, the influence of language, culture, Biol., Univ. of Rome “La Sapienza”, Italy, 3Inst. of Archaeology, Univ. College Lon- 66 AAPA Abstracts

don, UK, 4Lab. Géobiol., Biochron. & since then, the technology of data acquisi- tered. Female dispersal seems common Paléont. Hum., CNRS UMR 6046, Univ. of tion has come to center on image analysis and concentrated around the time of first Poitiers, France. in three dimensions, and the statistical reproduction. Male dispersal pattern is toolkit has grown to include information less clear, although some solitary males as Throughout growth, dental enamel re- from curves and surfaces along with dis- well as small all-male bands were ob- cords at microscopic level a variety of crete points. The time is thus ripe for a served. In sum, the results match the stress events in the form of “stress mark- revised typology of these fundamental expectations for the genus and species ers” (Wilson bands). Because of the regu- geometric data sources. The new protocol rather well. However, it is not yet known lar periodicity of enamel formation, during we suggest here compromises among the why multimale-multifemale groups pre- which interpretable microstructures are competing demands of biological homol- dominate in this population. Supported by continuously formed, it is possible to re- ogy, thin-plate spline visualization, com- NSF (BCS-0215542) and Stony Brook construct the temporal scales of enamel puterized image analysis, and multivari- University. formation and stress event chronology. ate statistical praxis. Eleven individuals with mixed dentition The list of landmark structure types has Different patterns of mandibular were selected for histomorphometric been extended beyond points according to growth in Papio and Pan are pro- analysis from the Imperial Roman Isola three types of curves: centerlines, ridge duced by genus-specific developmen- Sacra (SCR) odontoskeletal collection lines, and symmetry curves. The list of tal changes and rates of change in (Portus Romae, II-III century AD). This landmark point types per se is thereby mandibular proportions. sample consisted of 14 deciduous and 64 augmented by constructions that account permanent crowns. Different teeth from for curves or surfaces and for symmetry in J.C. Boughner1, M.C. Dean2. 1Department each individual were used because, within more flexible ways than were classically of Oral Health Sciences, University of a given dentition, the portions of tooth available. Our presentation will explain British Columbia, 2Department of Anat- crowns that form at the same time are the logic of the new classification and omy and Developmental Biology, Univer- expected to show identical patterns of demonstrate (in an application to com- sity College London. Wilson bands. The postnatal scale is “ze- parative allometry of the anthropoids) a roed” at birth by the neonatal line, and tentative list of points, intended to replace Baboon and great ape mandibles are extends till the end of formation of the Martin's, along with the associated curves morphologically dissimilar at birth, a dif- second permanent molar crown (no third and surfaces that interact both logically ference that amplifies over development molar crowns were found). and statistically. via different growth trajectories. The aim Different classes of teeth gave different of this study was to identify the ontoge- estimates of population stress prevalence Phayre’s leaf monkeys - Multimale netic changes in mandibular form and through the time scale. The SCR corrected groups with female dispersal. rates of growth that produce these differ- prevalence distribution shows that: (i) ent trajectories in olive baboons (Papio prevalence values are higher than modern C. Borries1, E. Larney2, A. Derby2, A. anubis n=60) and great apes (Pan troglo- figures; (ii) the distribution shape is Koenig1. 1Department of Anthropology, dytes n=60, Pan paniscus n=44). asymmetric, with a steep increase until Stony Brook University, 2Interdepart- Individuals encompassing a broad range the ninth-tenth month of life followed mental Doctoral Program in Anthropologi- of development were radiographed and thereafter by a steady decrease till the cal Sciences, Stony Brook University. aged from their dental development using 50th month. these data. Three-dimensional (3D) land- Present evidence can be tentatively in- Phayre’s leaf monkeys (Trachypithecus mark coordinate data and two- terpreted as resulting from three major phayrei) are medium sized colobine pri- dimensional (2D) linear measurement bio-cultural interacting factors: the pro- mates; adult females weigh 6 to 7 kg. Like data were taken from the mandibles. 3D gressive decrease of maternal antibody other species of their genus they are ex- geometric morphometrics and 2D bivari- protection throughout the first months of pected to live in rather small groups (ca. ate analyses of these data show marked life; weaning; and the increasing contact 15 individuals) with one adult male and intergenus differences in mandibular pro- with pathogen agents following crouching, several adult females and to show female portions and their rates of growth. which occurs around the age of one year. dispersal. Previous studies in Northeast The main findings are, firstly, that cor- India do indeed report small one-male pus length posterior to the mental foram- The geometry of anthropometrics: A groups and emphasize seasonal restriction ina forms a larger proportion of total new typology of landmarks. of reproduction but do not confirm female mandible length in Papio and grows at a dispersal. Since October 2000 four faster rate. However, in Pan, the elonga- F.L. Bookstein1,2, K. Schaefer1, P. Mitter- neighboring groups of Phayre’s leaf mon- tion of the corpus anterior to the mental oecker1, P. Gunz1, H. Seidler1. 1Institute of keys are being habituated in a dry ever- foramina, and the antero-posterior widen- Anthropology, University of Vienna, Aus- green forest at Phu Khieo Wildlife Sanc- ing of the ramus contribute more to total tria, 2Michigan Center for Biological In- tuary (Northeast Thailand). A census of mandible length. Secondly, bilateral man- formation, University of Michigan, Ann additional groups is conducted every dible width increases at similar rates in Arbor. fourth month. Data for known individuals both genera, but grows larger in Pan, reveal a seasonally biased pattern of re- particularly across the mental foramina Classic systems of anatomical land- production. The minimum interbirth in- and permanent first molars. Subtler in- marks, such as Rudolf Martin's nearly a terval is two years if the infant survives tergenus differences in mandibular pro- century ago, mainly comprised lists of and can be as short as one year if infants portion and rate of change are described endpoints for conventional distance or die at a young age. As expected, the aver- in detail. Intertaxon differences in adult angle measurements. In 1990 Bookstein age group size is rather small. However, mandible shape, and to an extent, size introduced a new classification of three most groups have more than one adult may be explained by factors including types based on a mixture of geometric and male and these multimale groups are ontogenetic matching and functional com- biomathematical properties. In the years larger than the one-male groups encoun- patibility of the mandible and maxilla, AAPA Abstracts 67

forces exerted by developing masticatory D. Boyd, C. Boyd. Sociology and Anthro- living inhabitants of Southeast Asia and muscles, biomechanical constraints, and pology Department, Radford University. Indonesia is 50% larger than the differ- size and development of the dentition. ence between Mesolithic and living Euro- Recent research involving the Western peans. The modern Southeast Asian TS Bipedality, Hox genes, hominid ori- Hemisphere database (Steckel and Rose cannot have been the result of selective gins and chromosome two. 2002) has shown regional variability in force change in situ. Skin color data sug- the health of 19th century African- gest that a depigmented population came E.J. Bowers, Anthropology Department, Americans, particularly in relation to from the north and absorbed dark-skinned Ball State University. their temporal (early vs. late 1800s) and big-toothed indigenes. sociopolitical (Slave vs. Free Black) status. Neighbor joining dendrograms using 21 Human paleontologists had thought that This study examines trends in African- craniofacial measurements group the peo- bipedality emerged gradually in response American health and dental metrics from ples from the North of China down to to the spread of grasslands. Recently both the late 17th through the early 20th centu- Australia and out into Oceania into four these ideas have come into question, ries as represented by analyses of four clusters. Australia, Tasmania, New based on discoveries of Ardipithecus ra- historic skeletal samples from central and Guinea and Melanesia form one cluster; midus, Orrorin tugenensis, and Sahelan- eastern Virginia. Two of these represent China (north, south, east and west), Ja- thropus tchadensis. Bipedality seems to slave populations, while the other two pan and Taiwan form another cluster. have appeared suddenly, and before the samples reflect post-bellum Free Blacks. Thailand, Burma, Borneo and Indonesia major expansion of the grasslands. In this Comparisons of demography (mortality, form a Southeast Asian cluster, and Jo- paper I argue that the co-occurrence of the fertility), non-specific stress, trauma, demon Japan, Ainu, and Polynesians form a areas the development of which are under generative joint and dental disease indica- Jomon-Pacific cluster. Canonical variate the direction of the posterior Hox D genes, tors across these samples are used to as- plots using the first two variates confirm and the differences between our lineage sess trends in health and nutrition; dental the picture of the neighbor joining den- and that of the African great apes sup- metrics (buccolingual and mesiodistal drogram, and allow the placement of indi- ports a new hypothesis for the origin of diameters) and Markers of Occupational vidual specimens. Individuals from the bipedality. The HOX D genes are on Stress (MOS) are also examined to evalu- Balinese Bronze Age are divided between chromosome two, which was formed by ate dietary and behavioral change. the Southeast Asian cluster and the Aus- the fusion of Pan chromosomes 12 and 13. Results indicate a complex pattern of tralo-Melanesian cluster confirming the The distal Hox genes are controlled sepa- adaptation to slave and emancipated life previous guess. rately from the proximal. In keeping with in historic Virginia. Although frequencies co-linearity, the distal Hox genes control of non-specific stress, trauma, and MOS Neuroendocrine reflections of senes- the posterior parts of the body and the decrease over time, dental disease is still cence in human males: Indications of distal limb segments. These include the prominent in late 19th century Virginia decreased energy allocation ability genitalia, the terminal gut, the lumbar Free Blacks, as is high subadult mortality. with age? and sacral spine, and the chela, areas in These findings suggest that, unlike the which humans differ from chimpanzees. generally good health of early 19th century R.G. Bribiescas. Reproductive Ecology Moreover, since the representation of body Free Blacks in other areas (for example, Laboratory, Department of Anthropology, parts in the motor and sensory “homun- the individuals from Philadelphia’s First Yale University. culi” of the pre- and post-central gyri of African Baptist Church), life was still the brain is a developmental phenomenon, difficult for the Free Blacks of later 19th The evolution of human male senescence as soon as the feet cease to be used for century Virginia. Regional variability in is poorly understood. Although meno- grasping, there would be space for some skeletal responses to sociopolitical and pause has received much interest, male other body part to develop greater repre- economic inequalities facing African- reproductive senescence has received less sentation, perhaps the hands, allowing Americans during this time period is sup- attention. Male aging is typified by shifts greater eye-hand coordination, with no ported by these results. in reproductive neuroendocrine function, increase in brain size. If the fusion of Pan however the adaptive significance of these 12 and 13 occurred in the male in a spe- An odontometric and craniometric changes is unclear. Hormonal data from cies in which the social organization was perspective on past and present Ache Amerindian males (n = 16, mean age multiple female-single male, living in population relationships in east and 38.4 ± 13.6 SD) of Paraguay is presented family groups, that mutation could spread southeast Asia, Australia and the Pa- to contribute to our understanding of in a few generations, producing speciation cific. population variation in reproductive neu- very quickly. If the fusion also altered the roendocrine senescence. Significant in- control of the distal Hox genes the single C.L. Brace1, N. Seguchi2, 1Museum of An- creases in follicle stimulating hormone mutation would have epistatic effects thropology, University of Michigan, (FSH) (r = 0.71, p < 0.002) and luteinizing which would account for a great many of 2Department of Anthropology, University hormone (LH) (r = 0.65, p < 0.013) were the morphological differences between the of Montana, Missoula. associated with age. No significant rela- two clades, and provide a foundation for tionship was observed between morning behavioral differences with no initial al- Using odontometric data and craniofa- (AM) or evening (PM) salivary testoster- teration in brain size, as suggested by the cial measurements on cranial material one (T) and age. AM and PM salivary fossils. from the eastern edge of the Old World estradiol (E2) levels were correlated with ranging from North China south to Aus- AM T and PM T respectively (AM r = 0.53, Diachronic patterns in health and tralia and out into the Pacific, it can be p = .05; PM r = 0.63, p = 0.02). PM E2 dental metrics in historic African- shown that there is a gradient of tooth was also positively associated with LH (r Americans of Virginia. size that has been the result of different = 0.66, p = 0.02). AM E2 tended to rise degrees of the intensity of selection. The with age but was not significant (r = 0.39, TS difference between the Mesolithic and p = 0.15). Previously reported population 68 AAPA Abstracts

variation in testosterone at younger ages vided information to allow clearer diagno- The prominence of human paternal be- may be the result of chronic energetic sis of these important conditions in future havior makes it important to understand stresses while age related changes in go- studies of archaeological skeletal material. its primate origins. This study examines nadotropin levels may be independent of Funded by NERC grant NER/A/S/2002/ male-infant interactions and their relation energetic status, less variant, and more 00486. to reproductive competition in a social universal among male populations. strepsirrhine. Data from wild sifaka Changes in gonadotropin function with Sex differences in the brain likely (Propithecus verreauxi) are used to test age may reflect a decrease in the ability to occurred after the ape-human split. the hypothesis that androgens regulate a regulate energetic allocation between trade-off between male aggression and survivorship and reproductive effort, per- D.C. Broadfield1, R.L. Holloway2,3, J.T. infant caretaking. haps representing an important charac- Laitman3,4. 1Depts. of Anthropology and Data were obtained over 3 field seasons teristic of human male senescence. Biomedical Science, Florida Atlantic Uni- from sifaka males residing in Beza versity, Boca Raton, FL 33431, 2Columbia Mahafaly Special Reserve, Madagascar. An investigation of the range of University, NY, NY 10027, 3NYCEP, 4The Focal observations and daily fecal samples skeletal indicators of vitamin D defi- Mount Sinai School of Medicine4 NY, NY (N=525) were collected from 84 males in ciency in adults and juveniles. 10029. 47 groups that were observed intensively for 7- day periods. Caretaking behavior M. Brickley1, S. Mays2, R. Ives1. 1Institute As the primary commissure in the brain, was measured by the frequency and dura- of Archaeology and Antiquity, The Uni- the corpus callosum (CC) has been an area tion of proximity, grooming of mothers versity of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 of intense investigation in humans. Fur- and infants, and infant holding and carry- 2TT, UK, 2English Heritage Centre for ther, studies in humans have shown that ing. Aggression was measured by the Archaeology, Eastney, Portsmouth PO4 this structure is sexually dimorphic. frequency of supplants, grabs, cuffs, and 9LD, UK. While the extent and meaning of sexual bites. Androgen levels were assessed by dimorphism in the human corpus callo- daily and weekly fT, assayed as previously Vitamin D deficiency has multiple sum has been investigated, what this reported. causes related to factors such as environ- structure is like in our closest relatives, Results of our preliminary behavioral ment, living conditions and to a lesser the living apes, has not been approached. analysis show that male sifaka occasion- extent diet. A clearer understanding of In this study the midsagittal area of the ally hold, groom, and carry infants. More- this deficiency in archaeological skeletal corpus callosum was examined in Pan over, in contrast to predictions, there is no material has the potential to contribute to troglodytes (12 females, 11 males). Meas- evidence that T suppressed male interac- interpretations of the economy and envi- urements included total CC midsagittal tions with infants. In fact, analysis of ronment, and socio-economic status of area and area measurements of CC re- androgen-behavior interactions indicated individuals. gions. Two techniques were used to divide that males involved with infant caretak- The project aims to provide clearer for the CC into regions. For both methods, the ing had nearly 3-fold higher weekly mean the identification of vitamin D deficiency area of the CC and each region was calcu- fT concentrations than those that did not, in both adults and juvenile skeletons us- lated to assess statistically significant and that resident males exhibited the ing macroscopic, radiological and micro- differences in absolute area and relative highest fT levels, exceeding on some days scopic features. The material investigated CC area between males and females. In those observed in males during the breed- came from the historic churchyard of St. addition, CC area measurements were ing season. Results parallel the pattern- Martin’s, Birmingham, England. 857 correlated to brain size. ing of paternal behavior in the California human burials, from the 18th and 19th Analyses show that there is no statisti- mouse, and suggest that male-infant in- centuries were excavated. Bone preserva- cally significant (p > 0.10) sexual dimor- teractions in sifaka may be mediated by T tion was good and as a result large num- phism in the CC of the common chimpan- or its estrogen metabolites. bers of juveniles had survived. zee. These findings differ from previous Supported by NSF BCS9905985. The juveniles displayed a range of skele- results that utilized smaller sample sizes. tal lesions and deformities related to both However, the size of the CC did correlate Hunter-gatherer health at the Ernest active and healed rickets. A range of new with brain size (0.713), supporting the Witte site (41AU36), southeast Texas. diagnostic features were identified, in- argument for standardization of meas- cluding changes to the femoral neck and urements. Nevertheless, these results C.J. Broehm. Prewitt and Associates. macroscopic and microscopic features of suggest that sexually dimorphic CC dif- bone surfaces underlying epiphyseal carti- ferences in this region of the brain may Burials from the Ernest Witte site lages, that will aid the recognition of ac- not have occurred until after the ape- (41AU36) in inland southeast Texas pro- tive and healed cases of rickets. Diagnos- human split. These findings also suggest vide a case study for an understanding of tic criteria relating to the deformities of that dimorphism in certain human abili- changes in health, subsistence, and social residual rickets in adults were defined. ties, such as language, may only have structure through time within hunter- Few cases of adult vitamin D deficiency begun with the appearance of the hominin gatherer populations. Human remains (osteomalacia) have been identified ar- line. from four consecutive temporal periods, chaeological skeletal material, but cases Supported by NSF SBR9528100. Middle Archaic (MA, n=55), Late Archaic were diagnosed through investigation (LA, n=137), early Late Prehistoric (LP1, using macroscopic, radiological and micro- Male-infant interactions in wild si- n=9), and later Late Prehistoric (LP2, scopic and a range of diagnostic criteria faka (Propithecus verreauxi). n=9), all representing hunter-gatherer for archaeological material established. populations, were recovered from this site. This investigation not only provides a D.K. Brockman1, P.L. Whitten2. Skeletons from each group were analyzed valuable insight into socio-economic condi- 1Department of Biological Anthropology & for the presence of porotic hyperostosis, tions during the Industrial Revolution of Anatomy, Duke University, 2Department cribra orbitalia, linear enamel hypoplasias Britain, but more importantly has proof Anthropology, Emory University. (LEH) and skeletal infection. Overall, AAPA Abstracts 69

results were equivocal. No clear evidence cholesterol levels (partial correlation con- born subjects. Supported by grants from of porotic hyperostosis or cribra orbitalia trolling for age, r=0.22, p < 0.05). The NSF BCS-0129377 to TDB and was found in any group. Similar, low rates generally more favorable profiles of lipids NIH/NHGRI (HG002154) to MDS. of LEH were found in the MA and LA among JAs are primarily due to their groups. LEH increased in both LP groups. leaner body composition, but the higher Investigating cemetery diversity: Infection was slightly lower in the MA triglyceride and VLDL cholesterol levels grave variation, osteology and social than in the subsequent LA, although both among these women persist when analy- identity late Anglo-Saxon England, c. rates were relatively low. None was ob- ses control for age and body size. 700-1100AD. served in the LP1, but rates increased Supported by NIH-MBRS Grant No. again in the LP2 to levels comparable to S06-GM08073-31. J.L. Buckberry. Department of Archae- those in the LA. Severity and extent of ology, University of Sheffield, UK. involvement, however, peaked in the LA. Ventilatory control and exercise re- Further, prevalence of both LEH and in- sponse in lowland born admixed Pe- Late Anglo-Saxon burial practice has fection in the LP groups likely represents ruvians tested at 4,338 meters. been long considered egalitarian. Thus an artifact of small sample size. Intra- and little research has been undertaken exam- intersite comparisons tentatively suggest T.D. Brutsaert1, M. Kiyamu1, E.J. Parra2, ining the relationship between osteology, declining health during the LA in inland M.D. Shriver3, A. Gamboa4, M. Rivera- social identity and burial rites for the 8th southeast Texas, possibly due to increased Ch4, F. León-Velarde4. 1Department of to 11th centuries AD. However, variation intergroup competition and decreased Anthropology, The University at Albany, in grave types including plain earthen resources. If health truly declines during SUNY, 2Department of Anthropology, graves, wooden and stone coffins and the LP, it may be correlated with higher University of Toronto, 3Department of stone grave linings are present in most intergroup conflict. Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State cemeteries. In addition, the use of elabo- University, 4Dpto. de Ciencias Biológicas y rate stone sculpture and the prominence Ethnic differences in plasma lipid Fisiológicas, Universidad Peruana of graves located both within and close to profiles among female school teach- Cayétano Heredia. the walls of churches indicate that social ers in Hawaii: Japanese-Americans and family status may have been sig- versus Euro-Americans. High altitude (HA) Andean natives have nalled through burial practice. a blunted ventilatory (VE) response to This paper compares osteological data of D.E. Brown1, G.D. James2, N.M. Nico- hypoxia, reflected in both the acute hy- age, sex and health status with different laisen1, E.A.K. Kalua1, H.A.T. Tefft1. poxic ventilatory response (AHVR) and forms of burial practice for a group of six 1University of Hawaii at Hilo, the hypoxic ventilatory depression (HVD). late Anglo-Saxon cemeteries in Lincoln- 2Binghamton University. This blunting effect is partly irreversible shire and Yorkshire, UK. The research as de-acclimatized HA natives show ~76% shows that although all age groups could Lipid profiles are an important risk fac- and ~30% of the lowland control AHVR be accorded different grave types, adults tor for cardiovascular disease. Ethnic and HVD, respectively. The functional were likely to have more elaborate burials differences in lipid profiles were examined and genetic correlates of HVD are largely than infants and young children. How- in a sample of Japanese-American (JA; unknown. In this study, the VE response ever different grave forms were not re- N=92) and Euro-American (EA; N=59) to sustained isocapnic hypoxia (20 min, lated to the sex of the deceased. The hy- women who were teachers at public end-tidal PO2=50 Torr) was measured at pothesis that those individuals buried in schools in East Hawaii. Participants un- sea-level in 32 male and 33 female low- more elaborate graves had better levels of derwent an anthropometric battery, and land born Peruvians of mixed Spanish- health, indicative of higher social status, submitted a fasting blood sample. JAs Quechua ancestry. Individual admixture was tested by stress markers, revealing were significantly shorter, lighter, less proportion (ADMIX, %Spanish) was esti- different prevalence rates for individuals massive and less fat than EA co-workers. mated using a panel of ancestry- buried in graves with coffins than indi- JA women had significantly higher informative genetic markers. After stud- viduals buried in plain graves. This re- triglycerides (t-tests, p < 0.05), VLDL ies of VE control, subjects were trans- search shows that comparing biological cholesterol (p < 0.05) and HDL cholesterol ported to 4,338 m and given a graded ex- and funerary data can reveal important (p = 0.01) levels, but had somewhat lower ercise test to exhaustion. In males, HVD evidence of social differentiation in funer- LDL cholesterol (p = 0.10) levels than was negatively correlated with ADMIX ary practice, even from a period commonly EAs. When analyses of covariance were (r=0.36, p<0.05). HVD was also nega- believed to have had egalitarian burial carried out using age and body mass index tively correlated to arterial oxygen satura- rites. (BMI) as covariates, ethnicity was a sig- tion (SaO2) at HA, both at rest and during nificant main effect for VLDL cholesterol exercise (r=0.27-0.38, p<0.05). However, Developmental enamel defects of de- (F=7.9, p < 0.01) and triglycerides (F=5.4, the SaO2-HVD relationship depended on ciduous dentition from Taumako Is- p < 0.05). Significant positive correlations ADMIX, and there were notable sex dif- land, Southwest Solomon Islands, existed between age and all lipid meas- ferences. In males, the SaO2-HVD rela- Pacific Islands. ures except HDL cholesterol; and these tionship was significant only at rest in correlations were considerably higher subjects with high ADMIX (r=0.743, H. Buckley, R. Jansen, N. Tayles. De- among JAs than among EAs. BMI was p<0.01). In females, the SaO2-HVD rela- partment of Anatomy and Structural Biol- significantly positively correlated with tionship was significant only during exer- ogy, University of Otago. total and LDL cholesterol and negatively cise in subjects with high ADMIX (re- with HDL cholesterol. The waist-hip cir- peated measures, p<0.05). Results sug- Evidence of prenatal and early childhood cumference ratio was significantly corre- gest that HVD is a determinant of SaO2 at growth disturbance in dental remains is a lated with all lipid measures. Among JAs, HA. Results also suggest that population useful measure of population health in those who reported being more American- history (as measured by ADMIX) modifies prehistory. The frequency and types of ized in general lifestyle had higher HDL the response to hypoxia in these lowland developmental defects in the deciduous 70 AAPA Abstracts

dentition of 35 subadults aged from new- study the morphology of the face and fron- The nonsynonymous/synonymous substi- born to 11 years of age (n= 215 observable tal bone on a total of 500 lateral radio- tution rate ratio (? = dN/dS) will be calcu- teeth) from Taumako Island, southwest graphs. The results of this study demon- lated to test for the effects of selection. Pacific, are reported in this study. The strate the absence of a significant correla- teeth were examined for evidence of dis- tion between the size or shape of the in- Naviculo-cuneiform I coalition: Evi- ruption of enamel formation and minerali- fant and adult face. However, such a cor- dence of statistically significant sation in the forms of hypoplasia and hy- relation becomes significant at 3 years of population variation in tarsal coali- pocalcification respectively. Observations age and above. It is further shown that tion frequencies. were recorded following the Developmen- there is a statistically significant differ- tal Defects of Enamel (DDE) Index (Cu- ence in facial shape between pre- S.E. Burnett1, D.T. Case2. 1Department of tress, 1982). adolescent boys and girls (0-9 years old). Anthropology, Arizona State University, Carious lesions of the buccal and lingual This dimorphism is already present at 2Department of Sociology and Anthropol- surfaces of the teeth, known as ‘circular birth and is different from adult sexual ogy, North Carolina State University. caries’, were also recorded. Defects of the dimorphism that develops during pubertal enamel were observed in 68.8% of teeth spurt mainly as the result of male hyper- Congenital tarsal coalition is the union (77.1%% of individuals). Over half had morphosis. In summary, the present re- of two or more tarsals due to abnormal hypocalcification, with hypoplasia ac- sults support the hypothesis of an early mesenchyme cavitation during develop- counting for only 5.4%. Circular caries determination of adult facial shape by 3 ment. Coalition may be osseous or non- were present in 30.4% of teeth. These data years of age. It also demonstrates that osseous, with the latter consisting of carti- indicate high levels of prenatal and early subtle shape differences between the laginous or fibrous tissue, or some combi- childhood stress in the sample. Half of the sexes are established by birth. nation of both. Naviculo-cuneiform I coa- hypocalcifications were diffuse defects, lition is one of the rarest forms. Kumai et indicating chronic stress. There are high Molecular evolution of ASPM, a gene al. (1996) have suggested that naviculo- levels of infectious disease, particularly involved in human brain develop- cuneiform I coalition frequencies differ treponemal disease, at the site compared ment. between populations. The purpose of this with other Pacific Island samples (Buck- study is to test for significant population ley and Tayles, 2003). The relationship of B. Burkley, C. Mulligan. Anthropology differences in naviculo-cuneiform I fre- dental enamel defects with disease was Department, University of Florida. quency between one black South African examined in the 19 subadults with dental and two Caucasian samples. defects who had adequate skeletal preser- The evolution of genus Homo was Because the trait is easy to score and vation for observation of morbidity pat- marked by a massive increase in gross bilaterality is relatively high in published terns. Over half of these individuals had brain size. In particular, the cerebral cases, our samples consist of individuals periostitis and 42.1% had cranial lesions cortex has shown the largest increase. with one navicular or one first cuneiform suggestive of anaemia. However, similar While the expansion of the cerebral cortex observable on at least one side. Data were rates of these of these conditions in the is considered a mammalian trend, the rate gathered on 603 black South African eight individuals with no dental defects. and magnitude of expansion seen in hu- skeletons (Dart Collection, University of The biocultural context of these patterns mans is unique. This research examines Witwatersrand), 403 American White is discussed. the role, if any, the gene ASPM played in skeletons (Terry Collection, Smithsonian the encephalization of Homo sapiens. In Institution), and 619 medieval Danish Intra-populational pattern of facial Drosophila, the ASPM ortholog plays a skeletons (Anthropological Database growth in humans: A geometric mor- critical role in normal brain development Odense University). Six non-osseous phometric analysis. by mediating mitotic spindle function. cases were identified in South Africans The murine ortholog of ASPM is ex- while none were found in either Cauca- E. Bulygina1, P. Mitteroecker2, L. Aiello3. pressed in the prenatal cerebral cortex sian sample. Two-tailed Fishers Exact 1Anthropology Department, University during neurogenesis. In humans, muta- tests (( = 0.05) revealed statistically sig- College London, 2Institute for Anthropol- tions to ASPM are the primary cause for nificant differences between the South ogy, University of Vienna, 3Anthropology microcephaly, a condition whereby the African and Danish samples (p = 0.013; 1-( Department, University College London. brain develops normally except for the = 0.70) and between the South African cerebral cortex which is greatly reduced. and combined Caucasian samples (p = A number of recent studies suggest an By using a comparative genomics ap- 0.003; 1-( = 0.83). These results are the early, possibly pre-natal onset of shape proach, this research analyzes the coding first statistical evidence of population differences between hominoid species and and regulatory regions of the ASPM gene differences in tarsal coalition frequency even between different human popula- in the Order primates. and therefore contribute to a better un- tions. The present paper expands this Sequences were generated from two derstanding of population variation. Fur- research and addresses individual and coding regions of the ASPM gene in Homo thermore, our conclusions may be useful gender differences in facial morphology sapiens (n=3), Pan troglodytes (n=5), Pan to clinicians since coalitions are often within a single human population. This paniscus (n=1), Gorilla gorilla (n=2), symptomatic. study is based on a longitudinal collection Pongo pygmaeus (n=1), and Cheirogaleus of radiographs of 16 males and 16 females medius (n=1). Additionally, approxi- Radiocarbon dating of the extinctions from the Denver Growth Study. Each mately 1kb of sequence was generated in late prehistoric Madagascar. individual was radiographed at the age of upstream of the ASPM gene in all species 1, 3, 9 months, 1 year and 9 months and listed above. Pairwise comparisons of D.A. Burney1, L.P.Burney1, W.L. Jungers2, then every year until generally the age of exonic sequences support an elevated L.R. Godfrey3. 1Biological Sciences- 25. Methods of geometric morphometrics, substitution rate in the Old World Mon- Fordham University, 2Anatomical Sci- based on the analysis of landmarks and key (OWM) sample relative to all other ences-Stony Brook University, 3Anthro- semi-landmarks have been employed to samples or a deeper ancestry for OWM. AAPA Abstracts 71

pology-University of Massachusetts at samples of Kinda (Papio cynocephalus Ba, Zn, and Fe in first molars (calcifica- Amherst. kindae) and gray-footed (P. ursinus tion ~ birth to 3.5 years) were obtained via griseipes) baboons from south-central Laser Ablation-Inductively Coupled Nearly 300 age determinations collected Africa, forms previously unrepresented in Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) and compiled by the authors provide in- molecular phylogenies. The phylogeny is and normalized to 43Ca. sights into the habitat changes and ex- based on several regions of the mitochon- Enamel elemental concentration pat- tinctions that occurred in late prehistoric drial genome, including portions of the D- terns include low Sr/Ca ratios in most Madagascar. Major climate fluctuations loop, COII, ND4 and ND5. All high- African versus New York born individu- occurred in the late Pleistocene. Both quality samples were sequenced from 10 als, suggesting prolonged weaning in Af- natural and human-induced environ- kb amplicons of the mitochondrial genome rica, and Ba concentrations (relative to Sr mental transformations occurred in the in order to reduce the possibility of acci- and Ca), suggesting a possible seafood Holocene. Bones of extinct animals with dental sequencing of numts. The phylog- contribution to the diets of children in cut marks and the first occurrence of pol- eny shows two clades of southern African both New York and Africa. Both results len of introduced plants in sediment cores baboons, one including Kindas, gray- are in accord with ethnohistorical infor- point to the earliest human presence at footed chacmas, and northern South Afri- mation. In addition, an inverse relation- ca. 2300 14C yr BP. A decline in can chacmas (P. ursinus), the other in- ship between Sr and Zn suggests that Zn megafauna, inferred from a drastic de- cluding chacmas (P. u. ursinus) from is associated with dietary quality and crease in spores of the coprophilous fun- southern South Africa. Yellow baboons consistent drops in Fe and Zn at the for- gus Sporormiella spp. in sediments be- (P. c. cynocephalus) from central Tanzania mation of enamel hypoplasias further tween 1900-1700 14C yr BP, is followed group with an east African clade of anubis suggests a link between enamel Zn and within a few centuries by large increases (P. anubis), hamadryas (P. hamadryas), nutritional status. in charcoal particles in sediment cores, and ibean (P. c. ibeanus) baboons. Our Financial support provided by NSF- beginning in the SW and spreading to the tree supports previous mitochondrial phy- CRUI #9978793 and a HHMI grant to interior over the next millennium. Pollen logenies of east African and Arabian ba- Hampshire College. evidence shows that, in the wake of hu- boons, showing considerable paraphyly man activity, southern and central high- among anubis, hamadryas, and yellow Vision, olfaction and brain size in land dry woodlands and wooded savannas baboons. This considerable mismatch Parapithecus grangeri. became increasingly open and less di- between outward phenotype and geno- verse. By 1130 ± 50 yr BP (779-1020 cal type, especially in east Africa, is possibly E. Bush1, E. Simons2, J. Allman1. 1Biology yr AD) a return of Sporormiella spores the result of extensive gene flow in the Department, California Institute of Tech- signals the probable introduction of cattle, past. More extensive sampling, as well as nology, 2Department of Biological Anthro- beginning in the NW and spreading to the Y-chromosomal and autosomal markers, is pology and Anatomy Duke University and central highlands within two centuries. needed to clarify the evolutionary history Duke University Primate Center. Nearly all of the extinct “subfossil” taxa of this important primate taxon. were still present on the island when hu- Anthropoid primates have large brains, mans arrived, and most overlapped Dietary reconstruction of enslaved high acuity vision, and relatively small chronologically with humans for a millen- African from the New York African olfactory bulbs compared to other living nium or more. Some probably survived Burial Ground: Elemental concentra- primates. An interesting question is to well into the period of European colonizations in permanent molars. what extent the evolution of these charac- tion. Current efforts are focused on dat- teristics was linked. We have examined ing apparently late occurrences. P. Burton1, J.L. Jones2, S. Allen1, A.H. endocranial volume, olfactory bulb size, [Supported by NSF grant BCS-0129185, Goodman1, D. Amarasiriwardena1, M. and optic foramen cross section in the National Geographic Society, the Mack3 , M.L. Blakey4. 1Hampshire College, Parapithecus grangeri, an early anthro- Smithsonian Institution and the NSF 2University of Massachusetts, 3Howard poid from the Fayum of Egypt. We Arizona AMS Facility] University, 4William and Mary. scanned a nearly complete P. grangeri skull (DPC 18651) at the high resolution Mitochondrial phylogeny of southern We are applying a biocultural and dias- CT facility at the University of Texas, African baboons. poric approach to the study of lower Man- Austin. The resulting scans had an effec- hattan’s 18th century African Burial tive resolution of 0.12 mm. We find that P. A.S. Burrell1,2, C.J. Jolly1,2, J. Rogers3, Ground (NYABG). Heretofore, our main grangeri had an endocranial volume of T.R. Disotell1,2. 1Department of Anthro- research focus has been better under- 11,400 mm3. Given published estimates of pology, New York University, 2New York standing the geographic places of birth its body size, this is small compared to the Consortium for Evolutionary Anthropol- and subsequent migration patterns of living anthropoids. When we compare our ogy, 3Southwest Foundation for Biomedi- enslaved Africans. In a previous study, optic foramen measurement of 3.46 mm2 cal Research. we used Elemental Signature Analysis with the data of Kirk and Kay (2003) we (ESA) and strontium isotope ratios to find that P. grangeri falls in the range of Common baboons (Papio) have been better establish probable African natality the living anthropoids, suggesting that it much studied, but their evolutionary his- of individuals with culturally modified had relatively high acuity vision. Finally, tory remains unclear. This is partly due teeth and probable New York natality of the olfactory bulb volume of 75 mm3 is to the difficulty of reconstructing the rela- others (Goodman et. al., 2003). In this within the range of strepsirrhines. This tionships among closely related forms that pilot study, we further use chemical stud- may represent a retention of the ancestral may experience high levels of gene flow, ies of teeth to infer early dietary patterns primate characteristic. These results sug- and partly due to the difficulty of obtain- of individuals from the NYABG and dif- gest that high acuity vision evolved prior ing samples from across their broad geo- ferences in diets of first genera- to brain expansion in anthropoids. Its graphical range. Here we present a mito- tion/African born versus New York born development did not immediately lead to chondrial phylogeny of baboons including enslaved Africans. Concentrations of Sr, brain expansion, but made possible new 72 AAPA Abstracts

behaviors, which themselves may have Mesenchymal cells residing within the tion has been demonstrated in Caucasian contributed to brain expansion. One ex- extracellular matrix of the cranial suture populations in the form of the number of ample is increased use of vision in social connective tissue are osteogenically re- repeats of the AMY1 genes, as follows: communication. The later development of sponsive to mechanical forces. Therefore, (1A-1B-P1)n-1C. This variation results in this might have been associated both with cranial sutures have been described as differing levels salivary amylase enzyme brain expansion and with a reduction in excellent model systems for studies in production and, as a result, differences in the olfactory bulb. mechanotransduction. We used two ex- the efficiency of starch digestion. We have perimental approaches to explore the rela- designed a reliable high-throughput PCR Accelerated cell column development: tionship between form and function in based method, using ABI GeneScan tech- A comparison between normal and cranial sutures. We tested the hypothesis nology, to quantify AMY1 gene copy num- Down Syndrome in four areas of cor- that increased temporalis muscle mass ber and to type 6 microsatellite markers tex. increases sagittal suture complexity by closely linked to the AMY gene cluster. comparing sutural fractal dimension and Data has been collected for 14 human D. Buxhoeveden, M.F. Casanova. Depart- temporalis mass between normal mice populations, each with different histories ment of Psychiatry, Medical College of and mice deficient in myostatin. My- of cereal agriculture and levels of starch Georgia, Augusta, Georgia. ostatin (GDF8) is a negative regulator of in the diet. This data has been analysed muscle growth and GDF8-/- animals dem- using two approaches - a) comparing FST, Cell microcolumns were examined dur- onstrate significant enlargement of skele- based on AMY1 repeat number allele fre- ing development in normal controls and tal muscle mass. Our results show that quencies, to a null distribution of FST for Down Syndrome (DS) patients in three GDF8-/- mice have a 61% enlargement in neutral markers to gauge evidence for associational (21,22, 40) and one primary temporalis (Student’s T-test, P<0.001) and directional selection in different popula- (17) area of the neocortex. We monitored sagittal sutures with increased fractal tions; b) examination of intra-allelic vari- growth rates by measuring the width of a dimension (Student's T-test P<0.026). ability using microsatellite haplotypes column and the amount of peripheral Next, we tested the hypothesis that pri- associated with different AMY1 repeat neuropil space. The DS group consisted of mates known to exploit foods of different number alleles, to test for differences in three children with a mean age of 4 years, material properties (differences in me- selective forces operating on different and six adults with a mean age of 38 chanical loading) will also show differ- alleles in the same population. years. The normal control groups were ences in sagittal suture complexity. To aged-matched and comprised between 3 to conduct this experiment two species from Age-related changes in body composi- 6 children and seven to nine adults, de- the genus Cebus were used, C. apella and tion among Turkana males. pending on the cortical area. An unpaired C. albifrons, which reduced such con- student t-test was used to determine founding variables as body size differences B. Campbell1, P. Leslie2. 1Anthropology whether (A) the cell columns in the chil- and phylogenetic background. Results of Department, Boston University, dren were distinguishable from those of this analysis reveal that C. apella has a 2Anthropology Department, University of the adults in either group, and (B) to de- significantly greater fractal dimension North Carolina-Chapel Hill. termine any differences between adult than C. albifrons (Student's t-test controls and those with DS. Conclusion: P<0.007) suggesting that increases in Loss of fat free mass and gain of adipose No statistical differences were found in mechanical loading due to the tougher tissue are considered hallmarks of aging. regards to size and neuropil space for the diet of C. apella elicits a sagittal suture However, results from the Ariaal, pastoral two adult populations. On the other hand, growth response. Based upon these find- nomads of northern Kenya suggest that in cell columns in DS children attained adult ings, a likely pathway for mechanotrans- a subsistence setting men may maintain configuration very early compared to duction in suture connective tissue is pre- fat free mass, but not adipose tissue, as those of the normal controls. Finally, cell sented. they age. columns in area 17 appeared to mature To determine if other populations show more rapidly in both control as well as DS Salivary amylase gene copy number: similar age-related changes in male body children. The accelerated cell column Have humans adapted to high starch composition, BMI, fat free mass, % body development found in normal V1 may be diets? fat and skinfold measures were deter- related to the importance of visual infor- mined among Turkana pastoralists of mation for primates, and other factors of E.F. Caldwell, N. von Cramon-Taubadel, northern Kenya. 130 nomadic, and 90 cortical development that may require M.E. Weale, M.G. Thomas. The Centre for settled men, ages 20 to 90 years, were primary cortex to develop more rapidly Genetic Anthropology, University College included in the analysis. than association cortex. These results London. Average BMI for the entire sample was demonstrate that cell columns do not de- 17.7± 1.8 kg/m2. Comparison of the two velop at the same rate in every area. The transition to agriculture in the Neo- sub-populations revealed significantly lithic period brought about an increase in lower BMI, %body fat, and skinfolds The mechanobiology of primate cra- starch, in the human diet. This study among the nomads, but no difference in nial sutures. examines whether genetic adaptation to weight or fat free mass. Fat free mass changes in the amount of starch ingested exhibited a curvilinear age pattern, peak- C.D. Byron1, M. Hamrick1, J. Borke2, J. has occurred in humans. Starch digestion ing in the 30’s for nomads and 40’s for Yu3. 1Department of Cellular Biology and begins in the mouth where it is hydrolysed settled males. The age-related pattern of Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, into smaller polysaccharides by the en- adiposity for settled males was similar to 2Department of Oral Biology, Medical zyme salivary amylase. Three salivary that of fat free mass, while for the nomads College of Georgia, 3Department of Sur- amylase genes (AMY1A, B & C) and a both % body fat and suprailiac skinfolds gery, Section of Plastic Surgery, Medical psuedogene (AMYP1) have been described declined from the 20’s. College of Georgia. and are located in tandem on the short The timing of peak muscle mass among arm of chromosome 1. Polymorphic varia- Turkana males is similar to that of west- AAPA Abstracts 73

ern samples, but age- related changes in individual chimpanzee locomotor behavior M. Cartmill1, D. Schmitt1, P. Lemelin2, adiposity differ. The decline of adiposity profiles, and may be incapable of distin- 1Dept. of Biological Anthropology and with age presumably reflects chronic un- guishing between less than broadly de- Anatomy, Duke University Medical Cen- dernutrition in both sub-populations, with fined locomotor categories (i.e., leapers, ter, 2Division of Anatomy, University of acute undernutrition among the nomads brachiators, climbers). This limits the Alberta. leading to earlier decline. These findings precision with which locomotor behavior show that age related changes in adiposity of extinct primates can be extrapolated Lateral-sequence (LS) gaits, in which in men can vary across populations, as using cross-sectional geometry of long the left hind footfall is followed by the left function of energetic conditions. bone diaphyses. fore footfall, are typical of most nonpri- This work is supported by NSF grant Research partially funded by a NSF mate mammals. Primates and some mar- DBS 9207891. Dissertation Improvement Grant (BCS- supials commonly show a diagonal- 0002686), a L.S.B. Leakey Foundation sequence (DS) pattern, in which the left Cross-sectional geometry and loco- General Research Grant, and the De- hind footfall is followed by the right fore motor behavior of habituated chim- partment of Anthropology, Indiana Uni- footfall. We have argued (Zool. J. Linn. panzees from the Tai and Mahale versity to KJC. Soc. 136: 401) that the DS pattern allows National Parks. the hind foot to be planted in a protracted A paleopathological assessment of the position on a tested support before the K.J. Carlson1, D.M. Doran1, 2, K.D. Hunt3, Bowser site skeletal population. next fore footfall on an untested support, T. Nishida4, A. Yamanaka5, C. Boesch6. and is to be expected in cautious arboreal 1Department of Anatomical Sciences, J.R. Carter, R.R. Paine. Department of quadrupeds with grasping hind limbs. Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, Sociology, Anthropology and Social Work, This expectation is violated by LS gaits USA, 2Department of Anthropology, Stony Texas Tech University. reported for lorisids and chameleons by Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA, other authors. New data indicate that LS 3Department of Anthropology, Indiana The Bowser skeletal population was gaits in lorisids occur only at low walking University, Bloomington, IN, USA, excavated at the Fort Bend County, Texas speeds, where all duty factors (ratio of 4Department of Zoology, Kyoto University, site 41FB3. This site is one of thirteen in stance to swing phase duration) are high Kyoto, Japan, 5Department of Oral Anat- the western part of southeast Texas that and the advantages of the DS gait are omy 1, Kagoshima University Dental exhibits Late Archaic mortuary tradi- irrelevant, and that gaits become more School, Kagoshima, Japan, 6Max-Planck tional components. The Late Archaic time diagonal with increasing speed and de- Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, period in southeast Texas is from 1500 BC creasing duty factors. Chameleons con- Leipzig, Germany. to AD 100. There are two burial groups form to the loris distribution, but have established for this site, the upper and primarily LS gaits because their speeds Studies of extant primate locomotion use lower (Patterson et al., 1998). are always very low. A similar negative cross-sectional geometry to characterize The intent of this presentation is to relationship between diagonality and duty the limb structure of primates spanning summarize our paleopathological assess- factor is found in at least some other pri- broad locomotor categories. Such studies ment for these burials. The MNI of the mates and arboreal marsupials (J. Zool. frequently are the basis for inferring lo- Bowser burials based on left tibia count is 260: 423). This relationship may be comotor profiles of extinct primates. 39; with discrete burial units the number primitive for both mammalian orders. However, any response of bone to individ- of individuals examined increases to 51. Supported by NSF grant BCS-0137930. ual differences in activity profiles is ob- There are 11 subadults, 16 adult females, scured when interpreting the morphology 21 adult males and 3 adults of indetermi- Longevity and the evolution of mod- of museum specimens with the observed nate sex. Specifically, we are focusing on ernity. behavioral profiles of wild populations. the dental health of this population. We Here we present an analysis of cross- have collected data on enamel hypoplasia, R. Caspari1, S-H Lee2. 1Paleoanthropology sectional geometry and locomotor behav- calculus, caries, abscesses, dental wear, Laboratory, Department of Anthropology, ior where the same wild specimens supply antemortem tooth loss and alveolar re- University of Michigan, 2Department of morphological and behavioral data. sorption. We have also amassed informa- Anthropology, University of California at Femora and humeri from several chim- tion on general infection, osteoarthri- Riverside. panzees of the Tai National Park (Ivory tis/degenerative joint disease and trauma Coast) and the Mahale National Park found in the skeletons. Our purpose is to Increased longevity, expressed as num- (Tanzania) were assessed at three diaphy- compare our findings to other Archaic ber of individuals surviving to older seal locations using computed tomography burials in Texas, particularly the Ernest adulthood, represents one of the ways the and image analysis software. Locomotor Witte Site (Taylor, 2001), the Blue Bayou human life history pattern differs from profiles were constructed with 3387 in- Site (Commuzzie, 1987) and the Crest- other primates and may be a critical stantaneous time-point observations (87.4 mont Site (Vernon, 1989). We have found demographic factor in the development of hours). Few significant correlations are the Bowser population to be similar to human culture. The evolution of longevity found between a ratio of maximum and that of other Archaic populations in terms has been discussed through its correlation minimum principal moments of area, of health assessment. Of specific interest with other variables, such as body size, which quantify maximum and minimum for this population is their unusual dental encephalization and growth and develop- structural rigidities, and locomotor activi- wear pattern that reflects use wear and ment patterns, but the actual pattern of ties. Furthermore, few consistent positive not diet. change in adult survivorship critical to or negative trends are observed between testing the reality of these correlations in structural rigidity ratios and locomotor Duty factors and lateral-sequence the human lineage, the grandmother hy- activities. This suggests that femoral and gaits in primates and chameleons. pothesis, and other questions surrounding humeral cross-sectional geometry is rela- the evolution of human longevity, has yet tively insensitive to differences between to be empirically established. 74 AAPA Abstracts

We examined when changes in longevity has the potential to be virtually nonde- A.K. Cherryson. Department of Archae- occurred by assessing the ratio of older to structive. Nona’s Site samples are also ology, University of Sheffield. younger adults (OY ratios) in four homi- analyzed using Inductively Coupled nid dental samples (n=768) from succes- Plasma – Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS), a “May they rest in peace” is often said of sive time periods: later australopithecines, more traditional method of trace element the dead. Yet the reality is often very dif- early/middle Pleistocene Homo, Neander- analysis, allowing for verification of PIXE ferent. For over a millennium, the skeletal tals and Early Upper Paleolithic Europe- results. Comparison of PIXE and ICP-MS remains of those laid to rest in England’s ans. Younger and older adult status was data indicates that PIXE is a valid method churchyards were often disturbed and assessed by M3 eruption and wear seria- to determine trace element concentrations destroyed by the bodies of later generation of each sample, to indicate adulthood in archaeological bone. Human bone tions or by ecclesiastical rebuilding. This (M3 eruption), and the age at which indi- samples yield levels of Ba, Mg, Mn, and study examines the levels of post-burial viduals could first potentially become a Zn that appear to reflect a reliance on disturbance seen in Wessex during the grandmother (double the age of M3 erup- coastal resources. However, elevated early medieval period, c. 600-1100AD, a tion). Significance of the difference in levels of Sr and Ca suggest significant period which saw the advent of church- ratios between the groups was tested us- bone alteration, likely the result of inun- yard burial in England. The evidence for ing distributions generated by random dation in an aqueous environment. post-burial disturbance of the deceased resampling with replacement. While was assessed in 20 early medieval ceme- there are significant increases in OY ra- Locomotor adaptations in primates teries from Wessex. This revealed a gen- tios between all groups indicating a trend and other mammals. eral underlying trend of increasing levels of increased adult survivorship over the of grave disturbance during the early me- course of human evolution, there is a far H.J. Chatterjee, W. Parr. Grant Museum dieval period. This rose from the relatively more dramatic increase in longevity in the of Zoology, Department of Biology, Uni- low levels seen in the seventh and eighth modern humans of the Early Upper Paleo- versity College London. century cemeteries, which immediately lithic. We believe this increase in adult predate the advent of churchyard burial, survivorship may be a root cause of the Previous research into postcranial adap- to the high levels of intercutting burials population expansions and cultural inno- tations to arboreality have focused on seen in the churchyard cemeteries of the vations associated with modernity. robusticity and qualitative, or shape, dif- eighth to eleventh centuries. Much of ferences, expressed in primates. There skeletal disturbance when present in ear- PIXE and paleodiet: Reconstructing have been relatively few studies using lier cemeteries can best be characterised subsistence of Florida’s Middle Ar- metrical differences in postcrania to iden- as the reuse of pre-existing graves while chaic using a new method of trace tify characteristics adaptive to different that in the later cemeteries was primarily element analysis. arboreal locomotor strategies. This study the result of the intercutting by later uses 26 two-dimensional measurements to graves. The later churchyards also saw E.N. Chambers1, J.S. Krigbaum1, I.I. explore relationships between postcranial the deposition of displaced skeletal re- Kravchenko2, H.A. Van Rinsvelt2. 1Dept. morphology and locomotor strategy, across mains in charnel pits and the use of dis- of Anthropology, University of Florida, a range of both primate and non-primate placed skulls as “pillow stones” for other 2Department of Physics, University of arboreal taxa. The main aim of the study burials. Finally, the changes in the post- Florida. is to identify suites of morphological char- burial treatment of the body are consid- acteristics associated with varying forms ered with respect to both the views of the The amount of marine dietary resources of arboreal locomotion, i.e. ecomorpholo- church on the treatment of the deceased consumed by the prehistoric inhabitants gies. and the belief in the literal resurrection of of Florida during the Middle Archaic is an Size adjusted metric data were analysed the body. issue of some debate. To address this using discriminant function and principal issue, Particle-Induced X-ray Emission component analysis. These analyses iden- An analysis of variation in early In- (PIXE) is used to determine elemental tified suites of postcranial characteristics donesian mandibles. concentrations of human and non-human that can be used to predict various forms bone samples collected from Nona’s Site, a of arboreal locomotion including: true F.Y. Chiang, R. Caspari. Paleoanthropol- Middle Archaic locality (7,000-5,000 years brachiation; semi-brachiation; vertical ogy Laboratory, Department of Anthro- BP), in Sarasota County, Florida. Analy- clinging and leaping and arboreal quad- pology, University of Michigan, Ann Ar- sis focuses on alkaline earth elements Sr, rupedalism. bor. Ca, Ba, Fe, Cu, Mg, Mn, and Zn, since Bivariate analyses, based on the results they are biologically incorporated into of the multivariate analyses, indicate that The mandibular remains from Java have bone and therefore may reflect elemental using combinations of predictor variables been of interest for decades because of concentrations of diet when diagenetic several other locomotor types can be iden- their wide range of variation. This varia- factors are accounted for. Nona’s Site is tified. The identification of suites of pre- tion is most frequently attributed to tax- situated between Florida’s Gulf Coast and dictive variables for varying forms of ar- onomy or to sexual dimorphism. Al- upland interior habitats thus allowing for boreal locomotion has useful implications though it has been compellingly argued a wide-range of potential subsistence pat- for the classification of locomotor strate- that this variation can be accommodated terns. gies in extinct arboreal taxa. within a single sexually dimorphic spe- This pilot study addresses the applica- cies, controversy continues in part because bility of PIXE for trace element analysis of Disturbing the dead: The displace- previous studies have rested on tradi- bone and determines whether elemental ment and destruction of skeletal re- tional statistics, techniques that depend concentrations found within these bone mains in early medieval Wessex, on a number of assumptions that may not samples reflect diagenesis and/or dietary c.600-1100AD. be valid for fossil samples. Data resam- intake. PIXE is a fast and accurate pling represents an approach that allows method of multi-elemental analysis and us to compare variation without the as- AAPA Abstracts 75

sumptions of standard multivariate statis- borders, differences in their shapes were dimensional grid data are available to tics. assessed quantitatively by comparing the researchers by request from the authors. In this paper we revisit the issue of Euclidean distances between the EFA- causes of variation in the Javanese man- generated outlines. Chimpanzees and humans: The role dibles using resampling methods. Asking Results showed that there is a quantifi- of spatial analysis in primate conser- the question of whether the variation in able and significant difference between vation. the Javanese mandibles can be accounted the shapes of different individuals’ frontal for within a sexually dimorphic species, sinus outlines as represented by Euclid- A. Clapp1, J. Pruetz2. 1Dept. of Anthropol- we assess the pattern of variation in the ean distances, since distances between ogy, University of Texas Austin, 2Dept. of Indonesian mandibles and then the prob- outlines of different individuals were Anthropology, Iowa State University. ability of finding that pattern in a sample shown to be significantly larger than of Gorilla gorilla. Intragroup variation those between replicates (simulated The Park National du Nicolo Koba was assessed using the mismatch distri- antemortem and postmortem) of the same (PNNK) in Senegal is home to a number of butions of key metric variables taken on individual. West African chimpanzees (Pan troglog- casts of 6 Indonesian mandibles and asso- dytes verus). However, the larger popula- ciated dentition. We then examined the Three-dimensional mapping of the tion of chimpanzees in Senegal uses the probability of finding, for each measure- Homo erectus loci at Zhoukoudian, savanna mosaic surrounding the park. ment, a distribution with a range equal to China. This has resulted in a high level of inter- or smaller than that of the Indonesian action between chimps and humans. The sample in a distribution of 10,000 Gorilla R.L. Ciochon1, N.T. Boaz2. 1Dept. of An- people rely on subsistence agriculture, samples of the same size (n=6), resampled thropology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, and tension arises as the chimpanzees use with replacement from an original sample 2Dept. of Anatomy, Ross University School gardens and fields for foraging and raid of over 50 individuals. We find that for of Medicine, Portsmouth, Dominica. beehives. Confounding the issue, monkeys most measurements, the mismatch distri- also raid the crops, seemingly at higher butions lie within the Gorilla range; how- We construct a digitized three- frequencies than chimpanzees. To clarify ever, the few that do not raise interesting dimensional, stratigraphically-controlled the question of chimpanzee behavior and questions for further study about the pat- excavation grid of Zhoukoudian Locality 1, how it affects and is affected by humans, tern of variation in early Homo. using AutoCAD, in order to assess the Geographic Information Systems (GIS) spatial relationships of the excavated was used to integrate a number of layers Assessing the uniqueness of frontal materials. Fifteen loci were originally of data and determine patterns of dis- sinus outlines using Elliptic Fourier established for fossil hominid discoveries. tance, ranging behavior, and resource use Analysis. We located Loci H through O, established by the primates. These data are based on between 1934 and 1937, to within <1 m3 the location and frequency of sightings of A.M Christensen. Knoxville, TN. vertical and horizontal provenience using individuals and their nests, and use cost- an excavation grid laid out in 1934. We benefit and shortest path analyses. When It was first suggested in 1921 that the then mapped Loci A through G, estab- sightings of chimpanzees were plotted on frontal sinus morphology of no two indi- lished in the northern sector of the exca- basemaps of elevation, land cover, soils, viduals is alike. Since that time, the ir- vation between 1921 and 1933, onto this and vegetation, some patterns emerged. regular shape of frontal sinuses has been grid system by utilizing locations of re- Correlations exist between sightings and fairly extensively studied, with even maining walls, stratigraphic sections, water sources as well as preferred foods. monozygotic twins being shown to differ in excavation reports, maps, and photo- Based on this initial analysis of chimpan- their frontal sinus morphology. The sig- graphs. Many re-articulated hominid zee movements and home range calcula- nificance of such observations as well as specimens were discovered as isolated tion, a dialogue can begin, and perhaps a the potential forensic applications was fragments scattered over large areas of management plan will be developed to immediately recognized and frontal si- the cave floor, and in one case between decrease tension between humans and nuses were used in identification as early strata, a taphonomic pattern we ascribe to primates. as 1925. However, no empirical testing of extensive hyaenid breakage and dispersal the uniqueness of frontal sinuses has ever of remains in the cave. Some loci were Group size resurgence in mantled been performed, with many previous stud- horizontally extensive, with fragments of howlers (Alouatta palliata). ies focusing on inter-group variability, one hominid individual widely dispersed, and/or examining features or linear meas- while other loci were less than 1 m2 in M.R. Clarke. Dept. of Anthropology, Uni- urements, and not shape per se. extent with more than 1 individual repre- versity of New Orleans. This study, aimed at analyzing individ- sented. ual variation in shape, investigated fron- The estimate of 51 hominid individuals The effects of deforestation and man- tal sinus variability using Elliptic Fourier from Locality 1, still based largely on agement practices on group size and com- Analysis (EFA), a geometric morphometric Weidenreich’s original identifications, position of the howlers of La Pacifica, approach that fits a closed curve to an requires morphological reassessment. Costa Rica, have been previously reported. ordered set of data points, generating a Archaeological context should also be re- Here I report on the rebound of one group set of coefficients that can be treated as assessed. Fossil vertebrate and artifac- following a return to previous irrigation shape descriptors used as variables in tual specimen numbers from Locality 1 procedures. La Pacifica is in the dry discriminatory or other multivariate can be used to identify provenience to tropical zone and little rain falls between analyses, or used to reproduce the outline. within 1 m3. We have used this approach December and May. Without irrigation, By modeling 2-dimensional representa- to associate equid skull remains, puta- the upland forests lose their leaves and tions of frontal sinuses (as seen in poste- tively burned while fresh, with Locus B provide only new growth as food for howl- rior-anterior cranial radiographs) as Homo erectus. The Locality 1 three- ers. Group 2 has been surveyed since the closed contours by digitizing their outer mid-1970’s and has been regularly moni- 76 AAPA Abstracts

tored from 1984 through 2003. Group size laryngeal position found in the Neander- evolutionary biologists due to the impor- had ranged between 20 and 27 from 1974 thals. tant life history trade-offs that are evident through 1990, at which point it decreased, in the function of hormones and immune and ranged between 11 and 14 group Genetic studies of Mandrillus sphinx factors. Because androgens influence and members through 2000. The low impact in Gabon. regulate both immune and reproductive irrigation watering the home range ceased functions, measuring changes in hormone after 1986, and water reached the forest S.L. Clifford1, K.A. Abernethy2, levels and determining how they interact only occasionally. In 2000, the previous L.J.T.White3, P.A. Marx4, T.R. Disotell5 with immune factors during parasitic irrigation system was restored. By 2003, and E.J. Wickings1. 1UGENET, CIRMF, infection may have important implications six new females had joined the group, Gabon, 2SEGC, CIRMF, Gabon, 3WCS, for understanding the evolution of the three of which were secondary transfers 5Tulane Regional Primate Research Cen- vertebrate life history trade-off between from nearby groups. Group size increased ter, 4Dept. of Anthropology, New York reproductive and immune functions. We to 26 (4 adult males, 11 adult females, 11 University. investigate just such a trade-off utilizing a immatures), plus 3 peripheral females. model of human malaria, Plasmodium During this complete study period, The mandrill (Mandrillus sphinx) re- vivax. To date, the effects of the human male:female ratio has varied between mains an enigmatic primate species of endocrine response to this infection have 1:1.5 to 1:3.0, and males left the group which little is known in the wild. Man- received little attention. In order to clarify when the ratio dropped below 1:2.0. Adult drill societies appear to be comprised of the resultant host endocrine response to female to immature ratio varied between large cohesive hordes numbering up to Plasmodium vivax, we have examined 1:0.8 and 1:2.2. Thus, while the composi- several hundred individuals with mature, correlates of gonadal function (testoster- tion of the group remained stable, the size breeding males only present during sea- one levels) with physiological measures of of the group decreased in association with sonal cycles in females. A genetic study disease progression (signs and symptoms) limited irrigation, and increased after using microsatellite, Y-chromosome and and soluble indicators of immune function irrigation (and presumably resources) mitochondrial markers has been under- (cytokines) during Plasmodium vivax were restored. taken, the principal aim of which is to infection in adult Honduran residents. examine intra-and inter-group relation- Four serial samples were collected from 10 A new model for the Neanderthal ships in order to determine levels of popu- males and 12 females infected with Plas- vocal tract. lation substructure, effective population modium vivax (and 44 age- and sex- size, and gene flow in mandrills. All ge- matched control subjects) at Tocoa Hospi- M. Clegg. Department of Archaeology, netic data are derived from non-invasively tal, Honduras. Samples were assayed for University of Southampton. collected fecal samples. The focal study free testosterone and cortisol levels and group is from the Lopé Reserve, Gabon, cytokines (IL-1beta, IL-4, IL-10, IL-12, The human larynx, in contrast to those which is the approximate center of the TNF-alpha, and IFN-gamma). It was hy- of other mammals, is in a low position in mandrill species range and from which pothesized that there would be significant the pharynx. This low laryngeal position over 600 samples have been collected over correlations between testosterone levels is regarded as essential to our ability to a four-year period. In addition several and a) Plasmodium vivax parasitemia; b) produce the full range of speech sounds. hundred samples from neighboring popu- cytokine profiles; c) health complaints; This change is generally presented as a lations have been collected. Preliminary and d) hemoglobin levels. The results of gradual descent of the larynx over the results indicate that the Lopé mandrills this study are discussed, as are methodo- course of our species' evolution. exhibit reduced heterozygosity, allelic and logical considerations for future research. The Neanderthals are often regarded as haplotypic diversity compared to a semi an exception to this process. They are free ranging colony of mandrills in Gabon. Reconstructing the peopling of Cam- often presented as having a high laryn- These data will help clarify existing inter- eroon through the analysis of mito- geal position, at best having a more child- pretations of social and mating systems in chondrial DNA. like vocal tract. Consequently, they may mandrills, as well as having direct impli- have had a more limited repertoire of cations on the current understanding of V. Coia1, F. Verginelli,2 I. Boschi,3 G. speech sounds available to them. the evolutionary history of the species. Spedini1, D. Comas,4 F. Calafell4, C. Evidence is presented in this paper to This work is funded by NIH grant 5 R01 Battaggia1 and G. Destro-Bisol1. 1Depart- suggest that the reversal proposed in the AI44596. ment of Animal and Human Biology, Uni- Neanderthals may be a consequence of the versity "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy, sex used to model the vocal tract. There Testosterone, parasitemia, and cyto- 2Department of Oncology and Neurosci- has been a concentration on male vocal kine correlates during human malar- ences, Section of Molecular Pathology, anatomy in the research so far under- ial infection. University “Gabriele D'Annunzio”, Chieti, taken. However, human males have a Italy, 3Institute of Legal Medicine, Catho- large secondary growth in both laryngeal F. Cogswell1, J. Alger2, M. James3, M.P. lic University, Rome, Italy, 4Department size and position. This secondary growth Muehlenbein4. 1Department of Parasitol- de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, appears to have little to do with the abil- ogy and Bacteriology, Tulane National University "Pompeu Fabra", Barcelona, ity to produce speech sounds. Further- Primate Research Center, LA, Spain. more, we have no way of knowing when 2Departamento de Laboratorios Clinicos, this secondary growth spurt evolved. It is Hospital Escuela, Honduras, 3Department Populations presently settled in Camer- plausible that this growth spurt was not of Tropical Medicine, Tulane University oon belong to the Sudanic and Bantu cul- found in Neanderthal males. The use of School of Public Health, LA, 4Department tures. These two groups differ in the social the human male as the standard model for of Anthropology, Yale University, CT. structure, subsistence economy, language human vocal tracts may therefore be re- and religion. There is also a clear geo- sponsible for the apparent reversal in Immunoendocrine interactions have graphic distinction between them, with been the subject of intense interest by Sudanic populations living in the northern AAPA Abstracts 77

part of the country and the Bantu popula- ferent ethno-social groups (Spanish, In- We also examine the fossil distribution for tions living in southern Cameroon. dian and "Mestizo") and various reproduc- multimodality, which may be suggestive This work is part of a long-term anthro- tive patterns regarding legitimacy. Sur- of sexual dimorphism. pological survey in Cameroon aimed at name distribution supposing neutral allele To demonstrate our methods, we revisit reconstructing the genetic history of Cam- model and Ri kinship matrices between the problem of dental metric variation in eroon’s populations. In this communica- geographical populations were obtained, the combined Hadar/Laetoli hominid tion we focus on the differences between and the results derived from sets of pater- samples. We compare fossil canine and the Sudanic and the Bantu components of nal, maternal -of legitimate and illegiti- M2 sizes with reference samples of Go- the peopling of this area. To do this, we mate children-, and all surnames in the rilla, Pongo, and Pan and find that varia- use mitochondrial relative to a total of 12 registers compared by ethno-social group. tion in the fossil sample does not exceed populations from North (Daba, Fali, The results show similar surname distri- the amount seen in the apes. However, Fulbe, Mandara, Ouldeme, Podokwo, Tali bution regardless of the set of surnames the multimodal fossil distribution sug- and Tupuri) and South (Bakaka, Bassa, and group considered, as well as a low gests the presence of a single, highly di- Bamileke and Ewondo) Cameroon. The diversity and entrance of new surnames. morphic taxon. data were obtained by sequencing the Ri matrices using paternal, maternal of hypervariable region-1 and analyzing 4 legitimate, maternal of illegitimate, and Diversity in primate auditory struc- nucleotide positions of the mtDNA coding the set of whole surnames showed the ture and its influence on hearing per- region (10400, 12308 and 12705, 10873 ). same relationships among populations, formance. A total of 441 individuals was studied. indicating a similar pattern for Spanish, The preliminary results of analysis of Indian and Mestizo. Mantel test correla- M.N. Coleman. Interdepartmental Doc- molecular variance, haplogroup frequen- tion between all pairs of matrices was toral Program in Anthropological Sci- cies and genetic distances suggest the significant in all different ethno-social ences, Stony Brook University. existence of a north-south structure, al- groups. Results suggest that in popula- though no close correspondence between tions with high illegitimacy, when the The auditory region contains numerous genetic and linguistic structure can be surname distributions are similar, it structures that have proven useful for detected. Another interesting result is in would be convenient to maximize the phylogenetic classification at various the presence of mtDNA haplogroups (U5 sample size, even including maternal sur- taxonomic levels. However, little work has among the Fulbe and U6 among the Po- names. been done in primates relating differences dokwo and Uldeme) which did not proba- in morphology to variations in hearing bly originated in sub-Saharan Africa. Fur- Assessing variation within commin- performance. This study documents three thermore, sequences of probable Pygmy gled hominid fossil assemblages using anatomical and physiological distinctions origin (sub-haplogroup L1c1a1) were nonparametric density estimation. within primates and begins to address the found in the Ewondo Bantus. functional and evolutionary consequences T.M. Cole III1, D.L. Cunningham2. 1Uni- of these and other auditory features. The Diversity of paternal and maternal versity of Missouri - Kansas City, 2Uni- dimensions of the outer ear (pinna) were surnames in the Argentinean colonial versity of Missouri-Columbia. measured in cadaveric specimens repre- period: Isonymy by ethno-social cate- senting nearly every primate family and gory. When studying an assemblage of com- used to calculate a shape ratio mingled hominid fossils, one of our most (height/width). It was found that prosimi- S. Colantonio12, V. Fuster3, M. del C Fer- challenging tasks is estimating the num- ans have a significantly higher ratio than reyra4, J. Lascano1. 1Fac. de Ciencias Ex- ber of taxa present. Many studies have anthropoids although the actual height actas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad used coefficients of variation (CVs) to was not found to differ. This indicates that Nacional de Córdoba, 2Consejo Nacional compare the variation in a hominid as- most prosimians have ears that are tall de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, semblage with the variation seen in sam- and narrow whereas monkeys and apes Argentine, 3Fac. de Biología, Dpto. Zo- ples of closely-related, extant taxa (usu- are characterized by ears with a more ología y Antropología Física, Universidad ally great apes and modern humans). This subquadrate shape. The eardrum area, Complutense, Madrid, Spain, 4Centro de method has important limitations, espe- stapedial footplate area and ossicular Investigaciones, Fac.de Filosofía y Hu- cially when samples are very small. lever arm lengths were measured in dried manidades, Universidad Nacional de Cór- We propose an alternative method for specimens to calculate an impedance doba, Argentine. comparing fossil assemblages to extant transformer ratio. Again, a distinction reference samples that addresses non- was found between prosimians and an- Surnames provide a simple and useful independence of observations: nonpara- thropoids, with the former group having a method to study the structure of human metric density estimation (NDE). Using transformer ratio indicative of a higher populations, for which biological data are all possible combinations of fossil ele- percentage of acoustic energy transmis- not available. Using the isonymic method ments, we quantify the size of the multi- sion through the middle ear. Audiogram a difficulty is the small sample size. In variate space containing the entire sam- data was gathered from the literature to groups where extramarital reproduction is ple. We compare the size of this space to analyze hearing sensitivity. Although common, sample size is even more re- similarly-constructed spaces for the extant there were no significant differences in duced when only paternal surnames are taxa, using Monte Carlo simulation when high frequency sensitivity, platyrrhines taken into account. Therefore, it could be samples are large. With NDE, we con- illustrated more low frequency sensitivity of interest to retain female surnames, struct confidence envelopes analogous to than like-sized lorisoids. The effects of including the case of single mothers. This parametric confidence regions. If the size intra-specific variation on the audiogram study was carried out using all birth re- of the fossil multivariate space size ex- results were also examined. These find- cords information from an Argentinean ceeds the confidence envelopes for the ings are discussed with respect to how population in the colonial period, which extant taxa, we interpret this as evidence these and other sensory adaptations may was characterized by the presence of dif- for the presence of multiple fossil taxa. 78 AAPA Abstracts

be related to the current radiation of pri- The Arab Bedouin population of the and the number of species they contain – mates. interior province of Oman is the focus of a i.e., small body size is often associated collaborative study between Omani and with high species diversity. In this study Sexual selection, homoplasy and fos- U.S. scientist to identify and map genes I address the following questions of (pa- sil primate phylogenetics. influencing a number of complex meta- leo)anthropological interest: (1) How spe- bolic diseases. For hundreds of years the ciose is the Order Primates? (2) Does this M. Collard. Department of Anthropology, traditional agriculture practices of this biological “rule” characterize the Order Washington State University. region have included cultivation of date Primates (at any taxonomic level) in any palms and subsistence farming, as well as, meaningful way? (3) Does the association Homoplasies are resemblances between animal breeding. The current population between speciosity and body mass within taxa that are due to processes other than of Arab Bedouins is approximately 75,000, the Order Primates provide any useful descent from a common ancestor and that with these individuals distributed be- models for interpreting and/or predicting imply phylogenetic relationships that tween the provincial capital of Nizwa speciosity in the fossil primate record? conflict with the best estimate of phylog- (15,000) and several small villages (1000 – Using phylogenetically independent con- eny for the taxa. It has become increas- 5000). The inhabitants of each village are trasts methods, I conclude that the an- ingly apparent in recent years that homo- all related to each other with 1st cousin swers to those three questions are: (1) not plasies are common in the datasets used marriage approaching 50% of all mar- very; (2) no; and (3) not particularly (with to reconstruct fossil primate phylogenetic riages. As a result of the economic impact the possible exception of larger-bodied relationships, and that their prevalence is of the petroleum industry over the past 30 taxa). I predict that no early hominin a major reason why robust phylogenies for years dramatic changes in lifestyle have genus will prove to be very speciose even the main fossil primates have been diffi- been witnessed. In an effort to delineate when they are more fully known from the cult to obtain. Accordingly, developing a the genetic contribution for the risk of fossil record. better understanding of the distribution developing these diseases we have begun and causes of homoplasy among primates the Nizwa family study. We are currently Paranthropus paleobiology: A review. represents a challenge for physical an- collecting extensive phenotypic data, thropology. This paper reports a study along with DNA, from 5 large extended P.J. Constantino1, B.A. Wood2. 1Hominid that investigated the possibility that sex- families (approximately 200 – 300 indi- Paleobiology Doctoral Program, 2Center ual selection is an important cause of pri- viduals per family) of Arab Bedouins liv- for the Advanced Study of Human Paleo- mate homoplasy. First, large (>50 meas- ing in Nizwa and the surrounding vil- biology, Department of Anthropology, The urements) sex-specific craniometric data- lages. Given the unique marital practices George Washington University. sets were constructed for the four extant of this community (e.g., 1st cousin mar- large-bodied hominoids, and for the six riages and males taking multiple wives) It has been more than 15 years since the extant papionin species. Next, the data- the resulting pedigrees offer tremendous publication of Grine’s edited volume Evo- sets were size corrected, coded, and sub- power to map genes contributing to the lutionary History of the “Robust” Austra- jected to several cladistics-based analyses. development of common complex meta- lopithecines (Grine, 1988) and even longer Lastly, the results were compared with bolic diseases. since the last paper-length synopsis of the groups’ well-supported molecular phy- Paranthropus taxa (Wood and Chamber- logenies in order to assess homoplasy Species richness in early hominins: A lain, 1987) was published. However, new levels in the morphological datasets. The reply to Conroy. fossil discoveries and new interpretations analyses of the hominoid datasets sug- of the existing fossil evidence have ingested that males and females of this G.C. Conroy. Depts. of Anatomy & An- creased our knowledge and understanding group are equally prone to homoplasy. In thropology, Washington University Medi- of this taxon. We present a review of the contrast, the analyses of the papionin cal School, St. Louis. genus Paranthropus focusing on the con- datasets indicated that female papionins tribution of research conducted in the past exhibit markedly less homoplasy than Conroy (J. Hum. Evol. 2002; 43:607-614) 15 years, and the results of our own re- male papionins. Thus, the study suggests recently suggested that interesting in- search that addresses the taxonomic sig- that sexual selection may indeed be re- sights may be gained about early hominin nificance of an up-to-date dental metrical sponsible for some of the homoplasy en- speciosity by considering the relationship description of the taxon. countered in fossil primate phylogenetic between body mass and speciosity in ex- Paranthropus fossils from four new sites studies. However, the study also suggests tant mammals. Although the relative include the youngest specimens, the first that sexual selection-induced homoplasy sizes of organisms are not traditionally skull, the largest cranial capacity, and the cannot be assumed to affect all fossil pri- used in most taxonomic analyses, he sug- most complete cranium known for this mate groups. gested that comparative body size might genus. In addition to tantalizing evidence be an important factor in discussions of for tool-use and an omnivorous diet, habi- The Nizwa Family Study: Mapping early hominin taxonomic diversity and tat reconstructions indicate that Paran- genes for complex metabolic diseases called into question some “bushy-tree” thropus was one of the first hominin taxa in the Arab Bedouins of Oman. models of excessive speciosity in early to regularly visit open grassland sites. Homo. Several studies have supported the valid- A.G. Comuzzie1, R. Bayoumi2, S.A. Ya- Evolutionary biologists have long com- ity of P. aethiopicus as a distinct taxon, hyaee2, S.A. Barwani2, J.A. Lawati3, G. mented on a seemingly universal “rule” of but there has been less evidence for the Cai1, S. Williams-Blangero, M.O. Hassan2. nature – that in large taxonomic assem- continued recognition of P. crassidens in 1Southwest Foundation for Biomedical blages from groups as diverse as bacteria, southern Africa. The question of Paran- Research, 2Sultan Qaboos University, plants, insects, marine invertebrates, fish, thropus monophyly remains unresolved. 3Oman Ministry of Health. reptiles, amphibians, birds, and mam- Our analysis of Paranthropus dental met- mals, a strong inverse relationship is of- rics supports the recognition of P. boisei ten noted between mean body size of taxa sensu stricto and P. robustus sensu lato AAPA Abstracts 79

despite suggestions that these may be Therapy, Springfield College, Springfield, very strong cerebral asymmetry, with a invalid taxa. (PC is supported by NSF MA, 2New England Orthopedic Surgeons, prominent left occipital petalia in both IGERT Grant No. 9987590. BW is sup- Springfield, MA, 3Dept. of Natural Sci- length and width, and a right frontal ported by the Henry R Luce Foundation). ence, Hampshire College, Amherst, MA, petalia in the lateral aspect, thus repre- 4Dept. of Archaeology, University of Syd- senting the classic “torque” petalial pat- A taphonomic analysis of crowned ney, Sydney Australia. tern associated with right-handedness hawk-eagle nests from Tai National that is found in modern humans. The Forest, Ivory Coast. Skeletal pathology and morphological Broca’s cap regions are unfortunately not variations are frequently used to support present on either side, and the surface of C. Cooke1, S. Shultz2, W.S. McGraw3. 1,3 theories of activity patterns in prehistoric the endocast is lacking sulcal details de- Department of Anthropology, The Ohio populations. It is thought that the people spite the excellent preservation of internal State University, 2School of Biological of the Arabian Gulf in 2300 BC were fish- table of bone. There is considerable pre- Sciences, University of Liverpool. erman, herders and agriculturists. In this lambdoidal flattening, and the occipital study, adult forearm pathologies and lobes are subsequently thrust quite poste- Predation likely plays a significant role morphologies were assessed using indi- riorly relative to the cerebellar lobes. Is it in primate mortality yet actual predation viduals from the Tell Abraq Neolithic possible that this pattern might tell us events are rarely observed. The study of tomb, United Arab Emirates. Previous more about postnatal growth and devel- prey remains can provide clues to a spe- work on this skeletal population demon- opment with further study? Aside from cies’ vulnerability to predation and help strated a high level of osteoarthritis (OA) the overall shape of the endocast, the fea- generate profiles of damage characteris- at the trapeziometacarpal (TMC) joints, tures are indistinguishable from the brain tics that can be used in taphonomic analy- suggesting repeated stressful activity endocasts of modern humans. ses. To better understand the role of involving the thumbs. predator activities in the accumulation of The forearm bones from the same tomb The Italian populations during the fossil fauna, we conducted a taphonomic show minimal pathology. However, mor- Copper Age (III millennium BC): analysis of primate remains from twelve phological variations and eleven muscu- Analysis of the genetic barriers. crowned-hawk eagle (Stephanoaetus coro- loskeletal attachment sites (MAS) on both natus) nests collected over a period of two the radius and ulna, including the sites A. Coppa1, A. Cucina2, M. Lucci1, F. years in the Ivory Coast’s Tai Forest. We for attachment of the volar radiocarpal Manni3, R. Vargiu1. 1University of Rome, determined the relative abundance of each ligament, flexor pollicis longus, abductor 2Universidad Autonoma de Yucatan, primate species preyed upon by eagles as pollicis longus, brachioradialis and biceps 3Musee de l’Homme. well as bone survivability, bone fragmen- brachii, were evaluated and shown to be tation, and damage patterns for each of hypertrophied. Several MAS on metacar- The Italian Copper Age human popula- the nests. pals II, III and V were also hypertrophied. tions (III millennium BC), have been Results indicate that the most abundant Synergistic movement patterns were de- sorted into 14 different groups (Buccino, remains are from two primate species that veloped using the hypertrophied MAS to Eboli, Laterza Puglia, Laterza Campania, differ dramatically in body size and be- determine the probable frequent position- Marche, North East, North West, havior: Cercopithecus diana and Cercoce- ing of the forearm, wrist and digits in Remedello, Rinaldone Gaudo, Rinaldone, bus atys. Hindlimb bones (40%) were these individuals. Elbow flexion in com- Santa Caterina, Sicilia, Soleminis, most abundant followed by those of the bination with rotation of the forearm and Sardegna Sassari) and analyzed in order forelimb (24%) and crania (18%). The ma- wrist extension, with digits flexed force- to assess the phenotypic affinities based jority of recovered long bones and cranial fully and the thumb used extensively in on the dental morphological traits. The bones remained intact. Damage to long flexion/extension and abduction was the study has been carried out using the bones typically consisted of broken proxi- most commonly observed synergistic ASUDAS system to calculate the relative mal and/or distal ends with minimal harm movement pattern in this sample. In frequencies of 68 dental traits (39 maxil- to the shaft. Many of the cranial bones combination with the high levels of OA lary and 29 mandibular), from which the displayed puncture marks behind the observed at the TMC joint, these data Mean Measure of Divergence (MMD) and orbits and along suture lines. The scapu- support the theory that the individuals in the genetic barriers (resting upon Delau- lae were shattered and exhibited raked this sample were engaged in regular nay’s triangulaton and Monmonier’s algo- breakage and V-shaped puncture marks. heavy and repetitive activities with their rithm) have been calculated. A major Bone abundance and damage patterns upper extremities, especially their barrier separates the Laterza-culture described from Tai nests are similar to thumbs. groups from all the others, while a second those reported for other crowned-hawk one sorts the northern groups and Ri- eagle nests such as those at Kibale. Our The Monte Circeo Neandertal brain naldone. The Gaudo-culture groups, results have implications for interpreting endocast. Marche and Rinaldone-Gaudo are instead the taphonomy of hominid sites such as distinguished by a third barrier, while the Taung. L.E. Copes, R.L. Holloway. Dept. Anthro- fourth and fifth ones sort out the remain- pology, Columbia University, NY, NY. ing groups from Sardinia. This is consis- Synergistic musculoskeletal attach- tent with the results of traditional multi- ment sites in the upper extremity and Through the kindness of Dr. Roberto variate analyses. The first two barriers activity patterns at Tell Abraq, Bondioli, an endocast of the Monte Circeo instead isolate the northern groups from United Arab Emirates, 2300 BC. cranium was received by the author. The the southern ones, which may be indica- endocast was undistorted, and required tive of population flows into these areas J.M. Cope1, L.M. Adler2, D.L. Martin3, D. but minimal reconstruction to determine respectively from central Europe and the D. Potts4. 1Dept. of Anthropology, Univer- its endocranial volume, which was 1360 Eastern Mediterranean. sity of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, ml. In addition to having the “classic” 1Depts. of Physical and Occupational Neandertal shape, the endocast shows 80 AAPA Abstracts

This study has been granted by the sequences of the valley and have the po- those of infant individuals buried in the CNR’s “Progetto Finalizzato Beni Cul- tential to reveal earlier hominin fossils. same cemetery and supposedly native of turali ” and MURST COFIN01. The excavation focuses on an in situ the area. The analysis is performed by surface exposure considered roughly con- means of LA-ICP-MS. It laser spots the Skeletal analyses of Umm El-Jimal, temporaneous with a dense fossil concen- hidden enamel of the first permanent Jordan (300-400AD). tration representing a probable hyena den molar, based on the assumption that the in the Entrance Quarry. These deposits elemental spectrum in this tooth is closely C. Crain, P.K. Stone. Western Michigan are older than those from which all aus- related to the environment the individual University, Kalamazoo. tralopithecine material from Makapans- was born and grew up in. Comparisons gat has been attributed previously and were also made with the spectra from In 1996 and 1997 excavations of a ceme- spans a time period broadly contempora- individuals from other areas in the Yuca- tery and a monumental tomb were con- neous with early East African hominin- tan peninsula. Principal component ducted at Umm El- Jimal, which is located bearing localities. analyses and cluster analyses mainly in a semi-arid region of northern Jordan. Recent excavations of the Member 2 in indicate a local provenance of the African Uncovered were a series of isolated buri- situ breccia was enabled by traditional individuals who do not bear any kind of als (MNI=100+) containing from 1-4 indi- methods utilizing large drills, wedges, and mutilations, while the three individuals viduals ranging in ages from neonates to pry bars and novel methods adopted from with “extraneous” dental modifications do the elderly. All of the interments were the geological sciences utilizing explosive not clearly fall within the range of vari- dated, using grave goods, and found to be cap technology. With these techniques, 66 ability of the native individuals. from the second period of Umm El-Jimal’s blocks of breccia were excavated, 179 bags occupation, (4th and 5th century AD). While of fossil material were accessioned, and Postcranial sexual dimorphism at the some burials were disturbed as a result of over 200 fossils were recovered during A.L. 333 site. looting, most were found intact. 2003. In addition, the first fossil material Data collected from the human remains from deposits not accounted for by the D.L. Cunningham1, T.M. Cole III2, C.V. excavated at Umm El-Jimal will be pre- member system were retrieved from an Ward1, D.J. Wescott1. 1University of Mis- sented here. Demographic and pathologi- adjacent exposure. While the Member 2 souri-Columbia, 2University of Missouri- cal assessments will be used to determine fossil materials are fragmentary and rela- Kansas City. the relative health of this community. In tively sparse, they provide valuable addition markers of occupational stress provenanced information contributing to The degree and pattern of postcranial will be evaluated to discuss the labor in- Plio-Pleistocene reconstructions of the sexual dimorphism in Australopithecus tensive activities conducted by these peo- valley. afarensis remains an unresolved issue. ple. This is one of the first reporting of Research funded by NSF grant BCS- Interpretations of the fossil material have this material and as such represents new 0128770 yielded wildly varying estimates of dimor- information on the livelihoods and health phism in this taxon, from relative mono- of 4th and 5th century AD Jordanian popu- Provenance of African origin indivi- morphism to levels exceeding those pre- lations. duals from the colonial cemetery of sent in gorillas and orangutans. Because Campeche (Mexico) by means of LA- of links between sexual dimorphism and Fossil excavations of the Maka- ICP-MS. mating systems, interpretations of dimor- pansgat Member 2 and adjacent brec- phism patterns can impact reconstruc- cias. A. Cucina1, H. Neff2, V. Tiesler1. tions of social behavior. 1Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, We test the hypothesis that postcranial T.C. Crawford1, J.K. McKee2, G.C. Con- 2California State University, Long Beach. dimorphism in A.L.333 hominids is simi- roy1,3, K.L. Kuykendall4, A.G. Latham5. lar to that of modern humans. Since geo- 1Dept. of Anthropology, Washington Uni- The colonial cemetery of Campeche, graphic and temporal factors can influ- versity, 2Dept. of Anthropology, The Ohio Mexico, was excavated by the local INAH ence levels of variation present in a fossil State University, 3Dept. of Anatomy and center during 2000. About 120 individu- taxon, restricting analyses to a single Neurobiology, Washington University als came to light from a large set of burial geographic and temporally constrained School of Medicine, 4Dept. of Anatomical conditions. Among them, three individu- assemblage is appropriate. In the case of Sciences, University of the Witwaters- als presented particular patterns of dental A. afarensis, the fossils from the A.L. 333 rand, 5School of Archaeology, Liverpool mutilation that did not pertain to the site meet these criteria. In order to fully University. “local” prehispanic array. Their dental exploit the varied fossil assemblage from morphological pattern suggested a possi- this site, we combine the isolated postcra- The Makapansgat Limeworks is well ble African ethnicity. Twelve additional nial elements into all possible (N=1536) known for having produced extensive Plio- individuals were subsequently identified “composite” individuals. We then compare Pleistocene faunal and hominin fossil as “African” on the ground of non-metric variation in the fossil composites to simi- material. The vast majority of the Maka- dental traits. The presence of the non- lar “composites” constructed from extant pansgat fossil assemblage has been recov- native dental decorative techniques trig- African ape and human samples using ered from limestone dumps and thus lacks gered the question of provenance of the Monte Carlo simulation. We measure provenience information. The dearth of individuals bearing them, along with the differences in variation patterns and visu- stratigraphic data has resulted in dispa- cultural implications related to the im- alize them using nonparametric density rate paleoenvironmental, paleoecological, porting and persistence of specific cultural estimation. The multivariate distribution and lithological reconstructions, further mutilations. The present study aims at of the human sample is unimodal, indicat- confusing discussions regarding the con- inferring the place of origin of the “Afri- ing a low degree of skeletal sexual dimor- text of early hominin evolution in South can” individuals interred in the cemetery phism. In contrast, the apes have multi- Africa. Excavations of in situ Member 2 by analyzing the trace elements spectrum modal distributions, indicating higher deposits may help resolve the Pliocene in their dental enamel and comparing it to levels of dimorphism. The distribution of AAPA Abstracts 81

the A.L. 333 sample is also multimodal, of Indianapolis, 2Physiology Department, ent villages and both Austronesian and suggesting an “ape-like” pattern of sexual Indiana University. non-Austronesian speakers. 229 JCV dimorphism in A. afarensis. positive samples were partially sequenced Supported by NSF Award #0234193, This study examines the variation due to for genotyping and 11 samples were se- Sigma Xi, AMNH, and PEO. age, sex, hyperostosis frontalis interna, quenced in their entirety for phylogenetic side, orientation, and sample source on analysis. The results show JCV Type 8B Dental variation and dental health in the microscopic appearance of the external to be prevalent on the coast in both Aus- a wild population of ring-tailed le- table of the frontal bone. Cores were ex- tronesian and Papuan speaking popula- murs (Lemur catta) from Beza tracted from European-American cadavers tions. In the highlands, Types 8A and 8B Mahafaly Special Reserve, Madagas- (N = 92). One section per bone core was are nearly equally represented. Type 2E car. examined microscopically and measure- is in low frequency in both regions. The ments were taken for the total area of the Southeast Asian genotype (Type 7A) was F.P. Cuozzo1, M.L. Sauther2, K.D. Fish2. external table. Measurements included absent in these samples. The Type 8 group 1Department of Anthropology, Northern external table thickness, osteon density, is phylogenetically the oldest in Asia. Illinois University, 2Department of An- osteon size, and Haversian canal size. Type 8A, apparently restricted to New thropology, University of Colorado. Age significantly affected osteon size, Guinea, likely entered with the earliest osteon density, and external table thick- settlers, possibly along a south Asian As part of a comprehensive study of the ness. Side affected osteon size while sex route. While closely related phylogeneti- population of ring-tailed lemurs at Beza affected osteon density and external table cally, Type 8B appears to represent a sec- Mahafaly Special Reserve, Madagascar, thickness. The other independent vari- ond ancient migration into New Guinea we collected data (n = 71) on dental varia- ables had no significant effect on the sub- after Type 8A, which then spread into tion and dental health, including for the variables. Western Melanesia. Although it has not first time, information on individuals in- Age-prediction equations were then de- yet been resolved whether Type 2E or habiting a highly degraded habitat, those veloped using least-squares linear regres- Type 7A represents the Austronesian exploiting human habitation sites, and sion. External table thickness and osteon expansion occurring approximately 3,500 reserve groups. Here we present these population density produced a regression years ago, the distribution data does im- data, compare them with those previously line with the lowest amount of prediction ply that Polynesian populations reflect published for this population, and address error for the entire sample. Sex-specific both an indigenous Melanesian and Asian the role of different habitats on the pat- age equations were also developed. The contribution. Supported by the Wenner- terns revealed. The patterns of metric and equation developed for females performed Gren Foundation for Anthropological Re- morphologic variability in the current better than the sex-pooled equation while search and the National Institutes of sample (e.g., m1 length CV = 4.15; varia- the equation developed for males per- Health. bly present p4 metaconids) compare fa- formed worse than the sex-pooled equa- vorably with previous studies of this popu- tion. QTL mapping in biological anthro- lation (Sauther et al., 2001, 2002), as do The degree to which the histological pology: Bone density. the general patterns of dental health (e.g., structure of the frontal bone is affected by 64% of damaged teeth occurring in the age is much less than that of other skele- S.A. Czerwinski, E.W. Demerath, R.M. toothcomb). Examples of individual varia- tal elements. As a result, the ability to Siervogel, B. Towne. Lifespan Health tion not seen in previous studies include predict age from the external table of the Research Center, Wright State University one individual with a supernumerary frontal bone is not as good compared to School of Medicine. upper premolar, and two individuals that other skeletal elements. However, in lack the ledge-like M1-2 cingulum charac- cases where the only bone available for Despite increasing knowledge of the teristic of ring-tailed lemurs. In terms of analysis is a fragmented frontal bone, this genetics of bone mineral density (BMD) habitat differences, both cases of dental histological method would be useful. and osteoporosis risk, identifying the spe- abscesses occur in the troop that spends Funded in part by the Indiana Academy cific genes underlying normal variation in extensive time in and around areas of of Science. BMD has remained an elusive task. human habitation surrounding the re- Compared to other health disorders, there serve headquarters. Also, while the fre- JC Virus genotype distribution in are relatively few whole genome linkage quency of broken (including cracked or Papua New Guinea. scans investigating bone mineral density chipped) teeth is similar between the and osteoporosis risk in human popula- group within degraded habitat and re- J.M. Czarnecki1, J.S. Friedlaender2, C.S. tions. In order to identify genes influenc- maining individuals (36%, n = 11 vs. 33%, Mgone3, G.L. Stoner4. 1Biological Defense ing susceptibility to osteoporosis, we per- n = 60, respectively), the percentage of Research Directorate, Naval Medical Re- formed quantitative trait linkage analysis missing teeth does differ (36% vs. 23%, search Center; 2Department of Anthropol- on total body BMD in a sample of healthy respectively). These data indicate that ogy, Temple University; 3PNG Institute of adults participating in the Fels Longitu- dental health is directly affected by habi- Medical Research; 4Neurotoxicology Sec- dinal Study. There were a total 684 par- tat characteristics, which can be meas- tion, NINDS, NIH. ticipants ranging in age from 18-90 years ured in living primate populations. with at least one total body BMD meas- In an attempt to clarify the events lead- urement. Additionally, a subset of study Variation in the microscopic appearing to the peopling of Oceania, JCV geno- subjects was genotyped for 377 autosomal ance of the frontal bone in a ca- type distribution data from Papua New markers spaced approximately every 10 daveric population. Guinea (PNG) was generated and JCV cM along the genome. Using a variance- sequence data was used to phylogeneti- components based maximum likelihood J. Curtis1, J. Langdon1, S. Nawrocki1, A. cally compare PNG to worldwide strains. method (SOLAR) for pedigree data we Robling2. 1Biology Department, University Samples were collected from coastal and calculated initial heritability estimates highland provinces representing 33 differ- and identified quantitative trait loci (QTL) 82 AAPA Abstracts

influencing variation in total body BMD. Estimation of living body mass from and poorly developed in-series tendons), Total body BMD was highly heritable multiple skeletal elements. good jumping performance is not expected. (h2=0.60+ 0.07, p<0.01) after adjusting for We video-taped bonobos (250 fps) while the effects of age, sex, age*sex, age2, and S. Daneshvari, O.M. Pearson, Dept. of squat jumping from a forceplate (sample age2*sex. Preliminary results of the ini- Anthropology, University of New Mexico. frequency, 1000 Hz) in the Wild Animal tial quantitative trait linkage screen re- Park of Planckendael, Belgium. Analysis vealed two regions of suggestive linkage Body mass can be important in forensic included linear and angular kinematics in (i.e., LOD scores >2.0). These suggestive identification and it is an essential vari- the sagittal plane, kinetics of the center of QTL were located on chromosomes 6 able in biomechanical investigations of the mass (COM) and an inverse dynamic (marker D6S289) and 20 (D20S119). bones of ancient peoples. Skeletal evi- analysis of selected sequences. Supported by NIH grants HD12252, dence of activity can give us insight into a The maximal observed jumping height HD36342 and AG20808. person’s life style, which can also be im- (vertical displacement of the COM while portant in forensic work, and touches airborne) was surprisingly high at 0.71m, Effects of load orientation and con- upon many questions in bioarchaeology. for an adult male, and jumping heights straints on finite element analyses of This study investigates the potential of over 0.5m are typical. The subjects a primate mandible. multiple skeletal measurements to pro- started from a deeply crouched position vide better estimates of body mass. and accelerated their COM throughout D.J. Daegling1, R. Marinescu2, A.J. Rapoff Measurements of long bone lengths, ar- the pushoff phase by a proximo-distal 2,3. 1Department of Anthropology, ticular dimensions, bi-iliac breadth and extension sequence of the leg joints. The 2Biomedical Engineering, 3Mechanical & lumbar dimensions were gathered from legs never fully extended during push-off. Aerospace Engineering, University of skeletons at the Maxwell Museum, Uni- The highest joint moments and powers, by Florida. versity of New Mexico (n=50 males, 20 far, are calculated for the hip, with the females) and from the Hamman-Todd knee having a very low net contribution. Finite element modeling offers unprece- Collection (n=111 males, 76 females). The Overall, we conclude that a “generalist” dented precision in describing the stress study included only individuals of known anatomy can allow for surprisingly good environment in skeletal structures. Cur- height and weight who had died from non- performance in “specialized” locomotor rently, however, the potential of finite wasting diseases or accidents. The meas- modes, and that this should be kept in element models to inform studies of bone urements were chosen due to their impor- mind when inferring locomotor function biomechanics is compromised by our igno- tance in previous studies regarding body from gross anatomy. rance of how well such models accurately mass. Stepwise regression is used to de- Supported by the Fund for Scientific portray states of stress and strain. termine the most effective equation to Research-Flanders and by the Flemish Among the obstacles that hinder develop- predict body mass. Government through the Centre for Re- ment of reliable models is uncertainty Results from the Maxwell collection search and Conservation (Royal Zoological over boundary conditions that are chosen showed that different combinations of Society of Antwerp). to represent the mechanical environment variables provided the best estimates of in vivo. This problem can only be ignored mass for males and females. However, Incisor variation in Miocene proto- if it can be shown that alteration of these there were high amount of error in pre- hominoids: A comparative study conditions has inconsequential effects on dicted body mass, with R2 = 0.37 for males across 12 fossil genera. model output. and a standard error of the estimate of Using a finite element model of a 42.5 kg; for females, R2 = 0.35 and SEE = C.A. Davis. Southern Illinois University. Macaca fascicularis mandible (13,616 35.0 kg. Results from the Hamman-Todd quadratic tetrahedral elements), we pre- Collection are compared to these findings A morphological study of incisor varia- sent the effects of changing boundary to determine if body mass can be esti- tion in Early and Middle Miocene proto- conditions (force orientation and nodal mated from skeletal remains with any hominoids was carried out at the Kenya constraints) on model output based on a certainty. National Museum following up a previous simplified loading regime under various Supported by the University of New study (Davis 2002) to determine which conditions of isotropy/anisotropy and ho- Mexico. traits vary most. 246 incisors of 12 fossil mogeneity/heterogeneity. Nodes are con- genera were sampled from four different strained bilaterally below the condyles The dynamics of vertical jumping in clades: Dendropithecidae, Proconsulidae, and at gonion, with a reduction of nodal bonobos. Afropithecinae, and Mabokopithecinae. constraints at each location in subsequent Preliminary results demonstrate that iterations (n = 25, 12, 6, 3, 1). Load orien- K. D’Août1,2, M. Scholz3, M.F. Bobbert3, P. maxillary incisor morphology varies tation effects are evaluated by altering a Aerts1. 1University of Antwerp, Belgium, intraspecifically more than mandibular point load on the left central incisor in 5° 2Centre for Research and Conservation incisor morphology across all Miocene increments within a parasagittal plane. (RZSA), Belgium, 3Free University Am- taxa. Traits varying most are margin Constraint reductions from 25 to a single sterdam, The Netherlands. shape, spiraling, and mesial flange. Mar- node at each location resulted in an over gin shape can vary from symmetrical to 50% increase in maximum principal Bonobos (Pan paniscus) display a wide highly asymmetrical. It is least variable strain. Our model suggests that a 5° error range of arboreal and terrestrial locomotor in dendropithecids and most variable in in occlusal force direction can be expected modes, with vertical squat jumping as one mabokopithecines. As in extant homi- to alter maximum principal strains up to extreme form. Jumping is often employed noids, incisor spiraling is common in Mio- 15%. We thank the Southwest Regional and ecologically relevant for bonobos. Yet, cene taxa, though less so in early proto- Primate Research Center for providing based on the wide variation of functional hominoids. Furthermore, the mesial the specimen used in this study. demands and corresponding “generalist” flange characterizing the KNM-FT 49 (K. anatomy (with relatively light leg muscles wickeri) UI-1 is not unique. Smaller flanges are present on KNM-MB 24768, AAPA Abstracts 83

20728, and 32330 (K. africanus). Mesial collecting carnivore impacted on the fau- Phalangeal curvature has long been flanges are also present on Afropithecus ( nal assemblages at different times during recognized as a suitable proxy indicator KNM-WK 16999) and Proconsul (RU the cave’s infilling. Such “time-averaged” for hominoid positional behaviour. Several 2040, 1968). Therefore, this trait is also and/or “collector-averaged” assemblages techniques have been developed to quan- present within early clades as well as appear to minimize the impact of episodic tify phalangeal curvature (e.g. included later ones (e.g., TH 28860, KNM-ZP 365, or idiosyncratic factors. angle, normalized curvature moment and KNM-WK 16999). arm), although these require complete It is important for understanding phy- Pulling teeth: The value of cementum elements and are poorly suited to a frag- logenetic relationships in the Miocene annulation for the ageing of human mentary fossil record. A new method, proto-hominoids to know which incisor remains. anatomical curve fitting (ACF), uses 2nd traits are variable and which exhibit clear order polynomials to reconstruct fragmen- polarities. Avoiding splitting taxa by us- B. Dean. The School of Conservation Sci- tary phalanges and is independent of size ing traits that exhibit clear polarity in- ences, Bournemouth University. and the assumption that all curvatures stead of broadly variable traits will en- represent arc-lengths on the perimeter of hance our knowledge about relatedness The aim of this investigation was to a circle. between these once-diverse clades of den- assess the accuracy of cementum annula- To test the accuracy of ACF, 3 complete tal apes. tion counts as a means of determining age and 3 fragmentary manual phalanges at death in adult skeletal remains. In representing Dryopithecus, Sivapithecus, Faunal composition and bone accu- 1982 the use of cementum annulation was and Lufengpithecus were analysed for mulating agents in the Plio- proposed for the first time for use with comparison with a representative sample Pleistocene cave infills of South Af- humans. This method has been used his- (N=87) of extant cercopithecoids, homi- rica. torically amongst mammalian species but noids and hominids. The results were its value in terms of human age determi- identical to results from similar analyses D.J. de Ruiter. Dept. of Anthropology, nation is still debated. of extant taxa using included angle and Texas A&M University. How accurate is cementum annulation NCMA (Stern et al., 1995) and identify the as a method of age determination? As a descending order of curvature as The probable impact of carnivorous component of wider research investigating Dryopithecus, H. syndactylus, Pongo, H. agents on the accumulation of faunal ma- the use of the dentition in age estimation, lar, Lufengpithecus, P. troglodytes, terials in the fossil caves of South Africa it was necessary to evaluate a number of Sivapithecus, Nasalis, P. paniscus, Aus- has been a focal point for researchers ever proposed methods. It became clear, during tralopithecus, Papio, Macaca, Homo. This since the pioneering work of Brain in the this evaluation, that this method was less is consistent with interpretations of posi- late 1960’s. This study compares the as- consistent than is often claimed. This tional behaviour based on additional post- semblage structure of several Plio- paper intends to evidence the reliability of crania and palaeoecological data that Pleistocene fossil localities in South Africa cementum annulation counts in the de- describe Dryopithecus as a highly arboreal to determine a) whether significant simi- termination of younger adults (i.e. those below-branch suspensory ape and larities or differences in faunal composi- under thirty) whilst illustrating the Sivapithecus as a predominantly terres- tion are evident between the localities, weakness of the method in terms of older trial quadruped with powerful grasping and b) whether patterns evident across adults (individuals of thirty and above). capabilities consistent with vertical climb- faunal assemblages can be used to estab- Employing previously published data, the ing and clambering (Begun, 1992; An- lish a predominant mode of accumulation reliability of cementum annulation will be drews et al. 1997; Rose, 1986; Madar et for each of the individual deposits. Faunal assessed in terms of its correlation, inac- al., 2002). Lufengpithecus, although in- assemblages from select members of the curacy and bias. termediate to both taxa, is still considera- sites of Swartkrans, Kromdraai, Sterkfon- It will be shown that cementum annula- bly curved and most likely suspensory in tein, Makapansgat, Coopers and Gladys- tion counts have a higher correlation with keeping with interpretations of modern vale are investigated, with corresponding the younger age group (r = 0.766 – 0.887) ape-like scapular and clavicular speci- data from a number of modern carnivore than with the older group (r = 0.01 – mens known for that taxon. Neither pha- lairs incorporated for comparative pur- 0.747). In addition it will show that the langeal preservation nor size were factors poses. mean inaccuracy increases with age. This in determining the degree of curvature. Variables examined include relative increase in inaccuracy is concomitant with abundance of macromammals, bone sur- an increased trend towards underestima- State regulation across the genera- face modification and skeletal part repre- tion of age. It is concluded that cementum tions: Children's autonomic arousal sentation. Relative abundance is quanti- annulation is more reliable for use with and their parents' daily schedules. fied by calculating the comprehensive younger adults. minimum number of individuals (cMNI) J.A. DeCaro, C.M. Worthman. Depart- per fossil-bearing member. Spearman’s Quantifying curvature in fragmen- ment of Anthropology, Emory University. rank order coefficient of correlation (rs) is tary fossil hominoid phalanges using computed to test whether relative abun- the anatomical curve fitting (ACF) Anthropologists have identified psycho- dance is significantly influenced by sam- method. logical, ecological, political-economic, and ple size. Correspondence analysis is em- cultural factors important to the relation- ployed to compare the various faunal as- A.S. Deane1, D.R. Begun1, E.P. Kremer2, ship between working arrangements and semblages. The results indicate that in 1Department of Anthropology, University stress. Such research generally focuses only a small subset of the fossil assem- of Toronto, 2Department of Chemical En- upon individual adults, and rarely consid- blages can a predominant accumulating gineering and Applied Chemistry, Univer- ers the impact of daily schedules on over- agent be hypothesized, while for the re- sity of Toronto. all household ecology. Nonetheless, paren- mainder the evidence is equivocal. It is tal schedules structure everyday house- likely that more than one type of bone 84 AAPA Abstracts

hold experience, thereby shaping the ecol- traits used in ancestral identification and mass index (BMI), fat distribution from ogy of child development. to evaluate their accuracy of correctly circumferences and skinfolds using an- To investigate whether children's car- assigning unknown individuals to statisti- thropometry, and fasting serum glucose, diovascular response during a mild social cally defined groups. insulin and leptin data, as well as dietary, challenge predicts the density of their A 3-D digitizer was used to collect coor- physical activity, health and socio- parents' schedules, we asked parents in 33 dinate data from 38 craniofacial land- demographic data from adults and youth. families with 4 or 5 year-old children to marks to capture the form of several an- The genome-wide scan will be conducted track moods, contexts, and experiences cestral morphologies. The sample con- using a panel of highly polymorphic ge- throughout 7 days. We derived an index of sisted of individuals of known origin rep- netic markers with average spacing of 10 weekday schedule complexity (frequency resenting ancestral populations tradition- cM between markers. of venue changes, e.g., home to work) for ally used in forensic analysis. Principle parents, and computed mean and stan- components analysis confirmed that an- Fluctuating asymmetry and stress in dard deviation of children's heart rate cestral shape groupings could be identified a medieval Nubian population. across 6 minutes of a structured, puppet- while Generalized Procrustes Analysis based psychobehavioral interview. and Thin-Plate Splines were used to as- V.B. DeLeon, Johns Hopkins University Increased HR standard deviation in sess the nature of form variation within School of Medicine. children predicted greater schedule com- and between groups. Discriminant func- plexity for mothers (median split on SD, t- tion analysis calculated the probability of Fluctuating asymmetry is commonly test; n=33, t=2.216, p<0.05), but lesser accurately assigning new individuals to used as a bioindicator of developmental complexity for fathers (n=23, t=2.770, their correct ancestral group. The results stress. This study addresses asymmetry p<0.05). By contrast, increased mean HR indicate that ancestral morphologies, under nutritional/systemic stress in the in children predicted lesser schedule com- while variable, can be distinguished and human craniofacial skeleton and its utility plexity for mothers (median split on HR, t- used successfully to predict group mem- as an indicator of developmental instabil- test; t=2.644, p<0.05), with a non- bership. This work therefore augments ity. significant trend toward greater schedule traditional osteological methods and lends Crania from the diachronic Christian complexity for fathers. Higher and less accuracy to ancestral identification. cemeteries at Kulubnarti (Sudanese Nu- variable heart rates characterize the clas- bia) were chosen as a model for nutri- sic "reactive" response pattern; therefore, Quantitative trait linkage mapping tion/systemic stress. Significant literature the more reactive children appear to have studies in Samoa . demonstrates that individuals from the mothers who move around less, and fa- Early Christian cemetery were subjected thers who move around more. This pres- R. Deka, D.E. Weeks, S.T. McGarvey, to greater developmental stress than indi- entation evaluates explanations rooted in University of Cincinnati, University of viduals from the Late Christian cemetery. the contrasting impact of mothers’ and Pittsburgh, Brown University. I expected the crania from the Early fathers’ types of "busyness" on household Christian cemetery to display a greater ecology, and on children’s responses to The high levels of obesity and type 2 magnitude of fluctuating asymmetry than experience. Support: Wenner-Gren, Sloan diabetes among modernizing Samoans has crania from the Late Christian cemetery. Foundation, NIH MH65019. led to questions about the genetic influ- Thirty crania of comparable age and sex ence on these phenotypes. This talk de- were selected from each population. Morphometric analysis of craniofa- scribes the rationale and early results of a Landmark coordinates were digitized in cial traits used in ancestral identifi- genome-wide scan for obesity and type 2 two separate trials and averaged to mini- cation. diabetes susceptibility loci among Samo- mize error. Euclidean Distance Matrix ans. Human settlement in Samoa and Analysis (EDMA) was used to measure S.J. Decker, J.L. Thompson, B.T. Arriaza. establishment of communities occurred and compare the magnitude of fluctuating Dept. of Anthropology & Ethnic Studies, about 3,000 years ago and de-population asymmetry in each sample. University of Nevada, Las Vegas. after European contact in the 18th and 19th Results indicated that crania from the century. Although the current population Early Christian cemetery displayed a The determination of ancestry is a criti- size is over 100,000 individuals, the Sa- significantly greater magnitude of fluctu- cal component in forensic identification, moan population appears to show signa- ating asymmetry than those from the Late and/or repatriation, of human skeletal tures of genetic isolation and reduced Christian cemetery, as predicted. The remains. Ancestry is commonly assessed genetic diversity which may be an advan- degree of fluctuating asymmetry for each using a suite of metric and non-metric tage in searching for genes associated linear distance was highly correlated be- traits whose grouping tendencies have with complex diseases. The data collection tween the cemeteries, suggesting that all been extensively researched. However, in 2002-03 has focused on sampling large humans may share common patterns of many non-metric traits cannot be meas- pedigrees and preliminary data suggest fluctuating asymmetry in the skull. In ured with traditional osteological tools. we have very large mutigeneration fami- contrast, there was little correlation be- For example, the zygomatic’s angle, in lies for this study. For example, in 2002 in tween magnitude of fluctuating asymme- relation to the entire craniofacial region, American Samoa we recruited 1,213 indi- try and length of linear distance or meas- can vary from retreating to vertical to viduals from 200 households which urement error. These results support the projecting. The distinction between popu- yielded 21 families, including three very hypothesis that poor nutrition/systemic lations is made by placing a pencil across large families, one of which had 704 indi- stress increases developmental instability the nasal aperture and attempting to in- viduals. In 2003 in Samoa we ascertained in the human skull and that increased sert a finger beneath it. While these tradi- members of these ‘American Samoa’ as fluctuating asymmetry constitutes mor- tional methods are useful, they do not well as recruiting new families, especially phological evidence of this stress. take individual variation into account. from very rural neo-traditional villages. This paper uses geometric morphometric We collected several obesity phenotypes, coordinate data to 'metricize' non-metric including fat mass and % body fat, body AAPA Abstracts 85

Paradolichopithecus: A large-bodied E.W. Demerath, S.A. Czerwinski, R.M. fore- and hindlimbs in these species that terrestrial papionin (Cercopitheci- Siervogel, B. Towne. Lifespan Health are closer to the basal primate condition dae) from the Pliocene of western Research Center, Wright State University than anthropoids, for which hindlimb Eurasia. School of Medicine. forces tend to be higher than forelimb forces. Three individuals each of Lemur E. Delson1,2,3,4,5, S.R. Frost5,6. 1Anthro- The Fels Longitudinal Study began in catta and Eulemur fulvus performed long pology, Lehman College/CUNY; 2Anthro- 1929. It was one of several longitudinal jumps to and from a force plate and pology, City University of New York studies of child growth and development walked and ran over the plate integrated Graduate School; 3Vertebrate Paleontol- initiated in the US during the 1920s, and into a wooden runway. Vertical take-off ogy, American Museum of Natural His- is the only one that survived to today. and landing forces and impulses were tory; 4New York Consortium in Evolution- Familial data began to be collected soon higher than the highest forces for fast ary Primatology (NYCEP); 5NYCEP Mor- after the study began. Today, the Fels quadrupedal gaits. Fore/aft forces differed phometrics Group; 6Anatomy, New York Longitudinal Study has more than 1,000 less between leaping and quadrupedal College of Osteopathic Medicine. active participants with serial data from locomotion as animals made use of a run- infancy, and cross-sectional data have up to gain horizontal speed and also car- Paradolichopithecus arvernensis is been collected from more than 1,000 of ried some horizontal speed into a run-out known by crania and postcrania from their relatives. These individuals are after landing. The major propulsive thrust Senèze (France), Graunceanu (Romania), from some 200 nuclear and extended fami- in the jumps and in quadrupedal progres- and Vatera (Lesvos, Greece), all of late lies. As the participants in the study have sion came from the hindlimbs, confirming Pliocene age. Partial crania from Kuruk aged, the scientific focus of the study previous findings of “rear-drive” for pri- (Tajikistan) have been named P. sushkini, shifted from an exclusive interest in mate and nonprimate mammals. In gen- while fragmentary (often juvenile) re- growth and development toward an em- eral, the high magnitude vertical force mains occur in earlier sites across south- phasis on genetic and environmental in- peaks and impulses are higher for the ern Europe. It is generally thought that fluences on chronic disease risk factors. hindlimbs than for the forelimbs for both this genus is a sister taxon to Macaca Complex traits being studied include jumps and overground quadrupedalism. which was strongly adapted to terrestrial- blood pressure, serum lipids, inflamma- Whereas L. catta landed with hindlimbs ity (see abstract by Ting et al.). However, tory markers, osteoporosis risk factors, first, E. fulvus frequently made first con- Mashchenko reviewed the Kuruk fossils osteoarthritis, visceral adiposity, and tact with the forelimbs. In these cases, the and suggested that they were best placed skeletal development, among others. Re- forelimb forces and impulses were higher. within genus Papio, which would imply an cent advances in molecular and statistical Our data therefore only partially support out-of-Africa dispersal. Here we seek to genetics have lead to several modern ge- the notion that the forelimb of primates is determine the phylogenetic affinities of netic epidemiologic projects utilizing Fels spared high forces. Supported by NSF Paradolichopithecus, based on analyses of Longitudinal Study data. At present, over BCS0109331 the entire craniodental sample. 800 participants have been genotyped for Proportions of crania and dentitions approximately 400 highly polymorphic Comparative immunohistochemistry were studied using traditional mor- markers distributed across the genome. of the primate vomeronasal organ. phometric methods, while geometric mor- Using quantitative trait linkage analysis, phometrics were applied to craniofacial these data are being used to identify genes J.C. Dennis1, T.D. Smith2, K.P. Bhatna- morphology. Although Paradolichopith- influencing a wide array of traits, includ- gar3, A.M. Burrows4, C.J. Bonar5, E.E. ecus superficially resembles Papio in cra- ing measures of infant growth, skeletal Morrison1. 1Anat., Phys., Pharmacol., nial proportions, its morphology is in fact maturation, body composition, and bone Auburn University, 2Phys. Therapy, Slip- more like that of Macaca when allometric mineral density. The Fels Longitudinal pery Rock University, 3Anat. Sci. Neuro- factors are considered. For example, the Study has entered the 21st century as a biol., University of Louisville, 4Phys. small anterior dentition, rounded muzzle unique resource in the search for genes Therapy, Duquesne University, 5Cleve- dorsum and perhaps the lack of a clear influencing changes in health-related land Metroparks Zoo. anteorbital drop in the midline profile all traits across the lifespan. Supported by distinguish Paradolichopithecus from NIH grants R01HD12252, R01HD36342, The sensory epithelium of the mammal- African Papio, and most link it to Eura- R01DK064391. ian vomeronasal organ (VNO) detects sian Macaca, suggesting in-situ diver- compounds that identify the social and gence. The dental size of the earlier Plio- External forces on the limbs of jump- reproductive status of conspecifics. A cene sample is intermediate between that ing lemurs. VNO is present in adult prosimians and of the late Pliocene populations and large New World primates but is either absent macaques and may imply a size trend. B. Demes1, T.M. Franz2, K.J. Carlson1. or vestigial in adult Old World anthropoid The relatively large size of the Senèze 1Department of Anatomical Sciences, primates. We used immunohistochemis- female cranium (ca. 2 Ma) compared to 2Interdepartmental Doctoral Program in try to detect the expression and distribu- males from Graunceanu (ca. 2.3 Ma) may Anthropological Sciences, Stony Brook tion of four neuronal markers and two also reflect this temporal size increase or University. signal transduction proteins in paraffin indicate a low level of sexual dimorphism. embedded VNO sections from Eulemur Funding: NSF DBI 9602234 (NYCEP) Many quadrupedal primates incorporate macaco, Otolemur garnetti, O. crassicau- and ACI 9982351 (NYCEP Morphometrics jumps into their locomotor repertoires, datus, Leontopithecus roasalia, Saguinus Group); PSC-CUNY. and this activity is likely to be associated geoffroyi, S. oedipus, and Callithrix jac- with high ground reaction forces. We chus. Immunoreactivity patterns showed Quantitative trait linkage mapping in tested in two species of strepsirhine pri- that bushbaby and lemur VNO has a the Fels Longitudinal Study. mates how these forces compare to those denser population of neurons compared to associated with quadrupedal gaits. We marmosets and tamarins, with the possi- also analyzed the distribution of forces on ble exception Callithrix jacchus. Among 86 AAPA Abstracts

callitrichids, Saguinus spp. had fewer A.P. Derevianko, A.N. Zenin. Institute of The Eastern Pygmies from Zaire and immunoreactive VNO epithelium cells Archaeology and Ethnography, Siberian Western Pygmies from Cameroon, Congo than either L. rosalia or C. jacchus. The Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences. and the Central African Republic repre- distribution of growth associated protein sent the two principal groups of African 43 (GAP43) and the alpha subunits of the Central Asia is dominated by an arid Pygmies. Cavalli-Sforza (1986) proposed a signal transduction proteins Gi and Go zone in which erosional processes typically "Recent Divergence" hypothesis in which were compared in adult C. jacchus and O. exceed those of sediment accumulation Western Pygmies are thought to be the crassicaudatus. GAP43(+) cells, indicat- and most Paleolithic localities consist of result of hybridization between the ances- ing that neurogenesis continues in adults, surface finds. Since 1995, extensive re- tors of Eastern Pygmies and Bantu farm- were present in both species. O. crassi- search on the Paleolithic of arid zones has ers who penetrated the equatorial belt caudatus contained more Go(+) than Gi(+) been carried out by the Russian- and came into contact with Pygmies cells per section. The marmoset VNO Mongolian Historical-Cultural Expedition, around 2-3 kiloyears ago. On the basis of contained more Go(+) cells compared with the Joint Russian-Mongolian-American recent archeological research in the tropi- the bushbaby VNO. Our results indicate Expedition, and the Russian-Kazakh Ar- cal rainforest, we propose a "pre-Bantu that: 1) the VNOs of at least some chaeological Expedition. As a result, a Divergence" hypothesis which posits the prosimians and callitrichid primates con- large collection of new data has accumu- separation between the ancestors of East- tain a neurogenic population of chemosen- lated concerning hominid adaptations to ern and Western Pygmies earlier than 18 sory neurons; and 2) the population size of this type of environment, especially dur- kiloyears ago. mature neurons varies among adult pri- ing the earliest stages of colonization. In order to test the two hypotheses, we mates. We summarize current perspectives on analyzed the variation of the hypervari- the geology, paleoenvironment, and lithic able region-1 of the mitochondrial DNA in Possible intergeneric differences in technology of Lower Paleolithic archaeo- the Mbenzele Pygmies of the Central Afri- finding objects among lemurs. logical sites in the arid zone and establish can Republic and in the Bakola and Baka a preliminary chronological scale for the Pygmies of Cameroon and compared our A.M. Deppe1, P.C.Wright2. 1Interdepart- occupation of Central Asia. Data from results with those of previous mtDNA and mental Doctoral Program in Anthropologi- recent investigations in Mongolia (e.g., Y-chromosome studies. Distribution, se- cal Sciences, Stony Brook University, 2An- Flint Valley, Tsagaan Agui Cave sites) quence variation and age of haplogroups thropology Department, Stony Brook Uni- and in the Cis-Balkhash (Semizbugu site), along with genetic distances among popu- versity. Mugodjari, and Karatau (e.g., Koshkur- lations, estimates of divergence times and gan, Shoktas, Kyzyltau, Shakhbagta, simulations based on the coalescent ap- Assessing cognitive abilities of Tanirkazgan sites) regions of Kazakhstan proach were found to be congruent with prosimian primates can assist the under- are utilized. Sites have been classified as the "pre-Bantu Divergence" but failed to standing of the evolution of complex prob- workshops, temporary occupation sites, support the "Recent Divergence" hypothe- lem solving skills. This study investigates and long-term camps. It is possible to sis. cognitive abilities of four species from temporally locate sites with shared indus- three genera of captive diurnal lemurs by trial traditions using absolute and paleo- Variation in estradiol level affects administering standardized object perma- magnetic ages, geomorphological settings, diaphyseal bone growth in response nence tests. These tests are used to meas- and degrees of surface abrasion on ex- to mechanical loading. ure the ability of an animal to find a hid- posed artifacts. During the Early and den object. Seven tests with increasing Middle Pleistocene (1 million – 200,000 M.J. Devlin, Department of Anthropology, difficulty required the subjects to retrieve years ago), distinct pebble tool, microin- Harvard University. a food reward that was hidden in one of dustrial, notch-denticulate, and bifacial three hiding locations. The results reveal Levallois lithic complexes appeared in this The extent to which mechanical loading differences among the lemur genera area, reflecting influences from both the stimulates diaphyseal growth in humans tested. Eulemur fulvus rufus and E. mon- East and the West. We discuss the origins is a subject of debate, in part because the goz located fruit hidden within the view of and spread of these complexes with refer- mechanisms of mechanotransduction in the lemur in successive places (Stage 5b ence to better-known localities in Eastern growing bone remain poorly understood. ability), and Lemur catta achieved finding Europe, the Near East and East Asia (e.g., This project tests a mechanism of mecha- food in single sites (Stage 5a). Hapalemur Ubeidiya, Dmanisi, Nihewan sites). notransduction in bone that is directly griseus overall did not locate hidden foods, relevant to the biology of human skeletal and therefore did not even reach Stage 4. The analysis of variation of mtDNA robusticity. Recent in vitro studies dem- Differences in the number of correct re- hypervariable region-1 suggests that onstrate the importance of estrogen (E2) in sponses, response levels and general ap- Eastern and Western Pygmies di- mechanotransduction in bone, raising the proach towards the tests suggest a more verged before the Bantu expansion. possibility that variation in E2 levels may consistent response to the manipulations affect osteogenic responses to loading. by the Eulemur subjects compared to the G. Destro-Bisol1, V. Coia1, I. Boschi2, F. The hypothesis is that variation in es- other two genera. Eulemur response was Verginelli3, C. Battaggia1, F. Calafell4, G. trogen (E2) level affects periosteal os- very similar to the response of most mon- Spedini1. 1Dipartimento di Biologia Ani- teoblast response to strain. The 45-day keys tested in other studies. male e dell’Uomo, Università “La Sapi- experiment used sixteen lambs (Ovis ar- The Lemur Conservation Foundation is enza”, Roma, Italy, 2Istituto di Medicina ies), divided into low and high E2 treat- greatly acknowledged for its assistance. Legale, Università Cattolica, Roma, Italy, ment groups. Low-E2 animals were vacci- 3Dipartimento di Oncologia e Neuro- nated against GnRH; high-E2 animals The earliest stages of human coloni- scienze, Università di Chieti, Italy, were implanted with E2-releasing cap- zation of the Central Asian arid zone: 4Departament de Ciències Experimentals i sules. Half of each group was sedentary, New discoveries in Mongolia and Ka- de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, and half exercised daily for 40 min. zakhstan. Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. Fluorochrome dyes labeled bone growth. AAPA Abstracts 87

Results indicate that in the femur, mean nated the catalytic amino acids. Third, as Together, these patterns of behavior have daily apposition rate (DAR) in exercised we have identified an RNase 9 homolog in implications for the evolution of ‘monoga- animals is 44% higher in high-E2 than in several rodent species, it appears to be mous’ social systems. low-E2 animals (p<.05), and 26% higher older than most of the primate or rodent than in sedentary, high-E2 animals RNases A as these have been shown to QTL mapping in biological anthro- (p<.05). In the tibia, mean DAR in exer- have evolved since the primate-rodent pology: Genotype ´ age interaction in cised animals is 42% higher in high-E2 divergence. the growth hormone axis. than in low-E2 animals (p<.09), and 66% In addition to presenting the evolution- higher than in sedentary, high-E2 animals ary history of this gene, we will argue that V.P. Diego1, 2, L. Almasy1, M.C. Mahaney1, (p<.05). In the metatarsal, mean DAR in it, along with other members of the super- A.G. Comuzzie1, J.W. MacCluer1, J. exercised animals is 75% higher in high- family, has played a role in primate evolu- Blangero1. 1Southwest Foundation for E2 than in low-E2 animals (p<.03), and tion through adaptive host defense innate Biomedical Research, 2Department of 75% higher than in the sedentary, high-E2 immunity. Anthropology, Binghamton University, animals (p<.03). These results support State University of New York. the hypothesis that variation in E2 level A preliminary study of social behav- affects diaphyseal bone growth, and may ior and pair-bonding in wild titi Growth hormone (GH) and insulin affect patterns of skeletal robusticity in monkeys (Callicebus discolor) in growth factor I (IGF-I) are the major play- humans. Amazonian Ecuador. ers in an endocrine network that regulates development, growth and metabo- RNase 9, a unique new member of the A. Di Fiore1, D.M. Schwindt2. 1Dept. of lism. For practical reasons, we will focus primate RNase A superfamily: Evi- Anthropology, New York University, New on IGF-I and its effectors. A suite of bind- dence of diversifying selection and its York Consortium in Evolutionary Prima- ing proteins controls circulating levels of role in host-defense innate immunity. tology, 2Earth and Environmental Science IGF-I and chief among these are the IGF Program, Department of Biology, New binding proteins (IGFBP) IGFBP1 and E.J. Devor1,2, K.A. Moffat-Wilson1, M.P. York University. IGFBP3. Recent findings indicate that Millis1. 1Molecular Genetics and Bioin- leptin is a positive regulator of GH secre- formatics, Integrated DNA Technologies, Titi monkeys are one of three genera of tion by way of its effects on hypothalamic Coralville, Iowa, 2Department of Anthro- platyrrhine primates that typically live in secretion of GH release hormone (GHRH) pology, University of Kansas. ‘monogamous’ social groups. The adult and somatostatin (SS), which are the two male and female in a group are considered main effectors of GH release. This implies The RNase A superfamily is a cluster of to be ‘pair-bonded’, displaying behaviors that leptin may also affect IGF-I, as it is rapidly evolving genes on human chromo- such as tail-twining and vocal duetting known that GH release down-regulates some 14q11.2 with diverse functions. Sev- that are presumed to reinforce the special IGF-I secretion. Under a simplified ge- eral of these loci; RNase 2, RNase 3, relationship between them and to adver- netic model, the GH axis is controlled by a RNase 5, and RNase 7 have been shown to tise their paired status to other animals in gene regulatory network (GRN), where be involved in host defense innate immu- the population. As part of a collaborative the genes of the GRN may exhibit plei- nity. Each of these genes shares a pattern project on the comparative socioecology of otropy and age-specific variation with of diversifying selection presumably ‘monogamous’ platyrrhines, we collected respect to IGF-I, IGFBP1, IGFBP3 and driven by response to viral, microbial, and data on the social behavior of adults in leptin. Minimally, this model consists of parasitic challenges. We have identified a radiocollared groups of titi monkeys in two hypotheses: 1) the GH axis is plei- new member of this superfamily that we Amazonian Ecuador. Specifically, we otropic. 2) The components of the GH axis have named RNase 9. examined grooming relationships; pat- exhibit age-specific effects. To address RNase 9 shares a number of features in terns of initiation, maintenance, and ter- these hypotheses, we employ variance common with the other superfamily mem- mination of proximity between group components models for detecting genotype bers. All of the RNases A contain an members; parent-offspring interactions; ´ age interaction and pleiotropy. Our amino-terminal signal peptide consistent coordination of group movement; and ter- study samples include a large pedigree of with a secreted protein. All members of ritorial behavior. Titis in our study popu- captive baboons (Papio hamadryas the superfamily contain a set of eight lation invariably lived in groups compris- subspp.) and Mexican Americans of the conserved cysteines that serve to maintain ing a single adult pair plus dependent San Antonio Family Heart Study. Using a fixed tertiary structure through four offspring. Preliminary data indicate that multiple phenotypes from the GH axis, disulfide bridges. All members for which grooming is the most common type of so- our results show how QTL mapping of sufficient data have been obtained are cial interaction, with bouts between pair- such endocrine traits can be efficiently seen to be under diversifying selection in mates often lasting >1 hour. Pair-mates performed. This approach can provide the primates. Diversifying selection in also spend more time involved in groom- important new biological insights when these proteins consists of a pattern of ing each other than either does with de- genotype ´ age interaction is explicitly radical non-synonymous substitution in pendent offspring, and the adult male is incorporated. surface domains coupled with conserved the most common recipient of grooming. interior regions. RNase 9 is also unique in While an entire group is generally spa- Dermatoglyphic ridge counts com- several respects. First, it is the only mem- tially cohesive, the adult male appears to pared to short tandem repeats as ber of the RNases A that has an amino- spend more time in close proximity to measures of population distance. terminal pre-protein domain. This domain dependent offspring than the female. lies between the signal peptide and the Adult males also appear to more com- E.A. DiGangi, R.L. Jantz. Department of first amino acid of the mature protein. monly share food with dependents. Inter- Anthropology, University of Tennessee, Second, it is the only member of the su- group interactions and territorial displays Knoxville. perfamily that has lost its RNase function are far less common in this population of through substitutions that have elimi- titis than has been reported elsewhere. 88 AAPA Abstracts

Ridge count data from fifteen different tion also increased rates of dominance K. Domett1, N. Tayles2. 1James Cook Uni- populations worldwide, with a total of interactions. Nevertheless, the females versity, Townsville, Australia, 2University 2814 individuals, were used to generate were clearly dominant in all contexts. of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand. Fst, a measure of population divergence. Overall blue-eyed black lemurs exhibit a These ridge count Fst values were com- stronger and more aggressive form of fe- Recent excavations (2000-2003) in Cam- pared statistically to Eller’s (1999) Rst male dominance compared to the gray bodia have revealed one of the first collec- values for short tandem repeats for simi- gentle lemur. tions of prehistoric skeletal remains lar populations to determine which available for research. Phum Snay, method yields a higher estimation of Thinking small: A comparative study Northwest Cambodia, has revealed 21 population distance. Statistical analyses of dental microstructure in Cantius, excavated individuals plus a large amount tested both within regions (e.g. Africa, Otolemur, Perodicticus, and Saimiri. of unprovenanced bone. The evidence for Europe, Asia) and then Eurasia and the dental modification, a common feature World as a whole. Principal coordinates W. Dirks1, F. V. Ramirez Rozzi2, D. J. among this sample, is reported here and were additionally generated to view the Reid3, R. L. Anemone4. 1Dept. of Anthro- discussed in relation to that from prehis- data graphically. The test for significance pology, Oxford College of Emory Univer- toric Thailand. The methodology used revealed that ridge counts were signifi- sity, 2Laboratoire de Paléoanthropologie, incorporated recording not only antemor- cantly less differentiated than short tan- Collège de France, 3Dept. of Oral Biology, tem tooth loss but also features that may dem repeats for the world, but not by re- Dental School, University of Newcastle- differentiate between pathological, con- gions. The pattern of relationships is simi- upon-Tyne, 4Dept. of Anthropology, West- genital and intentional tooth loss such as lar for Eller’s (1999) Rst values and for ern Michigan University . the symmetry of tooth loss. There was the Fst values generated by this study, evidence for dental ablation in 50% of the indicating that dermatoglyphic traits ac- Studies of dental microstructure have sample of 32 adult individuals including curately reflect genetic relationships contributed to insights into developmental males and females of all adult age groups. among populations. processes in extant primates, as well as Tooth loss was limited to the involvement fossil hominins, Miocene hominoids, and of the anterior dentition: upper lateral A comparison of female dominance in subfossil lemurs. Until recently, the pri- incisors, upper canines and all lower inci- blue-eyed black lemurs (Eulemur mate fossil record of North America has sors and the left lower canine. Ablation macaco flavifrons) and gray gentle been neglected in these analyses. In this was more common in the maxilla (15/23, lemurs (Hapalemur griseus griseus). study, we examine molar microstructure 65%) than in the mandible (5/17, 29%) in Cantius abditus, a Notharctine from although this difference was not highly L.J. Digby1 , A.M. Stevens2. 1Dept. of Bio- the early Eocene of North America, and significant (FET P-value = 0.054). In the logical Anthropology and Anatomy, Duke compare it to two small extant strep- maxilla, 80% (12/15) of those with tooth University, 2Dept. of Biology, Duke Uni- sirhines, Otolemur crassicaudatus and loss showed symmetrical patterns of loss. versity. Perodicticus potto, as well as a small an- This was the same for the mandible (4/5). As we learn more about the nature of thropoid, Saimiri sciureus. We ask how a In those individuals that had both the female dominance in Malagasy lemurs, it small molar is formed, whether strep- maxilla and mandible present, 83% (5/6) becomes clear that there is a great deal of sirhines differ from a small anthropoid in showed symmetrical patterns of loss. The variation in the expression and mainte- details of molar development and micro- skeletal sample from the Neolithic South- nance of dominance across species. We can structure, and whether Cantius molar east Thai site of Khok Phanom Di also use this variation to better understand microstructure shows similarities with had high rates of ablation (Tayles, 1996, the influences of ecology and social or- these extant taxa, or whether its micro- Int. J. Osteoarchaeology 6:333-345) show- ganization on dominance relationships. structure differs. ing similar patterns as at Phum Snay, Here, we compare the nature and extent Standard histological sections of C. abdi- hinting that this practice had a long his- of female dominance in two lemur species: tus mandibular molars (n=7) from the tory. Evidence from this and other sam- the frugivorous blue-eyed black lemurs Great Divide Basin of Wyoming were ples reported from Thailand will be dis- (Eulemur macaco flavifrons; n= 6 groups) compared to molars of S. sciureus (n=9), cussed in order to place the Cambodian and the bamboo specialist the gray gentle O. crassicaudatus (n=2) and P. potto evidence in the context of the Southeast (or bamboo) lemur (Hapalemur griseus (n=2). There do not appear to be signifi- Asian cultural record. griseus, n = 5 groups). All dominant- cant differences between the extant strep- submissive interactions were recorded sirhines, Saimiri, and Cantius in the tim- Sensory perception of food: A study over 450 hours of observation. Both spe- ing of molar development. The periodicity of fruits, fingers, and fermentation. cies showed a clear pattern of female of long period growth increments is 2 or 3 dominance. However, the blue-eyed black in each specimen in each taxon. Daily N.J. Dominy1, P.W. Lucas2, N. Supardi lemurs used aggressive dominance (de- enamel secretion averages 3.1µm daily in Noor3. 1Department of Ecology and Evolu- fined as aggression + submission) in a Cantius molars and 3.5µm in Otolemur. tion, University of Chicago, 2Department larger portion of their interactions (66%) Daily enamel secretion rates appear to be of Anatomy, University of Hong Kong, than did the gentle lemurs (40%). Gentle slightly lower in Perodicticus and higher 3Forest Research Institute of Malaysia. lemurs appear to rely primarily on social in Saimiri. Crown formation times are dominance (submission in the absence of similar in Otolemur and Cantius, with a Sensation and perception are central aggression) in the majority of their inter- mean of 0.38yrs and 0.46yrs respectively. subjects in primate evolution. However, actions. In both species, rates of aggres- Funding was provided through the Fac- few studies have considered how edible sive dominance interactions were higher ulty Development Divisional Grant, Ox- targets are discerned. Because food nutri- during feeding periods (blue-eyed black ford College, Emory University. tional parameters vary with respect to lemurs: 9.8 vs. 0.61 acts/hr; gray bamboo odor, color, texture, and taste, the percep- lemurs: 0.72 vs. 0.34 acts/hr). Small cage Tooth modification in late Iron Age in tion of such cues is relevant to primate size and recent changes in group composi- Cambodia. survival and reproductive success. In AAPA Abstracts 89

fruits, for example, color and sugar con- Site, Rusinga Island, Kenya. The extant ties to severe resource stresses. Research centrations may change during develop- primates exhibit different sternal mor- supported by a Social Sciences and Hu- ment. Sugars, in turn, are decomposed by phologies, including narrow, rod-like manities Research Council of Canada yeast to produce ethanol, a volatile com- sternebrae, characteristic of many Old (SSHRC) Post Doctoral Fellowship, and pound to which primate olfaction is World monkeys, and broad, flat sterne- The Navajo Nation Historic Preservation acutely sensitive. Accordingly, for highly brae, characteristic of apes and some New Dept. permit # C0002-E. frugivorous primates, odor and color may World monkeys. Our morphometric be important cues because they operate at analyses indicate that Proconsul has rela- QTL mapping in biological anthro- greater distances than other sensory mo- tively broad, flat sternebrae and most pology: Obesity. dalities. closely resembles hylobatids and some Here we report on the sensory properties New World monkeys. These anatomical R. Duggirala1, R. Arya2, C.P. Jenkinson2, of 238 fruits (N = 193 species) from Singa- relationships suggest that Proconsul may L. Almasy1, P. O’Connell3, M.P. Stern2, J. pore, Kibale Forest, Uganda, and Pasoh have engaged in some antipronograde Blangero1. 1Department of Genetics, Forest, Malaysia. Results show that fruits locomotor and postural activity. This Southwest Foundation for Biomedical evince a variety of spectral changes dur- fossil hominoid has previously been recon- Research, 2Department of Medicine, Uni- ing development. Collectively, color was a structed, based upon various other skele- versity of Texas Health Science Center at poor predictor of sucrose, fructose, glucose tal regions, as a generalized arboreal San Antonio, 3Department of Genetics, or sweet amino acids. However, the elastic quadruped with some climbing capacity. Virginia Commonwealth University. modulus of fruits was a strong predictor of Non-pronograde activities suggested by both sugar content and ethanol, which our analyses broaden the reconstructed Genetic dissection of quantitative traits ranged from 0.005 – 0.50 % of fruit flesh. positional behavior repertoire of Procon- such as body mass index (BMI) is a part of Furthermore, some fruits provoked palpa- sul. biological anthropological investigations, tion by chimpanzees. The deliberation of and such traits are influenced by genetic this behavior implies a cognitive link be- Demography and kinship responses and environmental factors and their in- tween texture and food quality. Accord- to livestock reduction amongst his- teractions. Given that the global incidence ingly, the olfactory and haptic senses ap- toric Navajo pastoralists. of obesity has been increasing alarmingly pear to be well tuned for discriminating in both developed and developing coun- edible fruits. The importance of trichro- J.C. Dudar. Department of Anthropology, tries, there have been intensive efforts to matic color vision is less clear. Smithsonian Institution. map quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for Financed by the Croucher Foundation, obesity. Explorer’s Club, National Geographic The Navajo remained largely unaccul- Numerous studies have been scanning Society, Raffles Museum of Biodiversity turated by other reservation standards the genome to map QTLs that underlie Research, Research Grants Council of well into the 20th century. It wasn’t until the phenotypic expression of various obe- Hong Kong, Sigma Xi, and a National the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) en- sity measures such as BMI using ad- Service Research Award from the NIH. forced a mandatory Livestock Reduction vanced molecular and statistical genetic Program in the 1930’s that the Navajo approaches. The hitherto findings of such Sternebrae morphology in extant truly experienced “a social upheaval of investigations appear to signify oligogenic primates and Proconsul. unbelievable proportions” (Witherspoon architecture for human obesity. Thus far, 1973:1444). Little population and social about ten QTLs across the genome have H. Drought1, N. Vasey1, A.C. Walker2. structure data has been generated from been identified with sizable influences on 1Dept. of Anthropology, Portland State studies of this event, and the exact nature obesity using data from various human University, 2Dept. of Anthropology, Penn- and magnitude of the program’s impact on populations, although specific functional sylvania State University. the Navajo remains speculative. Through variants that correspond to these QTLs the use of regional BIA censuses and pa- are yet to be identified. In this study we compare sternebrae of rochial records spanning the livestock As part of the obesity QTL mapping, we the Miocene hominoid Proconsul with reduction period, combined with ethno- have used obesity-related phenotypic data those of living primates. The sternum has graphic interviews, a more detailed un- obtained from the San Antonio Family dual functions. It receives forces trans- derstanding of how this event altered Diabetes Study to identify QTLs for vari- mitted through the pectoral girdle and Navajo demography, kinship, and social ous obesity measures (e.g., BMI and adi- forelimb during posture and locomotion. structure is achieved. The singulate mean ponectin) in Mexican Americans using It is also an important structure within age at marriage (SMAM) is observed to complex pedigree data and a genome scan the pulmonary respiratory complex. Pre- increase dramatically for both sexes and linkage approach. We have found several vious studies on extant taxa have demon- there is a significant decline in the 0 to 5 chromosomal regions that harbor QTLs strated that the primate sternum is long, year age category. Distal determinates for obesity, and a few of these regions narrow, and composed of unfused ele- and proximal causes will be discussed. In have been pursued further by evaluating ments in many quadrupedal Old World addition, a shift occurred from more com- polymorphisms at the positional candidate monkeys and prosimians, and short, plex predominantly matrilocal households genes. Here, we will review the ongoing broad, and fused in erect or semi-erect to more independent families, coupled activities of obesity QTL mapping, and apes. In an expanded database consisting with a rise in virilocal residence in this will present the findings from our ongoing of extant platyrrhines and catarrhines, we matrilineal society. These were not de efforts of characterizing genes for obesity quantify a variety of dimensions, includ- novo shifts in Navajo culture, nor were all as well as birth weight in the Mexican ing length, width, and thickness of the of them long lasting as comparisons to American population. manubrium and individual sternebrae. more modern data show a return to pre- We use this database to reconstruct the stock reduction levels for some variables. functional significance of Proconsul These results illustrate the flexible nature sternebrae from the Kaswanga Primate and buffering capacity of pastoralist socie- 90 AAPA Abstracts

Biological distance analysis of Post- tial throwing abilities of “Lucy” (Australo- One possible explanation for these re- classic skull rows and pairs, El Petén, pithecus afarensis), the Bouri remains sults is that development of arachnoid Guatemala. (possibly A. garhi), Homo erectus, Homo foveae is in part influenced by health re- neanderthalensis, and modern humans lated factors. Any condition which alters W.N. Duncan. Department of Anthropol- were simulated and compared at different CSF pressure, including vitamin A defi- ogy, Southern Illinois University at Car- target distances. We searched for release ciency, may potentially affect the size of bondale. windows that maximized both accuracy arachnoid granulations, and their associ- and velocity of a throw. Results show that ated foveae. In addition, several recent Ethnohistoric sources suggest that at early hominids could not throw far, but studies have suggested a role for arach- least two ethnic groups lived around the could throw accurately and fast with the noid granulations in immune response. Petén lakes in northern Guatemala dur- help of a relatively large release window. Use of specimens from the Hamann-Todd ing the 17th century, the Kowoj and Itzá. On the other hand, modern humans can collection, representing individuals of low Recent excavations at the site of Ixlu pro- throw much further, faster and more ac- socioeconomic status, and dating to the duced three pairs of skulls, and 13 skulls curately, but have a narrow window of pre-antibiotic era, may have accentuated in two rows placed in and around a small release. Thus, throwing seems to have health related variability, when compared Postclassic (AD 950-1524) Itzá temple. evolved from a relatively simple to a rela- to modern samples. The skull rows were placed under the tively complex task in hominids. We used temple, as a dedicatory cache, while the these results to assess four interrelated A test of the multiregional hypothesis skull pairs were placed around the temple hypotheses for the selection of throwing of modern human origins using the at some point after construction. Previous ability: 1) hunting, 2) self-defense, 3) basicranial evidence from Southeast analysis of the skull burials focused on scavenging, and 4) punishing. Each of Asia and Australia. mortuary data and suggested that the these activities requires certain levels of interments may reflect an attempt to en- distance and accuracy that are largely A.C. Durband. Department of Anthropol- soul or animate the temple itself. It re- determined by stature and limb propor- ogy, University of Tennessee. mains unclear who is buried in these de- tions. Based on these parameters, we can posits. This paper presents the results of limit the different models of throwing Proponents of the Multiregional Hy- a biodistance analysis between individuals origins to particular phases of the hominid pothesis of modern human origins have in the skull rows and pairs to identify fossil record. consistently stated that the material from patterns of relationships between the Australasia provides one of the most com- deceased. Variables from the Arizona Age related changes in arachnoid pelling examples of regional continuity in State University system were used, in- foveae: Test of a new quantitative the human fossil record. According to cluding supernumerary teeth, interrup- method. these workers, features found in the earli- tion groove, enamel extensions, and molar est Homo erectus fossils from Java can be cusp size. Five of the six paired skulls, S.M. Duray, S.S. Martel. Division of Life traced through more advanced hominids and 12 of the skulls in rows were consid- Sciences, Palmer College of Chiropractic. from Ngandong and are found in both ered in a principle components analysis. fossil and recent Australian Aborigines. The dental data suggest that all of the Age related changes of arachnoid foveae For this study, non-metric observations individuals came from one population. have been described by several research- will be used to determine the degree of Further, the presence of bilateral man- ers, but objective, quantitative analyses similarity between earlier Homo erectus dibular supernumerary teeth in three of have been lacking. A new quantitative from Sangiran, the Ngandong fossils (in- the 17 individuals (one individual from method is presented, for estimation of cluding Ngawi and the Sambungmacan the skull pairs and two individuals from change in total volume of arachnoid foveae hominids), and fossil/modern Australian the skull rows) suggests that the indi- with age. Aborigines in the cranial base. This viduals were closely related to one an- The pilot sample consisted of 9 skulls analysis will examine the null hypothesis other. from the Palmer Anatomy lab. Arachnoid that a number of non-metric features will foveae were filled with sand until level show an overall similarity between these Throwing ability in fossil hominids. with the intracranial surface. The sand samples, and will be rejected if it can be was then extracted using a vacuum pump, shown that significant dissimilarity exists H. Dunsworth1, J.H. Challis2. 1Dept. of weighed with an analytical balance, and between these groups. Anthropology, 2Biomechanics Laboratory, converted to volume. Volume was totaled The results of this project highlight a The Pennsylvania State University. for each skull. A reliability analysis was suite of features on the cranial base in the performed using intraclass correlation Ngandong sample that appear to be Throwing has been linked to the evolu- coefficients. The method was found to be unique not only within the region, but in tion of bipedalism, limb proportions, en- highly reliable (Intraobserver the human fossil sample as a whole. These cephalization and lateralization, lan- ICC=0.9935, Interobserver ICC=0.9878). morphologies include a dual foramen guage, intelligence, and the tendency for The relationship between total volume ovale, the location of the squamotympanic humans to coexist in large groups of unre- and age was then examined in a sample of fissure, and the marked expression of the lated people. However, little is known 63 males of accurately known age from postcondyloid tuberosities. The presence about its origins and evolution. Here we the Hamann-Todd collection. The rela- of these characters in the Ngandong popu- assume that throwing evolved sometime tionship between fovea frequency and age lation, and their apparent absence outside between the emergence of bipedalism and was also examined. Linear regression of this group, provides strong evidence of the arrival of Neanderthals and anatomi- analysis revealed no statistically signifi- discontinuity between Homo erectus and cally modern humans. We entered pub- cant relationship between total volume Homo sapiens in the Australasian fossil lished estimates of hominid stature and and age, or fovea frequency and age (al- record. upper limb proportions into our simple pha=.05). This work has been supported by grants computer model of throwing. The poten- from Sigma Xi, The Northern Illinois Uni- AAPA Abstracts 91

versity Anthropology Foundation, The Size and power required for locomo- cietal aspect regarding the kind of care University of Tennessee, and The Ameri- tion in early hominids: Paleobiology that elders received, who it is that cared can Museum of Natural History. meets OH62 (again). for them, and how they were buffered (or not buffered) from death at an earlier age. The rhesus macaque (Macaca mu- R.B. Eckhardt1, A.J. Kuperavage1, K. The skeletal population (N=172) studied latta) corticotropin-releasing hor- Galik2. 1Pennsylvannia State University, here was excavated from Black Mesa mone gene: Sequence analysis and 2Orthopaedic Biomechanics Laboratory, (A.D. 850-1120). It includes a rather large variation. Allegheny General Hospital. number (N=32, or 18.6%) of individuals in the 50+ age category. Even more surpris- R.L. Dvoskin1,2, C.S. Barr2, T.K. New- In an exercise designed to carry data on ing is the male/female ratio of this elderly man2, D. Goldman2, S.J. Suomi3, J.D. Hig- the fossil record of early hominids from group (12 to 20). Using a combination of ley2. 1Dept. of Anthropology, New York static dimensions into more dynamic pa- non-invasive measures, such as bone den- University, New York Consortium in Evo- leobiomechanical explorations of relation- sity analysis and a detailed quantitative lutionary Primatology, 2NIAAA, NIH, ships among size, power required for mo- analysis of osteoarthritis, a clearer picture 3NICHD, NIH. tion (PRM), and cycle-time (temporal dif- emerges of the lives of these people and ference between neighboring peaks in the cultural system surrounding and buff- Primates exhibit stable, heritable differ- each foot’s trajectory), Wang and Cromp- ering them. Adult bone densities were ences in temperament and stress reactiv- ton (2003) used such basic morphological taken using the distal radius and ulna ity. Selection on stress physiology may be parameters as d (any characteristic di- and/or the calcaneus. As well, os- a proximate mechanism in the evolution mension such as chest width), L (any teoarthritis was observed and quantita- of social behavior and life history. In characteristic length such as stature) and tively recorded in all joints of the adults. rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta), corre- mass derived from the paleoanthropologi- Using this data set, a more comprehensive lations have been demonstrated among cal literature (for 11 fossil hominids se- picture of growing old - not only in a geo- temperament, baseline cortisol levels, and lected from Tables 14.9 and 14.11 in Aiello graphic area but in a temporal one - cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of corti- and Dean, 1990). In many graphs of de- emerges. They, especially the women, cotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), a fun- rived values such as the coefficient of ro- managed to live long lives even though damental mediator of the behavioral and busticity (Rp = radius/Length) and Pd (di- their bones tell us that life was hard for endocrine stress response. We wanted to mensionless power) vs. stature or Pd vs. these people. The patterns of biological determine whether there was sequence mass, the single specimen OH62 (Johan- aging seen in this study help to shed light variation in the rhesus CRH gene, a good son et al., 1987) was a notable outlier. For on the cultural systems involving aging in candidate for studying the genetic bases of example, in the plot of Rp against time this population. temperament. (MA), fully 50% of the error comes from Ten animals that were outliers on the this one specimen. Phylogenetic implication on humeral basis of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal The problem described here arises and calcaneal morphologies of Am- (stress axis) activity were selected for chiefly because many paleoanthropologists phipithecidae. sequence analysis and for preliminary (Richmond et al., 2002) continue to repre- screening for nucleotide variants. Se- sent the limb bone dimensions of OH62 by N. Egi1, M. Takai2, Soe Thura Tun3, N. quence was determined using PCR and single values (humerus length = 264 mm, Shigehara2, T. Tsubamoto2. 1Dept. of Zool- direct sequencing from genomic DNA. femur length = 280 mm) despite the fact ogy, Kyoto University, 2Primate Research Genotyping was done using a primer that these bones are so badly damaged Inst., Kyoto University, 3Dept. of Geology, mismatch assay. that their lengths are not directly meas- University of Yangon. We sequenced the preproCRH gene and urable, and the error term associated with 3 kb of 5'-flanking region. We found single the humerofemoral index is so substantial This study focuses on postcranial mor- nucleotide polymorphisms in the coding that it is possible only to situate it be- phologies of an amphipithecid from the region, intron, 3'-untranslated region, and tween the distributions for Homo and Eocene Southeast Asia and asks whether 5'-flanking region. The rhesus preproCRH Gorilla. Our new analyses show that or not the postcranial characteristics could gene shows 97% sequence identity to its after allowing for empirical uncertainty, contribute to solving the phylogenetic human homologue. The predicted 41- OH62 exhibited morphological and biome- position of the family. Twenty-six humeral amino acid CRH peptide is identical to chanical properties consistent with its and eight calcaneal features of an am- that in the human, implying strong selec- temporal placement in the fossil record. phipithecid specimen (NMMP 20) were tion acting on this gene product. A nu- compared with those of lemuriforms, cleotide substitution located in a putative Growing old on Black Mesa: A new notharctine and adapine adpiforms, omo- glucocorticoid-responsive element half-site look at aging in the past. myoids, Tarsius, Eosimias, Apidium, Ae- within the promoter region had a fre- gyptopithecus, and platyrrhines. Using the quency of 14% in a subset of our popula- J. Edwards1, D. Martin2. 1Dept. of Anthro- MacClade program, the phylogenetic nation (n=268). pology, University of Massachusetts, 2 ture of each morphology was determined Functional assays will determine School of Natural Sciences, Hampshire in three different phylogenetic placements whether the identified gene variants alter College. of NMMP 20: in primitive anthropoids, in CRH expression. Allele-based association notharctine adpiforms, and in stem adpi- studies in the NIH rhesus colony may help When looking at aspects of aging in the forms. identify genetic contributions to individ- past, it is sometimes difficult to answer Almost all of the features are subject to ual differences in primate behavioral and questions concerning the type of care homoplasies; no character state com- neuroendocrine responses to stress. given to and received by the elderly. Hu- pletely uniquely connects NMMP 20 to man skeletal remains can give us some anthropoids, notharctines, or adapiforms, clue as to the biological processes of aging, and there are always some characters of but may also reveal more vividly the so- which homoplasies are increased regard- 92 AAPA Abstracts

less of the placement of NMMP 20. Many vational learning, and access to foraging described this subspecies as having stable features in NMMP 20 are primitive eu- sites. Juveniles interact with natal subor- multi-male/multi-female groups with an primate traits. On the contrary to the dinate males primarily to scrounge for average of 9.5 group members, a male- previous suggestions that the morphology food, despite considerable risk of agonism biased sex ratio, and female philopatry. of NMMP 20 enhances its adapiform from these males. In contrast, juvenile These results are consistent with reports status, we found a greater number of interactions with non-natal males are from other eastern and western popula- characteristics in the humerus and the characterized by low levels of agonism and tions of E. f. rufus. Continued study of calcaneum of NMMP 20 that favors its are associated with contexts of social buff- these groups from 1998 until August 2003 primitive anthropoid status (e.g., the ering. at the study site, however, suggests that lesser tuberosity subequal to the greater the social structure of this subspecies may tuberosity in width, the robust and Muzzle morphology and size in Man- be more flexible than originally reported. straight humeral shaft, the round del- drillus leucophaeus. Although the birth-rate, male:female sex topectoral crest edge, the posterior posi- ratio, and number of male emigrations tion of the deltopectoral crest on the shaft, S. Elton1, B. J. Morgan2. 1Anatomy, Hull remained similar between the two studies, the medially flared humeral trochlea, and York Medical School, UK, 2CRES Camer- we found a decrease in average group size the round calcaneocuboid facet) than oon. (9.5 to 6.3) and an increase in the fre- those that supports its adapiform status quency of group membership changes (2.1 (e.g., the humeral head projecting above The drill (Mandrillus leucophaeus), a to 4.2 times/year) in the latter study. the tuberosities, the large lateral epi- forest living Old World monkey, exhibits These differences seem to be linked to an condyle, and the presence of the trochlear high levels of sexual dimorphism, with a increase in female transfers between the gutter). limited number of males in each group study periods (zero to 7 instances). Fi- (those that are ‘fatted’) developing ex- nally, groups traveled outside of their Adult male relations with juveniles treme secondary sexual characteristics, home range areas more often in the sec- among brown capuchins (Cebus including muzzle growth. In this study, ond period than they had previously, mi- apella) in Suriname: affiliation, an- the degree of secondary bone growth on grating up to 8 km away from the study tagonism or benign neglect? the muzzles of wild-caught drills was as- site once or twice a year. These changes in sessed in relation to overall body size. E. f. rufus social structure coincide with E. Ehmke, L. Kauffman, S. Boinski. De- Bone growth on different parts of the increased densities of their main food partment of Anthropology, University of muzzle was also investigated. In female competitors: Varecia variegata and Eule- Florida. drills, muzzle breadth was positively cor- mur rubriventer. related with an indicator of overall body This research was supported by NSF Brown capuchins (Cebus apella) are size, skull length. However, there was no grant SBS-0001351 and the University of unusual among primates for high rates of significant correlation between muzzle Texas-Austin. social interaction between adult males breadth and skull length in males. Para- and immatures. Even within Cebus, the nasal swellings and other secondary bone Late Pleistocene human evolution in frequent grooming of immatures by adult growth on the muzzle in males also ap- China: East Asian pathways to mod- males is not found in congeners. In our peared to be independent of body size. ernity. effort to interpret field data on adult male This suggests that secondary muzzle and immature brown capuchins, we were growth in male drills is independent of D.A. Etler. Dept. of Anthropology, Cabrillo surprised that the preponderance of re- overall body size. Furthermore, male sec- College. ports of adult male-immature social rela- ondary muzzle bone growth appeared not tionships among primates concentrate on to follow a defined trajectory, with no The replacement model for modern hu- male interactions with infants (i.e. pater- correlation in the sizes of different areas man origins continues to garner wide- nity and infanticide). Nonetheless, adult of the muzzle. Further work is therefore spread support based on accumulating male-juvenile interactions are arguably of required to investigate the relationship genetic and fossil evidence indicating comparable importance. This is particu- between body size and the development of demic diffusion of moderns into various larly true for C. apella. Adult male tenure secondary sexual features in drills. Atten- regions of the old and new worlds com- in brown capuchin troops can last a dec- tion should also be paid to the mecha- mencing approximately 100,000 or more ade and, plausibly, significantly shape nisms and trajectories of muzzle bone years ago. Much of the discussion sur- juvenile social success as an adult. growth and development in these animals. rounding modern human origins has, Our long-term study of multi-male Funded by CRES and The Nuffield however, focused on the relationship be- troops of wild brown capuchins in Suri- Foundation tween Neandertals and expanding modern name found that juveniles are responsible populations. While still debatable, both for initiating contact with adult males, Changes in social structure in Eule- genetic and fossil evidence can be mar- and that the alpha male attracts them mur fulvus rufus in southeastern shaled to build a persuasive case for the most strongly. We considered four func- Madagascar from 1988-2003. near total replacement of Neandertals by tional benefits for these juvenile prefer- moderns by approximately 28,000 years ences: enhanced opportunities for observa- E.M. Erhart1, D.J. Overdorff2, T. ago. It can be argued, however, that the tional learning of foraging skills; social Mutschler2. 1Department of Anthropology, Neandertals are a special case and the buffering; access to preferred foods; and Texas State University, 2Department of criteria used to demonstrate replacement the nurturing of adult male acceptance of Anthropology, University of Texas-Austin. in Europe and the Near East are not ap- juveniles to facilitate long-term troop plicable to East Asia. residency and status acquisition. Our Based on a 10-year study (1988-1998) of Transitional fossils exist in East Asia field data indicate that juveniles maintain the social structure of Eulemur fulvus that display heritage features shared with relations with the alpha male as a mecha- rufus at the Vatoharanana study site predecessor populations of Homo erectus nism to increase social acceptance, obser- (RNP), Overdorff and colleagues (1999) as well as derived features shared with AAPA Abstracts 93

anatomically modern humans. These early intermediate period in the sized that the assemblage would be pri- transitional fossils are the best evidence Lurin Valley, Peru: New data from marily New World fauna since the ships for anatomical continuity in East Asia stable isotope analysis. were returning to Europe. Analysis of the throughout the Pleistocene. Genetic evi- 311 bones yielded the following inventory: dence, however, supports the spread of N.L. Falk1, R.H. Tykot1, M. Delgado2, E.A. cattle (Bos taurus, N=134), hogs (Sus certain aspects of the modern human ge- Pechenkina3, J. Vradenburg4. 1University scrofa, N=82), horses (Equus caballus, nome into East Asia within the last of South Florida, 2San Marcos University, N=28), fowl (Gallus gallus, N=10; Melea- 60,000 years. A model of continuity with 3The City University of New York, gris gallopavo, N=6), sea turtle (Chelonia hybridization can best explain the dis- 4Missoui Department of Health and Sen- mydas, N=4), buffalo (Bison bison, N=8), crepancy between physical and genetic ior Services. sheep/goats (Ovis/Capra, N=33), rats evidence for modern human evolution in (Rattus rattus, N=4), and deer (Odocoileus East Asia. The coastal site of Villa El Salvador is a virginianus, N=2). No human remains burial ground for two populations of seem- were recovered. The faunal remains are The roles of infant crying and ingly different origins and subsistence largely butchered and preserved meaty motherese during prelinguistic evo- practices. Dating to the Early Intermedi- parts of cattle and hogs. The horses, buf- lution in early hominins. ate Period (200 B.C.E. – 600 C.E.), the two falo, and deer were live cargo because populations are physically marked by there were no butchering marks, with rats D. Falk. Department of Anthropology, stature and cranial deformation. Those likely being uninvited stowaways. It is Florida State University. thought to have been agriculturalists are likely that the lone buffalo was intended taller and exhibit cranial deformation for presentation rather than a food source As human infants develop, a special while those thought to have been highland during the voyage. Our data did not sup- form of infant-directed speech known as herders are shorter and do not have cra- port the hypothesis that only New World baby talk or motherese universally pro- nial deformations. We have selected stable fauna were part of ships’ stores. Old vides a scaffold for their eventual acquisi- isotope analysis, a well-established World fauna constituted the bulk of the tion of language. This paper explores method for studying ancient diet, to test remains. Processing marks on the faunal when and how motherese first evolved in whether these physical differences may be remains suggest that each item was used hominins, and suggests that it formed a directly correlated with different dietary to the fullest extent possible. prelinguistic substrate for the emergence patterns, and likely residence locations. of protolanguage. Although infant chim- Carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios in Dental caries distribution in the An- panzees older than two months are able to bone collagen, and carbon isotope ratios in glo-Saxon population of Sedgeford, cling unaided to their mothers’ bodies, bone apatite and tooth enamel were de- England. human infants never develop the ability to termined for a significant sample of the do so because they are born at extremely Villa El Salvador remains to determine M.T. Fashing. Dept. of Anthropology, Col- undeveloped stages, i.e., when their heads the amount terrestrial C3 and C4 plant lege of William & Mary, Sedgeford His- are still small enough to negotiate biped- and animal foods as well as freshwater torical and Archaeological Research Pro- ally-adapted birth canals. According to and maritime resources contributed to the ject (SHARP). the “putting the baby down” hypothesis, diets of the two morphological groups. before the invention of baby slings, early While bone collagen primarily indicates During the Anglo-Saxon period, caries bipedal mothers would have carried their the source of protein in the diet, bone rates were typically lower than in most helpless infants in their arms and rou- apatite and tooth enamel are produced other periods in British history. Previous tinely freed their hands to forage for food from all dietary components. Further- researchers have concluded that decay by putting their babies down nearby more, since bone is constantly reabsorbed commonly occurs on the approximal sur- where they could be kept under close sur- and replenished, the isotopic composition face of the tooth, particularly at the CEJ, veillance. Unlike chimpanzees, human of bone collagen and apatite indicate the in all but the youngest age groups, where babies cry excessively as an honest signal diet over the last several years of life, it occurs on the occlusal surface. In this of need for reestablishing physical contact while tooth enamel reflects diet at the age study, the dentition of 100 adult skeletons with caregivers, and human mothers en- of crown formation, thus allowing a com- from the Anglo-Saxon cemetery at Sedge- gage in motherese that functions to sooth, parison within individuals to assess im- ford was examined for the presence and calm, and reassure infants. These special migration or other mobility patterns. Our location of dental caries using a dental vocalizations are in marked contrast to results provide important insight into pre- probe and magnification. Carious lesions the relatively silent mother/infant interac- Inca subsistence adaptations and organi- were recorded as approximal, occlusal, tions that characterize living chimpanzees zation, as well as social and mortuary buccal, non-approximal root surface, or (and presumably their ancestors), and practices. gross caries if the area of decay was too probably evolved in the wake of selection large for the initial location to be deter- for bipedalism to compensate for the loss Faunal remains from La Nuestra mined. Preliminary results indicate that, of sustained direct physical contact that Senora de Atocha and Santa Marga- without division into age groups, the inci- was previously achieved by grasping ex- rita. dence of approximal and occlusal surface tremities. Motherese is therefore hy- caries is approximately equal. When pothesized to have evolved in early M. Faraldo, L.L. Taylor. Dept. of Anthro- separated into age groups, the youngest hominin mother/infant pairs, and to have pology, University of Miami. age group, 15 – 24 years, has almost ex- formed an important prelinguistic sub- clusively occlusal caries. Approximal strate from which protolanguage eventu- We analyzed the faunal remains from caries is prevalent in the 25 – 34 and 35 – ally emerged. two 17th century Spanish galleons, to 44 age groups, though there are still sev- document diet, and perhaps lifestyles, eral cases of occlusal caries. In the 45 – Differential subsistence adaptations aboard these vessels as they returned to 54 age group, approximal and gross caries of agriculturalists and herders of the Spain from the Americas. We hypothe- are equally dominant. In the 55+ age 94 AAPA Abstracts

group, only approximal caries was found. Accentuated striae (AS) are defects in March and April 2003. Fifteen-minute The decrease in occlusal caries after ~25 enamel microstructure that form during scan samples were taken hourly from 700 years of age might be attributable to the tooth development when physiological to 1700 h each day. During the scan, each heavy degree of tooth wear resulting from stress events affect ameloblast activity. individual’s activity was recorded. the gritty Anglo-Saxon diet, which Any tooth developing during a stress The data support the hypothesis that the abrades the enamel until fissures are no event is affected to some extent. However, capuchins of Misahuallí utilize their time longer present to trap food in the occlusal defects resulting from the event will vary differently than do wild living C. albi- surface. in appearance by tooth type and location frons. For example, in comparison to activ- on the tooth crown. Therefore, if the same ity budgets reported for their wild living Influence of availability on food criteria for identifying AS are used across counterparts (Terborgh 1983), the Misa- transfer patterns in a captive Ango- tooth types, a stress event may be re- huallí monkeys spend less time resting (9 lan colobus monkey group. flected as an AS on one tooth type but not vs. 18%), and feeding/foraging (28 vs. on another. Variation in defect formation 61%), and more time locomoting (31 vs. P.J. Fashing. Science and Conservation, across tooth types complicates compari- 21%) and performing social behaviors (32 Pittsburgh Zoo and PPG Aquarium. sons of stress across different develop- vs. <2%). The results are discussed in mental ages. relation to the activity budgets reported Food sharing is a relatively uncommon We select first permanent molar-canine for other species of nonhuman primates behavior among primates, most often con- (M1-C) pairs from twenty medieval Dan- living in conjunction with human popula- sisting of food transfers from mother to ish skeletons to investigate how defects tions and the effects that such behavioral infant. Most primate food sharing can differ across tooth types. Using overlap- differences pose for the health of nonhu- best be described as occurring via toler- ping defect patterns, each AS is matched man primates living in urban environ- ated theft or as a response to begging. I to its corresponding defect on the other ments. studied food transfer patterns in a 9- tooth, regardless of whether the latter is member group of Angolan colobus scored as an AS. For cuspal-M1/cuspal-C Effects of habitat on fluctuating (Colobus angolensis) housed at the Pitts- defect pairs (n=26), an AS occurred in just asymmetry in a population of wild burgh Zoo. At the beginning of each ob- the M1 in 65% of cases, in both teeth ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta). servation, the group was provisioned with (27%), and in just C (8%); for cuspal- one of four quantities of browse (large, C/lateral-M1 pairs (n=11, both:55%, K. Fish1, M. Sauther1, F. Cuozzo2. 1Dept. medium, small, none) that acted as a sup- M1:36%, C:9%); and for lateral-M1/lateral- of Anthropology, University of Colorado, plement to their breakfast food already C pairs (n=47, both:43%, C:36%, M1:21%). 2Dept. of Anthropology, Northern Illinois available. Data were then collected on all These data suggest that M1 is more sensi- University. occurrences of food transfer (both success- tive to stress than C cuspally, C is more ful and unsuccessful) over the next 30 sensitive than M1 laterally, and lateral Although the conservation of primates minutes. More than 1,000 food transfers enamel is more sensitive than cuspal has become an increasingly important were observed during the 52-day study. I enamel. AS counts in M1 underestimate topic, primatologists possess few tools to found no evidence of begging and most stress relative to C. Objective measures of assess the long-term viability of primate instances of successful food transfer could AS appearance are needed to correct for populations. A promising approach that be categorized as some form of tolerated this bias because M1 contains important has been applied to other taxa of animals, theft. All individuals were observed par- stress information for the earliest year of but has seldom been applied to primates ticipating in food transfers, though rates life that is not reflected in C. is the examination of fluctuating asymme- of participation varied markedly among try (FA) within a population (Clarke, individuals. The likelihood of study sub- Effect of human cohabitation on ac- 1995; Moller, 1995; Weishampel, 1995). jects resisting food theft by others was tivity budgets in white-fronted capu- Under optimal conditions, the develop- inversely related to the amount of browse chin monkeys (Cebus albifrons) in ment of an organism should proceed along available on a given day. Furthermore, Ecuador: A pilot study. a genetically determined pathway and rates of resistance to food theft tended to result in bilateral symmetry. However, increase over the course of individual M.Y. Field. Dept. of Anthropology, The under conditions of stress, an organism's observation periods as browse supply be- Ohio State University. mechanisms for stability are less efficient came depleted. Determining whether or so that development cannot occur along its not the food transfer behavior exhibited by With the expansion of human popula- original pathway and the individual may Angolan colobus at Pittsburgh Zoo is a tions into nonhuman primate habitats, differ from the expected perfect bilateral species-typical behavior or merely a by- the number of cases of nonhuman pri- symmetry (Clarke, 1995). This deviation product of captivity will require further mates living in close contact with humans in development from the original genetic investigation of this species in the wild is increasing. Few studies have been com- pathway is known as fluctuating asymme- where its social behavior remains poorly pleted on long-term close cohabitation of try. known. humans and nonhuman primates and Seventy-one ring-tailed lemurs were those that do exist have focused on Old captured as part of a long-term project Patterns of variation in enamel mi- World monkeys. Despite reports of urban investigating the biology of a population of crodefect appearance in the first human-nonhuman primate coresidence in wild ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta) permanent molar and canine. South America, no socioecological studies living in and around Beza Mahafaly Spe- exist for these situations and the effects cial Reserve. Fluctuating asymmetry R.J. Ferrell1, D.J. Reid2. 1Center for Popu- that they have on the nonhuman primates measurements were taken for 7 dental lation and Health, Georgetown Univer- involved. features, 9 skeletal features, and 2 soft sity, 2Department of Oral Biology, The Data on the group of white-fronted capu- tissue features. The results revealed that Dental School, University of Newcastle chin monkeys living within the town of ring-tailed lemur females living in ranges upon Tyne. Misahuallí, Ecuador were collected during that include the human-impacted re- AAPA Abstracts 95

search camp and village had higher levels via the ice-free corridor and expanding sponsible for the microfaunal bone assem- of FA when compared to female lemurs rapidly throughout the hemisphere. How- blage at Coopers D. The light digestion whose ranges are confined to the reserve. ever, this mode of colonization leads to an pattern of the specimens and well- The implications of these results for un- extreme reduction in genetic diversity, a preserved post-crania indicate that the derstanding the stresses faced by lemurs pattern inconsistent with observed Amer- species Tyto alba, T. capensis, or Asio during growth and development as well as ind variation. An alternative colonization capensis are the most likely accumulating the implications for ring-tailed lemur life route along the coastal margins of both agents. These species have been impli- history and conservation are discussed. North and South America allows rapid cated in microfaunal deposits at neighbor- deployment of the migrant population ing sites of similar age. Root etching has Testing hypotheses for dental reduc- while preserving genetic variation and also been identified on several specimens. tion in Late Pleistocene and Early dispersing ancestral genes widely. While signs of water transport and expo- Holocene hominids. Archaeological evidence for early coastal sure to the elements are suggested in settlement, however, remains slim. The many specimens, the results are not con- C. FitzGerald, S. Hillson, Institute of Ar- oldest well-dated and widely accepted clusive and require a more detailed ex- chaeology, University College London. occupation of North America is the Clovis amination currently underway. Post- “culture” represented by many sites across fossilization fracturing observed on the Tooth reduction, a trend broadly seen in the interior of the continent. Despite the majority of mandibles as well as the pau- the genus Homo, is widely accepted to salience of the western plains sites associ- city of cranial elements are indicative of have been particularly marked in Nean- ated with mammoth remains, some ar- collection damage. dertals and so-called anatomically modern chaeologists have argued that Paleoindian Homo sapiens in the period from about occupation in the east was localized along Are there critical periods in the on- 120,000 BP to 5000 BP. However, until major river systems. Anderson (Research togeny of stress response and im- now, such claims have been difficult to in Economic Anthropology, Supp. 5: 187) mune function? validate because of the confusing effect of has characterized these river systems as tooth wear, particularly heavy in these “staging areas” from which settlement of M.V. Flinn1, B.G. England2. 1Departments groups, on conventional dental measure- the interior of the continent was carried of Anthropology and Psychological Sci- ments. This study uses cervical measures, out. ences, University of Missouri, 2Depart- taken at the base of the crown, so that This paper presents a computer simula- ment of Pathology, University of Michigan worn dentitions can be measured, making tion model evaluating the effects of coloni- Hospitals. it possible to include a larger number of zation from such staging areas on genetic specimens and to consider the question of variation in founding Clovis populations Early trauma can have long-term effects variability in crown size. A large and ro- in North America. In contrast to the on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) bust dataset collected over three years “Blitzkrieg” model of Clovis spread, this stress response. Because the HPA system and consisting of measurements and other model preserves Amerind genetic diver- has important immuno-modulatory func- observations for 6631 teeth from 728 indi- sity. tions, children that have endured difficult viduals has allowed us to confirm that conditions during development may be at reduction over this period has indeed oc- Preliminary taphonomic analysis of higher risk for immune dysfunction. Here curred, although it is not marked in all microfaunal assemblage from Coo- we examine whether there are critical teeth and the range of variation overlaps pers D deposit, Gauteng Province, periods in the ontogeny of HPA and im- between different groups. South Africa. mune function. A number of hypotheses have been pro- Sample and methods: a sixteen-year posed to account for this reduction, and in K.A. Fleschner1, C.D. Hartman2, P.J. study (1988-2004) of child health in a this paper, using results from our study, Lewis3, C.M. Steininger4, L.R. Berger4, rural community on the island of Domin- we examine the argument that the dental- and S.Churchill2. 1Vanderbilt University, ica provides sequential, biyearly data on facial complex acts as one unit for selec- 2Duke University, 3Pfeiffer University, salivary cortisol, morbidity, and social tion, and that decreasing requirements for 4University of the Witwatersrand. environment (N= 282 children, 32,432 heavy forces in chewing (with greater food saliva samples). A more limited sample of preparation) favoured a smaller, more Coopers site is located between two well- immune measures (IgA, Il-8, neopterin) energy efficient jaw musculature and sup- known sites of Sterkfontein and Krom- were assayed from saliva collected several porting skeleton, along with an appropri- draii in the Cradle of Humankind, Gau- times per day for up to a week for sixteen ately smaller dentition. We conclude that, teng Province, South Africa. The deposit children experiencing naturally occurring although only weakly supported by the is divided into multiple localities yielding common colds and a matched period with- evidence, this is a more likely explanation hominin fossils as well as a large and out apparent morbidity. Patterns of corti- for the reduction than others that have diverse mammal assemblage. The large sol response, morbidity, and immune re- been proposed. mammal fauna excavated from the Coo- sponse are examined for associations with pers D deposit suggests a date of 1.6 to 1.9 trauma at different periods during devel- An alternative model for Clovis colo- Ma. The Coopers D deposit also contains opment. nization that retains Amerind genetic an extensive small mammal fauna. Cur- Results: Early trauma is associated diversity. rent research on this small mammal with cortisol profiles in complex ways. fauna focuses on the depositional envi- Early traumatic experience is associated A.G. Fix. University of California, River- ronment, accumulating agent, and ta- with high cortisol levels throughout child side. phonomy of the specimens. Analysis has development. Apparent HPA dysregula- thus far been limited to microscopic ex- tion, however, may reflect higher inci- The classic “Blitzkrieg” model for the amination of mandibles and post-cranial dence of continuing stressors, and incom- peopling of the Americas involved an ini- element representation. Preliminary re- petent models of the social world. Longi- tial small group of Clovis hunters entering sults suggest that owls are primarily re- tudinal profiles of immune measures indi- 96 AAPA Abstracts

cate delayed IgA response to common D. Franklin, N. Milne, L. Freedman. and in early hominids. The distinction of colds. School of Anatomy and Human Biology, the CM2 articulation in humans is said to The University of Western Australia. lie in the relative size of the articular Age at death determination using the surfaces and in the orientation of these skeletal histomorphometry of the It is widely accepted that the pattern surfaces to inferred load vectors. In hu- third metacarpal and third metatar- and magnitude of sexual dimorphism mans, the orientation of this joint forms sal from autopsy and cadaver sam- varies between different populations, nean angle with the shaft of the metacarpal, ples. cessitating specific population standards so that the joint lies between sagittal and for optimal sex determination. What is transverse planes, whereas in non-human A. Foose1, R. Paine1, R. Nisbett1, S. Nata- often not considered is the degree to which hominoid primates the joint lies in a plane rajan2. 1Department of Sociology, Anthro- sexual dimorphism varies within those parallel to the shaft of the metacarpal. pology, and Social Work, Texas Tech Uni- population sub-groups. We report here on Some suggest that the uniqueness of the versity (TTU); 2Division of Forensic Pa- new morphometric data examining re- human form facilitates power grasping thology, Texas Tech University Health gional variation of sexual dimorphism in and precision grasping by allowing prona- Sciences Center (TTUHSC). the crania of five modern human population of the metacarpal. tions from South Africa. A total of 332 We studied the form of the CM2 articu- The goal of this presentation is to con- (182 male and 150 female) crania of Zulu, lation in a series of anthropoid primates. tribute to the growing body of methodolo- Swazi, Xhosa, Sotho, and Tswana indi- Second metacarpals from seventeen gen- gies used by physical anthropologists for viduals drawn from the Dart Collection era were photographed and digitized in determining age at death via histology. were studied. An extended series of 96 3- order to measure the angle of orientation Our hypothesis is that secondary osteon D landmarks was designed and then ac- and the area of articulation of CM2. numbers per cortical area of the left third quired using a Microscribe 3DX digitizer. While our data confirm previous notions metacarpal and left third metatarsal The shape analysis software Mor- that the ape CM2 form is different from bones yield statistically significant corre- phologika was used to analyse the data of humans, our data also indicate that the lations with known age. each sub-group, male and females sepa- form of the joint in humans is not signifi- Autopsy samples were obtained from the rately. cantly different from several monkey spe- Lubbock County Medical Examiner’s Of- In all five populations sexual dimor- cies. Theropithecus, Macaca, and Colobus fice. Samples were also acquired from phism was highly significant. Certain are among Old World monkey genera cadavers provided by the Department of features characterise the sexes across the sharing similar CM2 morphology as hu- Anatomical Services of TTUHSC. Infor- populations examined. Males, for exam- mans. Our findings suggest that the CM2 mation on the individual’s age, sex, ple, typically presented relatively flatter, articulation is not a unique hominid trait. height, weight, health conditions prior to forward sloping frontal bones, and greater Consequently, this trait reveals little death, and cause of death were collected. craniofacial width associated primarily about human-like precision grasping in The documented ages for our fifty samples with larger and broader zygomatic arches early hominids. range from 19 to 93 years of age at death. and cheekbones. There are also, however, The histomorphometric analysis involves sexually dimorphic cranial features Bio-cultural components of the co- preparing thin sections of the mid-shaft of unique to the specific indigenous South existence of under-nutrition and obe- the left third metacarpal and left third African populations. One more marked sity in Latin America. metatarsal as complete cross-sections. A example of these features is the Swazi number of factors were examined at the males who have a significantly broader A.R. Frisancho. University of Michigan, microscopic level; specifically, we focused palate and larger inferior nasal spine. Ann Arbor, Michigan. on intact and fragmentary secondary os- Given the extent of inter-population varia- teon counts per mm2 for the entire cortical tion in cranial sexual dimorphism in the Obesity has become a major epidemiol- cross-section of each bone. The data are five indigenous South African populations ogical problem in Latin America in both then used to produce age-predicting re- examined, this data suggests that popula- the upper and lower socio-economic gression formulas. This procedure follows tion specific dimorphic features must be classes. Previous studies indicate that closely to suggestions made by Stout & considered, whether it be through metric short leg length index ((leg Paine (1992). or non-metric assessment, in order to length/stature)*100] is a good marker of With fragmentary remains, histological achieve optimal sex discrimination in that growth delay and childhood undernutri- examination of skeletal material may be population. tion of adults. It is postulated that expo- the best means of age approximation. sure to undernutrition during the devel- Based on our results, age-predicting equa- The significance of the capi- opmental period is an important compo- tions developed for the metacarpal, meta- tate/metacarpal II articulation for nent of the increased risk of obesity of tarsal, and for a combination of both bones grasping in early hominids. adults in developing nations. can be used in conjunction with, or in lieu To test the hypothesis that the risk of of, other aging methods. These equations T.M. Franz1, R.L. Susman2. 1Interdepart- overweight and obesity in Latin America can be applied to prehistoric, historic, or mental Doctoral Program in Anthropologi- is related to childhood exposure to under- modern skeletal remains. cal Sciences, Department of Anthropology, nutrition the anthropometric markers of Stony Brook University, 2Department of excess weight of Latin American samples A geometric morphometric study of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, will be evaluated with reference to rela- cranial sexual dimorphism in se- Stony Brook University. tive leg length leg length and socio- lected indigenous populations of economic factors. First, the anthropomet- South Africa. The articulation of the capitate and sec- ric data sets of the third National Health ond metacarpal (CM2) is considered by and Nutrition Examination Survey some to indicate a specialized form of (NHANES III) of the USA will be evalu- power and precision grasping in humans ated to set reference of leg length index. AAPA Abstracts 97

Second, the markers of excess weight such tions are best ranked as subspecies of a 2Department of Kinesiology, Pennsylvania as skinfold thickness, weight by height, single species, rather than as two or more State University, 3Département Histoire and body mass index of Latin American distinct biological species. de la Terre, Museum national d’Histoire samples will be evaluated with reference Funding: N.S.F. ACI-9982351; CUNY naturelle, 4Département de Paléoanthro- to relative leg length leg length and socio- Collaborative Incentive Award 9-91980; pologie et de Préhistoire, Collège de economic factors. Wenner-Gren Foundation (Grant 6436); France, 5UPR 2147 CNRS, 6Service du L.S.B. Leakey Foundation. Radiologie, Clinique Pasteur. Cranial allometry, phylogeography and systematics of baboons inferred Food and the state: Bioarchaeological Computerized tomography (CT) was from geometric morphometric analy- investigations of diet in the Moche used to quantify superior and inferior sis of landmark data. Valley of Perú. cortical bone thicknesses and areas in the femoral neck of BAR 1002’00 from the S.R. Frost1,2, L.F. Marcus2,3,4, F.L. Book- C.M. Gagnon. Department of Anthropol- Lukeino Formation in the Tugen Hills of stein5,6, D.P. Reddy2,7, E. Delson2,3,4,8. ogy, University of North Carolina-Chapel the Baringo District of Kenya, dated to 6 1Department of Anatomy, New York Col- Hill. MA. Cortical bone thicknesses and areas lege of Osteopathic Medicine; 2NYCEP were gauged for each CT slice by the (New York Consortium in Evolutionary The Moche of north coastal Perú were standard approach of using two Houns- Primatology) Morphometrics Group; among the earliest New World societies to field Unit thresholds, the first at the air- 3Division of Paleontology, American Mu- develop state socio-political organization. bone interface and the second at the corti- seum of Natural History; 4City University The Moche State (AD 200-800) was a cen- cal-endosteal bone interface. Biomechani- of New York Graduate Center; 5Institute tralized hierarchical society that con- cally the femoral neck resembles a canti- of Anthropology, University of Vienna; trolled the Moche Valley as well as valleys levered beam, with bone thicknesses re- 6Institute of Gerontology, University of to the north and south. Prior to the estab- flecting structural loading history (onto- Michigan, Ann Arbor; 7Radiologic, Inc.; lishment of the state, a series of less hier- genetic and/or phylogenetic). Along its 8Department of Anthropology, Lehman archical organizations were present in the length, hominids exhibit cortical bone that College/CUNY. valley. Irrigation agriculture, particularly is thinner superiorly than inferiorly, par- of maize, has often been cited as central to ticularly toward the neck-shaft junction. Cranial morphology of the African Old development of the Moche State. To test At that more distal location, in extant World monkeys Mandrillus, Papio, and this assertion I examined 750 individuals humans the ratio of superior to inferior Theropithecus (i.e., the baboons) has been recovered from the largest cemetery at the (SI) thickness approximates 1:4 or less the subject of numerous studies investi- site of Cerro Oreja. Although the most and the ratio of SI cortical areas is about gating their systematic relationships, important occupation of Cerro Oreja was 1:3, while in African apes the SI ratios for patterns of scaling, and growth. In this during the Gallinazo period (AD 1-200), thickness and area vary around 1:1 (Oh- study, we use landmark-based geometric many individuals were interred here dur- man et al., 1997). In BAR 1002’00 the morphometrics and multivariate analysis ing the earlier Salinar period (400 -1 BC). ratio of SI cortical bone thickness is ap- to assess the effects of size, sex, taxonomy, Consequently, the Cerro Oreja collection proximately 1:3 around mid-neck and 1:2 and geographic location on cranial shape. holds a key to understanding the devel- to 1:3 at the femoral neck-shaft junction, Forty-five landmarks were digitized in opment of one of the earliest and most while SI cortical bone area ratios in the three dimensions on 452 baboon crania extensive states in the Americas. region from around mid-neck to the neck- and subjected to generalized Procrustes Of the 750 individuals examined 424 shaft junction range from about 4:5 to 2:3, analysis. The resulting shape coordinates (56.5%) had preserved teeth and/or alveoli depending on the threshold used to de- were submitted to regression analysis, that could be examined for the presence of marcate the boundary between cortical principal components analysis, partial dental caries, periodontal disease, ab- and endosteal regions complicated by least squares analysis, and various clus- scesses, and antemortem tooth loss. This some mineralization. The BAR 1002’00 tering techniques, with findings visualized sample consists of 59 Salinar, 144 Early femur exhibits a total morphological pat- by 3D thin-plate spline. Gallinazo, 107 Middle Gallinazo and 70 tern consistent with bipedal locomotion Scaling was the largest single factor Late Gallinazo individuals. Population and entirely appropriate for a population explaining cranial shape variation. For caries rates show a general decreasing living at the dawn of the human lineage. instance, most (but not all) of the shape trend, 14.2%, 13.2%, 8.9%, and 11.8% difference between the sexes was ex- respectively. These rates are lower than Functional morphology and evolution plained by size dimorphism. Yet central the 15 to 45% carious teeth that charac- of the Neandertal pelvis. tendencies of shape clearly varied by terize many Eastern North American taxon, both specific and subspecific, even agriculturalists (Larsen et al. 1991, A. Gallagher. Dept. of Human Anatomy & after variation in size and sex was ad- Gagnon 1999). These preliminary findings Cell Biology, The University of Liverpool. justed for. Within Papio, about 60% of the call into question the assertion that the size- and sex-adjusted shape variation Moche State was built upon intensive While the debate concerning hypotheses was explained by the coordinates of the agricultural production. accounting for the functional significance specimen's geographic provenance, reveal- of the unique pelvic morphology of Eura- ing a stepped cline in cranial morphology Descrying shapes from the dawn: sian Neandertals has been lively, evolu- with the greatest separation between Internal femoral neck architecture of tionary perspectives have been hindered northern and southern populations. Com- Bar 1002’00. by insufficiently preserved Lower and bined with evidence from genetic studies Middle Pleistocene comparative material. and the presence of at least two major K. Galik1, A.J. Kuperavage2, B. Senut3, M. The remarkably complete pelvis of a puta- hybrid/interbreeding zones, we interpret Pickford4, D. Gommery5, J. Treil6, R.B. tive Neandertal ancestor from the Sima de the phylogeographic pattern of cranial Eckhardt2. 1Orthopaedic Biomechanics los Huesos (Atapuerca), furnishes crucial variation as implying that these popula- Laboratory, Allegheny General Hospital, evidence to the emergence of Neandertal 98 AAPA Abstracts

pelvic form and patterns of morphological metric features on it and at least 10 distance of one meter (2.8 KJ) was compa- evolution in the locomotor system of Plio- specimens each of Pan, Gorilla and Pongo rable to that reported for similar sized Pleistocene hominids. of approximately the same developmental prosimian vertical clingers and leapers. Comparative analysis reveals that the stage. Even when leaping a horizontal distance proportions of the ilium, sacrum and There are few similarities between of 2 meters, Callimico experienced a acetabulum in early Homo, H. heidelber- YV0999 and the crania of either Gorilla or downward vertical displacement of only gensis and Eurasian Neandertals do not Pongo, but there are a number of similari- 0.17 m. Additional relationships between differ discernibly from those of Homo ties with the crania of Pan. Notably, these the kinematics of leaping, travel speed, sapiens. Superior pubic ramus length and do not include features generally consid- and Callimico locomotor anatomy are bi-acetabular breadth (IAD) are relatively ered to be derived for Pan specifically, or discussed. greater in Neandertals than in other for both African apes more broadly, such hominids, and this does not apparently as a supraorbital torus and sulcus. We An analysis of Neandertal trauma reflect an increase in the A-P pelvic plane. conclude, therefore, that the Yuanmou patterns. The Atapuerca specimen contrasts with cranium expresses a morphology that is the Kebara Neandertal with respect to generally primitive with respect to the J.C. Gardner. Dept. of Anthropology, Uni- relative IAD and superior pubic ramus extant great ape and human clade. This versity of Western Ontario. proportions, which are not elongate. Con- conclusion could change, though, if certain trary to expectations, A-P pelvic diameter, features of Pan or both African apes that This study analyzes trauma, which has acetabulum and relative femoral head size we are interpreting to be primitive are been identified as an important factor in in the Atapuerca specimen are unusually instead derived. Neandertal lifeways. Results from a pre- small for a hominid of its reputed body vious study suggested that Neandertals size. Furthermore, increasing functional Kinematic analysis of trunk-to-trunk and rodeo performers have similar pat- load-arm to lever-arm proportions leaping in Goeldi’s monkey (Cal- terns of trauma due to shared behavior (Dw/Dm) in recent humans coincides with limico goeldii). patterns. Specifically, both groups engage a decrease, not an increase, in absolute in activities that place them in close con- femoral head size. These findings have P.A. Garber1, G.E. Blomquist1, G. Anzen- tact with large ungulates. The present profound implications for contemporary berger2. 1Department of Anthropology, analysis utilizes a similar methodology to models of locomotor evolution in Pleisto- University of Illinois, Urbana, the earlier study; however, a different cene hominids. 2Anthropologisches Institut der Universi- occupation-specific group of modern hu- taet Zuerich, Switzerland. mans was selected as a comparison popu- An infant skull of Lufengpithecus lation. Agricultural workers were chosen from Yuanmou, Yunnan Province, Leaping to and from vertical trunks is a for this purpose as they come into close China. pattern of locomotor behavior that charac- contact with large animals when engaging terizes the positional repertoire of several in the day-to-day routines of farm opera- F. Gao1, J. Kelley2, L. Zheng1, W. Liu3. species of prosimians and New World tion and animal management. This type 1Department of Vertebrate Paleontology monkeys. Trunk-to-trunk leaping re- of animal-human interaction more closely and Paleoanthropology, Yunnan Provin- quires mechanical adjustments of the approximates the hunting activities that cial Institute of Cultural Relics and Ar- limbs, tail, and body mass associated with would place Neandertals in close prox- chaeology, 2Department of Oral Biology, in-air body rotation, and in prosimians, a imity to large mammals. Based on the University of Illinois at Chicago, posterior displacement of the center of assumption that both groups frequently 3Department of Paleoanthropology, Insti- mass such that the hindlimbs strike the came into contact with large ungulates, tute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Pa- landing platform well in advance of the the null hypothesis for this study was that leoanthropology, Beijing. forelimbs. In this study, we examined the Neandertals and agricultural workers kinematics of leaping in a group of 6 would exhibit similar patterns of trauma. The late Miocene hominoid Lufengpith- Goeldi’s monkeys housed at the Anthro- However, this null hypothesis was tested ecus is generally regarded as belonging pologisches Institut der Universitaet in and rejected based on the statistically within the orangutan clade. However, Zuerich, Switzerland. In the wild, trunk- significant differences in trauma patterns interpreting the relationships of Lufeng- to-trunk leaping is reported to account for between Neandertals and a sample popu- pithecus is complicated by the severe 45-55% of Callimico leaping behavior. lation with traumatic injuries that were crushing affecting all the cranial speci- We introduced a set of two wooden, fixed, specifically caused by livestock. Conse- mens from the principal site of Lufeng. non-compliant vertical supports into a quently, alternative explanations were Among the hominoid remains from the large outdoor enclosure and used two developed to account for the patterns of nearby and nearly contemporaneous site video cameras set at right angles to docu- trauma observed in Neandertals. These of Yuanmou is a minimally distorted par- ment leaping behavior. The supports had explanations include interpersonal vio- tial skull of an infant, YV0999, with the diameters measuring 2.5 cm, 6 cm, or 15 lence, natural events (rock falls) and other first molars just coming into occlusion. cm and were placed at distances of 1 m, accidents resulting in injury, particularly The Yuanmou sample has been assigned 1.5 m. 1.7 m and 2 m. Frame by frame falls. to a separate species of Lufengpithecus, L. analyses of 122 leaps were conducted. hudienensis. Results indicate that Callimico’s fore- Posterior facial height and mandibu- YV0999 preserves virtually the entire limbs always contacted the landing sub- lar tooth crowding in chimpanzees facial skeleton, much of the frontal to the strate in advance of the hindlimbs. This with reference to anterior tooth coronal suture, the anterior cranial fossa, probably reflects the primarily quadru- crowding in robust Australopithecus. the entire palate, and portions of the pedal nature of travel in callitrichine pri- sphenoid body and pterygoids. To assess mates. Based on kinematic equations B.A. Garner1, M.A. McCollum2,3. 1Dept. of the relationships of YV0999, data were provided by Warren and Crompton (1998), Anthropology, Kent State University, collected for a number of metric and non- the energy required for Callimico to leap a 2Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Mer- AAPA Abstracts 99

cer University School of Medicine, drial DNA M and N clades of the region- tural and social developments which are 3Matthew Ferrini Institute for Human ally restricted haplogroups P and Q. Stud- driving the secular trend towards increas- Evolutionary Research, Kent State Uni- ies of P and Q have defined these hap- ing age at marriage. This may have a versity. logroups by a small set of unique control number of deleterious health conse- region mutations: Forster (2001) defined P quences for both women and children. Recent discussions of robust australo- by 15607AàG, with a subset (p94) with pithecine facial development have empha- 212TàC; he defined Q by 16144TàC, Loss of olfactory receptor genes is sized the significance of growth rotations which also occurs with the 16265AàC coupled to the acquisition of full of the jaws in the establishment of nu- transversion (Sykes 1995). This study trichromatic color vision. merous features that distinguish these incorporates new results from over 1,000 taxa. As revealed through longitudinal control region sequences from Island Y. Gilad1,2, V. Wiebe1, M. Przeworski1, D. implant studies of humans and macaques, Melanesia which clarify and enlarge the Lancet2, S. Pääbo1. 1Max Planck Institute rotation of the jaws during ontogeny is a definitions of haplogroups P and Q. Ap- for Evolutionary Anthropology, Germany. normal feature of anthropoid facial plied to the Melanesian/Australian origins 2Department of Molecular Genetics, the growth. In robust Australopithecus, the question, the data suggest a very remote Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel. development of an unusually tall posterior common origin for Melanesia and Austra- face would likely have been associated lia based on an enlarged definition of hap- Olfactory receptor (OR) genes constitute with an extreme form of forward jaw rota- logroup P. Haplogroup Q remains unde- the basis of the sense of smell. They are tion. tected in Aboriginal Australian samples encoded by the largest mammalian gene In modern humans extreme forward while showing phylogenetic relations with superfamily of more then 1,000 genes, of rotation of the jaws is expressed in the three other distinctive Melanesian hap- which >60% are pseudogenes in humans. dentition as both a mesial placement of logroups, which should be regarded as In contrast, the mouse OR repertoire of the mandibular molars and a crowding of proto-Q. The ultimate articulations of both roughly equal size contains only ~20% the anterior dentition. The frequent oc- of these enlarged haplogroups remain pseudogenes. To assess whether the high currence of the latter feature in robust unresolved, pending more extensive cod- fraction of OR pseudogenes is specific to australopithecines suggests that it may be ing region sequencing. However, an an- humans or a common feature of all pri- a developmental byproduct of forward jaw cient south Asian migration hypothesis for mates, we surveyed a random subset of rotation. We explored this possibility by Australia/Melanesia is substantiated, at the OR gene repertoire of 19 primates examining the relationship between cra- least in part. species from all sub-orders (using a com- nial size-corrected values of posterior fa- bination of a specific orthologous gene cial height and the length of the mandibu- The impact of a labor-saving technol- approach and OR degenerate primers). We lar dentition relative to that of the maxil- ogy on birth spacing in southern found that humans have accumulated lary dentition in a small, mix-sexed sam- Ethiopia. mutations that disrupt OR coding regions ple (n = 32) of adult chimpanzee crania at least four-fold faster any other primate, from the Cleveland Museum of Natural M.A. Gibson, R. Mace. Department of while apes and Old World monkeys History. In this study cranial size was Anthropology, University College London. (OWM) have a significantly higher propor- represented as the geometric mean of tion of OR pseudogenes than New World palatal length, bitympanic breadth and Across the developing world labor-saving Monkeys (NWM) or prosimian primates. basicranial length. technologies introduce considerable sav- Strikingly, the Howler monkey, the only Results of correlation found no signifi- ings in time and energy that women allo- NWM with full trichromatic vision, carries cant association between posterior facial cate to work. Clinical hormonal studies on a similar fraction of OR pseudogene to height and the relative length of the man- natural fertility populations predict that that of the OWM. Since all OWM and apes dibular dentition in our chimpanzee sam- such a reduction in energetic expenditure also possess full trichromatic vision, these ple. Whether these negative results can can lead to improved energy balance and findings suggest that, in primates, the be applied to the interpretation of the higher reproductive function. This bio- acquisition of full trichromatic color vision robust australopithecine condition is un- demographic study investigates whether is coupled to the loss of OR genes. certain as differences in upper jaw ontog- these physiological changes affect fertility eny and anterior tooth function may con- at a population level, specifically through Dentine shape as a taxonomic indica- found the chimpanzee results. variation in birth interval lengths. The tor and the origins of bilophodont focus is a water development scheme in an molars. Minding the P’s and Q’s: New mtDNA agro-pastoralist community Southern haplogroup data from Melanesia. Ethiopia where a reduction in women’s C.C. Gilbert1, A.J. Olejniczak1, L.B. Mar- workload has occurred following the in- tin2. 1Interdepartmental Doctoral Program F. Gentz1, F. Thompson1, J. Friedlaender1, stallation of village-level water points. in Anthropological Sciences, Stony Brook T. Schurr3, M. Schanfield4, D.A. Merri- Using life tables and multivariate haz- University, Stony Brook, New York, wether2. 1Anthropology Department, ard modeling techniques, correlates of the 2Departments of Anthropology and Ana- Temple University, 2Anthropology De- length of first and later birth intervals are tomical Sciences, Stony Brook University, partment, University of Bingham- identified. Co-variates including age, sea- Stony Brook, New York. ton,3Anthropology Department, Univer- son, village ecology, and access to the im- sity of Pennsylvania, 4George Washington proved water supply influence the timing The external shape and thickness of the University. of births in this population. There is a enamel component of primate molars have positive effect of improved access to the been employed extensively in studies of Evidence for the occurrence of a separate water on women’s monthly risk of birth. primate phylogenetic relationships. The south Asian migration route into Austra- The analyses indicate that fertility may dentine component of the molar crown has lia and Melanesia has primarily depended be increasing in response to a new devel- also been suggested to be indicative of on the emergence within the mitochon- opment technology, despite infrastruc- phylogenetic relationships, but few stud- 100 AAPA Abstracts

ies have quantified enamel-dentine junc- Purkinje cells - appear to remain free of differentiation. Analogous bifacial indus- tion (EDJ) morphology in order to evalu- lipofuscin accumulation. It is however not tries have been recovered in Kazakhstan ate this possibility. To explore the utility known whether this characteristic of hu- from the northern Balkhash region to the of dentine shape as an indicator of phy- man Purkinje cells is shared by other east (Semizbugu), in the southeast (Shak- logenetic affinity, a two-dimensional geo- primates. hbagata, Tanirkazgan), and in the south- metric morphometric analysis (EDMA-II) This study reports results from histo- west (North Aral Sea, Mangyshlak Penin- was performed using nine homologous logical observation of Purkinje cells in sula, Krasnovodsk Plateau), as well as landmarks on a sample of sectioned maxil- humans and non-human primates. The from the Caucasus. It is proposed that lary molars of extant ceboid, cercopithe- material includes Homo sapiens (N=10), the industry dispersed into Kazakhstan coid, and hominoid primates. Results Pan troglodytes (N=6), Gorilla gorilla along northern routes from the Caucasus, indicate that dentine shape (the configu- (N=2), Pongo pygmaeus (N=1), Erythroce- where most comparable sites have been ration of the EDJ) can distinguish taxa at bus patas (N=4), Macaca fascicularis dated between 500,000 and 300,000 BP. every taxonomic level examined, including (N=2), Felis cattus (N=1), Canis familiaris This industrial tradition existed alongside superfamilies, subfamilies, and closely (N=1). Human specimens are all above 50 pebble tool, microindustrial, and notch- related genera and species. Dentine mor- years old. The age range of common denticulate complexes in the “transition” phology appears, then, to be useful for chimpanzee specimens is 4 - 45 years old. region, testifying to the complex origins of phylogenetic studies. It is further sug- Staining reactions include Schmorl and the Central Asian Paleolithic populations gested that the morphology of the EDJ PAS reactions. We also used fluorescence during the Early and Middle Pleistocene. may be more conservative than enamel microscopy. morphology, making this character per- Lipofuscin deposition is observed in A reanalysis of the Neandertal status haps even better suited than enamel for Purkinje cells of all the above-mentioned of the Teshik-Tash child. determining phylogenetic relationships. species except Homo sapiens and Pan The cercopithecoid primates, in particular, troglodytes. When compared to other pri- M.M. Glantz, T.B. Ritzman. Department have a unique dentine shape. This par- mates, Purkinje cells of common chimpan- of Anthropology, Colorado State Univer- ticular configuration may be related to the zees and humans share a common aging sity, Fort Collins development of the distinctive bilophodont pattern that could involve mechanisms for molars that characterize this group. One neuroprotection. This observation is im- Debates concerning the relationship possible scenario for this evolutionary portant when considering animal models between Neandertals and modern humans event is given; however, the exact process of aging. hinge partly on how their respective geo- by which dentine shape affects (and can graphical ranges are defined. Central therefore predict) enamel shape remains The Early Paleolithic of Kazakhstan: Asia is considered the eastern periphery of unknown. Further investigation into this Eastern boundary of the Acheulian the Neandertal range based on the discov- promising line of research may greatly culture? ery of the Teshik-Tash child from a Mous- increase our understanding of primate terian cave in Uzbekistan. Consequently, dental evolution. S.A. Gladyshev. Institute of Archaeology conceptualizing the appearance of modern and Ethnography, Siberian Branch, Rus- humans in the area requires reliance on A cellular aging pattern unique to sian Academy of Sciences. the competing models of replacement or humans and common chimpanzees. continuity. Yet, some have considered Since the Movius line entered the ver- Teshik-Tash a modern human with Asian E. Gilissen1, K. Leroy2, J.-P. Brion2, J.M. nacular of paleoanthropological studies, affinities while others have interpreted it Erwin3, P.R. Hof4. 1Anthropology Depart- its objective reality as well as the pattern as possessing a combination of Neandertal ment, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural of its footprint across Middle Asia has and modern features. The present study Sciences, Belgium, 2Histology Depart- been debated. In addition, the relation- expands on this research by comparing ment, University of Brussels, Belgium, ship between the Movius line and the Teshik-Tash to a more appropriate com- 3Division of Neurobiology and Behavior, timing of hominid migrations across the parative sample from Central Asia in Bioqual Inc., Rockville, 4Kastor Neurobi- Eurasian super-continent and the possible order to evaluate its phylogenetic status. ology of Aging Laboratories and Fishberg cultural differences between hominid Over 25 metric variables taken from Research Center for Neurobiology, Mount groups synchronously occupying Asia has Teshik-Tash are compared to those of 28 Sinai School of Medicine, New York. been discussed. The “hand-axes” province modern human crania from historic Cen- to the west and “choppers and chopping tral Asian populations. In addition, pub- Lipofuscin pigment accumulation is the tools” province to the east are buffered by lished data from over 50 European mod- most prominent marker of cellular aging a “transition zone” comprising the territo- ern human crania and 20 Upper Pleisto- in postmitotic cells. The formation of ries of Central Asia, particularly Kazakh- cene specimens from Europe and the Near lipofuscin is related to oxidative enzy- stan. Here, recent research at Early Pa- East are used. A discriminate function matic activity. Causal factors also involve leolithic localities by joint Russian- analysis using size adjusted linear vari- free radical-induced lipid peroxidation. In Kazakh expeditions has documented a ables is performed, leaving Teshik-Tash rat, dog, and macaque as well as in chei- significant eastern spread of Acheulian unclassified. Different components of the rogaleid primates, most of the large neu- bifacial technology within the arid zone of cranium are analyzed separately and the rons, such as cerebellar Purkinje cells and Central Asia. fossil and modern comparative samples neocortical pyramidal cells, show heavy Surface collections made in the Mugod- are plotted according to principal compo- lipofuscin accumulation. In contrast, a jari Mountains, northwestern Kazakh- nents. Results indicate that Teshik-Tash well-known yet poorly studied feature of stan, comprise predominantly radial shares greater affinities with modern the aging human brain is that although Levallois flake cores, sidescrapers, notch- human populations from Central Asia in lipofuscin accumulation is most marked in denticulate tools, and a large number of some aspects of the cranium and with the large neurons of the cerebral cortex, the bifaces. Most specimens are heavily to Upper Pleistocene group in others. These large neurons of the cerebellar cortex - the moderately abraded, allowing some age results have ramifications for our under- AAPA Abstracts 101

standing of the Neandertal geographic delphia, PA; 2Institute of Cytology and cient than the Khoisan speakers of south- range as well as the patterning of morpho- Genetics, Siberian Branch, Russian Acad- ern Africa and 2) the Sandawe appear to logical variation during the Upper Pleisto- emy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia. share a close relationship with southern cene. African Khoisan speakers. However, our The Altaian Kazakhs inhabit remote analyses were confined to the mtDNA Can low-magnification stereomicro- mountain districts of the Altai Republic of control region, which makes up about 7% scopy reveal diet? Russia next to its southern border with of the mtDNA genome. The control region Mongolia. However, the history of this is complicated further by homoplasy and L.R. Godfrey1, G.M. Semprebon2, N. Kazakh population, and its genetic rela- variation in substitution rates between Solounias3, M.R. Sutherland1, W.L. Jung- tionships with neighboring Turkic- sites, particularly in basal tree branches ers4. 1Department of Anthropology, Uni- speaking groups, are unclear. It appears containing ancient mtDNA lineages. versity of Massachusetts at Amherst. that Altaian Kazakhs began migrating We present several complete 16.5kb 2Department of Biology, Bay Path College. from an area near northwestern Mongolia mtDNA genome sequences from Tanzani- 3Department of Anatomy, New York Col- and China around the end of the 19th cen- ans and southern African Khoisan speak- lege of Osteopathic Medicine. tury, when some local populations were ers (n>40). These sequences were exam- 4Department of Anatomical Sciences, expelled from their homelands. They then ined along with 150 mtDNA genome se- Stony Brook University. resettled in the Altai Mountain region, quences obtained from Genbank. Several where they remained relatively isolated of the Tanzanian genomes, cluster to- A new method of scoring dental micro- from other indigenous groups. To clarify gether with southern African Khoisan scopic use wear, initially developed for the genetic prehistory of Altaian Kazakhs, speakers in the most basal branches of the and applied to extant and extinct ungu- we analyzed mtDNA variation in ~277 mtDNA genome phylogenetic tree. These lates, is here applied to primates, and the persons from three villages (Chanual, Tanzanian lineages represent the most efficacy of the method as a tool for diag- Kosh-Agach, Turata) in the southern Altai ancient mtDNA halpotypes of all human nosing diet in both ungulates and pri- Republic. Our results suggested a com- populations. Our results indicate that the mates is established. The method em- plex population history for Altaian Ka- oldest mtDNA lineages in humans are ploys standard refractive light microscopy zakhs. Their mtDNA gene pool contained present in Tanzania and support archeo- instead of scanning electron microscopy significant frequencies of both East Eura- logical and fossil evidence indicating an (SEM), and all use-wear features are sian (A-G) and West Eurasian (H, HV, I- east African origin of modern humans. counted or scored under low magnification K, T, X) haplogroups. The latter consti- Funded by BWF, Packard, Leakey, Wen- (35X). We use measurement systems tuted a greater proportion of their ner Gren, and NSF grant BCS-0196183 analysis (variance components analysis of mtDNAs [55-60%], although they lacked (ST). sources of measurement error) to evaluate haplogroup U mtDNAs, which commonly the consistency and reproducibility of occur in South Asian and west-central Morpho-geometric functional analy- measurements using this method. The Siberian populations. In addition, there sis of New World cranial samples and method is shown to have astonishingly were differences in the overall genetic the distribution of the Paleoamerican low intra- and inter-observer measure- composition of these villages, particularly morphological pattern. ment error, and to effectively distinguish in the frequencies of haplogroups C, D, F among graminivores, folivores, and and J, suggesting possible lineal effects R. González-José1, N. Martínez1, M. frugivores. It can be used to identify seed within each settlement. The implications Sardi2, A. González-Martín3, S. Van der predators and to diagnose hard-object of these patterns of variation for con- Molen4, F. Ramírez-Rozzi5, M. feeding. The method is also shown to be structing the history of this Kazakh popu- Hernández1, H.M. Pucciarelli2. 1Secció robust to the selection of measurement lation, and its links to other Turkic- d’Antropologia, Universitat de Barcelona, site; it works equally well when applied to speaking people, will be explored. 2Departamento Científico de Antropología upper or to lower molars. Finally, we use del Museo de La Plata, Universidad Na- analysis of variance to examine the con- Complete mitochondrial genome se- cional de La Plata, 3Área Académica de sistency of the signals across mammalian quencing of Tanzanians implies an Historia y Antropología, Universidad orders, and discriminant function analysis east African origin of modern hu- Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, 4Unitat to develop dietary diagnostic tools for a set mans. de Zoología, Universitat Autònoma de of “classified” primates with known diets. Barcelona, 5UPR 2147, Centre National de We test the success of these tools not M.K. Gonder, S.A. Tishkoff. Department la Recherche Scientifique. merely by examining their a posteriori of Biology, University of Maryland. classification “success,” but by using them The debate about the settlement of the to construct predicted dietary profiles for The time and origin of the speciation of America usually focuses on the lack of a sample of unclassified extant primate modern humans within Africa remains an morphological affinities between early species, again with known diets. enigma. Mitochondrial (mt)DNA studies Holocene human remains (Palaeoameri- Supported by NSF BCS-0237338 to have indicated that Khoisan speakers of cans) and modern Amerindian groups, as LRG. southern Africa carry the most ancient well as the degree of contribution of the mtDNA lineages. The Hadza and San- formers to the gene pool of the latter. It is mtDNA variation in Kazakhs of the dawe of Tanzania are hunter-gatherers suggested that the pattern of craniofacial Southern Altai Republic, and their who also speak languages classified as affinities in the Americas is the result of a relationship to Turkic-speaking Khoisan. The origin of these populations double migratory event: a first migration populations. and their relationships with southern of Palaeoamericans which were originated African Khoisan speakers remains a ge- in an ancestral population inhabiting O. Gokcumen1, S. Zhadanov1,2, L. Osi- netic and linguistic “puzzle”. Previously, southern Asia in pre-glacial times, and a pova2, T. Schurr1. 1Department of Anthro- we have proposed that 1) Tanzanians second migration of the so-called Mongol- pology, University of Pennsylvania, Phila- carry mtDNA lineages that are more an- oids, from which derived much of the 102 AAPA Abstracts

modern Amerindians. Under this hypo- Y-chromosome haplotype diversity was discussion of ERGM as a potential tool for thetical scenario, detection of relict groups lowest in the Kuna (0.8615) and slightly better integrating human social dynamics deriving from the former Palaeoamerican higher in the patrilocal groups, Ngöbé and pathogen phylogenetics in the study population is expectable somewhere in the (0.9012), Emberá (0.9177) and Wounan of human pathogen co-evolution. New World. Cranial samples consisting of (0.9649), although the differences were digitized images in lateral view were ana- not significant. Mitochondrial diversity Selective forces and size change in lyzed for twelve groups of modern Amer- was lowest in the Kuna (0.59), intermedi- the evolution of sexual size dimor- indians, Asiatics, and Australians, and ate in the Ngöbé (0.76) and highest in the phism in primates. Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene re- Emberá (0.94) and Wounan (0.91). The mains from Africa, Asia, Australia and the distribution of mitochondrial variation is A.D. Gordon. Dept. of Anthropology, Uni- Americas. Statistical analysis was focused consistent with differences in marriage versity of Texas at Austin. on the observation of within and between- practices among these groups. The lack of group variability of specific functional significant difference in Y variation, de- Presented here is a new synthetic quan- components of the skull by means of geo- spite high levels of diversity in the as- titative genetics model based on 1) metric-morphometric techniques. Results sayed STRs, suggests that other processes Lande’s (1980, 1981) model for the re- showed that some modern Amerindian may be influencing Y-chromosome varia- sponse of continuous characters to selec- groups, like those from Baja California tion in these groups. tion and 2) Bulmer’s (1971) model for the peninsula in Mexico, shows clear affinities reduction of additive variability due to with Palaeoamericans and Late Pleisto- Social network structure and hu- directional or stabilizing selection. This cene Asian and African skulls, rather than man/HIV coevolution. iterative selection model describes the with modern Amerindians. Climatic effects of selection on dimorphism and changes during the middle Holocene S.M. Goodreau. Center for Statistics and sex-specific relative variation of size over probably generated the isolation condi- the Social Sciences, Center for AIDS Re- multiple generations. It also detects tions which restricted the gene flow be- search, University of Washington. whether populations have recently under- tween Baja California inhabitants and gone selection for size increase or de- Northern populations, which resulted in The microevolution of sexually transmit- crease. The model was used to investigate the temporal continuity of the Pa- ted pathogens results from both the evolu- the evolution and maintenance sexual size laeoamerican traits to the present. tionary mechanisms of the pathogen and dimorphism (SSD) in 103 populations of the social behavior of the host. Neverthe- 67 species representing the major radia- Comparison of Y-chromosome and less, attempts to understand patterns of tions within the Order Primates. Cross- mitochondrial genetic diversity in HIV-1 genetic variation among human specific analyses of indices of 1) sexual Panamanian Amerinds. hosts have generally assumed that the size dimorphism and 2) sex differences in host population mixes randomly. Here I relative variability of body mass used A. González-Oliver, M.S. Ascunce, C.J. simulate eight types of dynamic sexual phylogenetically independent contrasts to Mulligan. Department of Anthropology, networks whose general features are de- evaluate relationships within primate University of Florida. rived from insights of sexual network radiations. studies: one panmictic population, four Some radiations demonstrate violations Differential modes of inheritance be- assortative mixing populations, two core- of Cope’s Rule (increase in size through an tween the Y chromosome and the mito- periphery populations and one bridge evolutionary lineage) and Rensch’s Rule chondrial genome enable one to test for (commercial sex worker / client / client’s (positive allometry of size dimorphism). sex-based differences in evolutionary his- wife) population. Network simulation is For example, the fascicularis group of tory. Different marriage practices may accomplished using exponential random macaques is shown to have undergone leave a distinct genetic signature that is graph modeling (ERGM), a general dwarfing since its divergence from other independent of other cultural traditions, framework adopted from social network macaques, and dimorphism is negatively shared ancestry or linguistic affiliation. analysis that allows for statistical infer- correlated with size in these populations. Specifically, matrilocal marriage practices ence and simulation of arbitrarily complex Consideration of patterns of size decrease (husband moves to wife’s house) may re- dependence patterns among social rela- across primates suggests that natural sult in increased Y variation and de- tionships. HIV transmission and evolu- selection may play a larger role in gener- creased mitochondrial variation while tion are then simulated within these net- ating differences in sex-specific selection patrilocal practices may result in the op- works using a model for HIV evolution pressures than previously thought. These posite pattern of variation. In this study, that incorporates elements of the virus’s findings suggest that reconstructed behav- we compare Y-chromosome and mitochon- complex intrahost dynamics. Resulting ior of fossil primates inferred from dimor- drial variation in four groups of Panama- phylogenetic trees are analyzed using phism data alone may be missing an im- nian Amerinds: Chibcha-speaking Ngöbé ‘skyline plot’ methods (Pybus 2000), which portant component affecting size dimor- (n=32) and Kuna (n=26) and Choco- allows for a coalescent-based maximum phism: the relative contributions of sexual speaking Emberá (n=22) and Wounan likelihood estimate of effective population and natural selection pressures. Sup- (n=19). The Ngöbé, Emberá and Wounan size at all points in the past. Existing ported by NSF Dissertation Improvement practice patrilocal marriage customs, parametric models for population growth Grant BCS-0137344. while the Kuna group is matrilocal. are found to fare well when applied to Seven Y-chromosome STRs (DYS19, viral sequences from a randomly mixing Genome-wide linkage analyses of DYS388, DYS389-I and II, DYS390, human population, but rather poorly from human stature in pedigree samples DYS391, DYS392, DYS393) were ampli- populations with more realistic patterns of from different ethnicities. fied in two multiplex reactions. Mito- sexual partnering, often overestimating chondrial D-loop sequence data were col- current host populations by one or more H.H.H. Göring1, R. Duggirala1, J.W. Mac- lected on larger sample sizes in a previous orders of magnitude. Implications for HIV Cluer1, A. Kissebah2, M.P. Stern3, B. study. epidemiology are discussed, along with a Towne4, S. Williams-Blangero1, J. Blan- AAPA Abstracts 103

gero1. 1Southwest Foundation for Bio- pothesis for its introduction into this and back-seat passengers were excluded. medical Research, 2Medical College of population. Presence/absence data were collected from Wisconsin, 3University of Texas Health The Pt. Hope Inuit collection comprises approximately 300 deaths, divided equally Science Center San Antonio, 4Wright a large skeletal sample (n >500) divided between drivers and front-seat passen- State University School of Medicine. into Ipiutak and Tigara components. Of gers, from the last 3 decades. Bones were the two groups, only the Tigara display grouped for analysis by anatomical region Height is enormously variable in our lesions associated with tuberculosis. Lar- (head, trunk, left and right upper limbs, species, ranging from less than 50 cm in ger numbers of Pt. Hope Inuits most likely left and right lower limbs). Patterns were some dwarfs to five times that height in had TB, as skeletal manifestations gener- recognized from the distribution of frac- some NBA basketball players. Our stature ally occur in only severe cases. tures. Statistical analyses, including chi- is undoubtedly determined by the inter- While researchers recognize that TB was square and T tests, were used to detect play of environmental and genetic factors. present in the pre-Columbian Americas, it differences between frequency of injury to A dramatic reminder of the importance of is thought that TB was introduced to each anatomical region of drivers and nutrition and other aspects of our sur- Inuits through European contact. We passengers. Results indicate that there roundings is provided by the shortness of propose that Pt. Hope Tigara contracted are fewer statistically significant differ- medieval bed frames or the low height of TB after they shifted their subsistence ences in fracture patterning between driv- doors in many old buildings. However, if behavior towards hunting marine mam- ers and front passengers than expected. one accounts for change in height over mals. Recently, it has been established There is little difference in patterning in generational time and for sexual dimor- that Arctic marine mammals carry TB. the head and trunk regions between driv- phism in height, then the importance of Close contact with these animals may ers and front-seat passengers. our genetic make-up becomes readily ap- have provided a transmission vector. parent: Heritability estimates in many Meat eaters are also more susceptible, Human male testosterone variation ethnic groups suggest that most of the especially if the meat from an infected viewed within a framework of mating remaining phenotypic variance is due to animal is eaten raw or undercooked, a and parenting effort. genetic variation among us. Little is situation ethnographically documented for known about the individual genetic com- Inuits. Given the maritime hunting life- P.B. Gray. Division of Endocrinology, Me- ponents, however. Multiple genes are style of the Tigara and the presence of TB tabolism and Molecular Medicine, Charles certainly involved, but it is unclear in Arctic mammals, it is reasonable to Drew University of Medicine and Science. whether the number of genes is large, think that pre-contact Inuits contracted with each gene having a negligible effect TB from contact with animal hosts rather Energetic factors affecting human male by itself, or whether a few genes have a than Europeans. gonadal function have consequences for substantial influence individually. Modern long-term growth, maintenance of skeletal technology finally allows us to attempt to Fracture patterns in drivers and muscle and other outcomes. However, distinguish between these two hypotheses front passengers of automobile colli- because the ultimate constraint on male by conducting genome scan experiments. sions. reproductive success tends to be access to We will present the results from linkage females, we should expect human male scans in multiple samples, comprising H. Gray. Dept. of Anthropology, Univer- gonadal function to be highly sensitive to over 8,000 phenotyped and genotyped sity of New Mexico. social cues. We should expect elevated individuals combined. While it appears male testosterone (T) levels associated that individual loci influencing height can Distinguishing drivers from passengers with male-male competition and reproduc- be identified, the importance of these loci is of forensic significance in terms of re- tively available females but lower T asso- may vary by ethnicity. It is also apparent constructing the sequence of events in ciated with affiliative pair bonding and that variation in a single gene does not by automobile accidents. However, this can direct paternal care. In these ways, varia- itself account for a large proportion of our be difficult if there has been a relatively tion in male T levels may reflect differen- genetic variance in height. long postmortem interval. Perimortem tial allocation to mating and parenting fracture patterning is a potentially useful effort. I discuss human male T data, some Tuberculosis in Inuits from Pt. Hope, way to distinguish drivers from front-seat of which colleagues and I have collected, Alaska: A possible maritime resource passengers. The presence of a steering that variation in T levels supports these connection. column has implications for chest injuries. expectations. I highlight the recent find- The greater permanency of bone fractures ings from Kenyan Swahili men in which S. Gossett1, C.E. Hilton2. 1Anthropology, facilitates more systematic data collection, monogamously married men had compa- Grinnell College, 2Anthropology, Western compared to soft tissue characteristics. rable T levels as unmarried men, polygy- Michigan University. Skeletal elements also are affected less by nously married men had higher T levels post-accident taphonomic changes. It was than other men, and there was a trend Of all infectious diseases in the world predicted that, due to differences in vehi- toward fathers of younger children having today, tuberculosis (TB) remains the cle structure, there would be many differ- lower evening T levels. number one killer. Investigating the ences in fracture patterning between driv- types of human groups infected by TB ers and passengers. The dynamic actions of the human provides a greater understanding of this Included in this study were human re- fibula. disease. Information is especially limited mains at the Maxwell Museum of Anthro- for prehistoric human foragers who occu- pology, as well as autopsy reports from T.M. Greiner, K.A. Ball S.P. Woodward. pied remote and harsh environments, the Office of the Medical Investigator New York Chiropractic College, Seneca such as Alaskan Inuits. This paper re- (Albuquerque, NM). The data included Falls, NY. ports on recent analyses documenting TB adults who died as a result of vehicular in pre-contact Inuit skeletons from Pt. accidents involving cars, SUVs, and The fibula is known to provide stability Hope, Alaska, and presents a new hy- pickup trucks. Burned human remains to the lateral boarder of the talocrural 104 AAPA Abstracts

joint. Yet, the fibula extends beyond this Cross-sectional geometry of the hu- two related hypotheses about dental joint in its articulations with the tibia. man forefoot. asymmetry. First, because deciduous The proximal fibula has a synovial joint, teeth form more quickly than permanent which implies that some movement oc- N.L. Griffin, B.G. Richmond. Center for teeth, it was predicted that the former curs. The distal fibula articulates with the the Advanced Study of Hominid Paleobi- would exhibit less asymmetry than the tibia via a syndesmosis, which implies a ology, Dept. Anthropology, The George latter. Second, and based on similar rea- restricted range of motion. These joint Washington University. soning, it was expected that because of morphologies seem contradictory for the their relatively shorter crown formation fibula should not be able to move at one Many aspects of human foot morphology spans, the teeth of females would be less joint without also moving at the other. have been related to function during bi- asymmetric than those of males. This presentation will describe the move- pedal postures and locomotion. However, To test these hypotheses, dental casts ments that occur at these joints. little is known about the cross-sectional from a single Gullah population were used Data collection is based on a series of in geometry of the foot, despite its potential and bucco-lingual measurements taken. vitro experiments. Muscles were removed for investigating loading regimes in extant For deciduous teeth, the total number of from a leg of 24 human cadavers, so that and fossil taxa. This study examines antimeric pairs ranged from 63 for the only ligaments would restrict movement. variation in, and scaling of, cross-sectional maxillary M2 to 69 for the maxillary M1; An optical tracking system (Optotrak, properties across the human forefoot, for permanent teeth, the number of anti- Northern Digital Inc.) was used to moni- especially in relation to plantar pressure meric pairs ranged from 69 (males, lower tor the position of the fibula relative to the data. P2s) to 82 (females upper Cs). A two-way tibia during manipulations of the foot and We CT-scanned the midshaft and col- mixed model ANOVA was used with re- ankle (Plantarflexion/Dorsiflexion, Inver- lected external metrics of metatarsals 1-5 peated measurements. Three kinds of sion/Eversion and Medial/Lateral Rota- and hallucal proximal phalanges from a asymmetry were evaluated: antisym- tion). Our results show that the fibula sample (n=40) of African American and metry, fluctuating asymmetry, and direc- does not accommodate ankle motions in Caucasian males and females (Terry Col- tional asymmetry. Repeatability was also the way that is described in most text- lection, Smithsonian Institution). We calculated, to determine the degree of books. For example, the fibula responds to estimated body mass using bi-iliac accuracy gained by repeated measure- maximum dorsiflexion almost exactly the breadth and femoral length. Cross- ments. same way it moves in response to maxi- sectional properties were obtained using a The sample as a whole shows no anti- mum plantarflexion. Our investigation Scion Image macro (Ruff and DeLeon, symmetry but for some teeth, exhibits also shows that the ends of the fibula pers. comm.). significant directional as well as fluctuat- move independently. Consequently, the Cross-sectional area is negatively al- ing asymmetry. The deciduous teeth do fibular shaft experiences torsional and lometric relative to body mass (r2=0.385, not uniformly exhibit less asymmetry compressive stresses during ankle move- p=0.004), whereas dorsoplantar bending than their permanent successors; likewise ments. The fibula effectively acts as a rigidity (Ix) scales isometrically with body the permanent teeth of females do not shock absorbing spring. The synovial mass (r2=0.63, p=0.0) and metatarsal uniformly exhibit less asymmetry than proximal tibiofibular joint appears to length (r2=0.589, p=0.0). Metatarsal dis- those of males. While our results overall serve as a release mechanism by moving tal articular area correlates with body reject the stated hypotheses, they must be in response to stress on the fibula rather mass (r2=0.124, p=0.013), but not cross- viewed cautiously, because they are based than as a direct response to muscular sectional area (r2=0.0, p>0.5). Cross- on a single population that exhibits rela- action. sectional area, and area/metatarsal tively high asymmetry. length, vary significantly (">>") across Mitochondrial sequence variation in metatarsals, in the following order: Changes in human brain-and skull the Canadian Mohawk. 1>>5>>4~2~3. This contrasts with pub- during growth. lished magnitudes of plantar peak pres- K.S. Grennan, D.A. Merriwether. De- sures at the metatarsal heads A.M. Guihard-Costa1, F. Ramirez Rozzi1, partment of Anthropology, Binghamton (2>3>1>4>5) during walking. The lack of E.A. Cabanis2, M.T. Iba-Zizen3. 1Centre University. correspondence between external pressure National de la Recherche Scientifique, data and cross-sectional strength presents Paris, France, 2Service de Neuro-Imagerie We compare control region variation a caveat for interpreting the functional et Radiologie, Centre Hospitalier National between mitochondrial sequences from the significance of these cross-sectional prop- d’Ophtalmologie des Quinze-Vingts, Paris, Mohawk of east-central Canada and pub- erties, thus indicating a need for further France, 3Service d’Imagerie Medicale lished contemporary and ancient North research in the area of human forefoot CHNO XV-XX, Paris. American sequences. The sample consists mechanics. of 170 individuals, collected during the Supported by the Rutgers' Anthropology Changes in brain morphology during 1970s. Mitochondrial DNA was extracted Dept. Bigel Fellowship, the Henry Rutgers growth can indicate some aspects of brain from plasma and sequenced. Results from Scholars Program, and GWU. evolution in hominids, in particular if this sample so far indicate it contains a changes on brain morphology are related high percentage of haplogroup A, with a Asymmetry of three deciduous teeth to modifications of skull. The aim of our correspondingly low percentage of hap- and their replacements in the Gullah. work is to characterize brain and related logroup D. This sample is particularly skull changes from the postnatal period to valuable because there are few such large D. Guatelli-Steinberg1, P. Sciulli1, H. Ed- adulthood. samples of Native North Americans. We gar2. 1The Ohio State University, 2Uni- MRI examination of 72 girls and 127 put the population into phylogenetic con- versity of New Mexico. boys whose age range from 2 postnatal text using Bandelt Median Joining net- months to 21 years were analyzed. works for each observed haplogroup. In this study, deciduous teeth and their Measurements of distances and surfaces permanent successors were used to test were performed on the midsagittal sec- AAPA Abstracts 105

tion. To fit data, a non-parametric flexible STS 5) lies roughly parallel and interme- M. Haeusler1, H.M. McHenry2. Anthro- model, the cubic spline method, was em- diate between the trajectories of H. pologisches Institut und Museum, Univer- ployed. In this method, successive third- sapiens and the two chimpanzee species. sitaet Zuerich, Switzerland, 2Department degree polynomials are sliced together In size-shape space, however, the Taung of Anthropology, UC Davis. such that the resulting curve is continu- cranium lies very close to the chimpanzee ous and smooth. A smoothing parameter specimens, indicating an evolutionary Upper-to-lower limb proportions of (l) allows to choice the degree of flexibility dissociation of size and shape. We detail Homo habilis are said to be more ape-like of the resulting curve. Spline fits were these findings in separate analyses of the than in its reputed ancestor, Australopith- computed separately for boys and girls. face and braincase and discuss the impli- ecus afarensis. Comparisons are, however, Results suggest an evident slowing down cations for evolution of human ontogeny complicated by the fragmentarity and of the growth rates between 2 and 3 years and for elucidating the familiar adult small body size of the OH 62 specimen in all variables. A slight time lag is ob- cranial shape differences among these from Olduvai as body proportions of small- served between boys and girls, boys hav- species. sized modern humans and chimpanzees ing their peak of growth earlier than girls. Supported by the Austrian Science overlap. A second partial skeleton, KNM- Previous studies on brain growth have Foundation FWF Project No. P14738. ER 3735 from East Turkana, Kenya, reported a steady low growth rates in represents a larger individual, but is also humans. However, they did not include Maternal energy status during preg- fragmentary. Nevertheless, Leakey et al. children les than two years old. The high nancy and birth outcomes in Tanza- (1989) found body proportions that dif- growth rate in the postnatal period and nia. fered significantly from modern humans, the slowing down of the growth rates be- based on a single human and chimpanzee tween 2 and 3 years would suggest that C. Hadley1, M. Borgerhoff Mulder2. 1Pop- skeleton. In the present study, however, a main characteristics of human brain are ulation Studies and Training Center, multivariate analysis places both KNM- established early after birth. Brown University, 2Department of An- ER 3735 and AL 288-1 at the periphery of thropology, University of California, modern humans and away from great Comparing ontogenetic trajectories Davis. apes, yet at different positions. Compared of Homo, Pan and Australopithecus to femur and tibia midshaft, the sacrum africanus. The energetic demands of pregnancy can basis is smaller than in modern humans be very high and often force pregnant but close to the mean of African great P. Gunz1, P. Mitteroecker1, F.L. Book- women to adopt physiological and behav- apes, the spina scapulae is more robust stein1,2, G.W. Weber1. 1Institute for An- ioral strategies to minimize adverse out- than that of most humans, whereas the thropology, University of Vienna, Austria, comes for themselves, the developing fe- humerus fragment as well as radius head 2Michigan Center for Biological Informa- tus, and their current children. In this and shaft dimensions are average-sized tion, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. paper, we argue that when the increased for modern humans. The distances of the demands of pregnancy overlap with low foramen nutricium and tuberositas radii Evolutionary change of ontogenetic tra- food availability and increased workloads suggest a distinctly longer forearm than jectories can involve size, shape, or the the result is low pregnancy weight gain in humans, corroborating earlier findings relation between shape and size. We study and elevated risk of producing low birth based on OH 62 of human-like humero- differences of growth trajectory among weight infants. This scenario is common femoral but chimpanzee-like brachial Homo, Pan, and A. africanus by a method across many subsistence economies, par- proportions. The two proximal hand pha- accommodating all three of these compo- ticularly those with highly seasonal envi- langes are not relatively more robust than nents. Three-dimensional coordinates of ronments. We then use cross sectional those of modern humans if they are rays 191 anatomical landmarks and semi- anthropometric data collected from two III and IV/II. This mosaic of human- and landmarks on ridge curves and the neuro- Tanzanian ethnic groups to test for asso- pongid-like characteristics might indicate cranial surface were measured on a cross- ciations between period of the year born that Homo habilis still relied partially on sectional sample of dried skulls of both andcurrent nutritional status. In support trees. sexes varying in age: 52 H. sapiens, 48 P. of the hypothesis, children who spent paniscus, and 49 P. troglodytes. their third trimester during periods of the Megadontia and bipedalism: Did ha- In order to reconstruct the outer neuro- year typically characterized by low food bitual bipedalism evolve in early cranial surface of Taung (which is missing availability and increased maternal work- hominids to reduce the energetic almost completely, while parts of the en- loads were more likely to be nutritionally costs of increasing head weight? docranium are preserved) by thin plate stunted (n=739) and, after controlling for spline warping, we also located several several factors, underweight (n=937). E.H. Hagen. Institute for Theoretical Bi- hundred endo- and ectocranial landmarks Moreover, the evidence suggests that little ology, Humboldt University, Berlin. and semilandmarks on CT scans of four catch-up growth occurs, and growth defi- carefully selected specimens: the Taung I cits are evident even in the oldest group of Early australopithecines are distin- cranium, an infant H. sapiens, an infant children. These results are consistent with guished from apes by large postcanine P. troglodytes (all with erupted upper M1) the hypothesis that the fetus is developing dentitions, robust mandibular corpora, and STS 5. The resulting three recon- under poor nutritional conditions, and reduced canines, and habitual bipedality. structions were sufficiently similar that that this can have lasting effects on chil- With chimp-sized brains, the large chew- the choice of the reference specimen does dren’s health and well being. ing apparatus of anamensis and afaren- not alter conclusions from the following sis—including a likely increase in chewing analysis. A multivariate analysis of the post- muscle mass—suggests a larger head to A principal component analysis of Pro- cranium of KNM-ER 3735 (Homo ha- body weight ratio among early australo- crustes coordinates demonstrates that in bilis). pithecines relative to their ape ancestors. shape space the Australopithecine onto- In a quadruped, increasing head weight genetic trajectory (based on Taung and would have increased energy expenditure 106 AAPA Abstracts

in neck muscles, and would likely have neurons are about 24% more numerous in cline in health with the origins and inten- necessitated larger neck muscles. Habit- the right hemisphere of both humans and sification of agriculture. This paper, a part ual bipedalism reduces these costs by apes. Functional imaging studies indicate of a more comprehensive synthesis of balancing the heavier head over the spine, that area FI is activated by situations subadult health and disease aiming to and by permitting the evolution of involving uncertainty, incongruity, infant address this issue, presents the results of smaller, ‘cheaper’ neck muscles, compen- cries, embarrassment, guilt, resentment, a comparative study of subadult linear sating for the larger, more ‘expensive’ and deception. We suggest that the spin- and appositional bone growth from five chewing muscles. Although larger chew- dle neurons may relay to other parts of Thai samples. These samples are from two ing muscles would have increased canine the brain a signal related to the commis- different geographical locations and span puncturing ability, weak neck muscles sion or recognition of error, particularly in from the early agricultural period to the may have made fighting with canines social behavior, and may participate in late Iron Age. The aim of this study is to impractical because the weakly supported the mounting of adaptive responses to assess what effects, if any, environmental neck would have been vulnerable to injury errors. differences and cultural changes, includ- when large forces were applied to the ing the intensification of agricultural head during a fight. The evolution of re- Therapeutic effects of Bach Flower practices, had on growth. Previous reduced canines should then follow the evo- Essences: A double-blind analysis. search has found morphological differ- lution of smaller neck muscles. ences among the inhabitants from the A strategy of reducing the costs of trans- R.A. Halberstein1, L.A. DeSantis2. 1De- early agricultural site in central Thailand porting a heavy head by balancing it atop partment of Anthropology, University of and later Northeast sites. This study of- the spine may have been open to apes but Miami, 2School of Nursing, University of fers the opportunity to investigate these few other mammalian clades because (1) Miami. findings further. apes were facultatively bipedal, and thus Results show no differences in linear pre-adapted for habitual bipedality, (2) Bach Flower Essences®, the distilled and growth among the samples. There is a apes had grasping forelimbs, allowing an diluted products of 38 flower species, have pattern of reduced appositional bone habitual biped to bring food to its mouth, been orally and topically administered growth in the later sites compared to the and (3) the rich social intelligence of apes since 1930 for biomedical and psychologi- early agricultural site. However this could may have allowed the evolution of mutual cal disorders ranging from insomnia to be affected by small sample sizes. A corti- care to buffer the costs of foot and leg diabetes, hypertension, depression and cal thickness increase with age in all injuries which are particularly devastat- back pain. Few scientific studies have samples indicates the absence of severe ing to an habitual biped. been conducted on the effectiveness of nutritional deficiencies. Implications of these nontoxic, over-the-counter homeo- these results for the bioarchaeological The spindle neurons of frontoinsular pathic preparations, however. In the pre- model of health change are discussed in cortex (area FI) are unique to hu- sent investigation the Bach “Rescue Rem- the context of the prehistoric Southeast mans and African apes. edy”®, a frequently prescribed combina- Asian natural and cultural environment. tion of the derivatives of five plants, was A. Hakeem1, J. Allman1, N. Tetreault1, K. tested over a 3-hour period against a pla- What does the human biological per- Semendeferi2. 1Dept. of Biology, California cebo in a double-blind analysis of stress spective suggest concerning migra- Institute of Technology, 2Dept. of Anthro- reduction in a sample of 111 Individuals tion routes into the Americas? pology, University of California, San aged 18-49. No statistically significant Diego. differences were observed in a comparison R. Hall. Dept. of Anthropology, Oregon of treatment versus control groups with State University. Von Economo described a class of elon- respect to pre- and post-test results of a gated bipolar cells, the spindle neurons, in standardized instrument that evaluates Recent research on climate following the layer 5 of area FI, which is located in the stress level. Since both sub-samples exhib- Last Glacial Maximum at 20,000 yr B.P. posterior part of orbitofrontal cortex. ited a downward trend in scores of stress provides a framework for developing real- After close examination of the orbitofron- indicators, the placebo effect was likely istic models of routes for human migration tal and insular cortex in 25 primate spe- operating in each set of subjects. Demo- into the Americas from Northeast Asia cies, we have found that the spindle neu- graphic characteristics—gender, age, body and the optimum timing of their use. Both rons are present only in humans and Afri- weight, population affiliation, etc.—were the interior route through central Berin- can apes. We found area FI containing not correlated with test results. gia and the coastal route along southern spindle neurons in humans, gorillas, Beringia require physiological adaptation chimpanzees and bonobos. We were not Subadult growth in prehistoric to cold, but the coastal route was less arid able to detect spindle neurons in the Southeast Asia. and temperatures were not as severe. Asian apes (orangutans and gibbons), nor Palynological studies in the Queen Char- were we able find them in Old and New S.E. Halcrow. Dept. of Anatomy and lotte Islands indicate the presence of World monkeys or in prosimians. Since Structural Biology, University of Otago. coastal refugia from at least 16,000 B.P. humans and African apes comprise a mo- on, with steadily increasing moisture lev- nophyletic group, the spindle neurons in Infant and child growth are sensitive els. Published data on limb length and FI are likely to be a derived specialization barometers of a population’s health. The femur/tibia proportions suggest the lack of within this group which originated about study of subadult growth is assessed in cold-adaptation in the earliest American 10 million years ago. We have used stereo- archaeological samples using linear and populations. Nasal morphology is another logical sampling to determine the number more recently appositional bone growth. key complex that indicates whether a of spindle neurons in FI in humans and Recent research in prehistoric Southeast population has achieved genetic adapta- African apes. The FI spindle neurons are Asia indicates that patterns of health tion to cold, arid conditions. I measured 5 to 40 times more abundant in the adult changes do not adhere to the general crania in skeletal samples from contempo- human than in the apes. The FI spindle bioarchaeological model that posits a de- rary cold-adapted and heat-adapted AAPA Abstracts 107

American native populations for compari- graphic history of the Baining population due to increased endosteal bone forma- son with published measurements on we have undertaken a DNA sequencing tion, and this increase is similar to that prehistoric Asian skeletal material and survey of mitochondrial COIII, ß-globin observed in normal mice after 20 days of the earliest skeletal remains from the and two X-linked loci (APXL and DMD44) exercise. BMC does, however, show a Americas. These comparisons suggest that in a sample of 50 Baining males. Patterns much greater (15-25%) increase at the optimal nasal adaptations to cold, pos- of variation at these four loci were com- distal femoral metaphysis than at the sessed by contemporary Arctic and sub- pared with those from the same four loci midshaft in both normal and exercised Arctic populations, did not characterize sequenced in a similar sample from five mice. These findings indicate that the the North Asian populations of 16,000- other world populations, as well as a bones of small mammals are quite respon- 11,000 years ago who made the migra- panel of 41 globally sampled males. The sive to alterations in physical activity and tions. From an adaptational perspective, average level of nucleotide diversity across muscle mass, and that comparative func- the coastal route appears more amenable loci in the Baining was the lowest (p= tional analyses of bone architecture in than the interior route. 0.082 for the three nuclear genes) of all metaphyseal regions may be more infor- I acknowledge with gratitude the use of five populations (global p = 0.119). Inter- mative than studies of mid-diaphyseal collections at the Smithsonian Institution, estingly, there was an excess of common bone geometry. the American Museum of Natural History, polymorphisms in the Baining for mtDNA and the San Diego Museum of Man. (Tajima’s D = 0.65, P>0.10) and Dmd44 A phylogenetic comparison of oxida- (Tajima’s D = 1.76, 0.05

clade WIXZ. These differences might The present study expands our knowl- ter estimates may be misleading. This is result from selection for mitochondrial edge of climbing mechanics by providing important because hominin taxonomy is genetic variants that influence the rate of the first quantitative kinematic data on influenced by estimates of these variables, release of ROS across haplogroups. three prosimians during vertical climbing: and because the same estimates are used two specialized climbers, Loris tardi- to make inferences about hominin behav- Craniofacial variation of prehistoric gradus (n=3) and Nycticebus coucang ior and life history. and recent populations from Far (n=3), and one generalized quadruped, This contribution reports the results of a East, Oceania, and New World: Model- Cheirogaleus medius (n=3). Subjects were preliminary investigation of taphonomic free and model-bound approach. videotaped while climbing up a 3-cm influences on Plio-Pleistocene fossil wooden pole. Hindlimb step length, limb hominins from the Turkana Basin using T. Hanihara1, M. Kawano1, H. Ishida2. excursions, and shoulder and hip dis- previously published data captured in the 1Saga University, School of Medicine, tances from the contact point were deter- Turkana Basin Database (Kenya National Saga, Japan, 2University of the Ryukyus. mined by digitizing each locomotor bout. Museum and Smithsonian Institution). Results show that both lorisines use We focus on determining whether a) depo- Metric and nonmetric craniofacial varia- limb kinematics that are more similar to sitional environment, and b) element size tion of the prehistoric and recent popula- one another than they are to C. medius. have introduced significant bias into the tions from eastern Asian and circum Pa- Lorisines exhibit significantly (p<0.05) hypodigms of hominins recovered from the cific regions was analyzed. In both metric greater hip excursions, thigh protraction region. We also address the extent to and nonmetric analyses, two major clus- angles, and overall forelimb and hindlimb which any bias may result in misleading ters are indicated, one containing all the angular excursions than C. medius. Addi- estimates of critical population parame- East/Southeast Asian and Oceanian cra- tionally, horizontal shoulder and hip dis- ters. Supported by a NSF Graduate Re- nial series, and a second that includes the tances from the contact point (scaled to search Fellowship and NSF IGERT Grant series from Northeast Asia, Arctic and limb length) are significantly (p<0.05) No. 9987590. New World. One of the differences be- greater in C. medius than either lorisine. tween the results of metric and nonmetric Finally, Nycticebus has significantly Estimating hominoid reciprocal joint analyses is the affinities of the prehistoric (p<0.05) larger hindlimb protraction and congruence: A comparison of two Jomon people and recent Ainu. In metric forelimb angular excursion than Loris. morphometric techniques. analyses, they are plotted at an interme- Maintaining relatively close proximity to diate position between East and South- the support and using large limb excur- W.E.H. Harcourt-Smith1,3, J. Kim3,4, E. east Asians. In nonmetric analyses, on the sions may decrease limb stresses and im- Delson 1,2,3,5,6, 1Vertebrate Paleontology, other hand, Jomon and to a lesser degree prove energetic efficiency in specialized American Museum of Natural History; Ainu occupy a distinct and separate climbers. 2New York Consortium in Evolutionary branch. It is a matter of interest, more- Supported by NSF BCS-0137930, NSF Primatology (NYCEP); 3NYCEP Mor- over, that Ainu shows some association BCS-990441, and an NSFGRF. phometrics Group; 4Institute of Anthro- with the Native American groups. Model- pology, University of Vienna; free biological distances presented here Are early hominin hypodigms equally 5Anthropology, City University of New can be interpreted as reflecting genetic biased samples? York Graduate School; 6Anthropology, drift, gene flow, natural selection, and/or Lehman College/CUNY. common ancestry. For determining which C.M. Haradon1, A.K. Behrensmeyer2, R. combination of these factors is responsible Bobe2, B. Wood1. 1CASHP, Department of One of the central issues surrounding for a given set of such distances, we ap- Anthropology, The George Washington the analysis of hominin fossil assemblages plied model-bound analyses. The results University, 2Smithsonian Institution. is the allocation of skeletal elements to obtained suggest that the Jomon and Ainu the correct taxon, and, in some cases, to may have retained the late Upper Paleo- Analyses of the hominin fossil record the correct individual. One little studied lithic features in eastern Asian region to a rarely, if ever, consider whether samples approach to this issue is the statistical greater degree than others. of different hominin taxa are influenced estimation of congruence between recipro- by taphonomic processes relating to depo- cal joint surfaces – that is, the closeness of Vertical climbing kinematics in spe- sitional environment or body and element fit between articulating elements of a joint cialized and generalized prosimians: size. The assumption is that the fossil complex. Aiello et al. conducted a pre- Implications for morphology and per- evidence represents a random sample liminary analysis of talo-crural joint con- formance. from the population. However, ta- gruence in extant hominoids, but limited phonomic research shows that fossil sam- statistical techniques and computing J.B. Hanna. Department of Biological ples are influenced by factors such as power made it difficult to address the Anthropology and Anatomy, Duke Uni- overall body or skeletal part size and du- complex 3D relationships between the versity. rability, predator choice, and depositional joint surfaces. In this study we compare environment. and contrast two recently developed tech- Although all primates climb vertically, If these factors bias all early hominin niques of estimating joint congruence and only some possess morphological speciali- fossil hypodigms in the same way, esti- test the effectiveness of each technique in zations that may be related to vertical mates of variables such as brain volume correctly assigning reciprocal elements at climbing mechanics and energetic effi- and tooth size will be inaccurate but will the individual and species levels. ciency. Previous work on anthropoids not necessarily affect the rank order of Both techniques use three dimensional suggests that climbing mechanics differ parameter estimates. However, if differ- landmark and semi-landmark data col- both among specialized climbers (Isler, ences in body mass, tooth size, and molar lected from high resolution Laser Surface 2003) and between specialized climbers size order mean that early hominin taxa Scans of the reciprocal surfaces of the and generalized quadrupeds (Hirisaki et are not equally affected by taphonomic humero-ulnar component of the elbow al., 1993, 1996, 2000). influences, then the rank order of parame- joint. The sample consists of adult speci- AAPA Abstracts 109

mens representing H. sapiens, P. troglo- thograde posture may explain the similar- Analysis of twins—monozygotic com- dytes, G. gorilla and P. pygmaeus. The ity between Asian apes and Homo, al- pared to dizygotic—has provided herita- first technique is indirect, and uses Par- though a non-functional explanation is bility estimates for many kinds of data. tial Least Squares (Bookstein, 2003) and possible. The conventional perspective is that twins matching by discriminant analysis to as- are of two sorts, MZ or DZ. In fact, MZ sess to what degree two surfaces covary. Interregional gene flow in the eastern twins are heterogeneous, consisting of The second technique is a direct measure Mediterranean: A Cypriot melting those that divide early—with individual of congruence, and is based on the overlap pot? chorions and amnions—and those dividing ratio between the two surfaces throughout later, sharing these membranes. These the range of the joint’s motion. N.K. Harper, Department of Anthropology later-forming MZ twins are prone to feto- Results show that both techniques confi- and Ethnic Studies, University of Nevada- fetal transfusion syndrome. This study dently assign reciprocal elements at the Las Vegas. used mesiodistal and buccolingual tooth taxonomic level, and that further refine- dimensions to test three assumptions of ment will provide a useful tool in match- Classical archaeological interpretations the twin model, (1) that mean crown size ing unassociated skeletal elements. Fund- of population change in Cyprus cite the is the same across twin types, (2) that ing: NSF ACI 9982351. wholesale migration of Mycenean Greeks total variances are equivalent, and (3) into the eastern Mediterranean fleeing that mean intrapair variances are homo- Comparing hominoid proximal femur Doric invasions. Previous research into geneous. Zygosity and chorionicity were morphology using geometric mor- the relative biological relationships of known for 51 monochorionic and 40 di- phometrics. Cypriot populations has shown evidence of chorionic MZ pairs plus 65 same-sex DZ sharp change in craniofacial morphology pairs. MD and BL crown dimensions were E.H. Harmon, Institute of Human Ori- toward the end of the Bronze Age (circa. measured from the twins’ dental casts. gins, Dept. of Anthropology, Arizona State 1050 BC) exhibiting strong regionalism Significant differences in mean trait size University. within the island (Harper and Moore- were infrequent across the 28 variables, Jansen 2003, Harper 2003). For this study but total variances commonly were un- Using geometric morphometrics, this the cranial measurements of 384 indi- equal between zygosities and chorion study compares and contrasts proximal viduals from 14 sites from Cyprus, Greece, types, with greater variances in the DZ femur shape among hominoids. As part of Crete, Anatolia, the Levant and Egypt are sample. So too, intrapair variances com- the hip joint, the proximal femur is an used to address the question of admixture monly were unequal. Invariably, the DZ important component in locomotion. within Cyprus during and after the sample was more variable. Between When quantified in previous work, the Bronze Age. RMET 5.0 (Relethford and chorion types, the MC sample was more complex morphology of the proximal fe- Blangero, 1990) is used to test minimum variable, as expected given their greater mur has been partitioned into discrete genetic differentiation and relative bio- risk of greater prenatal competition. features (e.g., head, neck, greater tro- logical distance and MANTEL 3.1 is used Critically, this study between mono- and chanter) to facilitate conventional linear to test the effect of geographic and tempo- dichorionic MZ twins shows that assump- measurement. Here the proximal femur ral distances in relation to the estimated tions of the twin model often are violated is examined three-dimensionally as an biological distance. Preliminary results in the battery of dental traits tested, pre- integrated whole. Seventeen landmarks show regional variation within Cyprus sumably because of differences in intrau- are used to capture the superior, medial, during the Bronze Age (FST = 0.022) and terine competition. The fundamental lateral and posterior surfaces of over 200 suggest that specific populations (Enkomi, issue may be that twins are not represen- adult femora of Homo, Pan, Gorilla, Pongo Melia) remain relatively isolated while tative of the bulk of the population that and Hylobates. Generalized Procrustes other populations within Cyprus consists of singletons. Analysis (GPA) is used to register the (Kourion-Bamboula, Lapithos) share close landmark data and adjust for the isomet- affinity with western Anatolian and Greek Allo-mothering in black and white ric effects of size. mainland populations, with possible gene colobus monkeys (Colobus guereza). Principal components analysis of residu- flow from Egypt. These results contradict als from the GPA shows that the majority the assumption that Enkomi was a cos- T. Harris. Dept. of Anthropology, Yale of variation is between humans and apes, mopolitan center harboring multiple popu- University. and in particular between humans and lations and raises intriguing questions African apes. Humans, compared to apes, concerning the importance of Egyptian I studied allo-mothering, or infant han- have large femoral heads that are posi- groups within Cyprus. The post-Bronze dling, in black and white colobus monkeys tioned superiorly relative to short, period exhibits a lower overall FST (.003) in Kibale National Park from November squared-shaped greater trochanters. An- suggesting higher admixture specifically 2002-October 2003. Focal sampling was other analysis that excludes Homo high- with Levantine and Greek groups. The conducted on two infants in the main lights the differences between African and results for the post-Bronze period are study group and ad lib data were collected Asian apes. African apes, compared to consistent with the advent of large-scale for four infants in three other groups. Asian apes, have a supero-inferiorly ex- trade and colonization by Greek and Over 300 bouts of infant handling were tensive greater trochanter. Among Asian Phoenician groups. recorded. Mean handling time/bout was apes, as with Homo, the femoral head is 0:10:10 (max 1:38:16). Adult females han- positioned above the superior point of the Effects of chorionicity on tooth size dled infants most frequently, followed by greater trochanter. Pan and Gorilla share in monozygotic twins. juvenile females. All three adult males a common proximal femur shape, whereas and a subadult male in the main study Hylobates and Pongo are distinct from one E.F. Harris. Orthodontics, University of group occasionally handled infants. In another. The variation among hominoid Tennessee, Memphis. one case, an infant from the main study proximal femora is broadly coincident group was handled by a juvenile female with variation in locomotor pattern. Or- from another group. Allo-mothers most 110 AAPA Abstracts

commonly rested while handling infants, including two Sulawesi taxa. A randomi- Paleodemic genetic diversity: Pitfalls followed by moving with and grooming the zation procedure (10,000 iterations) was and prospects. infant. Allo-mothers sometimes mis- used to test whether Mahalanobis dis- treated infants (19.3% of bouts in the tances between Neanderthals and modern J. Hawks. Department of Anthropology, main study group). Allo-mothers dropped humans were greater than distances be- University of Wisconsin—Madison. infants on 5 occasions, most likely con- tween species and subspecies pairs of tributing to the death of one infant. Some model taxa. In this procedure, distance Small, fragmentary samples of fossil mothers usually fed while their infants between modern humans and Neander- humans are poorly suited to any assess- were being handled (74% of bouts for one thals is greater than those among all ment of the genetic relationships of an- female) while others usually rested (65% nearly all modern subspecies pairs, sup- cient populations. Here, I review the ap- of bouts for one female) or followed allo- porting specific distinction for Neander- plication of multivariate statistical meth- mothers. One mother almost never al- thals. ods to derive information about Pleisto- lowed her infant to be handled. The be- cene human population structure from haviors of mothers and allo-mothers var- The effect of parity on spinal and phenotypic fossil data. Resampling on ied widely between individuals and forearm BMD in the baboon (Papio large sets of data from extant hominoids groups, making it difficult to apply a sin- hamadryas). shows that with such methods even the gle hypothesis for the function of infant best plausible datasets, with tens of char- handling to black and white colobus mon- L.M. Havill1, M.C. Mahaney1,2, J. acters and specimens, produce wide confi- keys in general. Rogers1,2. 1Department of Genetics, South- dence limits that cannot distinguish west Foundation for Biomedical Research, whether intercontinental FST was as low Neanderthal taxonomy reconsidered: 2Southwest National Primate Research as zero, or as great as the intersubspecies Implications from multivariate mod- Center. differences in living chimpanzees. Such a els of intra- and inter-specific differ- wide range of estimates does little to con- ences. Of the 10.1 million people in the U.S. strain hypotheses about ancient human with osteoporosis (OP), more than 77% are taxonomic or genetic divergences. K. Harvati1, S.R. Frost2, K.P. McNulty3, 1 women. Pregnancy-associated hormonal I propose a new avenue for testing hy- Department of Anthropology, New York changes, calcium demands, and their ef- potheses about ancient population struc- University / NYCEP, 2Department of fects on bone mineral density (BMD, cur- ture. I employ pairwise and samplewise Anatomy, New York College of Osteo- rently the most accurate predictor of OP comparisons of univariate traits to deter- pathic Medicine, 3Department of Sociology fracture risk) are potential contributors to mine the minimal and maximal amounts & Anthropology, Baylor University. this dramatic sex difference. Current of genetic differentiation consistent with knowledge of the effects of pregnancy on each observed trait, in the specimens that Neanderthal taxonomic status is one of BMD involves ambiguous and conflicting preserve it. By comparing these fossil the most contentious issues in paleoan- study results. Pregnancy clearly affects observations with larger samples of living thropology, with direct implications for BMD, but variability in study methodol- hominoids across many traits, the distri- modern human origins. Palaeontologists ogy and individual variation across fe- bution of minima and maxima allow a agree that fossil species should be equiva- males in apparent ability to compensate maximum likelihood estimate and confi- lent to extant ones in their morphological for demands on the maternal skeleton due dence interval for FST. variation. An approach using models of to mineralization of the fetal skeleton Empirically, the results tend to justify variation within and between living taxa contribute to inconsistent study results. the method, as the confidence limits on is recommended to help recognize species Some studies indicate that higher parity fossil human samples contract and uncer- in fossil samples. Recent studies have (number of pregnancies) positively affects tainty decreases compared to traditional supported specific status for Neanderthals BMD in postmenopausal women, while multivariate approaches. In other words, based on analogy to chimpanzees and others do not. it seems to work. But the technique lacks bonobos (Harvati 2001) and hybridizing Baboons share physiological characteris- a strong theoretical justification, and re- Sulawesi macaques (Schillachi & Froelich tics with humans making them particu- quires problematic assumptions about the 2001). These taxa may not be the most larly well-suited for studying the effects of nature of variation in time-extended sam- relevant models. Although chimpanzees reproductive history on BMD. In our samples and trait covariance. These problems are probably the closest living taxon to ple of 676 olive baboons (Papio hamadryas are extensively discussed, and will require modern humans, they differ greatly in anubis), yellow baboons (P. h. cynocepha- additional work to resolve. their geographic distribution and ecology lus) and their hybrids (5.5 to 30.0 years of from Pleistocene humans. Macaca may be age) BMD (g/cm2) was assessed in the Musculoskeletal stress markers a better ecological model, but the Sulawesi lumbar spine and the forearm via DEXA. (MSM) as indicators of kneeling be- species are not representative of the full We estimated the heritability of BMD in havior in a Byzantine Jerusalem geographic and ecological range of the these baboons and examined the effect of monastery. genus. parity on BMD. Heritability ranges from This study used twelve extant catar- 0.18 in the ulna to 0.45 in the radius. In B. Hayden1, A. Hatch2, J. Ullinger3, D.P. rhine species (1089 specimens) as models maximum likelihood models that simulta- Van Gerven4, S.G. Sheridan5. 1Depart- of craniofacial variation. Fifteen 3D land- neously account for the mean effects of ments of Anthropology and Classics, marks were collected on all specimens. age, sex, weight, and parity, parity has a Washington University in St. Louis, Samples included: five Neanderthals; five significant effect on BMD at all sites 2Department of Anthropology, University Upper Paleolithic Europeans; seven mod- (p=0.01 to p<0.0001). The effect of parity of Puget Sound, 3Department of Anthro- ern human populations; all three species is to lower BMD 0.0045 to 0.0068 g/cm2 pology, Ohio State University, 4Depart- of African apes; the seven subspecies of (0.5% to 0.8%) per pregnancy. ment of Anthropology, University of Colo- Papio hamadryas; the two species of rado, 5Department of Anthropology, Uni- Mandrillus; and five species of Macaca, versity of Notre Dame. AAPA Abstracts 111

The study of musculoskeletal stress lus (n=15)? Secondly, how do patterns of with relatively high orbit convergence, markers (MSM) as indicators of activity inter-taxonomic variability differ between such as carnivorans and megachiropter- patterns has at times been hindered by the craniofacial skeleton and the mandi- ans, orbit orientation is not correlated the lack of simple, standardized scoring ble? Results suggest that the craniofacial with overall brain size. These results sug- methods. In the current study, we have skeleton, particularly the upper- and mid- gest that there is a relationship between developed such a method, and applied it to facial region, has high inter-taxonomic visual cortex size and orbit convergence markers on the innominates (n=298) and variability, while the mandible is com- that is unique to primates. proximal femora (n=215) of an urban mo- paratively invariant. All fossil hominoids nastic community from 5th century St. are similar to the modern comparators in Is primate hearing special? Stephen's in Jerusalem. aspects of their mandibular morphology We chose sixteen muscle markings, each including gracility of the corpus and ra- R.S. Heffner, H.E. Heffner. Department of a part of a muscle group performing one of mus height. Yet hominids display unique Psychology, University of Toledo. the four major motions of the hip: exten- morphological variation in symphysis sion, flexion, adduction, or abduction. shape and a decrease in ramus robustic- The most basic functions of audition are Only adult males were used in this study. ity. In the craniofacial skeleton, Procon- to detect and locate other animals, the We selected texture and elevation as vari- sul and Afropithecus are most similar to sources of sound in the natural environ- ables to measure robusticity, producing a Hylobates and not to the large-bodied ment. In addition, hearing often permits composite score used to grade robusticity African apes in their lower maxillary identification of the source and its inten- as minimal, moderate, or maximal. morphologies. Meanwhile, Sivapithecus tions. Because the selective pressures to These data were then compared to a non- demonstrates a closer affinity to gorillas carry out these functions apply to the monastic rural Byzantine collection from than to orang-utans in both lower maxil- hearing of virtually all mammals, includ- Umm el-Jimmal, Jordan. lary and mandibular morphologies. ing primates, primate hearing is consis- Fifteen of the sites examined for the St. Among the hominids and as expected Aus- tent with the mammalian pattern. Stephen's collection demonstrated greater tralopithecus exhibits the most affinity The overriding selective pressure ap- robusticity than expected, indicating a with the great apes while Paranthropus pears to be the localization of sound group utilizing the lower limb extensively. and Homo erectus are the most variant sources, which is achieved by comparing The muscles of both the extensor and ad- from any of the modern comparators. the time of arrival and spectrum of sound ductor groups showed significantly more at the two ears. For mammals with small (p<0.05) robusticity than the others. This Co-evolution of brain size and orbit heads, time differences become so small indicates possible activity patterns includ- orientation in primates and other that the nervous system is forced to rely ing repetitive stair- or hill-climbing, mammals. on spectral differences. Spectral differ- horseback riding, and deep flexion of the ences are only effective if an animal can knee. When combined with non-metric C.P. Heesy. IDPAS/Department of Ana- hear frequencies high enough to be shad- postcranial data and analysis of os- tomical Sciences, Stony Brook University. owed by its head and pinnae. Thus small teoarthritic response from the femur, Primates hear relatively high frequencies tibia, talus, and calcaneus as well as the Primates are characterized both by simi- whereas humans do not. Nearly all verte- liturgical records for the site and period, a larly facing, or convergent, orbits and brates hear low frequencies (below 125 strong circumstantial case can be made relatively large brain sizes. Comparative Hz), and the extent of low-frequency hear- for postural gestures associated with wor- analyses of mammalian orbit orientation ing in mammals is correlated with high- ship such as kneeling for prayer and genu- suggest that primate orbit convergence frequency hearing. flection. first evolved in a context of nocturnal Sound localization, in turn, appears to visual predation. Similar analyses of the be under selective pressure from vision to Mandibular and craniofacial shape in relative sizes of brain components in direct the gaze to unseen sound sources. the hominid lineage: A comparative mammals and birds suggest that areas Mammals with narrow fields of best vi- analysis using 3D-morphometrics. responsible for sensory processing are sion, like most primates, appear to be correlated with aspects of ecology, includ- under selective pressure for precise audi- M.A. Hazel, L.C. Aiello. Dept. of Anthro- ing foraging habits and diet. However, it tory localization, presumably to direct the pology, University College London, UK. is unknown whether mammalian orbit fovea with precision. Conversely, species convergence is correlated with either the with broader fields of vision and visual The evolution of the hominoid face has overall size of the brain or with individual streaks have poorer sound-localization been an anthropological puzzle for dec- brain components, such as the visual cor- acuity. Here, too, Primates fit the mam- ades. Traditional morphometric methods tex and subcortical structures. malian pattern. and an incomplete fossil record have made This study examines the relationship it difficult to describe changes in absolute between orbit convergence, binocular field East of Eden, west of Cathay: An in- facial shape through time and across spe- overlap, and brain size in primates and vestigation of Bronze Age interac- cies. This research uses 3D-geometric other mammals. Data on orbit orientation tions along the Great Silk Road. morphometrics to study phenetic similari- are combined with those on overall brain ties and differences in the hominoid man- size in primates, carnivorans, chirop- B.E. Hemphill. Dept. of Sociology & An- dible and craniofacial skeleton. Two ques- terans, insectivorans, artiodactyls, mar- thropology, California State University, tions are asked of the data. Firstly, how supials, and rodents taken from the litera- Bakersfield. does Miocene fossil ape and early hominid ture. In addition, data on brain component The Great Silk Road has long been facial morphology differ from the patterns volumes were collated for a subset of these known as a conduit for contacts between observed in the modern comparators (Pan taxa. Primates differ from other mammals East and West. Until recently, these in- troglodytes (n=20), Gorilla gorilla (n=20), in that orbit convergence is correlated teractions were believed to date no earlier Pongo pygmaeus (n=20), Hylobates lar with brain size in anthropoids, and less than the second century B.C. However, (n=20), H. hoolock(n=10) and H. syndacty- strongly in strepsirrhines. In other taxa recent discoveries in the Tarim Basin of 112 AAPA Abstracts

Xinjiang (western China) suggest that Paris). The objective was to gain insight Trace element analysis of dentin: A initial contact may have occurred during into the historical dietary practices of test of the application of PIXE and the first half of the second millennium mothers related to their infants as well as Laser Ablation methods to the as- B.C. The site of Yanbulaq has been offered to evaluate the link between breastfeeding sessment of childhood diet from as empirical evidence for direct physical and economic status (urban/rural context) archaeologically-derived adult hu- contact between Eastern and Western prior to the industrialization of the 19th man teeth. populations, due to architectural, agricul- century AD. The analysis of the relative tural, and metallurgical practices like differences between the isotopic signals B.R. Hewitt. Department of Anthropology, those from the West, ceramic vessels like from bone samples compared to tooth University of Manitoba. those from the East, and human remains samples show variability in the age of identified as encompassing both “Euro- cessation of breastfeeding during Modern A feasibility study of the applicability of poid” and “Mongoloid physical types.” Period. Some children may have still been proton-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) and Eight cranial measurements from 30 consuming breast milk into their second Laser Ablation analyses as a means of Aeneolithic, Bronze Age, Iron Age and year, while others may have been weaned assessing nutritional status was under- modern samples, encompassing 1505 by this age. The variability in feeding taken as part of a larger study, which adults from the Russian steppe, China, practices during the Modern Period also included the remains of 65 individuals. Central Asia, Iran, Tibet, Nepal and the allows us to consider the role of wet- These techniques, commonly used in the Indus Valley were compared to test nurses in interpreting stable isotope data. material sciences, allow researchers to whether those inhabitants of Yanbulaq This research was supported by Fyssen examine the major and trace element identified as “Europoid” and “Mongoloid” Foundation. composition of a target sample. exhibit closest phenetic affinities to Rus- While bone is remodeled over time, den- sian steppe and Chinese samples, respec- Sacroiliac joint ankylosing: From tal material is relatively stable once tively. Differences between samples were evolution to paleopathology. formed and can theoretically be used to compared with Mahalanobis generalized assess changes in childhood health, nutri- distance (d2), and patterns of phenetic I. Hershkovitz, G. Dar. Dept. of Anatomy tional status or dietary patterns. Given affinity were assessed with cluster analy- and Anthropology, Sackler Faculty of the fact that dentin should be relatively sis, multidimensional scaling, and princi- Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel. protected from diagenetic and taphonomic pal coordinates analysis. factors by the rather impervious nature of Results indicate that, despite identifica- The sacroiliac joint's structure, move- its enamel coating, the elemental composition as “Europoid” and “Mongoloid,” in- ment and load handling are unique in tion of dentin ought to reflect the elements habitants of Yanbulaq exhibit closest af- relation to other joints in the body. Anky- present in the local environment intra finities to one another. No one recovered losing of the sacroiliac joints (SIA) has vitam. from Yanbulaq exhibits affinity to Russian been observed and reported in both the Differences in the applicability of each steppe samples. Rather, the people of medical and anthropological literature. method to the interpretation of childhood Yanbulaq possess closest affinities to Nevertheless, contradictory results as to dietary patterns, difficulties encountered, other Bronze Age Tarim Basin dwellers, the true nature of the phenomenon exist. and suggestions for future research are intermediate affinities to residents of the As the area has significant implication to discussed. Indus Valley, and only distant affinities to both the field of paleopathology (spondy- Chinese and Tibetan samples. loarthropathy, DISH etc.) paleodemogra- Dental reduction and diet in the pre- phy (mainly aging technique) and evolu- historic Ohio River Valley. Breast-feeding variability in the tion (bipedal locomotion), we set a project French Modern Period: A comparison to define the phenomenon demographi- M.K. Hill. Ohio State University, Depart- of the effects of differential social- cally and morphologically and shed light ment of Anthropology. economic status. on its etiology. The study was conducted on 2845 skeletons from the Hamann-Todd Post-Pleistocene dental reduction has E. Herrscher1, M.A. Katzenberg1, F. collection CMNH. 10.5% of all individuals been documented around the globe. Die- Valentin2, R. Colardelle3. 1University of examined showed evidence of SIA. The tary change is a common factor in many of Calgary, Canada. 2UMR 7041, Équipe phenomenon is either bi or unilateral (no the selectionist models explaining dental Ethnologie Préhistorique, Maison René side preference) and occurs mainly on the reduction. The current study examines Ginouvès, Nanterre, France. 3Musée superior aspect of the joint surface. The tooth size in the prehistoric Ohio River Archéologique Église Saint-Laurent, bony bridge always develops from the Valley of Indiana and Kentucky to deter- Grenoble, France. ilium towards the sacrum. It is sex (12.3% mine if a dental reduction occurred from in males and 1.8% in females) and age the Late Archaic to the Mississippian This study concerns the history of infant (r=0.985) dependent and race and size periods and, if so, to see if dietary shifts diet with the estimation of the duration of independent. SIA is usually accompanies are associated with dental reduction. breastfeeding and the modalities of wean- by other changes in the skeleton, although Data from 282 individuals are compiled ing (when and how) in the French Modern no direct relationship with DISH or from 21 sites that span from 5000 BC to Period. Based on an intra-individual spondyloarthropathy was found. Only AD 1400. These sites represent Late Ar- sampling strategy, stable nitrogen isotopic slight changes were noticed in the carti- chaic foragers, Early/Middle Woodland data were recorded from 30 children aged lage of the joints with ankylosing (and early horticulturalists, Late Woodland between birth to 5 years old. Osteological therefore cannot be the trigger to the mixed-economy horticulturalists, and series are well-defined both temporally process). The study discusses the implica- Mississippian agriculturalists. Previous and spatially and were excavated from the tion of the findings to paleopathology, studies have indicated that the diet be- Saint-Laurent de Grenoble Cemetery evolution of bipedal locomotion (and erect came less abrasive through time in this (17th-18th AD, Isère) and from the Saint- posture) and aging methods. region and also became harder from the Martin-des-Champs Church (17th-18th AD, Late Archaic to the Early/Middle Wood- AAPA Abstracts 113

land but became much softer thereafter. Inuits (n = 123) from Pt. Hope, Alaska. This project is funded by a grant from Mesiodistal and buccolingual diameters Results show that these two Neandertals the Globalization Research Center and a were taken for all suitable permanent do not exhibit the degree of lumbar lor- Presidential Young Faculty Award from teeth. Occlusal area was determined using dosis seen in the Pt. Hope Inuits, suggest- the University of South Florida. the Robustness Index correction formulae ing that Neandertal pelvic orientation developed by Schmidt and Hill. Standard may have had subtle differences relative Head kinematics during locomotion descriptive statistics, ANOVA, percent to recent modern humans. in a gibbon and Japanese macaques. differences, and rate of change were calculated for each dental measurement to An exploratory study of the nutrition E. Hirasaki, H. Kumakura. Laboratory of determine the degree of change between transition in rural Costa Rica. Biological Anthropology, Department of the various temporal groups. Human Sciences, Osaka University. It was found that a dental reduction D.A. Himmelgreen1, C.S. Klempner2, M. occurred in the Ohio River Valley that Vega1, J. Lopez2. 1Department of Anthro- This study examined head rotation and was more pronounced in females and the pology, University of South Florida, translation during locomotion in Japanese maxillary molars. Dental reduction seems 2Monteverde Institute. macaques (Macaca fuscata) and a gibbon to parallel the transition to a less abrasive (Hylobates lar). Subjects walked on a level and softer diet. This study presents some Increased consumption of high fat and surface at their preferred walking veloci- evidence for an association between die- carbohydrate dense foods along with de- ties bipedally (both species) and quadru- tary abrasiveness and dental reduction. creased physical activity are leading to pedally (only Japanese macaques). Head rising rates of overweight and obesity movements in the sagittal and transverse Neandertal lumbar lordosis and pel- worldwide. This is particularly so in planes during locomotion were determined vic orientation. Latin America, where between 35% and using a video-based motion analysis sys- 68% of the population is considered obese tem. C.E. Hilton1, R.L. Nuger2. 1Anthropology, or pre-obese, depending on the country The results showed that the head of the Western Michigan University. 2NYCEP and region. Beginning in the 1970s, there Japanese macaques oscillated vertically and Anthropology, Graduate Cen- was a health transition in Costa Rica and laterally at frequencies corresponding ter/CUNY. which resulted in significant declines in to step and stride frequencies, respec- infant mortality, under-nutrition, and tively, during bipedal walking. Head rota- The functional morphology of Neander- infectious disease. The shift away from tions were essentially compensatory for tal pelves has been a topic of considerable infectious disease to chronic disease and head translations; the head pitched down speculation and debate due to a number of the notable nutrition transition in Costa when its position was high, and rotated unusual pelvic traits. Research has inten- Rica has resulted in a growing concern right when it translated left. These well- sified with the discovery and subsequent over the development of obesity-related coordinated head movements were likely reconstruction of the well-preserved pelvis diseases. For example, recent studies to maintain the stability of the gaze. The of Kebara 2, the only Neandertal with a have documented a high prevalence of frequencies and magnitudes of linear ac- complete inlet. Rak (1993) has suggested overweight and obesity among elementary celeration of the head were well above the that Neandertal pelvic orientation may school children and coronary disease risk threshold for activating the linear vestibu- have been different relative to anatomi- factors among Costa Rican adolescents locollic reflex, suggesting that this reflex cally modern humans, specifically that the (Nunez-Rivas et al. 2003, Monge and could induce the head rotations. No sig- position of the sacro-iliac joint was more Beita 2000). nificant difference between bipedal and posterior in Neandertals. Given the im- Here we present the preliminary find- quadrupedal walking in the macaques portance of the pelvis in locomotor behav- ings from an exploratory study on the food was found except for the averaged head ior and obstetrics, this pelvic orientation consumption patterns and nutritional angular position, which showed that the would have affected locomotor biomechan- status among women and children (7-12 y) head forward-tilted more during quadru- ics and parturition. living in two communities in the Monte- pedal walking. The gibbon also showed Pelvic orientation in modern humans is verde Zone of Costa Rica. This mountain- coordinated head motions during bipedal influenced also by the vertebral column ous area is characterized by a growing walking, although their amplitudes were curvatures created with anterior and pos- economy which is based on tourism. Two slightly larger than those of the Japanese terior vertebral body wedging (kyphosis communities will be compared, one is macaques. The fact that the coordinated and lordosis, respectively). Vertebral centered in main tourism area and the head rotation and translation were ob- curvatures, specifically lumbar lordosis, other is located in an area in which the served both in the two species and both provide efficient balance of the torso dur- economy is more dependent upon agricul- during bipedal and quadrupedal walking ing locomotion by allowing the torso body ture. Previous research conducted as part suggests that the head movements during weight vector to pass through the of the Monteverde Institute summer field locomotion be well regulated in the man- biacetabular axis. Given the difficulty in school in community health show a high ner of “top-down” control over the species, assessing pelvic orientation in isolation, prevalence of risk for obesity and obesity despite the different limb motions. analysis of Neandertal vertebral curva- for children and adults, respectively. tures can help determine the degree of Moreover, very preliminary findings from lumbar lordosis and thoracic kyphosis this study suggest that the high cost of Y chromosome genetic variation in and, therefore, Neandertal pelvic orienta- food (e.g., fruits and vegetables) may have Tanzanian populations: Implications tion. an influence on food consumption patterns for modern human origins. The degree of vertebral body wedging is and nutritional status. The findings from assessed in the two Neandertals, i.e., this study will be used to better under- J. Hirbo1, K. Gonder1, J. Hodax1, A. Shanidar 3 and Kebara 2, preserving rela- stand the impact of globalization on Knight2, J. Mountain2, S. Tishkoff1. tively complete vertebral remains. Com- health in a rural area. 1Department of Biology University of parative analyses are made to pre-contact Maryland, College Park MD 2Department 114 AAPA Abstracts

of Anthropological Sciences, Stanford independence needs to be tested. Modern autocorrelation and independent con- University, Palo Alto CA. quantitative genetics provides such an trasts. As predicted, species with diets opportunity. composed of at least 50% structural car- Evidence from genetic, paleobiological, We summarize the results of ongoing bohydrates have longer autocorrelation- and archaeological studies suggest that statistical genetic studies of dental varia- adjusted (ACA) shear crests (relative to East Africa was the likely site of origin of tion in which we detect and estimate the molar size) than all other species early humans and the source of migration magnitude of pleiotropy on pairs of dental (p<0.001). Furthermore, relative ACA of modern humans across the globe. Tan- traits in a captive pedigreed colony of shear crest length is significantly posi- zania is a region of tremendous genetic, baboons from the Southwest National tively correlated with ACA percentage of linguistic, and cultural diversity, contain- Primate Research Center. Using bivari- structural carbohydrates in the diet ing populations speaking languages be- ate maximum likelihood-based variance (0.550-0.791, p<0.001). Finally, independ- longing to the four major language fami- decomposition methods, we estimated ent contrasts of relative shear crest length lies spoken in Africa – Afroasiatic, Nilosa- genetic and environmental correlations are significantly positively correlated with haran, Niger Kordofanian, and Khoisan. between pairs of dental traits assessed on contrasts of dietary percentages (0.319- Populations speaking Cushitic and Nilotic the molars of c. 500 individuals. The 0.551, p<0.01-0.001) and exhibit signifi- languages are thought to have migrated traits studied include crown metrics, cusp cantly positive regression slopes (0.002- into Tanzania from the Sudan, Ethiopia, position, cingular remnant expression, 0.003, p<0.001). and Kenya within the past 5,000 years. and enamel thickness. We find, for exam- These results show that taxa with diets Thus, Tanzania contains much of the ge- ple, extensive pleiotropy between crown higher in structural carbohydrates consis- netic diversity likely to be present in East width and cusp positioning (RM2 distal tently have relatively longer molar shear Africa. Preliminary studies of mtDNA loph ? G = 0.70, P<0.10), but not between crests than other taxa, reaffirming the diversity of Tanzanian populations by our crown size and enamel thickness (P<0.10). value of this character for dietary recon- group, and comparison with data from Given the often highly conserved nature of struction in fossils. other globally diverse populations, indi- many developmental mechanisms across cates that they have very high levels of diverse taxa, this genetic analysis of ba- Microscopic openings of dentinal genetic diversity and the deepest mtDNA boon dental variation is highly relevant to tubules on naturally heavily worn lineages. Here, we present a study of Y our studies of human dental variation and occlusal surfaces of specimens from a chromosome genetic variation among 460 evolution. The identification of shared Japanese archaeological site using male individuals belonging to Khoisan genetic effects in baboons helps to refine SEM. speaking Hadza and Sandawe, Cushitic the traits used in hominid phylogenetic speaking Iraqw and Burunge, Nilotic analyses and in reconstructing adaptive T. Hojo. Univ. OEH. Inst. Anthropology, speaking Maasai and Datog, Bantu speak- scenarios. These results also have impli- Yahatanisi Mitusada 3-19-5 Kitakyush ing Mbugwe, Rangi and Pare, and the cations for understanding trait evolvabil- City 807-0805 Japan. Mbugu who speak a mixed Bantu/Cushitic ity. language. We compare patterns of male Microscopic openings of dentinal tubules mediated gene flow and admixture with Molar shear crests as dietary indica- on a heavily worn occlusal surface of the results from the maternally inherited tors: Evidence from primate ecologi- mandibular first molar of early modern mtDNA. As with the mtDNA data, we cal analogs. western Japanese from an archaeological find the most ancient Y chromosome hap- site were analyzed using scanning elec- lotype lineages in Tanzanian populations, A.S. Hogue. Department of Biological tron microscopy (SEM), and compared supporting the hypothesis of an East Afri- Anthropology and Anatomy, Duke Uni- with those of previous works (Hojo, 1989, can origin of modern humans. Funded by versity. 1990). The high resolution casts of speci- BWF and Packard Career awards, Leakey mens were sputter-coated, and were ana- Foundation Fund, Wenner Gren, and NSF Based on theoretical arguments outlined lyzed at the magnification ranging from grant BCS-0196183 to ST. by Kay and colleagues, species with diets 7X to 3,000X using SEM. The number and high in structural carbohydrates (in foli- the diameters of the openings of dentinal Identifying pleiotropy in hominid age and insect cuticles) are predicted to tubules were measured using Microwear dental evolution: Results from a ba- have relatively longer molar shear crests Image Analyzing Software Version 2.2ß boon model. than all other species. Although studies (Ungar, 1996), and varieties in the shape on primates support this contention, cor- were analyzed. The openings of dentinal L.J. Hlusko1, M.C. Mahaney2. 1University roboration in a distantly related, ecologi- tubules of these early modern specimens of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, 2South- cally analogous clade would powerfully were arranged in rows, and closing pat- west Foundation for Biomedical Research. affirm the underlying functional model. terns of openings of dentinal tubules Given the limited range of diets displayed tended to increase with age advance on Many of the paleontological ap- by extant primates, consideration of this the occlusal surface of the hypoconid as proachesto phylogeny reconstruction as- prediction in a clade possessing a wider those of modern Japanese (Hojo, 1990). sume genetic, functional, and evolutionary array of diets would also greatly inform The number of dentinal openings of a independence among characters. How- efforts to reconstruct the potentially dis- specimen was 32 on the area of 600 square ever, given recent advances in develop- parate feeding habits of extinct primates. microns, and the mean area of openings mental and quantitative genetics that This study addressed these issues by was 0.88 square microns. This mean area highlight extensive pleiotropy within the testing this prediction in a dietarily di- of openings was almost the same as that skeletal and dental systems, these as- verse sample of 65 extant marsupial spe- of the 40-59-year age group of modern sumptions may not be tenable for many cies. M3 shear crest length, M3 size (me- Japanese. These people lived in a region traits. In order to refine the characters siodistal length and crown area), and the close to sea coast, and their heavily worn used in, and improve the resolution of percentage of structural carbohydrates in mandibular first molars might be related such analyses, the hypothesis of genetic the diet were analyzed using phylogenetic with their food with small bits, such as AAPA Abstracts 115

sweet potatoes full of mud grains, hard R. Holloway. Dept. Anthropology, Colum- burial temperature have a significant bones of sardines, and hard dried shell bia University. impact on the survival of collagen, which fishes. directly affects the probability of fossilisa- The original volume determined for this tion. Thus, by estimating the temperature Zygapophyseal facet distances of the specimen was 515 ml, making it one of the experienced by bones in different burial lumbar vertebrae: A predictor for largest of the S. African gracile australo- environments, we are able to predict the spondylolisthesis? piths. Subsequent analyses, using com- likely survival of fossil remains. puter scanning (Conroy et al, 1998, 2000), A close relationship is shown to exist A.D. Holden1, C.V. Ward2, B. Latimer3, regression analysis (Hawks and Wolpoff between the distribution of known fossil 1Dept. of Biological Anthropology, Univer- 1998) as well as a previous attempt by remains, dating to between 6 and 0.01 sity of Cambridge, 2Depts. of Anthropology this author, have suggested a significantly million years, and the survival of collagen and Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, larger size. The endocast shows that a across the African continent. A more com- University of Missouri-Columbia, minimum of 6 regions are either distorted plex relationship has been identified for 3Cleveland Museum of Natural History. or displaced relative to each other and the the Asian continent. These results will midsagittal plane. The correct alignment have a significant impact on the disci- Spondylolisthesis involves one vertebral of these elements is essential for deter- plines of Palaeolithic archaeology and body slipping out of alignment with adja- mining an accurate volume and for meas- palaeoanthropology, since we have devel- cent vertebrae, often accompanied by lysis uring the distance of a rarely seen lunate oped a method for assessing the complete- of the laminar pars interarticularis. De- sulcus to a midsagittal plane. Two new ness of the known hominin fossil record spite its prevalence in human lumbar reconstructions, done by dissecting the across time and space. vertebral columns, the etiology of this elements, and repositioning them, yield disorder remains incompletely under- volumes between 540 and 580 ml, thus The Wolff’s law debate: Throwing out stood. Latimer and Ward (1993) hypothe- making this specimen the largest male A. the water, but keeping the baby. sized that the pyramidal increase in the africanus yet found. A volume of 550 ml distance between lumbar zygapophyseal appears most accurate. B.M. Holt1, C.B. Ruff2, E. Trinkaus3. facets that occurs towards the caudal end It is fortunate that evidence for the mid- 1Department of Biological Anthropology of the lumbar column represents a sagittal plane is secure, although the and Anatomy, Duke University, 2Center uniquely human adaptation to protecting cerebellar region and posterior base are for Functional Anatomy and Evolution, the laminae when vertebrae are config- particularly difficult to reconstruct. Nev- Johns Hopkins University School of Medi- ured in a lordotic posture. Without this ertheless, the inferior portion of the lu- cine, 3Department of Anthropology, Wash- increase, adjacent zygapophyses could nate sulcus which delimits the anterior ington University. impinge on the intervening lamina, con- extent of primary visual cortex is clearly tributing to lysis of the bone, and thus to discernible, and is located some 20-25 mm The hypothesis that mechanical loads development of spondylolisthesis. lateral to the midsagittal plane. This dis- influence cross-sectional quantity and We tested this hypothesis by examining tance is some 10 mm less than found on distribution of diaphyseal bone is com- the extent of lumbar interfacet distance chimpanzee brains fewer than 400 ml in monly referred to as Wolff’s law. In a pa- increase and incidence of spondylolisthe- volume, and provides strong support for per often cited as a good example of sis using standard anteroposterior radio- Dart’s original claim that A. africanus had Wolff’s law, Jones et al. (1977) presented graphs of 20 affected and 20 normal mod- a reorganized brain. data on humeral asymmetry in tennis ern human lumbar spines. Data for each players. Ohman and Lovejoy (AAPA level were constructed as ratios of the Predicting the location of well– 2003) questioned the notion that asymme- distance at L1, and compared between the preserved Palaeolithic archaeological try in upper limb bone strength results groups, with significance assessed using a sites in Africa and Asia based on the from higher stresses placed on the domi- two-tailed t-test. likelihood of bone preservation. nant arm of the players. They argue that A significant interfacet distance increase the fact that cortical bone increases both is associated with decreased incidence of K.M. Holmes1, K.A. Robson Brown1, M.J. periosteally and endosteally fails to con- spondylolisthesis at fourth and fifth lum- Collins2. 1CHERUB, Department of Ar- firm predictions from Wolff’s law that bar vertebrae, where most cases occur. chaeology, University of Bristol, 2BioArc, increased diaphyseal rigidity should re- This widening is not due to size increase Department of Archaeology, University of sult primarily from periosteal apposition. throughout the column, as measures of York. Establishing a firm link between me- vertebral size are not correlated with inci- chanical loads and bone remodeling is of dence of spondylolisthesis. In recent years several models estimat- primary importance. This link underlies These results support the hypothesis ing the likelihood of bone preservation all studies that aim to reconstruct behav- that the uniquely human increase in zy- under known conditions have been pro- ior based on skeletal morphology. A re- gapophyseal facet distances represents an posed. This project represents the first view of the controversy regarding the adaptation to habitually lordotic posture instance in which these developments Wolff’s law concept is, therefore, timely. of the lumbar spine. Our results may also have been exploited by archaeologists Our purpose is three fold. First, we point be clinically significant; if predisposition through an investigation into how a pre- out that Ohman and Lovejoy fail to con- for developing spondylolisthesis can be dictive model, based on models of bone sider the effect of age as an important identified early, preventive measures can preservation, may be combined with geo- factor for the results obtained by Jones et be employed. graphical information to predict the loca- al. Second, we review several critical stud- tion of potentially fossiliferous deposits. ies of upper limb asymmetry that lend Another look at the brain volume and Collagen is the dominant protein in bone strong support to the hypothesis that bone reorganization in the Stw505 A. afri- and heating experiments have shown that remodels in response to increased me- canus from Sterkfontein, S. Africa. the rate of collagen loss is highly tempera- chanical load (in particular through perio- ture dependent. Therefore, differences in steal modeling). Third, we argue that, 116 AAPA Abstracts

while the term “Wolff’s law” should be W.D. Hopkins1,2, C. Cantalupo2,3. 1De- including the degree to which variation in abandoned, in particular with respect to partment of Psychology, Berry College, the final average reflects inter-individual its orthodox meaning of “trajectorial ar- 2Yerkes National Primate Research Cen- differences versus remaining intra- chitecture” (Cowin 2001), the concept of ter, 3Language Research Center, Georgia individual differences or measurement bone functional adaptation remains a State University. error. In this paper, we describe statisti- valid hypothesis, supported by numerous cal models for estimating the degree of experimental, clinical, exercise, develop- The link between behavioral and neuro- inter-individual variation in cortisol lev- mental and comparative studies. anatomical asymmetries in nonhuman els. We further apply these models to primates is poorly understood. In this cortisol data collected from children in Causal modeling of nasal breadth and paper, we present data on the association Nepal (n=30, 15 observations per child), intercanine distance in fossil and between three neuroanatomical regions in Mongolia (n=47, 9-12 observations per recent Homo. the great ape brain including the frontal child) and the U.S. (n= 546, 6 observations orbital sulcus, planum temporale and per child) with varying collection proto- N.E. Holton1, R.G. Franciscus1, V.L. For- motor-hand area. Asymmetries in three cols. After accounting for time of day man-Hoffman2. 1Department of Anthro- regions were assessed from MRI scans (generally the largest systematic source of pology, University of Iowa, 2Department of and correlated with two measures of hand intra-individual variation), 20% to 75% of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa. use, one measuring coordinated bimanual variation in cortisol levels is attributable actions (referred to as the TUBE task) and to individual differences and this estimate Neandertal nasal breadths (NLB) are one measuring handedness for gestural depends on the time intervals at which not unusually wide relative to Pleistocene communication. To evaluate the predic- measurements are taken. These findings Homo in general. However, NLB is wider tive significance of each brain region on have implications for the number and than expected in Neandertals that lived handedness, two multiple regression timing of cortisol measurements in future during colder phases when compared to analyses were performed with the TUBE studies. Furthermore, the models used in clinal patterns in NLB among recent hu- and gestural communication handedness this analysis are readily available in stan- mans. A possible explanation is that cold measures serving as dependent measures. dard statistical packages (SAS, STATA, climate selection for narrower Neandertal For each analysis, the asymmetry coeffi- SPSS, S, R) and avoid the information- NLB was constrained by the plesiomor- cients for the PT, FO, CS and KNOB costly practice of analyzing cortisol levels phic retention of large intercanine dis- served as the predictor variables. For the averaged at the individual level. tances (ICB) associated with large ante- TUBE task, the multiple R was .619 rior dentitions. This explanation leads to F(3,36)=7.76, p < .002 and subsequent Bipedalism in orangutans (Pongo two specific hypotheses: 1) a strong corre- partial correlation coefficients revealed pygmaeus). lation between NLB and ICB, and 2) a that the KNOB (r = -.461, p < .005) and causal relationship such that NLB is de- PT (r = .440, p < .007) both significantly B. Hrvoj-Mihic, L.D. Wolfe. Dept. of An- termined by ICB rather than the recipro- predicted hand preference for this task thropology, East Carolina University. cal. A complicating factor is that both but in opposite directions. For gestural NLB and ICB are correlated with basion- communication, the multiple R was .44 The topic of the locomotor precursors to prosthion length (BPL), a measure of F(3,25)=2.00, p < .10 and the partial corre- the development of hominid bipedality lower facial projection that is likely a pri- lation coefficients indicated that the FO (r continues to be debated. On the assump- mary determinant of both NLB and ICB. = -.497, p < .03) was the sole brain region tion that bipedalism evolved in an arbo- This study tests the above hypotheses significantly predicting variation in hand real context, analyses of locomotion in using path analysis where BPL is the use for this measure. The overall results arboreally adapted hominoids may yield exogenous (independent) variable, and suggest that asymmetries in three sepa- additional insights into the nature of the NLB and ICB are each mediated through rate brain regions correlate with different ancestral locomotion. Currently, the data the other as the endogenous (dependent) behavioral manifestations of hand use. support the notion of the biomechanical variables in recent humans (n=523) and similarity between vertical climbing in fossil hominids (maximum n= 43, includ- Estimating inter-individual variation orangutans and human bipedalism; how- ing all available Neandertals). Our results in human cortisol levels: Mixed mod- ever, the quantification of bipedal locomo- reject both hypotheses: NLB and ICB are els applied to data from Nepal, Mon- tion in Pongo has not been thoroughly weakly correlated (range of r2 =0.10-0.49); golia and the U.S. explored. and the relationship between BPL and In this study, we present the data on ICB is more strongly mediated by NLB D.J. Hruschka, B.A. Kohrt, C.M. Worth- kinematics of bipedal locomotion in than is the relationship between BPL and man. Anthropology Department, Emory orangutans. The analysis was based on 15 NLB mediated by ICB. The unexplained University. instances of terrestrial bipedalism in variance components in our path models, three female orangutans. The data re- however, are large indicating that other Cortisol levels are commonly used to vealed that bipedalism in orangutans, independent variables in concert with examine human variation in the activity unlike that observed in chimpanzees and BPL (e.g., other facial breadth measure- of the hypothalamo-pituitary axes, but bonobos, is characterized by a more ortho- ments) contribute to variation in both high degrees of intra-individual variabil- grade trunk throughout the duration of a NLB and ICB in more complex causal ity have posed problems when using corti- bipedal bout and a greater hip angle at paths. sol levels in individual difference models. the initial foot contact during the stance A common practice in such cases is to phase. The trunk and hip angles in bi- Behavioral correlates of neuro- clarify the signal of inter-individual dif- pedal orangutans, therefore, approach the anatomical asymmetries in great ference by collecting multiple samples on human pattern more closely than the apes. each individual and then analyzing other two referential species. On the other within-individual averages. This remedy hand, orangutan knee angles changed leads to the loss of important information, minimally throughout the phases of a AAPA Abstracts 117

bipedal stride, thus being more similar to each corresponded with an independent specific predictions of two general devel- characteristic “bent-hip, bent-knee” bi- wave of migration into the Americas. Sub- opmental hypotheses. First, the correla- pedal walking in other great apes. sequent studies identified genetic differ- tion patterns of cranial features should be ences between these linguistic groups, influenced by the development of associ- Investigation of age at weaning using but, to date, no one has systematically ated soft tissue at each ontogenetic stage. Sr/Ca ratios in human tooth enamel. evaluated the correspondence of each por- Second, correlation patterns of adjacent tion of the proposed linguistic hierarchy bony elements should be more similar L.T. Humphrey1, T.E. Jeffries2, M.C. with patterns of New World genetic varia- than those of elements that are not adja- Dean3. 1Dept.of Palaeontology, The Natu- tion. In this paper, we test the fit of the cent. ral History Museum, 2Dept. of Mineralogy, Greenberg linguistic classification to the The predictions are tested in four onto- The Natural History Museum, 3Dept. of pairwise nucleotide differences between genetic stages in four different species of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, mtDNA sequences (N= 1343) within and primate. On over 550 crania of four spe- University College London. between 26 Native American populations. cies, Macaca mulatta, Hylobates lar, Pan Using a linear statistical method, we troglodytes and Homo sapiens, 80 homolo- Infant feeding practices and age of evaluated the fit of this classification by gous landmarks were captured using a 3D weaning have a significant impact on the sequentially adding and removing por- digitizer from infant to adult. Characters health and survival of children in a popu- tions of the linguistic hierarchy and test- were identified as Euclidean distances lation. The types of supplementary foods ing the change in fit at each step. We between osteometric points. Observed given and the age and rate at which these found that the Amerind and Eskimo-Aleut character correlations are compared to are introduced are influenced by cultural divisions of the Greenberg hierarchy were those prescribed by the developmental beliefs and access to resources, and vary consistent with patterns of within and hypotheses to evaluate how well causal within and between populations. Stron- between population genetic diversity, but developmental models can predict ob- tium calcium ratios (Sr/Ca) are an effec- that the Na-Dene division was not. We served morphological integration. tive means of examining dietary change found support for the Athabaskan group- during this period since human milk has a ing within Na-Dene, and for four language Fluctuating asymmetry and immune very low Sr/Ca compared to most solid families within the Amerind division. status: Implications for intrauterine foods. Four discrete phases of nutritional However, in all but two cases, the sup- growth in a population of South intake can be distinguished in early life: ported linguistic pattern was confounded American natives. prenatal, exclusive breastfeeding, breast- by geography. In addition, we identified feeding with supplementation, and fully hierarchical structure in the genetic data A.M. Hurtado, Department of Anthropol- weaned. A new model is presented that that was not captured by the linguistic ogy, University of New Mexico. predicts changes in Sr/Ca within each of model, much of which was consistent with the four nutritional phases and at the geographic proximity. These results indi- Much of modern epidemiology attempts to transitions between phases, taking ac- cate that, in the New World, geography is explain why health inequalities are as count the different dietary and physiologi- a better predictor of patterns of genetic rooted in biological causes as they are in cal parameters that contribute to the diversity than is language. ecological, economic and social causes. In Sr/Ca of tissues forming during each their search for answers, epidemiologists phase. A test of developmental causality of have relied on statistical approaches that Systematic micro sampling of tooth morphological integration. model the relationship between short- enamel offers the possibility of recon- term social and economic exposures and structing individual profiles of dietary J.H. Hunt. Department of Anthropology, the health status of adults. But it is now change in the first few years of life. In- Yale University. clear that many exposures can make their cremental growth structures present in mark on the health-related biology of in- tooth enamel are used to define a sam- Morphological integration, a general dividuals in utero, long before the illness pling strategy that is sensitive to the time pattern of morphological character corre- occurs, and that the long-term impact is transgressive nature of enamel matrix lation, indicates one or more developmen- modulated by genetic inheritance. Thus, formation and subsequent maturation. tal, functional and genetic causal mecha- an interest in health as a phenotype with Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma nisms. Modules of integration are over- complex developmental reaction norms is mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) is used lapping and embedded, challenging the now of particular interest. In this paper to determine Sr/Ca in tooth enamel from discernment of causality. Many analyses we present the results of a pilot study of the deciduous canines and permanent of integration causality are limited to Ache trekkers of Eastern Paraguay. The premolars of two individuals of known adults of a single taxon. However, pat- Northern Aché, like most other South dietary history. Results are consistent terns of morphological integration vary American natives, were left with less than with the model and clearly distinguish the significantly through ontogeny. A proper one percent of their original territory two different infant diets. test of developmental influences on mor- within a few years of contact with outsid- phological integration ought to utilize ers in the late 1970s. They now live in Does Greenberg's linguistic classifi- observed changes in the patterns of trait extreme poverty and are chronically ex- cation predict patterns of New World correlation through ontogeny. posed to infectious pathogens. We explore genetic diversity? Developmental influences on morphol- the possibility that research on the rela- ogy include the shared or unshared nature tionship between fluctuating asymmetry K. Hunley, J.C. Long. University Of of skeletal element tissue origin and the (FA),or the absolute asymmetry in bilat- Michigan. interactions between skeletal elements eral traits due to random errors in the during ontogeny. Different organ systems development of the two sides of the body, Greenberg and colleagues (1986) identi- develop at different rates, causing bony immune status later in life, and heterozy- fied three major linguistic divisions of morphology to respond in a correspond- gosity provides insights into the intrauter- New World languages and argued that ingly timed fashion. This study tests the ine experiences of individuals in this 118 AAPA Abstracts

population, the immunological and long- cohesion, increase bonding between indi- may have represented an attention to term health consequences of those experi- viduals, and limit aggression. At Wamba, detail while reinterring the remains in as ences, and the interaction between in Pan paniscus use a variety of behaviors to complete of a state as possible. Only the utero exposures and genetic inheritance produce complex forms of communication. gravediggers’ limited anatomical knowl- on long-term health status. The findings The often described sexual behavior be- edge prevented the act from going unno- suggest that in order to reduce health tween females, genital-genital rubbing, is ticed. This assumption may hold true for inequalities between the Aché and their just one example, reducing tension and the third case, although there are other nonindigenous neighbors, public health competition among the dominant females interpretations. An additional example of interventions should target the specific of a group. Gestural communication also the inhabitants’ interest in teeth, involves ecological, economic and social factors that plays an important role in assuring gen- a carved ivory incisor. Although its func- together shape the developmental reaction eral group cohesion. Gestures such as tion is unknown, the anatomically accu- norms of this, and other native popula- rocking and arm movements are used to rate tooth would fit perfectly into a maxil- tions who share similar living conditions. solicit close contact between individuals, lary alveolus. Whatever the case, these with different combinations of gestures and other examples provide valuable in- Adaptation and change in Gulf Coast indicating different types of contact. Ob- sight into the mortuary and other biocul- Florida. jects are also incorporated into communi- tural practices of these little known desert cation. Adult males branch-drag, provid- peoples. D.L. Hutchinson. Department of Anthro- ing specific information concerning the Funding was provided by the Bioanthro- pology, University of North Carolina, timing and direction of group movements; pology Foundation, Polish Academy of Chapel Hill. young individuals use sticks and small Sciences, and National Science Founda- branches to initiate and enhance social tion. There is substantial evidence that mari- play. All of these behaviors function to time habitats provided a stable set of sub- coordinate social activities, serving to Lemur latrines: Do “latrines” of wild sistence resources for prehistoric and decrease inter-individual distance. When primates function in inter-group ol- proto historic human populations. In Gulf Pan troglodytes use similar gestures or factory communication? coast Florida, chiefdoms developed largely objects for communication, it is often dur- outside of the sphere of Mississippian ing aggression, which increases the dis- M.T. Irwin1, K.E. Samonds2, J.-L. Rahari- influence. Six populations (n=909 indi- tance between individuals. The ability to son3, and P.C. Wright4. 1Interdepart- viduals) from the central Florida Gulf accurately communicate intentions and mental Doctoral Program in Anthropologi- coast were examined for pathological le- coordinate social activities is crucial to the cal Sciences, Stony Brook University, sions indicating dental, cranial, and post- functioning of bonobo society, and may be 2Department of Anatomical Sciences, cranial infections, cranial and postcranial key to understanding species differences. Stony Brook University, 3Department de trauma, and lesions and behavioral modi- This research was supported by grants Biologie Animale, Ecologie-Environ- fications indicative of lifestyle (os- from the Wenner-Gren Foundation, NSF, nement, Université d’Antananarivo, Mad- teoarthritis and external auditory exosto- and the Japan Society for the Promotion agascar, 4Department of Anthropology, ses). The populations lived between A.D. of Science. Stony Brook University. 500 and A.D. 1600, and are used to address the hypothesis that disease and Purposeful manipulation of teeth in “Latrine behavior” (the preferential and nutrition experiences were relatively simi- Final Neolithic burials from Upper repeated use of one or more specific defe- lar throughout time. Comparisons are Egypt. cation sites) is well known among mam- made with interior Florida populations mals, and has been documented in seven and coastal and interior populations in J.D. Irish. Department of Anthropology, non-primate mammal orders. In many other regions of the Southeast to test the University of Alaska Fairbanks. circumstances, behavioral evidence shows hypothesis that there was far more that latrines function in olfactory commu- change through time in disease and nutri- During excavation of a Neolithic ceme- nication among individuals or groups. tion in those other regions. The data indi- tery near Gebel Ramlah, Egypt, three Study of primate social systems has his- cate that for most pathological lesions and unusual examples of deliberate tooth ma- torically focused on visual and auditory behavioral modifications little change nipulation were revealed. All affected communication systems; primate evolu- occurred through time for populations skeletons were disturbed by later burials - tion in general is known for reduction in living on the Florida Gulf coast while in - at which time several teeth were inad- olfactory communication in favor of more other regions there is considerable vertently loosened from their jaws. When developed visual systems. However, sev- change. Supported by grants from East these remains were reburied, an attempt eral prosimian primates and some platyr- Carolina University and the National was made by the Neolithic people to col- rhines regularly use olfactory communica- Science Foundation (SBR 9707921). lect the teeth and include them with the tion for transmission of social signals, the other original elements. In the first case, most well known examples being the use The cohesive nature of gestural a young female's maxilla was found to of scent gland secretions and urine. communication among Pan paniscus contain mandibular and misplaced maxil- Latrine behaviors have been described in the wild. lary teeth. Second, another young fe- only rarely and anecdotally in primates, male's jaws contained two incorrectly and have traditionally not been included E.J. Ingmanson, Department of Anthro- placed teeth. And third, two adult male in reviews of primate olfactory communi- pology, Bridgewater State College. crania from a common pit also had teeth cation. Here we review previous evidence loosened from their jaws; however, instead for latrine use in primates and report new With its large party sizes and frequent of reinserting them, the Neolithic people and more extensive observations of latrine group interactions, the population struc- placed these teeth into the right orbit of use in the wild from two lemuriform pri- ture of Pan paniscus appears to have se- one cranium and the nasal aperture of the mates (Lepilemur sp. and Hapalemur lected for mechanisms that promote group other. In the first two cases, replacement griseus). In all, we found evidence for AAPA Abstracts 119

latrine behavior in 9 species within 4 phy- logical Anthropology, Saga University, related changes in the adult skull of pri- logenetically and ecologically diverse le- 4Dept. of Anatomy, Nagasaki University, mates have been documented primarily mur genera (Cheirogaleus, Lepilemur, 5Dept. of Anatomy and Anthropology, for humans in clinical contexts; such Hapalemur, and Lemur). Tohoku University, 6International Re- changes have not been documented for Based on these new observations, we search Center for Japanese Studies, Ja- nonhuman primates. present and evaluate 4 available hypothe- pan. In this study, cross-sectional samples of ses for the function of latrines (advertise- adult male skulls of five cercopithecine ment of sexual cycling, predation avoid- Two Dederiyeh Neanderthal children of and two colobine species, drawn from ho- ance, intra-group spacing, and inter-group about two years old from Syria were com- mogeneous, wild-shot skeletal popula- resource defense) in 3 lemur taxa for pared with other Neanderthal (N=10), tions, were examined. In all species, the which the behavioral context of latrine use Skhul-Qafzeh (N=4) and modern children most noticeable shape changes through has been observed. In all cases, inter- (N=89) through univariate statistical adulthood were observed in the circumor- group resource defense is the function analysis of cranial measurements to bital region, temporal lines, zygomatic most consistent with available observa- evaluate the ontogenetic, phylogenetic arch, palate and piriform aperture of the tions. patterns and variations in early stages of cranium, and the gonial and symphyseal Supported by PCI and Margot Marsh development. We calculated the Z-scores regions of the mandible. In mangabeys, Foundation. and associated probabilities for each fossil anubis baboons and geladas, significant specimen using the standard deviation of changes were also observed in the depth of Extraordinary demography and life modern residuals. the maxillary fossa and fossa of the man- history in patas monkeys (Erythroce- Several conspicuous features of Nean- dibular corpus, and in the conformation of bus patas). derthals, including high orbits, low na- the maxillary and mental ridges. In all siofrontal angle, wide bi-dc breadth, large species, a predictable sequence of age- L.A. Isbell1, T.P. Young2. 1Department of maximum occipital breadth and wide na- related changes could be defined. Anthropology, 2Department of Environ- sal bone, are recognized in the Dederiyeh Age-related changes in the adult skull mental Horticulture, University of Cali- children even from the early developmen- involve areas considered highly diagnostic fornia, Davis. tal stage of two years old. The develop- for taxonomic purposes. Documentation mental patterns observed here are compa- of these changes in a variety of living pri- Among iteroparous organisms, it is the rable to those based on geometric mor- mate taxa may help researchers avoid the norm that juvenile mortality greatly ex- phometric analyses showing early mani- creation of new fossil species on the basis ceeds adult mortality. In mammals in festation of a taxonomic difference in cra- of a feature or set of features related only particular, infant mortality is often sev- nial morphology between Neanderthals to the chronological age of the individual. eral times higher than adult mortality, and modern humans. even in relatively short-lived animals. We However, close inspection of the growth Resident male replacement in Cebus report here ten years of demographic data profile demonstrates two different pat- capucinus groups. from two populations of sympatric vervet terns in the measurement items. The first monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) and one is the almost parallel course of devel- K. Jack1, L. Fedigan2. 1Department of patas monkeys (Erythrocebus patas). opment showing an early indication of the Anthropology, Tulane University, 2Depart- Adult female mortality was higher and taxonomic difference by at least two years ment of Anthropology, University of Cal- infant mortality was lower in patas mon- of age. The second is indistinguishable gary. keys than in vervets. In fact, newborn between Neanderthals and modern hu- patas infants were as likely to be alive a mans showing the absence of a clear dif- In male dispersed primate species adult year later as their own mothers. Mortal- ference during ontogeny. The second in- males may enter groups peacefully and ity patterns are thought to be strong se- cludes a diverging pattern indicating a join resident males at low ranks, or ag- lective forces on life history traits, with possible rapid development in Neander- gressively and assume the top dominance high adult mortality (and low immature thals during early childhood between positions within groups. In our long-term mortality) favoring early and rapid repro- about 2 to 4 years of age. The last subdi- study of white-faced capuchins, Cebus duction. Analysis of fertility schedules vision is attributable to the masticatory capucinus, in Santa Rosa, Costa Rica, we reveals that patas monkeys have the complex. have never observed an adult male (>10 highest intrinsic rates of increase for their years) to enter a group peacefully at a low body size of any haplorhine primate, be- Age changes in the adult skulls of Old rank and join higher ranking resident cause they reproduce both earlier and World monkeys (Primates: Cercopith- males. Instead, we see complete replace- more often than other primates after con- ecidae). ments of group males at an average of trolling for body size. Variation in demo- every 2.3 - 4.6 years. In our study popula- graphic parameters also more strongly N.G. Jablonski. Anthropology, California tion, these replacements of resident males affected population size in patas monkeys Academy of Sciences. occur in two ways: extragroup males enter than in vervets. a group aggressively and evict resident The mammalian skull is a dynamic males (takeover) or they opportunistically Variation in Neanderthal early on- structure, which undergoes changes in enter a group that is without resident togeny: Craniometric evidence from shape throughout life. From attainment males (waltz-in). Here we detail 15 male Dederiyeh children. of full adulthood through senility, the replacements that have occurred within skull undergoes subtle changes of shape our study groups between 1985 and 2002. H. Ishida1, O. Kondo2, T. Hanihara3, T. and bony surface texture. These involve In particular, we discuss how male re- Wakebe4, Y. Dodo5, T. Akazawa6. 1Dept. of bone deposition and resorption, and are placements occur, when they occur, and Anatomy, University of the Ryukyus, related to the attachments of the muscles why they occur. 2Dept. of Biological Sciences, The Univer- of mastication and to the mechanical sity of Tokyo, 3Dept. of Anatomy and Bio- stresses generated by chewing. Age- 120 AAPA Abstracts

“Funked up and Yowza!”: A study of In anthropological field studies, over- samples collected daily by each woman descriptive terms used in the evalua- night or “sleep” rates of norepinephrine during the entire menstrual cycle. Urban tion of infectious lesions. and epinephrine excretion (ng/min) are and rural women had the same mean age often used as baseline measurements from and did not differ in energy balance, as K.P. Jacobi1, M.E. Danforth2, G.D. which the stressfulness of other daily assessed by changes in BMI during the Wrobel3. 1Dept. of Anthropology, Univer- environments (such as work) are deter- period of sample collection. Despite their sity of Alabama and Alabama Museum of mined. If overnight excretion rates are superior energy status (higher body Natural History, 2Dept. of Anthropology reasonable baseline measures, then they weight, BMI, and fat %), rural women had and Sociology, University of Southern should be reproducible over time. How- suppressed ovarian activity, as indicated Mississippi, 3Dept. of Sociology and An- ever, the consistency of overnight rates is by significantly lower means (in pmol/L) thropology, University of Mississippi. largely unknown, as the reproducibility of of: luteal phase P (103.0 rural, 136.6 ur- overnight catecholamine excretion has ban), mid-luteal phase P (132.5 rural, Patterns of interobserver error in scor- rarely been tested. The purpose of this 173.7 urban), mid-cycle E2 (5 day average; ing pathologies have become of increasing study was to assess the reproducibility of 19.3 rural, 22.8 urban) and day of E2 peak importance as repatriation occurs. Infor- the overnight rates of norepinephrine and (29.0 rural, 35.8 urban). Lower levels of mal standards exist for the evaluation of epinephrine excretion in 71 pre- ovarian function in rural women corre- infection lesions (e.g., Buikstra and Ube- menopausal women (age=34.9+7.7 years; sponded to higher levels of energy expen- laker 1994), but many researchers have 43.7% Euro-American; 33.8% African- diture, resulting from spending more time generally found them complicated to ap- American; 4.2% Asian-American; 18.3% per day in moderate and heavy physical ply. To contribute toward development of Hispanic-American; 21.1 % taking oral activities. a more user-friendly scoring standard, a contraceptives) who collected timed over- Results of this study indicate that en- project was undertaken to determine how night urine specimens two weeks apart ergy status per se has no relationship to researchers typically recorded lesions in over their menstrual cycle. Norepineph- ovarian function. However, high energy their work. rine and epinephrine were measured in expenditure resulting from physical activ- Fifteen participants, comprised of both these samples using HPLC. The results of ity may have a suppressing influence on graduate students and PhDs experienced the analysis showed that the average ovarian steroids even in well-nourished in paleopathology, were given 11 bone rates of both norepinephrine and epineph- women. samples to evaluate, with lesion expres- rine were not significantly different be- Funding: Polish State Committee for sion (as judged by the authors) ranging tween the two time frames, with the aver- Scientific Research and Norwegian Cancer from complete absence to severe osteo- age differences being .5 ng/min for norepi- Society myelitis. Each was asked to record in nephrine and .1 ng/min for epinephrine. writing any infection process observed as Bland-Altman plots revealed that the Femoral neck activity and kneeling when conducting their own research. No distributions of the test-retest differences at a Byzantine monastery. further instructions were given to prevent were consistent with expectation, meaning bias. that 95% of the measures were within 2 J. Jennings1, J. Inman2, J. Ullinger3, D.P. Results of the study show that scorers standard deviations of a mean difference Van Gerven4, S.G. Sheridan5. 1Depart- seldom use the same descriptive words in of 0. These data suggest that overnight ment of Anthropology, Tulane University, their observations of the same lesion. A catecholamine rates are reproducible, and 2Department of Anthropology, University wide gamut of terminology is used from therefore may be reasonable baseline of California-Berkeley, 3Department of the vernacular (“like caked on dirt”, “ma- measurements for diurnal stress studies. Anthropology, Ohio State University, 4De- jor activity”) to highly technical (“sclerotic Supported by NIH grant HL47540. partment of Anthropology, University of periosteal apposition”). Some 73% of de- Colorado-Boulder, 5Department of An- scriptions included the location of the Energy status, energy balance and thropology, University of Notre Dame. infection, but less consistent was notation energy expenditure in relation to of whether the bone was from an adult or ovarian function in rural and urban Various scholars suggest a biomechani- child. One-third of the descriptions re- women from Poland. cal control on the presence or absence of corded the lesions as active or healed; it non-metric traits of the femoral neck, was found that those who provided very G. Jasienska1, I. Thune2, P.T. Ellison3. including Allen’s fossa, plaque, Poirier’s detailed specific descriptions of the lesion 1Department of Epidemiology and Popula- facet, and the posterior cervical imprint. and rated themselves high in experience tion Studies, Jagiellonian University, The present study examines 217 proximal were less likely to provide this observa- 2Department of Medical Statistics, Uni- femora from the Byzantine St. Stephen's tion. Overall, these findings suggest that versity of Tromso, 3Department of An- monastic collection (Jerusalem), and nu- among the commonly recorded osteological thropology, Harvard University. merous individuals from two non- lesions, those associated with infection monastic regional counterparts (Emmaus will likely be the most difficult to stan- The availability of metabolic energy has and Umm el-Jimmal), also dating to the dardize. a major influence on reproductive function 5th thru 7th centuries CE. Over 90% of the in women. Relationships between ener- St. Stephen’s collection is male, and all Are overnight norepinephrine and getic factors and ovarian function were the femora studied are adult. The pres- epinephrine excretion rates repro- studied in samples of 102 urban and 50 ence/absence of the four femoral neck ducible baseline measurements for rural women from Poland, aged 24-37. traits are compared by side, angle of the diurnal stress studies? Urban and rural populations differed in neck, and femoral head diameter. energetic status of women (as assessed by In the St. Stephen's collection, plaque is G.D. James. Decker School of Nursing, body weight, BMI, and fat %) and levels of found to be bilaterally asymmetrical Binghamton University. energy expenditure. Ovarian function was (c2=5.13, df =1; p<0.05). This suggests assessed by analyzing levels of estradiol differential use by side, which agrees with (E2) and progesterone (P) from saliva the historical and liturgical accounts of AAPA Abstracts 121

repeated kneeling and genuflection among State University, 2Primate Foundation of sexes of individuals from whom the modi- monks of this large monastery. The fre- Arizona. fied bones were derived under the as- quencies of Poirier’s facet, Allen’s fossa, sumption that the use of bones from and the posterior facet were not bilater- This study was designed to investigate young adult males supports the hypothe- ally asymmetrical however (c2=0.052, whether chimpanzees exhibit behavioral sis that CMHR represent trophies of war. 0.011, 1.275 respectively; df =1; p<0.05). patterns around menstruation that are All available skeletons and CMHR recov- The traits were also compared by femoral analogous to reports of human premen- ered from the Hopewell Mound Group neck angle and femoral head diameter. strual syndrome (PMS). At the Primate (33RO27) were examined and described. Only the presence of plaque yielded a Foundation of Arizona, ten captive female Eleven methods were used to produce age significant difference in frequency by head chimpanzees, ranging in age from 13 to 37 estimates from which a best estimate was diameter (c2=4.26, df=1; p<0.05). These years in age at the start of the study, were calculated using principal components findings are incorporated into a larger observed for behavioral changes over por- analysis. Sex estimates were based on biocultural model of kneeling and genu- tions of three menstrual cycles each. All seven pelvic and three cranial indicators flection at Byzantine St. Stephen’s, and chimpanzees lived in social groups though of sex as well as seriation of cranial robus- contribute to an overall biomechanical not all groups contained adult males. ticity, diameters of humeral and femoral model of lower limb activity for this mo- Behaviors were recorded during 20- heads, and discriminant functions calcu- nastic collection. minute focal samples. For analysis, the lated using dental metrics. Three hy- observed portion of the cycle was divided potheses regarding the role of CMHR in Linked autosomal genetic marker into three time blocks based on the day of Hopewell culture were tested using age systems and pre-Out of Africa subdi- menstrual onset: pre-perimenstrual phase and sex data: trophies of war, revered vision. (first day of detumescence to 3 days prior ancestors, and memento mori/objects for to observed menstruation, 133 observa- ritual use. Two hypotheses were tenta- M. Jobin, U. Ramakrishnan, J.L. Moun- tions), perimenstrual phase (two days tively rejected (trophies of war and me- tain. Department of Anthropological Sci- before to two days after day of menstrual mento mori/objects for ritual use). The ences, Stanford University. onset, 109 observations), and post- results indicate that adults of either sex perimenstrual phase (third through sev- were used as donors of raw material or as SNPSTR’s are tightly linked autosomal enth day after menstrual onset, 99 obser- posthumous recipients of CMHR. genetic systems consisting of one Short vations). Tandem Repeat and at least one Single While females did not show perimen- Modeling the effects of social and Nucleotide Polymorphism. These systems strual changes in social behaviors (affilia- economic change on health and nu- are informative in tracing the origins of tive, submissive, aggressive, sexual) that tritional status: Historical microen- our species and elucidating the paths via would be indicative of social withdrawal, vironments. which our species spread across the globe. they did show significant variations in SNPSTR systems provide a unique and behaviors relating to energy expenditure S.L. Johnston. Dept. of Anthropology and complementary perspective on human (p < 0.05). The proportion of time in all Sociology, West Chester University. origins to mtDNA and Y chromosome active behaviors (manipulate environ- data, broadening our understanding ment, locomotion, forage, self-groom) and Studies of the effects of economic mod- markedly. We analyze the CEPH sample high-energy postures (stand, move, move ernization on nutritional status and set at two SNPSTR loci, providing a large fast, hang) occurred less often during the health in populations undergoing ‘mod- global survey of variation. We compare pre-perimenstrual and perimenstrual ernization’ have most often utilized either these data to coalescent models of emigra- phases than during the post- ecological/evolutionary models in anthro- tion from Africa, focusing on the issue of perimenstrual phase. This tendency topology or transition models in demogra- subdivision on that continent before the wards less energy expenditure before and phy and epidemiology. In spite of their Out of Africa migration event(s). Specifi- during menstruation is consistent with robustness, each of these models lacks cally, we ask to what extent, if at all, was reports of fatigue associated with human some focus that would enhance under- the human population of Africa subdi- PMS. standing of this process in specific popula- vided at the time of the initial movement This study is supported in part by the tions and communities. It is argued here of anatomically modern humans out of University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer that an alliance of these models, incorpo- Africa. In this analysis we consider only Research Center, subcontract U42 RR rating a concept of lifestyle change within those descendents of a possible subdivided 15090-02, within the National Institutes an ecological framework that includes population which survive to the present. of Health Biomedical Research Program. both micro-environmental factors and the Using custom-designed analysis program larger political-economic context of and a modified version of the coalescent Culturally modified human remains change, provides an opportunity to gain simulation software SIMCOAL, we evalu- from the Hopewell Mound Group. additional insights. Use of birth cohorts is ate the empirically-derived data by com- one way to operationalize such a perspec- paring summary statistics to those gener- C. Johnston. Dept. of Anthropology, The tive, as each group can be considered to ated under a set of relevant models of Ohio State University. have been affected by specific environ- population history. mental influences acting at different Culturally modified human remains points in time (historical microenviron- Perimenstrual behavior in captive (CMHR) from Hopewell contexts include ments). Anthropometric data reflecting female chimpanzees (Pan troglo- skulls, crania, jaws and other skeletal nutritional status, gathered from a prob- dytes). elements that have been drilled, ground, ability sample of 150 Blackfeet Indian incised, or shaped and deposited as funer- women and analyzed using four age co- R.W. Johns1, L.T. Nash1,2, S. Howell1,2, J. ary objects. Researchers seeking an un- horts, illustrate this approach. Fritz2. 1Dept. of Anthropology, Arizona derstanding of the role of these remains in Blackfeet women demonstrate a signifi- Hopewell ideology focused on the ages and cant effect of cohort on height, BMI, skin- 122 AAPA Abstracts

folds, and circumferences. There is a con- rus with the mediolateral axis of the el- premotor areas, a supplementary motor sistent, non-linear pattern to these cohort bow joint. Traditionally, a dorsal- area, and cingulate motor fields. In early differences for most measures. Women ventrally compressed thorax has thought anthropoid primates, area S1, Sr, and SC 70+ and 30-49 years are relatively to facilitate a more dorsally placed scap- differentiated into its fields now recog- smaller, lighter, and leaner than women ula, by redirecting the glenoid fossa later- nized as areas 3b, 3a, 1 and 2. Serial proc- 50-69 or 18-29 years. The latter two ally. The pectoral girdles of primates with essing became more dormant, and poste- groups are similar. This non-linear pat- this thorax shape are assumed to have a rior parietal cortex expanded into more tern suggests differing cohort experiences short scapular spine and a long clavicle to areas. Less is known about changes that with energy balance during such signifi- assist the dorsal position of the scapula. might have occurred with the emergences cant life history periods as childhood or The opposite has been assumed of pri- of Apes and humans, but the brains were the reproductive years; these can be mates with a less dorsal-ventrally com- larger and they would have posed scaling mapped to the larger social and economic pressed thorax. These specific positions problems. changes affecting the reservation during position the glenoid fossa either laterally the 20th century. or anteriorly, facilitating certain locomo- A quantitative analysis of the eco- Supported by an American Lung Asso- tions, and presumably different degrees of logical niche space of savanna ba- ciation Grant torsion. This is important because torsion boon populations, and its taxonomic and/or thoracic shape have been used to implications. Neighbours or sisters? Testing mod- infer the locomotion of some fossil Miocene els of cultural transmission in the apes, based on this association only. The J. Kamilar. Interdepartmental Doctoral Pacific using phylogenetic methods. hypotheses of this study are that torsion Program in Anthropological Sciences, reflects pectoral girdle shape, that torsion Stony Brook University. F.M. Jordan. Dept. of Anthropology, Uni- reflects upper thoracic shape, and that versity College London. torsion reflects neither. Savanna baboon taxonomy is one of the Measurements include scapular spine most contentious issues in primatology. Increasingly, phylogenetic methodolo- and clavicular lengths, torsion and tho- The two major taxonomic hypotheses, a gies from biology are being employed to racic shape. The latter two provided by single or multi-species classification, are explore adaptive hypotheses of human Dr. Larson (NSF BCS-0109331) and Dr. each supported by various types of mor- biocultural and cultural evolution. Accu- Chan (1997). Species used include New phological and/or molecular data. Ecologi- rate estimation of the mode of bio/cultural World monkeys (N=3), Old World mon- cal data from many baboon populations trait transmission is necessary for the keys (N=3), apes (N=4) and humans. Re- are available, and may provide additional proper application of the comparative sults show a significant correlation be- evidence to corroborate one of these hy- method. Many explanations for cultural tween torsion to both thoracic and pecto- potheses. These data can provide an im- evolution assume vertical (phylogenetic) ral girdle shape, specifically clavicular portant picture of a population’s niche trait transmission, while others indicate a length. Therefore both factors can be used characteristics, and consequently, may horizontal or reticulate mode of transmis- to infer torsion. help to distinguish evolutionary relation- sion. Few reports quantitatively investi- ships among taxa since ecological diver- gate which models best characterise par- The evaluation of the somatosensory gence is often thought of as a characteris- ticular aspects of culture. Here we present system in primates. tic of true biological species. Conse- the results of a series of investigations quently, populations of a single species into mode of cultural transmission in the J.H. Kaas. Dept. of Psychology, Vanderbilt are expected to display very similar Pacific, using ethnographic data and lin- University. niches, whereas populations from sepa- guistic phylogenies developed using for- rate species should display distinctive mal phylogenetic methods. Individual Inferences about how the complex soma- ecological roles. To investigate this idea, traits are tested for associations with phy- tosensory systems of anthropoid primates previously published long-term data were logenetic versus geographical nearest evolved are based on comparative studies accumulated from over fifteen savanna neighbour. Correspondence analysis and of such systems in extant mammals. Ex- baboon populations. Variables from four mantel tests are used to further identify perimental studies of members of the ma- categories were evaluated: 1) environ- appropriate models for groups of cultural jor clods of extant mammals suggest that mental, 2) dietary composition, 3) activity traits, and the results are discussed in the somatosensory cortex consisted of only a budget, and 4) social organization. A dis- context of Pacific prehistory, ethnography few areas, including a primary area, S1, criminant function analysis was con- and environment. bordered by strip-like rostral caudal ducted for each dataset, with each popula- somatosensory fields, SR and SC. In addition being placed into an a priori category Humeral torsion in anthropoids and tion, the second somatosensory area, S2, according to its subspecies designation. its relationship to upper thoracic and the parietal ventral area, PV, were The results of the discriminant analyses and/or pectoral girdle shape. probably present. S1, S2 and PV were suggest that the subspecies inhabit sig- activated independently via parallel pro- nificantly distinct environmental condi- A.E. Judd. Department of Anthropology, jections from the ventroposterior nucleus, tions, yet display a moderate degree of University of Missouri-Columbia. VP. Little posterior parietal cortex ex- niche overlap with regards to their diet, isted, and the presence of a separate pri- activity budget, and social organization. This study investigates the relationship mary motor area, M1, was uncertain. The evolutionary implications of these between humeral torsion in anthropoids Early primates retained this basic organi- preliminary findings will be discussed in and its relevance to upper thoracic and zation, but they also had a larger posterior the context of existing morphological and pectoral girdle shape. These two factors parietal region that emerged to mediate molecular data. have been presumed to reflect degrees of sensorimotor functions in conjunction torsion, which is defined as the angle with motor and premotor area. The frontal made by the axis of the head of the hume- cortex included M1, dorsal and ventral AAPA Abstracts 123

Insight into demographic events and nate males provide necessary services degrees of negative allometry. Neocortex, population history of Siberian popu- such as defense against extra-troop males for example, displays a relatively steep lations: A comparison of and food competitors. Using long-term negative allometry, while white matter Y-chromosome, X-chromosome and data collected on brown capuchins (Cebus exhibits the smallest decrease in meta- mitochondrial data. apella) at Raleighvallen in the Central bolic rate over a range of volumes. Al- Suriname Nature Reserve, we found that though there is a great deal of intraspeci- T. Karafet1,2, L. Osipova2, S. Kingan1, co-resident adult males exhibit stronger fic variation, undoubtedly influenced by A.Bigham1, L. Mayer1, J. Wilder1, M. male-male affiliation and tolerance than differences in measurement and sampling Hammer1. 1Genomic Analysis and Tech- reported elsewhere. More specifically, technique, there remains a consistent nology Core, University of Arizona, males in Raleighvallen exhibit higher pattern of energy utilization among brain 2Institute of Cytology and Genetics, No- rates of male-male grooming and lower regions of these mammals. vosibirsk. rates of aggression than suggested by studies in Peru and Argentina. These Observations on the olfactory system We compare Y-chromosomal, X- novel observations of male brown capu- of Tremacebus harringtoni (Platyr- chromosomal and mitochondrial DNA chin behavior are most likely a conse- rhini, early Miocene, Sacanana, Ar- data from the same samples to test hy- quence of distinctive forest structure at gentina) based on high resolution X- potheses concerning the origins, migra- Raleighvallen, particularly dense, defend- ray CT scans. tions, and expansions of modern human able and highly preferred patches of un- populations in Siberia. Thirty paternally derstory habitat. These tolerated co- R.F. Kay1, J.B. Rossie2, M.W. Colbert3, and maternally unrelated males from two resident males appear to provide the al- T.B. Rowe3. 1Department of Biological Western Siberian Samoyed-speaking pha male with critical support essential Anthropology, Duke University, 2Section populations: the Forest Nentsi and Selk- for a troop’s monopoly of these preferred of Vertebrate Paleontology, Carnegie Mu- ups, are studied. These two populations food patches. seum, 2Department of Geological Sciences, have retained a traditional subsistence University of Texas, Austin. economy, lifeways, and a patrilocal resi- Pattern and scaling of baseline brain dence system until very recently. Previous activity: A comparative analysis of CT-imaging was undertaken on the skull studies show that Forest Nentsi and Selk- regional cerebral glucose metabolism. of ~20 Myr-old Tremacebus. Here we re- ups have different pattern of paternal port our observations on the olfactory bulb genetic diversity. In addition, 35 samples J.A. Kaufman. Dept. of Anthropology, endocast. were chosen from 13 Siberian populations Washington University in St. Louis. Platyrrhines vary in the relative size of to represent Siberian genetic, linguistic, the olfactory bulbs and the differences and geographic diversity. Variation in As more anthropologists begin to focus appear to relate to the importance of olfac- three compartments of the human genome their attentions on the energy demands of tion. Aotus, with relatively the largest is assessed by use 3-kb of the X- the brain in relation to aspects of human olfactory bulb, when foraging relies more chromosomal Duchenne Muscular Dystro- development, nutrition, and encephaliza- on olfactory cues than Callicebus or Sa- phy (DMD) gene, mtDNA HVSI, 792-bp of tion, it has become necessary to gain a guinus (Bicca-Marques & Garber, 2002) mtDNA COIII gene, 7.5-kb of non-coding better understanding of variation in brain with relatively smaller bulbs. Perhaps the Y-chromosome sequence, 20 Y chromo- metabolism among different regions of the difference is related to nocturnality in some microsatellites and 70 binary Y brain, both intra- and inter-specifically. Aotus, as in nocturnal vs. diurnal strepsir- chromosome polymorphisms. While measurements of regional brain rhines (Barton et al., 1995), although The Y chromosome data reveal lower metabolism have been performed in labo- communication and other behaviors must number of haplogroups and haplotypes in ratory animals for more than twenty also select for olfactory variation in diur- Forest Nentsi when compared to the years, newer, non-invasive methods of nal anthropoids. Selkups. mtDNA sequence variation functional neuroimaging now allow these The endocranium of Tremacebus is in- shows opposing results. DMD demon- measurements to be performed in hu- complete making precise estimate of strates greater nucleotide diversity in the mans, as well. brain- and olfactory bulb-size imprecise. Forest Nentsi than in the Selkups. The In this study, positron emission tomo- We estimated 1) olfactory bulb breadth differences that are seen can be explained graphy (PET) was used to calculate from the endocranial surface of the frontal by different marriage structure in these steady-state baseline regional glucose that preserves the lateral outlines of the populations and relatively recent northern metabolic rate in humans and baboons. olfactory bulbs, and 2) maximum endo- migration of Selkups. These data were combined with published cranial breadth. These dimensions give a values of baseline regional glucose me- reliable estimate of relative olfactory bulb Increased male-male cooperation tabolism in seven other mammalian spe- size. We compiled data on these same among brown capuchin monkeys (Ce- cies measured either with PET or with 2- dimensions from CT images of Miopith- bus apella) in Suriname. deoxyglucose autoradiography. Since ecus and eight extant platyrrhines for metabolic data are calculated in mass- which volumes of the olfactory bulb and L. Kauffman, E. Ehmke, S. Boinski. De- specific units, regional brain volume brain are known. In the extant sample, l- partment of Anthropology, University of measurements were also performed, ei- s residuals for bulb volume (vs. brain vol- Florida. ther from MRI scans or from stereotaxic ume) and bulb breadth (vs. maximum brain atlases. The regions examined in endocranial breadth) are significantly Copulations, unlike food, cannot be this study include the neocortex, cerebral correlated (p < 0.04). Aotus has the largest shared readily. Therefore prevalent the- white matter, hippocampus, thalamus, residual olfactory bulb volume among ory predicts that males in the same group basal ganglia, and cerebellum. anthropoids. Tremacebus had a much will be intolerant of each other’s mating Results indicate that regional brain smaller volume comparable to that of attempts. Male tolerance of mating at- metabolism scales negatively with region diurnal platyrrhines. Olfaction of this tempts is more likely, however, if subordi- size, and that brain regions show differing Miocene monkey probably was not as 124 AAPA Abstracts

acute as in Aotus. This finding accords Uto-Aztecan is cited as one of the major of which descends from East-Indian in- well with previous observations that the world-wide prehistoric language family dentured workers (the Culís from West- orbits of Tremacebus are not as large as spreads. Some scholars hold that Uto- falia or C), and one of which descends nocturnal Aotus (Kay & Kirk, 2001). Aztecan originated in central Mexico and from Afro-Jamaican workers (Afro- Research supported by NSF grants to spread northward into Southwest region Limonenses or AL). For all anthropomet- RFK JR, and TR of the United States as a result of popula- ric measures, the Culis are consistently tion expansion due to the innovation of heavier or have higher means than do the Prehistoric subsistence adaptations maize agriculture. This hypothesis sug- Afro-Limonenses: BMI ( mean AL = 25.62, in west-central Florida as determined gests that Uto-Aztecan speaking popula- mean C = 27.23, p > 0.05), sub-scapular by stable isotope analysis. tions of the two regions should be biologi- skinfolds (mean AL = 18.24, mean C = cally akin. Further support for close rela- 26.81, p = 0.001), triceps skin folds (mean J. Kelly1, R. Tykot1, J. Milanich2. tions comes from a wealth of archaeologi- AL = 19.26, mean C = 25.89, p = 0.06), and 1Anthropology Department, University of cal and cultural connections between mid-upper arm circumference (mean AL = South Florida, 2Florida Museum of Natu- Mesoamerica and the Southwestern 32.62, mean C = 33.5, p > 0.05). Our data ral History, University of Florida. United States. However, the available indicate that in this, rather homogeneous molecular data have provided only equivo- setting, the population that descends from Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope cal clues to the nature of this relationship. the East Indian indentured workers has a analyses of prehistoric human remains As genetic evidence is the only way to test greater propensity to obesity. We com- from archaeological sites along the Florida for biological relationships, this study pare our results with those found in other, Gulf Coast and inland sites were per- further investigates the question with similar populations. formed to reconstruct indigenous subsis- data generated from newly sampled Na- Funded by a grant from the Globaliza- tence adaptations prior to European con- tive American populations of Mexico. tion Research Center of the University of tact, and to compare the results with Samples collected the from Cora, Hu- South Florida. other studies associated with Mississip- ichol, Nahua, and Tarahumara popula- pian and related cultural groups in the tions were categorized as belonging to one A tale of two morphs? A craniometric southeastern United States. Over 400 of five New World Mitochondrial DNA analysis of the Near Eastern homi- bone collagen, bone apatite, and tooth (mtDNA) haplogroups: A, B, C, D or X. nids. enamel samples have been analyzed in Haplogroup frequencies were used to as- order to answer questions regarding the sess the relatedness of these populations J.H. Kidder, A.C. Durband. University of discrete subsistence practices of inland vs. with previously studied populations from Tennessee, Knoxville. coastal vs. estuarine populations from central Mexico and the American South- 1,000 BC to AD 1400. Scientific results west. In addition, the control region of the The human fossil remains from the Near from this study are used in combination mtDNA was sequenced in order to gener- East have caused consternation among with archaeological evidence and ethno- ate specific mtDNA lineages (haplotypes). paleoanthropologists since their discovery historical documentation so that an accu- These data were used to determine rela- in the early 1930’s. Alternately used to rate model of prehistoric lifeways may be tionships between individuals of the popu- support replacement and continuity mod- constructed. lations. The data generated in this study els of modern human origins, these crania Previous studies on sites in northern bring into question the sharp genetic con- are extremely diverse in morphology. Florida and along the Atlantic coast, al- trast that has been previously detected This problem is compounded by the ap- most entirely on bone collagen, suggest between Native American population from parent asynchronous nature of the re- that maize became significant very late in Mexico and the American Southwest. mains, with the more modern remains Florida's prehistory, or perhaps only in appearing in the middle of the Neandertal the protohistorical period. This would Obesity in East-Indian and African range of occupation. indicate that complex societies like the derived groups in Costa Rica. For this study, Mahalanobis distances Calusa in southwest Florida achieved are generated to test the null hypothesis chiefdom-level sociopolitical organization E. Kenney, L. Madrigal. Department of that two separate species exist within this based on intensive exploitation of marine Anthropology, University of South Flori- fossil sample. The Howells modern sam- resources, not agriculture. While bone da. ple is used to calculate a stable covariance collagen is produced primarily from die- matrix. Mahalanobis distances are com- tary protein, bone apatite and tooth Obesity, hypertension, and NIDDM in puted for the fossil samples after Jantz enamel reflect whole diet, and thus are populations of recent urbanization have and Owsley (2001). Once these distances more likely to reveal lower-scale consump- been a subject of great interest to physical are calculated, the fossil crania are com- tion of maize. The results from this study anthropologists since the proposal of a pared to one another by the use of random also shed light on the relative contribu- thrifty-genotype by J. Neel in 1962. It has expectation statistics. tions of freshwater fish and/or marine been hypothesized that the risks of salt The Near Eastern sample used consists foods, how subsistence adaptations varied depleting dehydration suffered during the of Amud 1, Skhul 4, 5 and 9, Qafzeh 6 and geographically within Florida, and how slave trade favored those individuals who 9 and Tabun C1. These fossils are com- they may have changed over time. were better able to retain sodium, which pared to 27 archaic and early modern in a nutrient rich environment elevates crania from Europe and Africa. Two Mitochondrial DNA variation in Uto- the risk of hypertension, a condition that analyses are performed using ten and Aztecan speaking populations. is strongly correlated with obesity. These twelve cranio-facial variables. These re- risks were probably endured as well by sults strongly suggest that the specific B.M. Kemp1, A. Resendez2, D.G. Smith1. the East Indian indentured workers nature of the Near Eastern hominids is 1Anthropology Department, University of brought to the New World by the British. unclear and that specimens routinely California-Davis, 2History Department, In this paper we present the findings of classified as Neandertal and early modern University of California-Davis. a study with two Costa Rican groups, one human fall within the same expected AAPA Abstracts 125

population. Furthermore, the pattern of skeletons. Yet, the estimation of an age- pared to the soft tissue estimates de- these results indicates that the Skhul, at-death interval based on numerous cri- scribed by Fully. The Fully method un- Amud and Tabun remains are mor- teria from a variety of skeletal traits is derestimated the statures of all groups phometrically dissimilar to the European often problematic because of the suite of (females, all males, African-American archaic sample. This indicates a homoge- possible trait combinations at each age, males, and Caucasian males). The differ- nous nature for these hominids and possi- the strong association between age- ences between the calculated and esti- ble long-term coexistence of these popula- progressive skeletal features, and the lack mated soft tissue contributions were sta- tions. of standardization among skeletal biolo- tistically significant for the total sample, gists in determining age parameters. Of- all males, and Caucasian males. The re- Growth, stress and deprivation in the ten, osteologists rely on experience to sults of this study suggest that there is a Old Frankfort Cemetery: An evalua- “average” the aging information for each potential bias in the soft tissue correction tion of stature, hypoplasias and Har- individual and establish the age interval. factors devised by Fully, possibly making ris lines in a nineteenth century Several methods have been offered to this method less broadly applicable than population. overcome these problems; however, these previously thought. methods are rarely applied in practice and P. Killoran1,2, D. Pollack2, M. King3, C. pose their own statistical challenges. Losing the edge: Tooth wear and life Tillquist4, A. Helm1,2, A. Howard2,5. The purpose of this study is to investi- history in rainforest sifakas of Mada- 1Northern Kentucky University, Highland gate the use of a multiple trait model for gascar. Heights, 2Kentucky Archaeological Sur- the estimation of age-at-death intervals to vey, Lexington, 3AMEC, Louisville, aid in the construction of the demographic S.J. King1, S. Pochron2, P.C. Wright2, J. 4University of Louisville, 5Ball State. profile of genocide victims in the former Jernvall3. 1Department of Anthropology, Yugoslavia. A Bayesian approach to calcu- Boston University, 2Department of An- Physical anthropologists and bio- lating the probability of death at each age thropology, Stony Brook University, archaeologists advocate the study of stress is employed utilizing an informative prior 3Institute of Biotechnology, University of as central to our understanding of the for the age-at-death profile derived from a Helsinki. health of current and past populations. large Balkan reference sample (n=876), The Old Frankfort Cemetery provides a and combining this with likelihoods de- Propithecus diadema edwardsi is a rain- certain perspective of the pathological rived from identified Balkan skeletal re- forest folivore and seed predator whose impact of stress, as it represents a pre- mains with known ages-at-death. A dental morphology includes relatively long antibiotic, poor to working-class burial mixed-model combining both continuous shearing crests, typically found in highly population. Assessment of multiple and discontinuous traits is used to obtain folivorous primates. This study used measures of stress sequelae in this sample the likelihoods from skeletal and dental mixed longitudinal and cross-sectional of an early Frankfort community reveals age “indicators.” The advantage of this data from Ranomafana National Park. it to have been nutritionally impoverished method is that it provides the complete Tooth-wear data from known-aged indi- and disease-stricken. The cemetery popu- posterior density for age-at-death for prac- viduals were complemented with 17 years’ lation is 273 individuals ranging in age tical applications on both complete and field-collected behavioral, life history, and from birth to sixty years. Of 189 dental incomplete cases. phenological information. The goal of the inventories, 158 have some form of enamel study was to examine the correspondence defect. The degree of these defects varies A test of the Fully anatomical method between ontogenetic changes in dental between individuals, but presents an of stature estimation. morphology and life history parameters. overall pattern consistent with recurring Dental molds of the right mandibular stress. A similar induction is made based K.A. King. Dept. of Anthropology, Univer- tooth row were taken from the same cap- on the high prevalence of Harris lines. sity of Tennessee. tured and sedated individuals on several Finally age-adjusted stature calculations occasions throughout the period of the confirm the deleterious impact of chronic The anatomical method of stature esti- study. High quality plaster casts were stress. To summarize, pathological conse- mation devised by Georges Fully esti- digitized using a high resolution piezo quences of stress are repeatedly observed, mates stature by summing the superior- scanner. GIS techniques were used to providing a glimpse of the hardships that inferior heights of the skeletal elements quantify ontogenetic changes in occlusal were part of the agricultural economy of that contribute to stature and adding to relief, slope, angularity, and 3D shearing 19th century Frankfort, Kentucky. that value a correction factor to account crest length of the second molar. Acknowledgements: The Old Frankfort for the soft tissue that would be present in We found a systematic ontogenetic de- Cemetery Project was funded by the a living individual. Fully’s original sam- crease in occlusal relief, slope, and angu- Commonwealth of Kentucky. ple is potentially biased due to sex, ances- larity. On the other hand, shearing crest try, and secular factors which bring into length remains nearly constant during the Estimating individual age-at-death question the applicability of this method adult years, and even increases at about parameters through multi-trait to skeletal remains of individuals from 15 years of age. The increase in crest Bayesian analysis. demographically dissimilar groups. length is due to the late appearance of Thirty six individuals of known living additional enamel cutting edges in the E.H. Kimmerle, L.W. Kongisberg. De- stature or cadaver length from the Wil- center of the tooth that supplement the partment of Anthropology, University of liam M. Bass donated collection at the original buccal and lingual crests. Thus, Tennessee, Knoxville. University of Tennessee were measured molar attrition in Propithecus produces a following the methods outlined by Fully. near-selenodont morphology, which is best Due to the nature of skeletal biology and Soft tissue contributions to stature were developed in mammals with fibrous diets. individual variation it is imperative that calculated for each individual using the The crest length, reproductive value, and multivariate trait analysis be used to es- summed contributions of the osseous ele- life expectancy all plummet to minimum tablish the biological age-at-death of ments and the recorded statures and com- values after 20 years of age. This project 126 AAPA Abstracts

was supported in part by the Leakey sents our analysis of the third well- method and subjected to statistical analy- Foundation. documented sample of Andean sacrificial sis. Although there was an observable victims, at Cerro Cerrillos in the Lam- decrease for protein content with deposi- Effects of activity pattern on eye and bayeque Valley, North Coast of Peru. tion time, statistical calculations proofed orbit morphology in primates. Thirty-two juveniles and young adult that there was no significant correlation males were documented, dating to the between the times elapsed since death E.C. Kirk. Dept. of Anthropology, Univer- multi-ethnic, pre-Hispanic Middle Sicán and the bone nitrogen content. Micro- sity of Texas at Austin. culture (AD 900-1100). scopic investigations were performed, Most skeletons bear physical evidence of showing extensive plaques known as Relative orbit diameter is widely used as sacrifice. We discern at least seven per- growth vestiges of fungi and bacteria. The a means of reconstructing activity pattern mutations of ritual killing at Cerro Cerril- post mortem invasion of soil micro organ- in fossil primates. This methodology is los, involving combinations of slitting the isms seems to cause contaminations suffi- based on the observation that living noc- throat, semi-decapitation, and cutting cient enough to disturb the data derived turnal primates have relatively larger open of the chest. We also identify newly from the bone protein. Considering the orbit diameters than living diurnal pri- observed sacrificial practices, including influence of the burial environment it mates. It is generally assumed that this the ritual focus on killing children, acces- must be concluded that nitrogen analysis pattern is the result of differences in rela- sion of the thoracic cavity, and careful provides inaccurate data and is therefore tive eye size between nocturnal and diur- burial of the victims after they were cu- not appropriate to determine PMI in for- nal species, but this assumption has not rated through decay/desiccation stages. ensically relevant cases. previously been tested. The identity of victims can also be as- Analyses were supported by the Insti- In order to study the effects of activity sessed – mortuary patterning and bioar- tute of Forensic Medicine, University of pattern on eye and orbital morphology, chaeological data indicate the victims Vienna. morphometric data on eye size and orbital were ethnically Mochica Middle Sicán aperture size were collected for 147 commoners. Finally, archaeological and The energetic cost of arboreal moth- specimens of 55 primate species. Eyes taphonomic data is used to reconstruct the erhood in orangutans: Effects on the were extracted from cadavers, and eye sacrificial process in detail, from victim inter-birth interval. diameter, cornea diameter, and orbital selection, killing, interment, and post- aperture diameter were measured using burial visitation. C.D. Knott. Department of Anthropology, digital calipers. These data indicate that In sum, this study (1) empirically con- Harvard University. although nocturnal and diurnal primates tributes to the study of ritual killing in differ in relative orbital aperture size, the late pre-Hispanic times, where sacri- Orangutans have the longest inter-birth they do not necessarily differ in relative fice has been overlooked due to a lack of interval of any primate, and probably of eye size. Most nocturnal species with rela- representational art styles; (2) adds to the any mammal (Galdikas and Wood 1990; tive eye sizes greater than those of diurnal emerging bioarchaeological reconstruction Knott 2001). Among the great apes, species either lack a tapetum lucidum of the Middle Sicán culture as a whole, orangutan inter-birth intervals are on (e.g., Tarsius, Aotus) or are highly and; (3) underscores an integrated burial average 8 years, compared to 5-6 years in faunivorous (e.g., Loris). By contrast, noc- methodology to interpret ancient behavior chimpanzees, and 4 years in gorillas. turnal frugivores (e.g., Cheirogaleus and and social organization. These long inter-birth intervals in orangu- Perodicticus) tend to have eye diameters This research was supported by Nextel tans seem largely due to the extremely comparable to those of similar-sized diur- Perú and the Ohio State University. variable food supply and its effect on fe- nal species. Within suborders, nocturnal male ovarian function. Orangutans ex- species always have larger corneas rela- Time since death: The problem of perience long periods when nutritional tive to eye size than diurnal species. A determining PMI in skeletal remains. intake is inadequate and their hormonal number of factors appear to influence profiles are suppressed. orbit size in primates, including cornea A.W. Knabl1, Ch. Reiter2, H. Seidler1, M. In this talk I test the hypothesis that size, eye size, orbit orientation, and differ- Teschler-Nicola3. 1Institute of Anthropol- arboreal locomotion places an added ener- ential eye/orbit allometry. Nonetheless, ogy, University of Vienna, 2Institue of getic constraint on inter-birth intervals in relative orbit diameter remains a good Forensic Medicine, University of Vienna, orangutans compared to other great apes. indicator of activity pattern because cor- 3Natural History Museum, Dept. of An- Influenced by the availability and distri- nea size and eye size are both influenced thropology, Vienna. bution of preferred fruits, orangutans are by activity pattern. almost entirely arboreal. This may place The forensic anthropologist is frequently an added constraint on juvenile develop- New evidence of human sacrifice in asked to examine human skeletal remains ment that in turn affects maternal ener- the north coast of Peru: Middle Sicán in order to provide information about the getics. I examine the following questions ritual killing in the Lambayeque Val- identity of an individual. Therefore esti- to test this hypothesis: (1) Do orangutan ley. mating time since death is of highest in- mothers carry their infants longer than do terest to the investigating authorities. other apes? (2) Do orangutan mothers H. Klaus1, J. Centurión2, M. Curo2. 1The Since many studies have been failed to travel significantly slower than do non- Ohio State University/Museo Nacional establish a reliable method of determining mothers? (3) Do orangutan mothers help Sicán; 2Museo Arqueológico Nacional PMI this investigation was conducted to their infants locomote more than do other Brüning de Lambayeque. evaluate the time dependent protein loss apes? I then explore how these behaviors of interred human bones and the relevant in orangutans affect foraging and ranging Until recently, human sacrifice in the taphonomic parameters. Femurs were and ultimately how they translate into Central Andes has only been known from collected from 112 skeletons and submit- differences in total daily caloric intake Moche art and secondhand Inka ethnohis- ted to chemical analysis. Total nitrogen and energetic expenditure. Data pre- torical accounts. This presentation pre- levels were obtained by the Dumas sented are from a long term study of wild AAPA Abstracts 127

orangutans in Gunung Palung National Marital migration rates, malaria epi- (one of the robustness measurement) is Park in West Kalimantan, Indonesia, on demiology, and biological diversity subject to the individual loading history. the island of Borneo. within Island Melanesia. We collected linear measurements of Principle supporters: the National Geo- G. Koki1, J. Friedlaender2. 1Papua New several postcranial bones from young Ne- graphic Society, Leakey Foundation, US Guinea Institute for Medical Research, andertals (N=9), Skhul-Qafzeh children Fish and Wildlife, BOS-USA, Conserva- 2Anthropology Department, Temple Uni- (N=4), and European Upper Paleolithic tion, Food and Health Foundation, and versity. children (N=11) as well as three geo- NSF. graphically different modern samples of The differences in physical appearance modern Japanese, historic to recent Brit- The primates of Phu Khieo Wildlife among the peoples of New Guinea and ish and modern South African children. Sanctuary. Island Melanesia can be quite dramatic, To offset the growth changes in each pa- reflecting the effects of long term settle- rameter, all measurements are log- A. Koenig1, E. Larney2, K. Kreetiyuta- ment (ca. 40,000 years), very small popu- transformed, and expressed as residuals nont3, C. Borries1. 1Department of An- lation sizes, restricted marital migration from reduced major axis on the long bone thropology, Stony Brook University, patterns in the interiors of the larger is- lengths. 2Interdepartmental Doctoral Program in lands, as well as a series of migrational Young Neandertals generally occupy Anthropological Sciences, Stony Brook influences from different external sources. upper positions in the modern variation in University, 3Phu Khieo Wildlife Sanctu- Differential natural selection is thought to postcranial robustness, while lower posi- ary. have affected genetic heterogeneity in the tions in the crural/brachial limb-length region primarily via malaria related mor- proportion. Considering weak but signifi- Assessing diversity and density of pri- tality. We present contemporary data cant association of greater robusticity mate communities is important, because it relating to a number of these factors. with smaller crural/brachial indices as helps to understand the evolution of pri- Marital migration data collected over the well as moderately clear geographical mate communities and to set conservation past 50 years compare shore vs. inland patterns in the modern child samples, the priorities. Asian primate communities rates, and male vs. female rates of move- detected high robusticity in young Nean- have been considered odd, because of un- ment. While there is no apparent dertals might be a byproduct in the course usual relationships of primate diversity to male/female distinction in marital migra- of growth toward accomplishment of a mammalian diversity, rainfall, and lati- tion rates (with median rates less than 5 genetically determined bodily proportion. tude. Here we report the group and popu- km. for both), there is a distinction be- lation densities of a primate community in tween inland and shore rates, which may Non-metric traits of the femur and a dry evergreen forest at Phu Khieo Wild- well reflect pre-contact conditions. Differ- tibia related to Byzantine monastic life Sanctuary (Northeast Thailand) and ential genetic susceptibility to malaria prayer. compare it to available data of other Asian infection among groups in New Guinea communities. A 4-km transect was walked and Island Melanesia is caused not only M.E. Kovacik1, L. Talarico2, J. Ullinger3, on four consecutive days in the middle of by ecological differences in malaria fre- S.G. Sheridan4. 1Department of Anthro- each month resulting in more than 400 quency, but differential migrational influ- pology, University of Notre Dame, 2De- km of transect walks (09/2000-08/2003). ence from Southeast Asia. Frequency partment of Anthropology, University of We encountered 6 diurnal species. patterns in Hereditary Ovalocytosis, Ger- Notre Dame, 3Department of Anthropol- Phayre’s leaf monkeys (Trachypithecus bich blood group negativity, a- ogy, Ohio State University, 4Department phayrei) were most abundant, white- thalassemia, and Glucose-6-phosphate of Anthropology, University of Notre handed gibbons (Hylobates lar) and As- dehydrogenase deficiency will be reviewed Dame. samese macaques (Macaca assamensis) from this perspective. were the second most common species. This study is part of a larger considera- Other macaques (M. mulatta, M. nemes- Postcranial robusticity and limb- tion of habitual squatting in a skeletal trina, M. arctoides) occur at low densities. length proportion in Neandertal chil- collection from Byzantine Saint Stephen's Circumstantial evidence indicates the dren. (Jerusalem). Historical and liturgical texts presence of nocturnal slow loris (Nyctice- from the site and the region indicate bus coucang). We did not encounter sil- O. Kondo1, H. Ishida2. 1Dept. of Biological kneeling for prayer and repetitive genu- vered langurs (T. cristatus) reported for Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 2Dept. flection (numbering the hundreds) as part other parts of the sanctuary. Cumulative of Anatomy, University of the Ryukyus. of the daily worship cycle. density calculations indicate robust values The distal femur (n=128) and proximal for Phayre’s leaf monkeys, gibbons, and Postcranial morphology in late Pleisto- tibia (n=142) were analyzed for the pres- Assamese macaques. Densities are mod- cene hominids, especially in Neandertals, ence of several non-metric traits associ- erate to low compared to most other sites. has been often regarded as ‘robust’, and ated with deep flexion of the knee. These The overall primate species richness is their high levels of robusticity have been included Charles facets, plaque, Martin's considerably higher than expected based interpreted in context of behav- facets, tibial imprints, supratrochlear on latitude and rainfall. This high biodi- ioral/cultural differences or of adaptation facets, ostechondritic imprints, and tibial versity supports the idea of Pleistocene to different (circumpolar/tropical) cli- retroversion. Ninety-seven percent of the refugia during glacial aridity. Future mates. Assessment of the postcranial right femora and 91% of the left demon- analyses of Asian primate communities robustness for young Neandertals and its strated at least one of these traits. Both should include additional Indochinese relationship to their limb-length propor- medial and lateral features were found in mainland communities. Supported by tion may contribute to this discussion, higher numbers on the right femurs. NSF (BCS-0215542), National Geographic because it is generally considered that the Right femora demonstrated significantly (7246-02), L.S.B. Leakey Foundation, and long bone length is more genetically de- more plaque formation (n=51) and Mar- Stony Brook University. termined, while the shaft circumference tin's facets (n=16) than the left femora (p<0.01). Medial tibial imprints (n=77) 128 AAPA Abstracts

were likewise significantly greater on the duction (~5 years). Therefore, although Do body proportions matter when right side (p<0.05). To test the frequencies “needing-to-learn” seems to correlate with predicting the energy required to of these traits, data was likewise collected the duration of infancy, it does not appear walk? for two non-monastic communities in the to select for the slow life history of this region (Umm el-Jimmal and Emmaus). species. P.A. Kramer, I. Sarton-Miller. Dept of The St. Stephen's collection demon- Anthropology, University of Washington, strated significantly higher numbers of all Taxonomic affinities and geochro- Seattle. of these non-metric features. Os- nological age of RH1, the first fossil teoarthritic lipping of the femoral hominid from West Java, Indonesia. Conventional empirical analysis indi- condyles and patella was likewise far cates that the metabolic energy used by more severe in the St. Stephen's collec- A. Kramer1, T. Djubiantono2, F. Aziz3, J.S. modern humans to walk varies with veloc- tion. When combined with non-metric Bogard1,4, R.A. Weeks5, W.E. Hames6, J.M. ity and body mass, but not with body pro- traits of the proximal femur, distal tibia, Elam1, D.C. Weinand1, A.C. Durband1, portions (like leg length), while mechani- talus, calcaneus and hallux, as well as Mr. Agus2. 1Department of Anthropology, cal analyses indicate that changing body musculoskeletal markers of the hip, these University of Tennessee, 2Archaeological proportions should change energy use. To data further support a biocultural recon- Research and Development Center, Band- attempt to rectify this apparent anomaly, struction of prayer practice in this Byzan- ung, Indonesia, 3Quaternary Research we obtained energetic data from 11 adults tine monastery. Laboratory, Bandung, Indonesia, 4Life walking at self-selected slow, normal and Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National fast velocities. Using least-squares re- Development of foraging skills in the Laboratory, 5Vanderbilt University, gression and repeated measures tech- aye-aye (Daubentonia madagas- 6Department of Geology, Auburn Univer- niques, we found that when individual cariensis). sity. variation in resting metabolic rate was accounted, a model which uses absolute E.B. Krakauer. Department of Biological During our 1999 excavations at Cisanca, velocity, total body mass, height and leg Anthropology and Anatomy, Duke Uni- near the village of Rancah, West Java, length as independent variables can pre- versity. Indonesia, a lower, lateral incisor (desig- dict approximately 85% of the variation in nated RH1 = “Rancah Hominid 1”) was energy expenditure. Correction for veloc- Among mammals, humans and other recovered in situ 353 cm below the sur- ity using Froude number did not improve primates are distinguished by slow life face. This is the first fossil hominid to be the fit of the model. As expected, velocity history. The “needing-to-learn” hypothe- discovered from this region and is one of remains the strongest and most signifi- sis attributes this feature to the long pe- the few fossil hominid specimens to be cant predictor of energy expenditure, ac- riod needed to learn adult skills, espe- produced as a result of controlled excava- counting for 70% of the variation. The cially foraging skills acquired during im- tions on Java. In comparisons to samples relationship between height, leg length maturity. Alternatively, the development of Pongo, Homo erectus and H. sapiens, and body mass is, however, more complex of foraging efficiency may be constrained RH1 is most similar in size to modern than often appreciated. This complexity by maturational (size/strength, neuromus- humans, shares shape similarities with H. points to the need to include the upper cular) constraints. My objective is to erectus and is most unlike orangutan body in mechanical modeling schemes. evaluate the predictions of the “needing- lower, lateral incisors. To determine the to-learn” hypothesis in aye-ayes, which maximum geochronological age of RH1, A prospective study of maternal pre- are ideal subjects due to their complex bovid teeth that were recovered 190 cm natal dietary intakes and the forma- extractive diet and relatively slow life beneath the hominid tooth were subjected tion of enamel growth disruptions. history. Specifically, my goal is to deter- to electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) mine the age at which immature aye-ayes dating analyses. These EPR dates range S.E. Kraynik1, A. Carrasco2 A.H. Good- begin tap-foraging independently, the from 516 to 606 ka. Primarily because of man1 D.M. Winham3, A.E. Dolphin4. constraints that limit the development of RH1’s great depth within the section, and 1Hampshire College/Natural Science, efficient skills, and how much secondarily because the sediments grade 2Amherst College/Biology, 3Arizona State time/experience is required to reach adult- continuously between RH1 and the bovid, University West/Nutrition, 4University of level efficiency. we suggest that RH1 (although deposited Massachusetts, Amherst/Anthropology. Experimental data on immature (n=4) later) was broadly geologically contempo- In bioarchaelogical and contemporary and adult (n=4) aye-ayes were collected raneous with the bovid from whose teeth population studies, enamel growth disrup- between 2002-2003 at the Duke Univer- the EPR ages were determined. The EPR tions such as linear enamel hypoplasias sity Primate Center, Durham, NC, on the dates from Cisanca indicate that hominids (LEH) and histologically observed Wilson developmental trajectory of aspects of tap- had arrived in western Java at least half a Bands (WBs) are assumed to be indicative foraging (locating larvae, gnawing depth, million years ago, and possibly earlier. of poor diets and increased disease loads extraction time, errors made). Results The expansion of the known range of during enamel formation. However, few show that aye-ayes are initially incapable Pleistocene hominids into this portion of studies have been able to longitudinally of independent tap-foraging, but begin to the current archipelago is relevant for an study these relationships, and this is es- forage successfully soon after reaching 1 improved understanding of the timing of pecially true for WBs. In this paper, we year of age. Immature aye-ayes forage hominid dispersal into Southeast Asia, as prospectively evaluate the relationship less efficiently than adults, due to both well as questions concerning insularity between maternal prenatal diets and the inexperience and size constraints, but and endemism in the region. formation of WBs in prenatal deciduous rapidly improve in efficiency such that Supported by NSF SBR-9870751, Wen- enamel of their infants. three out of four aye-ayes were capable of ner-Gren ICRG-23, the Leakey Founda- This study is based upon thirty-one foraging like adults by age two. In gen- tion and the Graduate School of the Uni- mothers and their newborns from Ka- eral, aye-ayes are able to forage efficiently versity of Tennessee. lama, Egypt who were previously part of quite early, relative to age at first repro- the Collaborative Research Support Pro- AAPA Abstracts 129

gram (CRSP). From 1984-6 data were heightened Negritoid component” as well. scape across Central Asia during the Up- collected on maternal factors such as The implications of Birdsell’s reassess- per Pleistocene. monthly dietary intakes throughout their ment, coupled with on-going research of pregnancies. Subsequently, we collected, these remains, are considered in light of Ontogeny of mandibular shape in sectioned, and scored exfoliated deciduous interpretative models for the modern peo- Neandertals and modern humans. incisors from infants for the presence, pling of Southeast Asia during the late severity, and location of WBs. Pleistocene. G.E. Krovitz. Department of Anthropol- Eight of thirty-one teeth (26%) had one or ogy, Penn State University. more prenatal WBs. Mothers of infants New hominid remains from the Obi- with WBs consumed significantly fewer Rakhmat rock shelter, northwestern Many descriptive mandibular features kilocalories (1816 vs. 2049; difference = Uzbekistan: Insights into the makers figure prominently in comparisons be- 233; p = .013), significantly less total proof the Initial Upper Paleolithic of tween Neandertals and modern humans, tein (p = .001) and micronutrients such as Central Asia. including mental foramen position, and iron (p = .005), zinc (p = .025) and ribofla- the presence/absence of a chin or retromo- vin (p = .001). In showing that maternal A.I. Krivoshapkin1, M.M. Glantz2, T Bence lar space. Ontogenetic studies of the prenatal dietary quantity and possibly Viola3, T. Chikisheva1, P.J. Wrinn4, A.P. mandible usually discuss the development quality are related to the development of a Derevianko1, U. Islamov5, H. Seidler3. of such features qualitatively, or focus on WB in utero, these data lend support to a 1Institute of Archaeology and Ethnogra- the description and comparison of an indi- prior study of infants from Mexico (Acosta, phy Siberian Branch, Academy of Sci- vidual non-adult fossil specimen. This et al. 2002). These results lend unique ences, Novosibirsk, Russia, 2Department study analyzed mandibular shape and support to the assumed relationship be- of Anthropology, Colorado State Univer- growth patterns in Neandertals (Nnon- tween poor diets and prenatal enamel sity, Fort Collins, 3Institute of Anthropol- adult=7; Nadult=12) and seven geographically growth disruptions. ogy University of Vienna, 4Department of diverse recent modern human samples Supported by NSF CRUI 9978793 Anthropology, University of Arizona, (Nnon-adult=212; Nadult=119). These samples 5Institute of Archaeology, Tashkent were divided into five developmental age Niah Cave paleoanthropology in late Branch, Uzbek Academy of Sciences. groups based on patterns of dental erup- Pleistocene regional context. tion. Three-dimensional landmark coor- During the 2003 field season, new homi- dinate data were collected from 13 midline J.S. Krigbaum. Department of Anthropol- nid remains were discovered in a Middle and unilateral landmarks on the mandible ogy, University of Florida. to Upper Paleolithic transitional context and analyzed using Euclidean Distance from Obi-Rakhmat rockshelter, Uzbeki- Matrix Analysis (EDMA) and principal The paucity of physical evidence for stan, marking the first hominid discovery coordinates analysis. early modern humans in Mainland and in this region since the late 1930s. The The morphology of the anterior mandible Island Southeast Asia has restricted pa- remains consist of six teeth and over 150 and symphysis differs significantly be- leoanthropological research, although cranial fragments. The site contains a 10 tween Neandertals and modern humans important contributions have been and m. thick succession of deposits with an in both non-adult and adult samples. continue to be made towards clarifying its industry that is transitional in character These significant differences are localized rich human biological history. Remains between the Levallois-Mousterian blade- to the chin and inferior symphysis in from Tabon Cave (Palawan, Philippines), based Middle Paleolithic and the Upper modern humans, while Neandertals show Wajak (Java, Indonesia), Liujiang Paleolithic. Radiocarbon dates from the more developed genial tubercles and more (Guangxi, China), and Niah Cave (Sara- upper part of the sequence indicate an age posteriorly positioned mental foramina. wak, Malaysia) are routinely considered of at least 48,000 BP for the hominid bear- Results also demonstrate that modern in such discussions. This study places ing level (level 16). After a preliminary humans have significantly taller man- early human remains from Niah Cave’s investigation, our working hypothesis is dibular rami, and Neandertals have West Mouth in late Pleistocene regional that the remains are from a single juve- longer mandibles and wider mandibular context. Purported dates, stratigraphy, nile (<12 years old) individual. The dental rami. However, there is also a high de- and context of these remains recovered remains are noteworthy because of their gree of variability in mandibular shape in from “Hell” deposits have been re- extremely large size and the presence of both modern humans and Neandertals. established by the Niah Cave Project. The an upper molar cuspal variation previ- Ontogenetic comparisons show that Ne- ~40 ka “Deep Skull” and associated post- ously undocumented in the fossil record. andertals experience increased growth in crania, including a newly reconstructed In addition, the single lateral incisor is most mandibular distances, reflecting left femur, are described vis à vis other strongly shovel-shaped and expresses a their larger mandibular size; modern hu- early human remains from the region. pit at the cingulum. The cranial frag- mans grow more than Neandertals only in In 1960, Brothwell published an out- ments are generally gracile and are com- localized distances in the inferior symphy- standing reconstruction and analysis of prised of vault bones, two petrous por- sis, reflecting development of the chin. the gracile cranium, suggesting it to be an tions, and some of the sphenoid. Taxo- adolescent based on unerupted M3s, with nomic affinity is assessed using a dis- A three-dimensional approach to in- “Tasmanian” affinities. At these meetings criminate function analysis and descrip- tra-regional variation among Archaic twenty-five years ago (1979), Birdsell tive statistics of the Obi-Rakhmat finds populations of the Mid-South. presented a reassessment (never pub- are presented in a comparative context lished) concluding that the cranium was with other age-appropriate Upper Pleisto- N.J. Kuemin Drews. Dept. of Anthropol- that of a female young adult (20-30 years) cene specimens. Results indicate that the ogy, University of Tennessee. based on dental wear, basilar suture fu- Obi-Rakhmat remains express a mosaic of sion (partial), and varied rates of M3 for- archaic and more modern features. This The Mid-South has yielded numerous mation/eruption. Birdsell concurred with discovery will contribute to a more refined Archaic sites, many of which contain as- Brothwell on affinity, but claimed “a understanding of the morphological land- sessable human skeletal remains. In- 130 AAPA Abstracts

cluded in this study are crania from seven The current OFA studies show that ships of MHC:peptide binding efficiency to sites located along the Tennessee, Har- modern apes and humans develop a very vaccine effectiveness may not only help to peth, and Green River drainages, dating similar overall wear pattern, referred to explain differential impact of emerging from the Middle to Late Archaic phases as background pattern. This background diseases and resolve unexplained poor (3-8 kya). Examination of morphology at pattern is formed due to crown shape and vaccine efficacy, but also prove useful in these sites is important as these samples relative position of cusps and basins in the selecting the best vaccine for a particular represent some of the earliest sizeable lower and upper jaws during occlusion. region. Discussion will be illustrated from populations to inhabit the Southeast. The foreground pattern is an individual examples from Old and New World popu- Although a few of the sites assessed here feature, reflecting the pressure distribu- lations, and with regard to specific patho- have previously been subjected to morpho- tion due to a distinctive behaviour of the gens such as tuberculosis and mumps. logical examination for intra-site pur- masticatory system. Since the complex poses, and for comparison to Paleoindian wear produced through background and Maternal and prenatal influences on and/or more recent American Indian popu- foreground pattern is unique for each male life history. lations, very little attention has been individual, it is termed occlusal finger- given to understanding spatial and tem- print (OF). C.W. Kuzawa1, E.M. Miller1, L.S. Adair2. poral differences within the region itself. The data acquisition is based on high 1Northwestern University, 2University of It is essential that such variation is ac- resolution surface models of jaws and North Carolina, Chapel Hill. counted for and understood before com- teeth generated by an optical sensor sys- parisons of these populations to other tem (optoTop). The strike of a region of Puberty has key evolutionary signifi- regions and time-periods can be ade- interest is measured, according to the cance, as it is the developmental stage quately addressed. longitudinal axis of the tooth, and the dip when excess energetic resources (produc- Geometric morphometric techniques with reference to cervical plane orienta- tivity) are shifted away from body growth have proven useful for assessing morpho- tion. The average orientation of defined and into reproductive effort. Recent re- logical variation and biological distance surfaces in three dimensions is presented search reveals relationships between size among populations. This study utilizes the in stereonet diagrams. Each molar is at birth and maturational timing among generalized least-squares Procrustes su- characterized by its specific stereoplot females, while prenatal nutritional inter- perimposition method to examine three- pattern. ventions in animal models permanently dimensional coordinate data extracted alter the growth trajectory, maturational from all fully or partially articulated adult Population-pathogen histories, MHC timing, and endocrine function of adult crania. The resulting superimposed coor- efficiency, and vaccine efficacy. offspring. Such findings suggest that dinates are then subjected to various mul- important features of an organism’s life tivariate statistical procedures to aid in J. Kuzara. Dept. of Anthropology, Emory history may be influenced by early life analysis of biological distance and existing University. nutrition. However, little is known about trends in the data. Preliminary results such relationships in human males. In suggest that despite their close geographi- Lack of exposure-acquired immunity to this paper, we investigate the hypothesis cal proximity, these Archaic groups are novel pathogens is understood to underlie that size at birth and maternal energy morphologically distinct, and subgroups in the devastating effects of population con- intake and nutritional status during the data reflect regional divisions in sub- tact on indigenous peoples. But the endur- pregnancy predict maturational status sistence strategies and settlement pat- ing population genetic effect of disease among 994 adolescent male Filipinos par- terns. history on contemporary health and effi- ticipating in a longitudinal birth cohort cacy of contemporary public health meas- study (CLHNS) begun in 1983. In multi- Occlusal Fingerprint Analysis (OFA) – ures, particularly vaccination, remains variate models, birth length, weight, and Quantifying individual wear pattern obscure. Adaptive immune response relies 3rd trimester maternal energy intake and of tooth crowns using optical 3-D on products of the Major Histocompatibil- energy status were used to predict age- topometry. ity Complex (MHC) that bind protein adjusted maturational status, with fragments from pathogens, present them household income used to control for the O. Kullmer, K. Engel, M. Huck, L. Ulhaas, to T lymphocytes, and initiate a cascade of quality of the postnatal environment. O. Winzen, F. Schrenk. Dept. of Paleoan- events resulting in the proliferation of There were significant interactions be- thropology and Quaternary Paleontology, immune cells specific for the protein tween prenatal variables and income in Research Institute Senckenberg, Frank- fragment from that pathogen. The six models predicting maturational status. furt am Main, Germany. MHC loci are among the most polymor- Individuals who were born large, whose phic in the genome: polymorphisms repre- mothers were better-nourished than aver- Occlusal fingerprint analysis (OFA) is sent different binding capabilities, thus age, or both, mature at a rate that is used to interpret the relief and functional determining the repertoire and efficacy of highly sensitive to the income level of aspects of primate teeth. Information antigen “recognition” that comprise im- their household. In contrast, the matura- about food ingestion and mastication be- munocompetence against a pathogen. tional status of individuals who were haviour during the life span of an individ- Pathogen exposure therefore determines small at birth or born to poorly-nourished ual is encoded in the wear pattern. In selective pressures on MHC polymor- mothers is independent of postnatal in- order to decode this information we meas- phism, whereby population history of ex- come. These interactions are graded and ure structural parameters, like strike and posure predictably shapes MHC allele highly consistent, and suggest that the dip of cusp slopes and wear facets. The frequencies for those most effective for male maturational response to the postna- dental occlusal compass, which indicates prevalent pathogens. Thus, history of tal environment is conditioned by fetal the pathways of interaction on antagonis- pathogen exposure influences immune nutrition. tic cusps and basins, can also facilitate the responses to classes of pathogens and can interpretation of growth, fusion and posi- become a covert but powerful factor in tion of wear facets. vaccine failure. Understanding relation- AAPA Abstracts 131

Balancing the immunological de- L. Lai, R.H. Tykot. Department of An- and folivores relatively small, have in- mands of pregnancy and infection. thropology, University of South Florida, formed our interpretation of paleospecies J. Kwiek1, E.T. Abrams2, D. Milner3, V. Tampa. diet. However, as cautioned by Ungar Mwapasa4, S.R. Meshnick1. 1Department (2002), research on distantly related pri- of Epidemiology, University of North Knowledge of subsistence strategies is mates indicates variation beyond that Carolina-Chapel Hill, 2Department of invaluable for our understanding of pre- which would be predicted by relative tooth Anthropology, University of Michigan; historic societies. With this study we in- size alone. Unfortunately, evaluating 3Department of Pathology, Brigham and vestigated isotopically the nutritional whether these generalizations are more Women's Hospital, 4Department of Epi- patterns of prehistoric populations of Sar- robust for predicting diet in more closely demiology, University of Michigan. dinia to reveal the economic basis of im- related taxa is precluded by a paucity of portant social transformations between information on food processing in most Immunologically, pregnancy is charac- the Neolithic and Bronze Age. This pro- species. terized by a shift toward an anti- vides us with a means of testing hypothe- Here, I present data on food processing inflammatory Th2 profile, which is ses, strongly rooted in the literature, by three cercopithecines (Lophocebus al- thought to protect the fetus from maternal which assume a substantial shift from bigena, Cercopithecus ascanius, C. mitis) rejection. Elevations in Th1 cytokines in agriculture towards pastoralism between and two colobines (Procolobus badius, early pregnancy are associated with re- the two periods. However, the data cur- Colobus guereza). Data were collected in current miscarriage and later help initiate rently available come mostly from a few Kibale National Park, Uganda (1993- both term and preterm labor. Researchers faunal studies, and this interpretation has 2002), on anterior/posterior dental use, contend that preterm delivery (PTD) is already been put into question. Our re- feeding rate, cheek pouching, and hand fetally initiated when the third trimester search was designed to make a contribu- use whilst feeding. I evaluate the influ- uterine environment becomes inhospitable tion with a different, more quantitative ence of plant species/part, phenophase, to the developing fetus. Pregnant women approach. fruit/seed/leaf size and hardness, nearest with malaria have a Th1 cytokine profile, As part of a project including radiocar- neighbor, and food availability on inges- characterized by TNF-a elevations, but it bon dating, study of mobility patterns tive behavior. Preliminary results indi- is not clear whether malaria-related pro- with strontium isotopes, and DNA analy- cate that incisal preparation was not more inflammatory cytokine elevations actually ses, we present the results of carbon and common in cercopithecines. Hand use was trigger PTD. nitrogen isotope analyses on bone colla- frequent in leaf and large fruit processing To assess the effects of malaria on PTD, gen, apatite, and tooth enamel; the bone which influenced incisor reliance. Social women who delivered preterm (n=42) and and tooth samples were chemically proc- context, too, was important in determin- at term (n=99) at the Queen Elizabeth essed to separate the organic (collagen) ing food handling; e.g., #indvs/tree influ- Central Hospital in Blantyre, Malawi, and mineral (apatite and enamel) compo- enced cheek pouching which impacted were matched for HIV status, parity and nents, which were analyzed at USF with anterior fruit processing by cercopitheci- approximate date of enrollment. high precision on mass spectrometers nes. These results provide a means to Chorioamnionitis (infection of the placen- dedicated to analyzing carbon and nitro- refine generalizations regarding diet and tal membranes) and anemia were as- gen in organic samples (using an in-line dentition and to identify probable feeding sessed, and maternal, placental and cord CHN analyzer), and carbon and oxygen in ecology as signaled by morphology. cytokines were measured. By multivariate carbonate samples (using a Kiel individ- conditional logistic regression, chorioam- ual acid bath system). Presence of Mycobacterium infection nionitis (OR=2.6; 95% CI:1.1-6.4) and Significant new data are provided from at the Crystal River archaeological lower maternal hemoglobin levels approximately one hundred individuals, site: Preliminary findings. (OR=1.3, 95% CI:1.0-1.6) significantly regarding the relative importance through increased the odds of PTD. Malaria did time of farming, herding and fishing at R. Lanehart1, D. Himmelgreen1, R. Tykot1, not itself increase the odds of PTD, but both coastal and inland sites of central- H. Donoghue2, M. Spigelman2, J. Kelly1, was associated with significantly lower southern Sardinia spanning from the Oz- N. Falk1. 1Department of Anthropology, maternal hemoglobin levels (t=3.38, ieri phase (Late Neolithic, 4th millennium University of South Florida, 2Department p=0.001). Malaria and chorioamnionitis BC) until the advanced Nuragic (Middle- of Medical Microbiology, Windeyer Insti- were associated with elevations in differ- Late Bronze Age, second half of 2nd mil- tute of Medical Sciences, University Col- ent proinflammatory cytokines. However, lennium BC). lege of London. only the cytokine alterations associated with chorioamnionitis were associated How primates eat: An analysis of food The Crystal River Archaeological site with PTD. In conclusion, we found that handling and processing in a com- spanned the Deptford (200 B.C.-A.D. 300) although anemia and chorioamnionitis munity of African cercopithecoids. and Weeden Island (A.D. 300-A.D. 900) increase odds of PTD, only chorioamnioni- periods of Florida’s prehistory. The occur- tis appears to act through an inflamma- J.E. Lambert. Department of Anthropol- rence of Mycobacterium, spp. infection is tory immune mechanism. This suggests ogy, University of Oregon. rare in North America and no cases have that malaria, despite its induction of a been documented at an archaeological site Th1 profile, is a relatively weak risk factor Researchers interested in the biological in Florida. for PTD. roles of morphological features in extinct A young female (aged 16-30) excavated species must necessarily use data col- from the circular embankment of the main A contribution to the nutritional his- lected on extant taxa. Early research on burial mound displayed gross cranial le- tory of prehistoric Sardinia (Italy): inferring diet in fossil primates used rela- sions indicative of Mycobacterium, spp. Preliminary results of isotopic analy- tive anterior to posterior tooth size as infection. Other morphological features ses of bone collagen, bone apatite and indicators of reliance on either fruit or indicative of tubercular pathology in- tooth enamel. leaves. Subsequent generalizations that cluded circumferential pitting on a verte- frugivores have relatively large incisors, bral body and surface lesions on the sacro- 132 AAPA Abstracts

auricular surface of the right ilium. No walking steps were collected for each indi- activities such as hide preparation, cloth- pathological alterations were observed on vidual and average profiles of muscle ac- ing manufacture, and food preparation. the long bones or ribs. X-rays were made tivity through a step cycle were derived. of the cranium and postcranial remains. Although the activity profiles of these Trace element, strontium isotopic Cranial X-rays indicated lesions that were muscles did not exactly match either the ratio, and X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) not visible at the gross level. X-rays of the tetrapod pattern or that of anthropoid analysis of Pleistocene human teeth ilium and vertebral body showed similari- primates, in certain important respects, from the Altai. ties to other tubercular radiographs. such as the absence of support phase ac- For confirmation of Mycobacterium, spp. tivity in pectoralis or latissimus, the re- C. Latkoczy1, M. Teschler-Nicola2, K. infection, samples drilled from the cra- sults for these two lemur species support a Schaefer3, D. Guenther1, T. Bence-Viola3, nium, vertebral body, clavicle, ribs, ilium, distinctive primate pattern of neural con- H. Seidler3, G. W. Weber3, A. P. Derevi- and tibia were analyzed for mycobacte- trol. anko4, T. Prohaska5, G. Schultheis5, G. rium DNA using the polymerase chain Support by NSF Grant BCS-0109331. Stingeder5, P. Mitteroecker3, P. Gunz3. reaction (PCR). Preliminary results indi- 1Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Eid- cate that the ilium and tibia were positive Bilateral erosive arthropathy of the genössische Technische Hochschule ETH, for mycobacterium infection. A control rib upper limbs: An Inuit case from Point Zürich, 2Natural History Museum, De- sample excavated from the same burial Hope, Alaska. partment of Anthropology, Vienna, mound also tested positive for mycobacte- 3Institute for Anthropology, University of rium DNA, although the negative PCR M.R. Latchaw1, C.E. Hilton2. 1Anthro- Vienna, Vienna, 4Institute of Archaeology and extraction controls analyzed with the pology, Grinnell College, 2Anthropology, and Ethnography, Russian Academy of rib sample tested negative, suggesting the Western Michigan University. Sciences, Novosibirsk, 5Institute for possibility of other infected remains. Re- Chemistry, University of Agricultural peated analyses in a separate laboratory Analyses of pathological lesions in an- Sciences, Vienna. will be done in order to confirm our initial cient human skeletons provide biological results as well as provide data on the anthropologists opportunities to assess In 1984, human remains (7 teeth and strain of Mycobacterium, spp. through the manifestations of certain disease proc- postcranial fragments) dated to the late spoligotyping. esses and the level of health care in tradi- period of the Middle Pleistocene were tional peoples. However, assessing health discovered in two caves of the north- Muscle recruitment in primates: Pre- and morbidity in pre-historic hunter- western Altai, Siberia. According to their liminary results on the question of gatherers is difficult due in part to small absolute dimensions and morphological neuromuscular conservation in pri- group size, high mobility, and the limited features, the Altai findings resemble mates. excavation of skeletons from non-cemetery Mousterian samples from the western locations. Hunter-gatherer groups who Central Asia. Although detailed anthropo- S.G. Larson, J.T. Stern, Jr. Anatomical have occupied extreme environments, logical investigations have been carried Sciences, Stony Brook University School such as Inuits of Alaska, are of particular out, the number of present individuals of Medicine. interest due to their remote living condi- still remained open. tions. In this study we apply a Laser Ablation On the basis of observations of similar Recent examination of a large collection ICP-MS technique to perform a Multi- electromyographic (EMG) activity in ho- of pre-contact Inuit skeletons excavated element analysis containing 50 elements mologous limb muscles of morphologically from Pt. Hope, Alaska, has identified a 35- (5 shots each on the enamel as well as 5 different animals, Goslow and coworkers 39 year old female with bilateral erosive shots on the dentine in all 7 specimens) have proposed a neuromuscular conserva- lesions of the metacarpophalangeal, car- and compared the signals to a Ca signal. tion hypothesis, that is, patterns of muscle pal, radiocarpal, and radioulnar joints. Different blocks of elements could be es- recruitment are maintained during the While the distribution pattern of these tablished, some of them, e.g., reflect site evolution of tetrapods, despite changes in lesions is suggestive of a classic diagnosis specific environmental conditions and post morphology. However, studies on shoul- of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), it is neces- mortem effects. Statistical analysis (e.g., der muscle recruitment in several anthro- sary to consider other diseases including cross correlation, Principal Component poid primate species reveal differences hemochromatosis and psoriatic arthritis Analysis) was performed and results of from this common pattern. In addition, as both diseases can mimic the classic RA the Pleistocene specimens were compared the muscle activity patterns for each spe- skeletal lesion distribution. to those obtained in modern samples. cies are similar despite their morphologi- Hemochromatosis, a genetic disorder The Multi-element analysis support the cal differences, suggesting that primates characterized by abnormal iron absorp- conclusions drown from morphological may display a common motor program tion, is compatible with the pattern of criteria: thus, it is most likely that two that distinguishes them from other lesion distribution in this individual. The teeth (the deciduous molar and the lower tetrapods. Since EMG data currently presence of reactive bone growth in con- left permanent first molar) from Oklad- exists only for anthropoid primate species, junction with erosive lesions also supports nikova cave belong to one single individ- we have undertaken a study of muscle a diagnosis of psoriatic arthritis. This ual, whereas the others represent differ- recruitment patterns in prosimians, and paper discusses our differential diagnosis ent individuals. here we report on preliminary results for and the consequences of such lesions for Moreover, Strontium isotope ratio Lemur catta and Eulemur fulvus. an individual living within a hunting- analysis and X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) Telemetered electromyography was used gathering lifestyle of the harsh Arctic Analysis has been performed and the pos- to examine the recruitment patterns of environment. This is particularly rele- sibilities and limits of these techniques the supraspinatus, infraspinatus, deltoid, vant given that Inuit women are known to were discussed. pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi in have underwritten the costs of male hunt- three subjects of each species during ing by engaging in extensive upper limb quadrupedal locomotion. Samples of AAPA Abstracts 133

Sifaka positional behavior: Ontoge- Bohemia (Kutná Hora, Radovesice I, Ra- different degree of sexual dimorphism for netic and quantitative genetic ap- dovesice II, Praha-Jinonice, Praha- various skeletal elements: they are similar proaches. Ružyne, and Sobešuky) were examined to or higher than gorillas for femoral vari- and sampled for analysis. Bone collagen ables, similar to chimpanzees for man- R.R. Lawler. Department of Anthropology, was extracted using a modified Longin dibular canines, and similar to modern Yale University, Biology Department, (1971) technique and analysed by Isotope humans for humeral variables. Clearly, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. Ratio Mass Spectrometry (Finningan Del- the comparative level of sexual dimor- taPlus XL) for d13C (PDB) and d15N phism in afarensis depends on the skeletal In many primate species, hands and feet (AIR) values. Analysis of the distribution element examined. In fact, their overall are large relative to neonatal body weight and variation of the human d13C and pattern seems to be different from African and they subsequently exhibit negative d15N values for each site can be used to apes or modern humans. These results allometric growth during ontogeny. Here, examine the spread of millet as a major are consistent with other studies indicat- I present data that indicate that this pat- dietary component in prehistoric Europe ing that conclusions of social structure tern holds for a wild population of lemur, in the same way that the spread of maize drawn from comparing limited skeletal the white sifaka (Propithecus verreauxi has been examined in the New World. elements must be done with care. verreauxi). Using morphometric data col- This can be achieved through a compari- lected on this population, I show that son with data obtained from earlier Hall- Conservation biology of Malagasy younger animals (= 2yrs) have larger than statt tumulus burials from northern Aus- strepsirhines: A phylogenetic ap- expected hands and feet relative to body tria and previously published data from a proach. size. This ontogenetic pattern suggests a Hallstatt site at Magdalenska gora in simple behavioral test: do juvenile ani- Slovenia (Murray & Schoeninger 1988). S.M. Lehman, Department of Anthropol- mals, with their larger, almost adult-sized Patterns in d13C and d15N values can ogy, University of Toronto, Toronto, On- hands and feet, locomote on similarly- also be observed within individual La tario, Canada. sized substrates as adult animals? Using Tène burial grounds, with males buried locomotor bout sampling, I tested this with items of weaponry having higher The lemurs of Madagascar are one of the question by collecting positional behavior d15N values than males buried without world’s highest conservation priorities. data on this population. Results from this items of iron weaponry, suggesting dietary Lemur conservation efforts have focused test find no differences in locomotor be- divisions that are based on social varia- on opportunistically protecting “flag-ship haviors or substrate use between juvenile tion as revealed through the provision of species” or on iterative exercises in assign- and adult animals. These results suggest specific grave goods. ing conservation priorities. However, that selection may have altered growth This project is funded by the Natural there is little consensus among research- trajectories in this species, perhaps to Environment Research Council ers as to which taxa and/or biogeographic ensure efficient locomotion of juveniles (NER/S/A/2001/06105) region(s) require immediate conservation during group movements. To place these attention. This lack of consensus on con- results in a broader evolutionary context, Sexual dimorphism in the Hadar A. servation priorities indicates the need for I calculated heritabilities, selection gradi- afarensis sample: Another look. a biological approach to lemur conserva- ents, and genetic correlations of hands tion in Madagascar. I used a taxonomic and feet (and other limb elements) for S.-H. Lee. Department of Anthropology, endemicity standardized weight (TESW) animals in this population. This was University of California at Riverside. index to determine the evolutionary com- achieved by combining genetic-based par- ponent of biodiversity and to prioritize entage information with morphometric Sexual dimorphism is a major mecha- areas for conserving lemur taxa. The data and fitness proxies. Among limb nism of morphological variation in most TESW index is important because it: (1) is elements, heritabilities range from 0.21 to species, and its degree has been associated sensitive to both taxonomic distinctness 0.61 and genetic correlations are positive. with mating system in hominids and and endemicity, (2) allows information Heritability values of hands and feet are hominins. Therefore, a valid assessment from diverse taxa to be combined (i.e., low, likely indicating that past selection of the degree and pattern of sexual dimor- different cladograms), and (3) uses com- has purged additive genetic variation; this phism in Australopithecus afarensis sheds plementarity to preserve the maximum is concordant with the finding that direc- light on understanding their morphologi- number of taxa in a minimal number of tional selection acting on hands and feet is cal variation and social structure. This protected areas. I used phylogenetic data weak and constrained by correlations paper asks two questions about sexual from recent genetic studies of Malagasy between limb elements. dimorphism in A. afarensis: do different strepsirhines at the species level. Data on skeletal elements show the same degree of distributions of lemur species came from Stable isotope analysis as an indica- sexual dimorphism, and what is the surveys I conducted and published litera- tor of diet and social status in La afarensis pattern compared to extant apes ture. I assigned each lemur species to Tène Bohemia. and modern humans? Examining these mutually exclusive biogeographic forest questions requires addressing several regions. My TESW analysis indicated J.D. Le Huray. Department of Archaeo- methodological challenges including the that lemur taxa in southern Madagascar logical Sciences, University of Bradford, fragmentary record, comparability of dif- have the highest conservation priority. UK. ferent elements, unequal sample size, and This priority rating is a direct result of the sex assessment. This paper uses a re- rarity and limited geographic range size of This study uses carbon and nitrogen cently proposed method (Assigned Resam- lemurs in southern Madagascar. TESW stable isotope analysis of human and ani- pling Method) to estimate the degree of priorities for lemurs are congruent with mal bone collagen to examine diet and sexual dimorphism for different skeletal landscape patterns of forest loss, indicat- social status in Iron Age Central Europe. elements (mandibular canine, humerus, ing the need to focus our conservation Human and faunal skeletal remains from femur) in the Hadar sample. The results efforts on lemurs and forests in southern 6 La Tène flat inhumation cemeteries in show that the Hadar afarensis show a Madagascar. 134 AAPA Abstracts

Evolution of primate life histories. curved in vertical clingers like Propith- This study examines variation in serum ecus, and most curved in slow climbers leptin levels and the associations with S.R. Leigh, R.M. Bernstein. Department of like Nycticebus and Loris. These differ- body composition and resting energy ex- Anthropology, University of Illinois, Ur- ences in midcarpal joint curvature have penditure (REE) in a sample of 41 men bana. been linked to differences in hand mobil- and 53 women from a rural herding popu- ity, in particular the degree of ulnar de- lation of southern Siberia (the Buryat). Recent advances in developmental biol- viation. However, few experimental data Buryat women have significantly higher ogy have important implications for un- exist on this relationship between joint leptin levels than men (females = 7.7+5.0 derstanding primate life histories. These configuration and mobility. To this end, µg/L; males = 2.4+2.7 µg/L; P < 0.001); findings show that dissociation and modu- this study tests the functional link be- however, leptin levels in both sexes are larity characterize ontogeny. The present tween midcarpal joint shape and the de- low in comparison to those of US samples. study evaluates the significance of these gree of ulnar deviation of the hand in liv- In both men and women leptin levels are processes in primate life histories by fo- ing strepsirhines. strongly correlated with the body mass cusing on primate ontogeny, with special While under anesthesia, the hand of index (BMI: r = 0.71 [males]; 0.75 [fe- emphasis on papionin primates. We de- three individuals of each the following males]; P < 0.001), percent body fat (r = termine whether or not the concept of life taxa was radiographed in neutral position 0.74 [males]; 0.79 [females]; P < 0.001) history “modes” can account for life his- and maximal ulnar deviation: Eulemur and total fat mass (r = 0.72 [males]; 0.75 tory evolution in primates. fulvus, Lemur catta, Varecia variegata, [females]; P < 0.001). REE in the Buryat Our analyses concentrate on the ontog- Propithecus verreauxi, Nycticebus cou- is elevated relative to the Harris-Benedict eny of key life history variables, such as cang, and Loris tardigradus. For each predictions (+7.3% [males]; P < 0.001; brains, teeth, the skeletal system, and a individual, an ulnar deviation angle was +3.2% [females]; P < 0.02), and is posi- variety of hormones. Data were obtained measured and the position of the carpals tively correlated with leptin levels (r = from museum specimens, literature was examined. On average, the hand of 0.46 [males]; 0.35 [females]; P < 0.01). sources, and long-term studies of captive arboreal quadrupeds shows ulnar devia- After controlling for body composition (Fat specimens. Analyses evaluate the ontog- tion angles that range between 35° and Mass and Fat-free Mass), leptin levels eny of each variable across species primar- 43°. Ulnar deviation of the hand is were not significantly associated with ily with regression. greater in Propithecus (55°) and greatest REE. Elevations in REE are common Brain development in primates is highly in Nycticebus (70°) and Loris (92°). among northern-adapted populations and variable both in terms of rate and dura- Greater ulnar deviation of the hand is may partly explain why Buryat men and tion. Similarly, body mass growth, pat- accompanied by radial translation of the women have lower leptin levels than their terns of dental development, and the scaphoid, which is most extreme in lorises. US peers. However, it does not appear scheduling of reproduction all show con- This study supports the morphocline of that leptin directly influences energy ex- siderable heterogeneity and dissociation. midcarpal joint curvature and hand mobil- penditure independent of body fatness. Details of ontogeny assessed through ity reported by Hamrick (1996). Supported by the National Geographic analyses of papionins substantiate more Supported by the Faculty of Medicine Society and Northwestern University. general results. and Dentistry of the University of Alberta. Attention to the ontogeny of key life Is fluctuating asymmetry a stable history variables demonstrates that a Leptin, body composition and energy trait? simple “fast vs. slow” continuum is insuf- metabolism in the Buryat herders of ficient to account for life history variation Southern Siberia. D.V. Leone1, M.V. Flinn1,2. Department of across primates. Instead, these data sup- Anthropology1, Department of Psychologi- port the concept of a life history mode, W.R. Leonard1, A.G. Comuzzie2, M.V. cal Sciences2, University of Missouri. which predicts that a range of quantita- Sorensen3, M.J. Mosher4, V.A. Spitsyn5. tively and qualitatively different path- 1Department of Anthropology, Northwest- Theory: Fluctuating asymmetry (FA) is ways to adulthood have evolved in pri- ern University, 2Department of Genetics, a deviation from symmetry in bilateral mates. These analyses emphasize the Southwest Foundation for Biomedical characters resulting from developmental importance of modularity and juvenile Research, 3Department of Anthropology, instability. Most studies use adult sub- adaptations in understanding life history University of North Carolina, jects, positing that FA reflects cumulative evolution. 4Department of Epidemiology, University effects of developmental perturbations. This research was supported by NSF of North Carolina, 5Medical Genetics Re- Here we examine sequential patterns of (SBR 9707361) Wenner-Gren, the Leakey search Center, Russian Academy of Medi- FA in human children. We test three Foundation, and the University of Illinois. cal Sciences. alternative hypotheses: (1) FA increases during development in response to envi- The relationship between midcarpal Leptin appears to play important roles ronmental insults; (2) FA increases in joint morphology and ulnar deviation in the regulation of body weight and en- response to environmental insults, but the of the hand in strepsirhine primates. ergy balance. Previous research has direction of change is random; and (3) FA shown that serum leptin levels are increases in response to environmental P. Lemelin, Division of Anatomy, Univer- strongly associated with body fat stores; insults, but recovers toward symmetry sity of Alberta. however, it is currently unclear whether during non-stressed growth. leptin exerts a direct influence on energy Methods: To assess changes in FA, we Hamrick (1996) found a morphocline in expenditure independent of body composi- repeated measures of 8 bilateral traits the shape of the midcarpal joint of strep- tion. Additionally, since most studies of (digits, ears, ankles, wrists) from 234 chil- sirhines. In arboreal quadrupeds such as leptin have been conducted on industrial- dren during 11 biyearly (1997-2003) sur- Eulemur, Lemur, and Varecia, the proxi- ized populations, we have a very limited veys. FA was calculated as the difference mal surfaces of the capitate and hamate understanding of population variation in of averages of duplicate measures. To are flatter. The same surfaces are more leptin levels and its metabolic correlates. examine longitudinal patterns of change AAPA Abstracts 135

in FA, we developed a new variable, based edge-detection algorithm that may R.J. Lewis. Department of Biological An- asymmetrical growth (AG). AG is the provide a more objective, accurate, and thropology and Anatomy, Duke Univer- amount of asymmetrical growth that oc- consistent solution will be discussed. sity. curs during a specified time, calculated by taking the absolute value of the difference A preliminary assessment of the mi- Male Verreaux’s sifaka exhibit a bimor- of signed FAs from two samples (six crofaunal assemblage from the Coo- phism that is reversible and related to month intervals). AG is an indicator of pers D deposit, Gauteng, South Af- dominance rank. Dominant males exhibit the temporal stability of FA. rica. a pronounced brown staining around their Results: (a) Longitudinal patterns of FA sternal gland (stained males) and subor- are more closely associated with environ- P.J. Lewis1, C.M. Steininger2, N. Barrick- dinate males do not (clean males). Adult mental insults than cross-sectional FA man3, L.R. Berger2, S. Churchill3. 1Biology sifaka in six social groups were studied in data. (b) FA is not cumulative. Growth Department, Pfeiffer University, Kirindy Forest, Madagascar, to determine after insults can lead towards or away 2Palaeoanthropology Unit for Research whether intersexual relationships vary from symmetry. In periods without in- and Exploration, University of the Wit- with male chest status. Behavioral data sults, growth reduces FA in six of the watersrand, 3Department of Biological were collected using focal animal sam- eight traits measured. (c) The direction of Anthropology and Anatomy, Duke Uni- pling and all-occurrence methods from asymmetrical growth among traits is in- versity. November 2000-March 2002. Results dependent. These results are consistent from this study indicate that the two male with the recovery hypothesis (#3 above), The Coopers site is a hominin fossil lo- morphs behave significantly differently and suggest ontogenetic mechanisms for cality in the Cradle of Humankind, Gau- and that intersexual relationships in si- symmetrical growth. teng, South Africa. The site is situated faka are dependent upon male chest between Sterkfontein and Kromdraai, and status. Stained males scent-marked at Endocranial capacity estimated from dates to the Plio-Pleistocene. Recent work higher rates and overmarked female 3-D CT: Methodological issues. has focused on analyzing new hominin scent-marks more frequently. Stained material, as well as the abundant and males also spent a greater proportion of J.E. Lewis, P.T. Schoenemann, J. Monge. diverse faunal remains contained in the their time in proximity to females. Per Department of Anthropology, University Coopers D deposit. This prior research time in proximity, however, the clean of Pennsylvania. suggests a date of between 1.6 to 1.9 Ma males received a significantly lower rate for the deposit. of aggression from females. Females ac- Cranial capacity has long been consid- In addition to the numerous large tively mated with both types of males and ered a key parameter in understanding mammals excavated from the Coopers D were observed to be hostile towards the mode and tempo of hominid evolution. deposit are a tremendous number of small stained males attempting to interfere with In recent years, 3-D computed tomogra- mammal fossils. Current research on this females copulating with clean males. phy (CT) has been used to extract virtual large microfaunal assemblage is focused Moreover, females were responsible for endocasts (VE) from human and fossil on identifying the species represented and maintaining proximity with the clean hominid crania. Although the resolution using information from these species to males but not with the stained males. of CT can be very high (submillimeter), rebuild the paleoenvironmental conditions Thus, male-female relationships in sifaka subtle methodological decisions about how of the site. Taxa uncovered thus far are seem to be dependent upon male chest to delimit the endocranial margin can be represented primarily by Otomys irrora- status, with females and stained males in shown to have large effects. Spoor et al. tus, Aethomys chrysophilus, Acomys direct conflict over clean males. This (1993) suggest using half of the maximum spinosissimus, and Mystromys albicauda- study demonstrates (1) the ability of fe- height of the peak in a histogram taken in tus, with the later group represented in males to manipulate male residency and cross-section of cortical bone to define the the highest frequency. Other taxa identi- (2) how female power can strongly influ- edge. While this method works for linear fied belong to groups including the ence social organization and dynamics. measurements, it is not suitable for large shrews, elephant shrews, and moles. This research was funded by the Leakey endocranial surfaces, which vary widely in These taxa are present in the Gauteng Foundation, Wenner-Gren Foundation, thickness across more than ~60,000 sur- region today and have been recovered and NSF Dissertation Improvement Grant face voxels. from other sites of similar age, although (#0002570). This problem is not clearly addressed in conclusive species identification awaits published studies of endocranial volume. more complete cranial specimens. Functional differentiation between To determine the extent to which the se- Preliminary analysis of the fauna is the clavicular and caudal heads of lection of a single global threshold value consistent with interglacial conditions and the pectoralis major muscle in Homo for edge delimitation can influence the a grassland habitat. The species are gen- sapiens. estimation of cranial capacity, we ex- erally associated with rocky terrain and tracted VEs from 13 Homo sapiens, 1 Pan sandy soil, and the presence of O. irrora- K.L. Lewton, E.K. Landis, T.A. Gayheart, troglodytes, and 1 Gorilla gorilla crania tus suggests a permanent water source in M.C. Jacofsky. Department of Anthropol- using two different threshold values: one the area. Analysis of the microfaunal as- ogy, Arizona State University. that minimizes the need to hand-delimit semblage allows the hominin fossils from thin areas of bone, and another arbitrarily Coopers to be viewed in a more detailed This study uses electromyographic and chosen to be twice that value. Both VEs paleoenvironmental context. kinematic methods to investigate the differ imperceptibly in shape, yet by 1.42% functional differentiation between the in volume on average. This translates Stained v. clean males: Female power clavicular and caudal heads of the pector- into differences of ~20 cc for a 1400 cc maintains male bimorphism in Ver- alis major muscle in Homo sapiens. The endocast. Comparison with traditional reaux’s sifaka (Propithecus verreauxi clavicular head of the pectoralis major bead-fill measurements on these speci- verreauxi). muscle is present in Alouatta, Lagothrix, mens will also be presented. An image- Hylobates, Pan, Gorilla, and Homo, but 136 AAPA Abstracts

not in Ateles and Pongo. Stern et al. Health as a reflection of bio-cultural types. Socioeconomic status classification (1980) suggest that the clavicular head of discontinuity in the Neolithic Cis- was done by our Admissions Department, the pectoralis major muscle in nonhuman Baikal. assigning each patient to one of ten levels primates is used in the initiation of the from A to J, being A the lowest one. Group recovery phase of the locomotor cycle in A.R. Lieverse. Ecology and Evolutionary I included patients with classifications A ricochetal brachiation, vertical climbing, Biology, Cornell University. and B, group II was formed with patients and arboreal quadrupedalism. The reten- E and F and group III included levels I tion of the clavicular head of the pectoralis Cultural continuity in the Cis-Baikal and J. Classification criteria include: major muscle in Homo may be an exapta- region of Siberia appears to have been years in school, occupation, income, type tion for different functional roles required disrupted by a 700-year hiatus during the of housing, health status and access to of the forelimb in bipedal locomotion or fifth millennium BC, after which a cultur- medical services. All individuals had type other complex activities involving the ally and biologically distinct population II diabetes. forelimb. inhabited the area. Earlier research on The amount of Indian and White ances- Electromyographic and kinematic data human skeletal material from this time try in group I was 0.48 and 0.519, respec- are collected on the clavicular and caudal period (the Neolithic and early Bronze tively. In group II the amounts were 0.504 heads of the pectoralis major muscle in a Age) has suggested that considerable and 0.496, and in group III 0.276 and human during throwing, holding a 10- health differences between the pre- and 0.724 respectively. The differences be- pound weight, walking, and running. post-hiatus populations, namely the tween groups I and III agrees with the Data are also collected from the anterior poorer fitness of the former, may reflect idea that people with a low socioeconomic deltoid muscle, which functions similarly the processes surrounding this bio- status have a larger Indian ancestry (0.48) to the pectoralis major muscle in arm cultural discontinuity. In this study, than the richer ones (0.276). The opposite flexion and adduction, in order to explore skeletal remains from four Cis-Baikal is true in regard to White admixture, the possible synergistic interactions be- cemetery sites (n = 318) – two preceding 0.496 and 0.724, respectively. The inter- tween these arm flexors. We observe clear the fifth millennium hiatus and two suc- mediate group is very similar to the first variation in onset times and distinction in ceeding it – were examined for indicators one, and the explanation may be that the the order of activation in different tasks of overall community health, specifically social classification is not accurate enough between the clavicular and caudal heads enamel hypoplasia, dental and skeletal for the purpose used. These results sug- of the pectoralis major muscle. These data pathology, osteoarthritis, and trauma. gest that Mexican Indians have a lower provide evidence for functional differen- While all four populations exhibited good opportunity to obtain adequate jobs due to tiation between the clavicular and caudal health in general, significant differences a host of circumstances, related to pov- heads of the pectoralis major muscle, sup- were observed in the incidences of enamel erty. porting a unique role of the clavicular hypoplasial defects and the prevalence of head of this muscle in Homo sapiens. osteoarthritic joint degeneration, suggest- 50 years of chimpanzee demography ing increased physiological stress during at Taronga Park Zoo, Australia. Three-dimensional digital restoration growth and development and increased of the Yunxian crania. physical stress during adulthood among J. Littleton. Department of Anthropology, the pre-hiatus people. The health pat- University of Auckland. T. Li , Amelie, M. Liao, X. Feng. Hubei terns observed, and the factors ultimately Institute of Archaeology, Wuhan. responsible for them, offer substantial There has been a captive Pan troglodytes insight into the nature of the Cis-Baikal’s colony at Taronga Park Zoo in Sydney in This paper reports on the two Homo fifth millennium hiatus. 1949. While demographic data on these erectus fossil crania recovered from the animals were first analysed in 1986 there site of Yunxian in southern China. The Admixture estimates in a Mexican is now a further 15 years of information fossils (EV 9001 and EV 9002) were se- population stratified by socioeco- available. The reproductive histories of 33 verely distorted, making accurate meas- nomic status. females within the colony have been re- urements of cranial dimensions difficult. corded and these data form one of the In the present study, the specimens are R. Lisker, A. Malacara, E. Ramírez, O. larger collections of captive chimpanzee CT scanned in order to obtain digital in- Mutchinick. Department of Genetics, In- data from a setting that has, since 1970 formation of the fossils. We then use Mul- stituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y involved natural breeding conditions. In tiple Planner Reconstruction (MPR), Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México City. particular, mothers are not separated Curve Multiple Planner Reconstruction from infants except in exceptional circum- (CMPR), Surface Shadow Density (SSD), Previous studies have suggested that in stances. These data, therefore, were ana- and Volumetric Reconstruction (VR) to México, low income groups have more lysed to establish the degree of variability obtain a more accurate reconstruction of Indian ancestry than the more affluent present within chimpanzee reproductive the fossils. These methods also enable a ones. In a hospital environment informed parameters. more precise computation of cranial capac- consent was obtained to draw blood sam- Age at first birth for the chimpanzee ity, vault thickness, and a recovery of ples from three groups of 75 adult indi- females was 123 months on average information that had been lost due to viduals each, of: low (I) intermediate (II) (n=16), 44 months before the average age distortion and compression of the original and high (III) socioeconomic status, to at first birth of chimpanzees at Gombe fossils. We report these new figures, perform admixture estimates with a (n=7). In line with this acceleration of which will make possible a more definitive maximum likelihood method considering reproduction, birth intervals are also sig- assessment of the craniometric features of two ancestral populations: Indians and nificantly shorter than non-captive chim- these fossils and therefore their phyloge- Whites. panzee populations. The median birth netic position within the Old World homi- The markers studied were blood groups interval for all surviving infants (based on nid lineage. of the ABO, MN, Rh-Hr and Duffy sys- Kaplan-Meier Survival Analysis) is 47 tems, in addition to serum haptoglobin AAPA Abstracts 137

months (n=38) compared to a median of 69 African-American lineage markers: University of Colorado-Boulder, 2Depart- for Gombe (n=20). Determining the geographic source of ment of Anthropology, University of Notre This increase in the reproductive span mtDNA and Y chromosomes. Dame, 3Balinese Macaque Project, Uni- and decrease in the birth interval mean versity of Notre Dame, 4Pusat Kajian, that in captive conditions the potential J. Lorenz1, A. Vosbikian1, J. Beck1, P. Universitas Udayana. fertility of chimpanzees is significantly Bender1, A. Whittemore2, F. Jackson3. greater even in ‘natural’ breeding condi- 1Coriell Institute for Medical Research, This study of human-nonhuman primate tions and that mortality, particularly of Camden, NJ, 2Dept. of Epidemiology and interactions can contribute to the effective young infants, is a significant dampener Biostatistics, Stanford University School construction of both socio-ecological and on population growth. of Medicine, 3Dept. of Anthropology, Univ. conservation models. Humans (Homo of Maryland. sapiens) and long-tailed macaques Phylogenetic analysis of extant (Macaca fascicularis) have lived in sym- hominids using temporal bone mor- In admixed populations the use of patric associations for centuries on the phometrics. mtDNA and Y chromosome markers is an island of Bali, Indonesia. The goal of this important first step in understanding the project was to assess variance in human C.A. Lockwood1, W.H. Kimbel2, J.M. genetic structure of those populations. To impact and ecological conditions for differ- Lynch3. 1Department of Anthropology, determine African American ancestral ent human sympatric macaque popula- University College London, 2Institute of areas of origin a sample of African- tions on Bali. Data collected at ten sites Human Origins and Department of An- Americans (N=85) were typed for restric- reveal a wide spectrum of human percep- thropology, Arizona State University, tion site polymorphisms that identify the tions and behavior regarding the mon- 3Barrett College, Arizona State Univer- major sub-Saharan African mtDNA hap- keys. sity. logroups (L1/L2, L3b, L3d, and L3e). We Data were collected on macaque and also typed the males in the sample (N=28) human demography, habitat type, local Morphometric data are rarely used in for the major Y chromosome biallelic vari- human perspectives and interaction pat- phylogenetic analysis of primates, even ants that identify the major sub-Saharan terns, degree of provisioning, area use, though quantification of shape is regarded African Y chromosome haplogroups (I, II, level of habituation, and the degree of crop as essential in most other areas of inquiry. III and VI, Underhill 2001). To increase raiding by macaques. Interviews were The bias against metric data is due to our knowledge of the mtDNA and Y chro- conducted in Bahasa Indonesia, Balinese, conceptual and logistical difficulties of mosome variation of possible ancestral and/or English. Data analyses reveal that treating measurements or angles as char- populations for modern African- the macaques engaged in crop raiding acters. Here we address some of these Americans we included samples from two behavior at each site. However, we failed difficulties by using distance-based meth- sub-Saharan African populations: Camer- to discover a specific patterned relation- ods of phylogenetic analysis on three- oonians (N=81; including 40 males that ship between intensity of crop raiding and dimensional landmark data. The focus is also were typed for Y chr variants) and human behavior and perception of the a set of 23 ectocranial landmarks from the Senegalese (N=113). For those African macaques. Macaque uses of different sites hominoid temporal bone. Thus, we also Americans that did not belong to one of varied temporally, and in intensity of ask whether the temporal bone in particu- the L haplogroups we did further analysis impact. Macaque group size and demog- lar supports aspects of hominoid phylog- to determine their haplogroup affiliation, raphy also varied across ecotype and geo- eny that are well-supported by molecular which included sequencing of ~340 bp of graphic location. Hunting occurs at some data. the mtDNA HVR-1. sites even though previous reports suggest We analyzed the landmark data in two Our results showed that although Afri- otherwise. Physical contact between the alternative ways: 1) using generalized can-Americans have a higher frequency of humans and macaques remains low, how- Procrustes analysis to register and size- non-L haplogroups there is no significant ever it appears that humans keep some adjust individuals, and 2) determining all difference in the overall haplogroup fre- macaques as pets and may be acting as 253 interlandmark distances, which were quencies among the three populations (C2 mechanisms of gene flow and disease then size-adjusted for each individual = 0.19, n =11). Of the 16 African- transmission by releasing captive mon- using their geometric mean. Euclidean American non-L haplogroups nine belong keys at non-natal sites. distances among all taxa (Homo sapiens to Eurasian mtDNA haplogroups. Of the and subspecies of Pan, Gorilla, and Pongo) Cameroonian males 87.5% typed positive Human evolution in the far north- were calculated for each type of data. We for Y haplogroup III, whereas only 75.0% east: The significance of the Jin- used neighbor-joining and least squares of African-American males belonged to niushan fossil for models of modern algorithms to obtain phylogenetic trees haplogroup III. The remaining African- human origins. from the distance matrices, and boot- American individuals belonged to hap- strapping to evaluate support for clades. logroup VI. Only two (7.1%) African- Lü Z. E.1, K. R. Rosenberg2. 1Department To root the trees, Pongo was treated as an American males belonged to non-African of Archaeology, Beijing University, outgroup to the other hominids. Y chromosome lineages. 2Department of Anthropology, University A Pan-Homo clade is strongly supported of Delaware. in all analyses. Relationships among Pan Sacred cropraiders? An examination The archaic human fossil specimen from taxa differ slightly among methods, al- of sympatric associations among Jinniushan in Liaoning Province, in though Pan is always monophyletic. Homo sapiens and Macaca fascicu- northeastern China is dated to approxi- These results reveal the potential for laris on the island of Bali. mately 280,000 years ago and comes from geometric morphometric analysis to shed the extreme periphery of the human geo- light on phylogenetic relationships, and J.E. Loudon1, A. Fuentes2, M.E. Howells3, graphic range in the Middle Pleistocene. indicate the phylogenetic signal present in J. Fraver3, A. Putra4, N. Wandia4, I. This setting allows us to test models of the hominoid temporal bone. Soma4, I. Suartha4, S. Widyastuti4, A. modern human origins, particularly ques- Rompis4. 1Department of Anthropology, tions of continuity or replacement. Be- 138 AAPA Abstracts

cause it includes both cranial and post- pregnancy were more likely to become Population data for the black howler cranial remains from a single individual, anemic, and to have lower Natural Killer monkey (Alouatta pigra) are vital to the the specimen permits us to examine a cell activity (p<.05) and reduced cellular evaluation of areas where this species is range of hypotheses focusing on multiple proliferation to IL-2 stimulation (p<.05). preserved and those where they may be at anatomical systems. The interplay of prenatal stress with risk. To provide comparative data in con- A number of scholars have argued that anemia has far reaching consequences for tinuous forest, five square kilometer study the cranial anatomy of the Jinniushan many of the world's children. Early as- areas were surveyed in five archaeological specimen shows evidence of modern mor- sessments and early interventions may zones between February and May 2002. phology in an archaic specimen at a very prevent longer term health problems. Data were collected on population density, early date. In addition, the Jinniushan troop size, and demographic structure for female and its penecontemporary, the The size of the dentition. A. pigra living within the ruins of Calak- male specimen from Dali, show evidence, mul, Yaxchilán, Bonampak, and Lacanja in other aspects of cranial and dental P.W. Lucas. Anatomy, University of Hong in Mexico and Tikal in Guatemala. morphology, of continuity with later Chi- Kong. Population densities in the study sites of nese specimens. Its pelvic morphology is Calakmul and Tikal are comparable to reminiscent of that seen in Atapuerca and Scaling analyses are popular in func- those reported for A. pigra in other sites later European Neandertal specimens tional morphology because of their over- within large forest tracts. A. pigra den- from the distant western edge of the range arching explanatory value. Early dental sity are highest in Yaxchilán. In Bonam- of archaic Homo, suggesting a similar studies by Pilbeam & Gould (1974) and pak and Lacanja, forests controlled by pattern of pelvic evolution across the Old Fortelius (1985) argued (paraphrasing) Lacandon Maya, densities of howler mon- World. Finally, its large body size, wide that the mammalian digestive system, keys are low to nonexistent. Average bi-iliac breadth and relatively short ulna which provisions the body, is composed of troop size varies according to site, with a (the only long bone represented) probably a sequence of steps, mastication being the range of 6.5 to 8.7 individuals. Adult male reflect an adaptation to the cold climate of first. The slowest step of the sequence to adult female sex ratios range from 1:0.6 its high latitude origin. The Jinniushan determines the rate at which the whole to 1:1.32. The ratio of adult female to specimen thus provides evidence of a mo- process runs, so each has to operate suffi- immature individuals range from 1:0.34 to saic transition from archaic to modern ciently fast to satisfy the body’s metabolic 1:1.6. Homo sapiens in China. needs. The rate at which the resting I conclude that: 1) A. pigra are surviving mammalian body requires energy is rein government protected forests; 2) Sites Iron, stress, and immunity: A monkey lated to M0.75, where M is body mass. with little to no protection seem to be model. Gould (1975) predicted that larger mam- devoid of, or at risk of losing, their A. pi- mals have relatively larger postcanine gra populations; 3) Average troop size for G.R. Lubach, C.L. Coe. Harlow Center for tooth areas (i.e. positive allometry) to A. pigra in continuous forest is generally Biological Psychology, University of Wis- match basal metabolic rates, while For- higher than troop size in fragmented consin-Madison. telius (1985) argued that, because larger landscapes; and 4) The adult female to mammals chew slower, dental isometry is immature ratios indicate healthy popula- A healthy fetus and a healthy infant more probable. No mechanics was in- tions that can continue to expand and depend on a healthy pregnancy. A period volved even though this is what chewing grow, if human encroachment and other of prolonged psychological stress during is all about. Here I derive scaling patterns limiting pressures are minimal. pregnancy can impact multiple systems of the teeth (and some facial characteris- during infant development. Work in our tics) directly from the mechanical proper- An extant primate-based assessment laboratory with rhesus monkeys has ties of foods. The analyses draw from of the likely importance of homoiol- shown the impact of prenatal stress on Gurney & Hunt (1967) and studies by ogy in hominid phylogenetics. neurobehavioral development, mother- A.G. Atkins. Various alternative food be- infant interactions, and immunity. An- haviors (linear elastic, nonlinear elastic, S.J. Lycett1, M. Collard2. 1Department of other type of prenatal stress, often en- elastoplastic or plastic fracture) can be Anthropology, University College London, countered in the developing world is a modeled. The results show that isometry UK, 2Department of Anthropology, Wash- nutritional one, ranging from malnutri- of the postcanine teeth is an upper limit- ington State University. tion to select micronutrient deficiencies. ing case and that many mammals (includ- Homoiologies are morphological simi- Iron deficiency is the most common defi- ing primates) are likely to show negative larities that are phylogenetically mislead- ciency during pregnancy, and continues to dental allometry, while being totally con- ing and primarily due to non-genetic fac- affect between 30-80% of infants world- sistent with the dentition’s role in metabo- tors, such as mechanical loading. Recently wide. lism. A considerable body of evidence sup- it has been claimed that homoiologies are Our studies have shown that newborn ports this. There is no single scaling rule prevalent in the hominid skull, especially infant iron status is correlated with ma- for teeth – all depends on what the animal in regions affected by mastication-related ternal iron status. Infants with low iron eats. strain, and that their prevalence is a ma- stores become anemic between 4-6 months jor reason why researchers have so far of age, which is prior to the normal wean- Howler monkey (Alouatta pigra) been unable to obtain a reliable estimate ing age. Iron stores are also quickly de- populations in five Maya archaeo- of hominid phylogeny (Lieberman, 2000). pleted in rapidly growing infants, putting logical zones in southern Mexico and However, contrary to this "homoiology them at risk for longer-term iron- northern Guatemala. hypothesis", a recent study of extant deficiency anemia. We have shown that hominoids found that high strain charac- anemia can result in behavioral, cognitive, L.G. Luecke. Dept. of Anthropology, Uni- ters were in fact more informative regard- and immunological deficits. versity of Texas at Austin. ing phylogeny than other craniofacial Infants born to mothers who were ex- characters (Collard et al., in press). Here, posed to a psychological stressor during we report an additional test of the ho- AAPA Abstracts 139

moiology hypothesis that employed data ized as comparative taxa. The null hy- chin monkeys (Cebus capucinus) in for 60 hard-tissue characters recorded on pothesis is that for each trial, the size northwestern Costa Rica. I report findings members of another group of extant pri- variation in the Dmanisi hominins does from an 11-month study carried out in mates, the papionins. First, published not exceed that of the reference group. Santa Rosa National Park, Area de Con- information was used to classify the char- Results demonstrate the Dmanisi servación Guanacaste. Data were collected acters as high strain (n=22), low-to- hominins are more variable in neurocra- on two habituated groups of capuchins moderate strain (n=22), or non- nial size than modern humans and chim- using a variety of sampling techniques, remodelling (n=16). Next, we sought to panzees but frequently fall within the and all juveniles were recognized indi- determine whether or not high strain gorilla range. However, results from facial vidually. characters are more plastic than the low- size alone indicate that a comparable Play-chase was the most common type of to-moderate strain and non-remodeling range could be sampled from each refer- play among the small juveniles in this characters. Thereafter, we subjected the ence taxon with a high frequency. These study, comprising approximately 15% of three groups of characters to cladistic findings do not reject the null hypothesis their total sample time. Small juveniles analysis and compared the resulting and suggest size variation in the Dmanisi play-chased the most with other juveniles. cladograms with the well-supported mo- hominins is consistent with a single spe- For example, four of the six small juve- lecular phylogeny for the papionins (Har- cies displaying a higher level of (presuma- niles in this study had the highest rate of ris, 2000). The high strain characters were bly sexual) dimorphism in neurocranial play-chase with other small juveniles, and found to be significantly more variable anatomy than modern humans and chim- two of the six had the highest rate with than low-to-moderate strain characters, panzees. Partially supported by the L.S.B. large juveniles. Play-wrestle was not as which supports the idea that mechanical Leakey Foundation and Sigma Xi Scien- common as play-chase and comprised loading induces high levels of variability tific Research Society. approximately 7% of the total sample time in the catarrhine craniofacial region. of small juveniles. As with play-chase, this However, there was no evidence that such Local, national and international behavior was performed most within the plasticity leads to greater levels of homo- variation in human secondary sex same age-class (e.g., small juveniles with plasy in the high-strain characters. Thus, ratio as a function of maternal condi- small juveniles). our study also does not support the ho- tion. In addition to play-chase vs. play- moiology hypothesis. wrestle behaviors, I will also discuss indi- R.Mace, M. Gibson, F. Jordan, J. Eardley. vidual variation and possible reasons for Cranial variation among the Plio- Human Evolutionary Ecology Group, play-partner preferences. Play serves Pleistocene hominins from Dmanisi, Dept. of Anthropology, University College many functions: it helps young animals Georgia. London. assess dominance rank and social roles in the group, and it helps them learn how to P.J. Macaluso, Jr.1, D.E. Hopwood1, G. Evidence is presented, from a village control aggression. More generally, play Kioukis1, N. Malit1, A.J. Nevgloski1, Jr., study in Ethiopia, that mothers with low helps the juvenile primate establish and J.B. McCausland-Gaines1, D. Lordki- BMI and low muscle mass are more likely solidify social relationships and to interact panidze2. 1Department of Anthropology, to have had a daughter rather than a son effectively in a social world, all of which Binghamton University (SUNY), 2Deputy at their last birth. Furthermore, data are crucial for survival. Director, Georgian State Museum, Head collected in the same year (2000) in Ethio- of the Department Geology and Paleontol- pia by the DHS is used to show a similar Which species of hominoids are pre- ogy. effect nationally: malnourished mothers sent at the early Miocene sites Napak are more likely to have had a female child and Moroto, Uganda? This study addresses the significance of for their most recent birth. However this variation among the hominin crania from effect is only found in rural women. Fi- L. MacLatchy1, J.B. Rossie2. 1Dept. of the Plio-Pleistocene site of Dmanisi, Geor- nally we analyze global variation in sex Anthropology, Boston University. 2Section gia. Observable size differences among the ratio. We use only countries from the Old of Vertebrate Paleontology, Carnegie Mu- three described specimens have resulted World (i.e. those not peopled predomi- seum of Natural History. in controversy regarding the number of nantly by immigrants from Europe) and represented taxa. While the Georgian find that countries with high fertility and Hominoid fossils from the early Miocene team (Vekua et al., 2002) contends that mortality tend to have more female-biased sites at Napak and Moroto were initially this sample represents one taxon display- sex ratios. Overall these analyses suggest placed in Proconsul (or Dryopithecus) ma- ing considerable sexual dimorphism, other that when the costs associated with moth- jor, but up to four taxa are now recog- workers argue a minimum of two species erhood are high, births are more likely to nized: Proconsul major, Ugandapithecus is represented (Schwartz, 2000). be female, in line with predictions from major, Morotopithecus bishopi and Afro- Variation was assessed with resampling evolutionary theory. pithecus turkanensis. Here we report on methodology (bootstrapping) from meas- new mandibular and dental specimens urements reflecting facial height and that bear on the taxonomic validity of breadth, and neurocranial size. The Play patterns in small juvenile white- these attributions. analysis was performed for max/min ra- faced capuchin monkeys (Cebus BUMP 127, an edentulous right mandi- tios of geometric means, given that meas- capucinus) in Costa Rica. ble from Napak, resembles KNM SO 404, ures of relative variation (such as coeffi- but with a steeper and shorter planum cient of variation) are not recommended K.C. MacKinnon. Department of Sociology alveolare and a less pronounced superior for this sample. To determine whether & Criminal Justice and Center for Inter- transverse torus. BUMP 269 is a lower differences likely reflect interspecific or national Studies, Saint Louis University. M1 from the same locality. These speci- intraspecific variation, including sexual mens help to demonstrate that the Napak dimorphism, samples of modern human, This paper examines play patterns in hominoid is conspecific with the largest chimpanzee and gorilla crania were util- small juvenile (1-3 yrs) white-faced capu- hominoid from the Tinderet sequence in 140 AAPA Abstracts

Kenya, but since this taxon has not been Anthropological and oxygen isotopic producing population in the Mou- shown to be the sister of the three other analyses both suggest weaning in late houn Bend, Burkina Faso. Proconsul species, it should remain Pro- infancy; this will be corroborated by forth- consul major, not Ugandapithecus major. coming carbon and nitrogen isotope analy- K.C. Maes1, J.D. Irish2, A.F.C. Holl3, P.L. BUMP 559, a lower M1, is the first lower sis. There is no biological indication of Walker4, G.J. Armelagos1. 1Dept. of An- molar crown from Moroto. Among other prolonged breastfeeding in this popula- thropology, Emory University, 2Dept. of traits, its slight buccal cingulum, relation. Anthropology, University of Alaska Fair- tively small protoconid and narrow mesial banks, 3Dept. of Anthropology, University fovea and crown distinguish it from P. The Culís of Costa Rica: An initial of Michigan, 4Dept. of Anthropology, Uni- major, while a much narrower mesial health assessment of an East-Indian- versity of California Santa Barbara. fovea and the absence of grooves and derived group in Costa Rica. wrinkles on the occlusal enamel distin- The 1999 and 2000 excavations of the guish it from Afropithecus. BUMP 551 is L. Madrigal1, F. Otarola2, M. Bell1, E. Mouhoun Bend Archaeological Project a right mandible that preserves the Ruiz1. 1Department of Anthropology, Uni- (NW Burkina Faso) uncovered human crowns of I2 and C and roots of I1, P3-P4. It versity of South Florida, 2Departamento skeletal remains and some of the earliest can be distinguished from Proconsul made Antropología, Universidad de Costa evidence (ca. 700-500 BC) for iron produc- jor and Afropithecus on the basis of orien- Rica. tion in sub-Saharan Africa. Inhabitants of tation of the planum alveolare, canine the site under study, which spans the time shape and premolar proportions. These Biological anthropologists are interested sequence ca. 700 BC to AD 1600, are be- specimens support the occurrence of a in the high prevalence of obesity, hyper- lieved to have been speakers of either single, highly dimorphic hominoid (Moro- tension and NIDDM among rapidly- early Kwa or Voltaic languages. They topithecus bishopi) at Moroto. modernizing groups since J. Neel’s pro- inhabited the region along the Mouhoun posal of the thrifty-gene hypothesis. High River (formerly known as the Black Volta) Weaning in early medieval England. prevalence of hypertension in African- before the eastern Mande expansion al- derived populations has been tied to the tered the linguistic scene around the 15th P.M. Macpherson1, C. Chenery2. 1Depart- thrifty-gene hypothesis and to the propo- century AD. ment of Archaeology, University of Shef- sition that electrolyte conservation was The purpose of the present investigation field, UK. 2NERC Isotope Geosciences selected for during the conditions the is to obtain an initial indication of genetic Laboratory, Keyworth, UK. slaves suffered during the Middle passage. relatedness between these people and Similar extreme conditions however, were various groups from elsewhere in sub- During the early medieval period Britain also experienced by East-Indian inden- Saharan Africa. To accomplish this goal, experienced rapid cultural change with tured workers. we employed the Arizona State University migration and colonisation from Scandi- We present the initial findings of a study Dental Anthropology System to record up navia and North Europe. However there with the Culís of Westfalia Costa Rica, to 36 dental and osseous discrete traits in is little information about contemporary who descend from East-Indian indentured 12 fragmentary Mouhoun Bend skeletons. dietary practice. This paper presents ini- workers. The control group consisted of These data were then qualitatively and tial results of macroscopic and chemical Afro-Limonenses”. For both groups, we quantitatively (using a multivariate dis- studies of Anglo-Saxon childhood diet investigated the levels of obesity and hy- tance statistic) compared to those in 15 utilising dental anthropology and stable pertension. other sub-Saharan samples, previously isotope analysis. Both communities had non-significantly recorded by Irish, to yield measures of Dental anthropology was recorded on 41 different mean BMI’s (Culís = 27.22, Afro- pair-wise phenetic affinity. It is assumed individuals ranging in age from neonates Limonenses = 25.62, p=0.3045), systolic here that phenetic similarity approxi- to children aged 7 years. Occlusal wear blood pressure (Culís = 122.26, Afro- mates or is an estimate of genetic varia- scores increased with age, only one indi- Limonenses = 122.11, p=0.8414), and dia- tion. The comparative samples comprise vidual displayed any wear before 1 year. stolic blood pressure (Culís = 77.79, Afro- Greenberg’s three sub-Saharan African Tooth wear correlation statistics indicate Limonenses = 74.26, p=0.2114). If hyper- language superfamilies: Nilo-Saharan, that children adopted a weaning diet be- tension is defined as systolic BP > 160 Khoisan, and Niger-Congo (includes tween 1 and 3 years, and a fully adult diet mm, then hypertension was found in 4% Bantu languages). The resulting, numeri- after 6 years of age. Calculus deposition of the Afro-Limonense sample and in 3% cally-derived affinities shed additional begins at 3 years and increases with age. of the Culí sample. Considering a diastolic light on the Bantu Expansion (beginning Prevalence of dental caries does not rise blood pressure > 95 mm as hypertensive, ca. 1000 BC) from West Africa into the until after 3 years of age, indicating an then 3% of the Afro and 10% of the Culí eastern and southern regions of the sub- infant diet of low cariogenicity. samples were hypertensive. An analysis of continent; previously, this vast, multi- Oxygen isotope analysis of 36 molars BMI shows that 25% of the Culís, and 18% stage migration has been documented, from 8 adults and 6 juveniles ranging in of the Afro-Limonenses were obese (BMI > primarily, via linguistic and archaeologi- age from 1 to 34 years gave values falling 30). These results support suggestions cal data. within the expected isotopic range for the that African-derived groups outside of the area. There is a marked difference be- USA do not have as large of a frequency of Copulation calls and female mate tween deciduous and permanent molars hypertension as do those of the USA. The choice in Guinea baboons and other with deciduous teeth demonstrating Culis had greater proportions of hyperten- primates. higher d18O, consistent with a higher sion and obesity than did the Afro- trophic level associated with breast feed- Limonenses. D. Maestripieri, M. Leoni, J. R. Roney, J. ing. Inter-tooth statistical analysis shows C. Whitham. Animal Behavior Research differences between first and second and Preliminary analysis of dental mor- Group, The University of Chicago. third molars, but a low probability of dif- phology and identity of an early iron ference between second and third molars. AAPA Abstracts 141

We hypothesized that copulation calls in initial attempts to localize genes affecting dimorphism exists relative to the allomet- primates are honest signals of reproduc- these traits to specific regions of the ba- ric relationships. tive condition that are used by females to boon genome. As expected, most pelvic dimensions, encourage mate guarding by high-quality We performed whole genome multipoint when regressed against metatarsal males and reduce the risk of sperm com- linkage screens to localize quantitative lengths, are sexually dimorphic. In most petition, i.e., they represent a form of trait loci (QTLs) influencing the degree of cases, there is not a strong correlation post-copulatory female choice. We tested expression of the interconulus (maxilla) between pelvic dimensions and body size this hypothesis with data from a captive and interconulid (mandible) on succe- surrogates ('r' is greater than 0.50 in only group of Guinea baboons collected over a daneous molars in 479 captive baboons 30% of the comparisons). In general, cor- 3-month period. Male copulatory success (Papio hamadryas ssp.) from the pedi- relations are weaker when pelvic dimen- in this group was accounted for by domi- greed breeding colony at the Southwest sions are regressed against metatarsal nance rank and age, being higher for National Primate Research Center. We lengths ('r' ranges from 0.24-0.61; when dominant and younger males. Female used a maximum-likelihood-based vari- regressed against weight, height, or femo- copulation calls were most likely to occur ance decomposition approach to estimate ral length, 'r' ranges as high as 0.74). in conjunction with peak sexual swelling. the proportion of the variance in these This study shows that there is a weak Variation in female tendencies to call traits due to a QTL at 1 cM intervals correlation between pelvic dimensions and after copulation was best accounted for by across the 20 baboon autosomes marked pedal dimensions. These results do not the copulatory success of the male with by nearly 300 highly polymorphic mi- support the hypothesis that foot size can which each female copulated the most and crosatellite loci. Significant evidence for a predict pelvic insufficiency during parturi- by the number of copulating partners; QTL (LOD>2.71, genome-wide P<0.05) tion. females that copulated with two or more influencing variation in cingular remnant males were more likely to vocalize after expression in all three molars in both Dietary adaptations in the Maya low- copulation than females that copulated arches, was obtained at two locations on lands through time and space: First with only one male. These findings are baboon chromosome 1 (homologous to results of stable isotope analysis for consistent with the predictions that calls human chromosome 1): one, at 175 cM the Yucatan. are likely to be associated with high- (peak LOD=2.94) from the pter-most quality males and higher risk of sperm marker locus, and the other, at approxi- E. Mansell, R.H. Tykot. University of competition. The prediction that copula- mately 109cM (peak LOD=2.87). Given South Florida. tion calls increased the probability of post- cercopithecoid-hominoid genetic propin- copulatory mate guarding was also sup- quity, these results have implications for For more than a quarter century stable ported. Following copulation calls, the both primate evolutionary biology and isotope analysis of human skeletal re- mating males were less likely to leave biomedicine. mains has been used to determine the diet their female partner, more likely to follow of ancient people. For the ancient Maya, her, and more likely to spend time in prox- Correlation between pelvic girdle the main questions that have been ad- imity with her. These findings suggest measurements and foot length. dressed include reliance on maize and how that female copulation calls may play an it changed over time; the importance of important role in post-copulatory sexual K. Manley-Buser1, K. Twist2. 1Life Sci- seafood or freshwater fish; whether dogs selection and are functionally equivalent ences Discipline, Palmer College of Chiro- were consumed regularly; and if varia- to other forms of cryptic female choice practic, 2Division of Undergraduate Stud- tions existed based on sex, social status, documented in other animal species. ies, Palmer College of Chiropractic. and local ecology. But while many areas of the Maya highlands and southern low- QTL mapping in biological anthropol- Maternal foot size has been suggested as lands in Belize, Honduras, and Guatemala ogy: Dental traits in pedigreed ba- a non-invasive indicator of incompatibility have been the subject of isotopic studies, boons. between maternal pelvic proportions and until recently none had been done in the fetal head size during parturition. As a northern lowlands, in particular the Yuca- M.C. Mahaney1,2,, L.J. Hlusko3, J Rogers1,2, first step in the evaluation of this hy- tan peninsula of Mexico. L.A. Cox1,2, K. Weiss4. 1Southwest Founda- pothesis, the allometric relationships be- Twenty individuals from Yaxuna, in the tion for Biomedical Research, 2Southwest tween pelvic dimensions, pedal dimen- interior, and five from Chunchucmil, on National Primate Research Center, sions, and body size must be investigated. the coastal plain, were specifically se- 3University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, This study examined measurements lected to provide some data for the Yuca- 4Penn State University. taken from skeletal material housed in tan, and to complement eighteen samples the Hamann-Todd Osteological Collection: from the site of La Milpa in northern Be- The assumption of a significant genetic fifty males and fifty females, ranging in lize. Bone and tooth samples were pre- contribution to the phenotypic variance age from twenty to forty years. Measure- pared using well established procedures to for dental traits on which many adaptive ments were taken from the bones of the ensure integrity and reliability, especially scenarios and phylogenies are based usu- pelvic girdle, plus length of the first, third, considering the poor preservation of many ally goes untested. Recently reported sta- and fourth metatarsals, and femur. skeletal remains from this region. Stable tistical genetic analyses have provided the Specimen height and weight were noted carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios were first reliable estimates of the relative con- from museum records. Correlation coeffi- then measured for bone collagen, and tributions of genes to normal variation in cients and log-log transformed regression carbon isotope ratios for bone apatite and several dental crown features (enamel lines were calculated for each pelvic di- tooth enamel. The results obtained sug- thickness, cusp position, and cingular mension against metatarsal and femoral gest significant differences between these remnant expression) in a nonhuman pri- lengths, height and weight. Regression three Classic Maya sites, with residents of mate species: the baboon. We also have lines were further compared between Yaxuna consistently the most dependent reported pleiotropy between related den- males and females, to determine if sexual on maize. There was also greater dietary tal traits. Here, we present results of our variation between individuals at both 142 AAPA Abstracts

Chunchucmil, probably because of the chimpanzees, gorillas, orangutans, and cranial gunshot wound. While small and availability of diverse resources, and at La humans. not representative, comparison to other Milpa, where the differences correlate All cross-sectional variables are ana- historic African-American cemetery sam- directly with social status. lyzed against bone length, body mass, and ples reveals a similar frequency of child- (body mass x bone length). RMA lines are hood stress, interpersonal violence, and Genotyping aids field study of un- calculated. ANOVA is performed as well dental disease. Besides metal coffin or- habituated wild chimpanzees. as post-hoc comparisons using the Tukey’s namentation, nails and glass buttons, honestly significant difference for unequal each child was interred with special arti- L.F. Marchant1, A.L. Ensminger2,3, W.C. samples. The “Quick test” by Tsutakawa facts including coins, and clay and glass McGrew1,2, J.D. Pruetz2,4, L. Vigilant5. and Hewett (1977) and the calculation of beads. Such items are rarely discovered 1Department of Anthropology, Miami Uni- the percent prediction error (PPE) are with subadults in African-American mor- versity, 2Department of Zoology, Miami used to evaluate differences between spe- tuary sites. University, 3Department of Biology, Uni- cies. versity of Kentucky, 4Department of An- This is the first attempt to give a biome- Body size and fat predict fertility and thropology, Iowa State University, 5Max chanical interpretation to both metacar- reproductive success among Hadza Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthro- pals and metatarsals within hominoids hunter-gatherers. pology, Leipzig, Germany. and to shed some light on their relationship with locomotion behaviors. Good F.W. Marlowe. Department of Anthropol- Habituation of wild chimpanzees (Pan results in characterizing the hominoids in ogy, Harvard University. troglodytes) without provisioning may relation to locomotion behavior are ob- take years, especially in open-country tained when hands and feet are analyzed This study investigates the relationship sites with low-density, wide-ranging apes. separately, but the best results are ob- between age-specific fertility (number of We report an alternative strategy for col- tained comparing metacarpals and meta- children born, controlled for age) and re- lecting non-behavioral data while subjects tarsals of the same ray. It appears that productive success (RS) (surviving chil- remain wary. Development of techniques knuckle-walker apes have a relative dren, controlled for age) and four vari- for extracting DNA from non-invasively stronger metacarpal III and especially IV ables (height, weight, BMI, and percent collected feces can provide socio-ecological as compared to the other hominoids, and body fat). If positive energy balance is data. We tested this on the wild chimpan- that humans have a relative stronger important for ovarian function in foraging zees at Mt. Assirik, in the Niokolo-Koba metatarsal V as compared to great apes. women then we should expect a positive National Park, Senegal, West Africa. Interestingly, orangutans, which perform relationship between some of these an- Fresh feces were collected at nest sites or a quadrumanus arboreal behavior, have a thropometric variables that reflect energy during tracking and were desiccated in relative metacarpal IV robustness be- balance, and fertility. We might also ex- silica gel. Later in the laboratory, 53 of 54 tween range of the knuckle-walkers and pect a woman’s energy balance to affect a samples yielded enough DNA after PCR that of humans. On the whole metacarpal child’s survival prospects or a mother’s for an amelogenin assay for sex determi- and metatarsal cross-sectional character- ability to keep a child alive. There was no nation. Of these, 32 samples yielded istics are strongly related to the locomo- relationship between any of these vari- enough amplifiable DNA for reliable geno- tion behavior of hominoids, and may be ables and fertility or RS among men but typing at nine microsatellite loci. From useful in elucidating locomotion character- among women, BMI was a positive predic- these, 21 genotypes were obtained. istics of fossil hominoids. tor of both fertility and RS, with the later Genotype data yielded information about relationship being the stronger one. kinship, group size, party size and compo- African-American biohistory at Pres- Weight was a positive predictor of both, sition, sex ratio and ranging, which shows ident’s Island, Tennessee. but a stronger predictor of fertility. Per- the utility of the strategy. cent body fat was also positively related to The Hampton Fund (Miami University), M. Marks, A. Kroman. Department of fertility and RS but height was not. In Rebecca Jeanne Andrew Memorial Award Anthropology, University of Tennessee. strictly food-limited societies, like most (Miami University), L.S.B. Leakey Foun- foraging societies, a woman’s current dation, National Science Foundation The cemetery on President’s Island is weight and fat stores appear to be reliable (BSC-0122518), Primate Conservation, located in the Mississippi River directly measures of reproductive potential. Inc., Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, supported offshore at downtown Memphis, Tennes- this research. see. In 1983, salvage archaeology in the QTL mapping in biological anthro- wake of factory renovation unearthed 7 pology: Sex hormone variation. Biomechanics of great ape and hu- partial to complete skeletons in an excel- man hands and feet and its relation- lent state of preservation. Marriage, L.J. Martin. Center for Epidemiology and ship with positional behavior. death, and Freeman’s Association docu- Biostatistics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospi- ments demonstrate an historic African- tal Medical Center. D. Marchi. Department of Ethology, Ecol- American occupation from the middle ogy, and Evolution, University of Pisa, nineteenth to the early twentieth century. Although sex hormones are recognized Italy. Two adult males, three children and two for their role in reproduction, they have neonates were recovered. Even though diverse roles throughout the body and Cheiridia are valuable indicators of posi- the sample is small and unrepresentative influence multiple disease processes in- tional adaptation in that they directly of the community, there is a high rate of cluding cardiovascular disease, obesity, contact the substrate. This study exam- trauma and pathology. Two children con- and Alzheimer’s. Therefore, understand- ines cross-sectional geometry (CA and J) tain congenital neural arch defects. All ing the genetics of sex hormone expression of metacarpals II-V and metatarsals I-V at have enamel hypoplasias, Wilson bands, and action may provide unique insight 50% length across a sample (N=86) of and Harris lines indicating early child- into reproduction as well as disease proc- hood stress. One adult suffered a neuro- esses. Direct analysis of sex hormone AAPA Abstracts 143

variation may seem problematic because poverty, as it is in developed countries. suggest that extrapolations of size dimor- hormone levels such as estradiol vary We were severely constrained by lack of phism from a single dimension of the throughout the menstrual cycle. This data in assessing trends in obesity. Only postcranium be approached cautiously, caveat can be overcome with the utiliza- a few countries, mostly in Sub-Saharan and that further quantifications of variation of an appropriate model. For exam- Africa and Latin America, had repeated tion in pattern of dimorphism need to be ple, in baboons, menstrual cycle phase can surveys. These limited data and other carried out. be gauged quite accurately by assessment sources suggest that obesity is increasing of perineal swelling. We obtained signifi- in Micronesia, the Middle East, and Latin Angular dimensions are a good pre- cant evidence of linkage for estradiol America as it is in the United States and dictor of functional joint motion. (LOD = 3.1) on chromosome 20. The in- Europe. clusion of sex hormones as covariates may Obesity is increasing in developing coun- T.J. Masterson1, P.V. Loubert2, D. provide information about the action of tries due to a mix of causes including eco- Schmitz2. 1School of Health Sciences, the sex hormones outside of the reproduc- nomic development, the epidemiological 2School of Rehabilitation and Medical tive system. In the San Antonio Family and nutritional transition, urbanization, Sciences, Central Michigan University. Heart Study, we demonstrated that genes globalization and changes in diets and differential influenced leptin levels (p < physical activity patterns. This study continues work on the rela- 0.00001). However, when we included tionship between structure and function testosterone as a covariate, the genotype Postcranial, cranial, and body mass as predicted from angular dimensions of by sex interaction disappeared. Further- dimorphism in three sympatric West articular structures. Our hypothesis more, when including testosterone as a African primates. states that for any given synovial joint, covariate in a genome screen of leptin, we the range of motion can be predicted by identified a novel QTL on chromosome 22 J.E. Marvin1, J.M. Plavcan1, W.S. subtracting the concave arc from the con- (LOD = 3.4). Therefore, by using sex McGraw2. 1Department of Anthropology, vex arc of the respective articular surfaces hormones both as the primary phenotype University of Arkansas, 2Department of in a joint. We have shown that this rela- and as covariates, we can successfully Anthropology, Ohio State University. tionship works well in humans (Masterson map genes; mapping genes is the first step et al., 2002), and now are testing the hy- in understanding the dynamics of the Understanding sexual dimorphism in pothesis with other animal models. In reproductive system and its interaction extinct species is critical for evaluating this study, we tested 16 ankle and 16 el- with other systems. This research was intra- and interspecific variation, as well bow joints from eight Canis familiaris funded in part by NIH grants HL28972, as inferring possible social behaviors. specimens of varying breeds. Range of HL45522, & MH59490. Substantial variation in patterns of cra- motion values are taken from the litera- niofacial dimorphism has been demon- ture. Specimens are transected with a The emergence of obesity and related strated for extant primates which can bandsaw in the plane of motion to be chronic diseases in developing coun- have a significant impact on interpreta- measured. Range of motion values are tries: Causes and consequences. tions of body mass dimorphism and inher- correlated with articular surface charac- ent levels of intraspecific variation. Simi- teristics measured by photographic meth- R. Martorell. Department of International lar analyses of postcranial dimorphism ods and computer-based geometric analy- Health, Rollins School of Public Health of have not yet been carried out. We present ses of the sections. Our results demon- Emory University. preliminary analyses of postcranial and strate a very strong correlation between cranial sexual dimorphism in three sym- the published and structurally predicted “Obesity is increasing worldwide at an patric primates: Procolobus badius (n=25), range of motion (r = 0.94) values. The alarming rate in both developed and de- Cercocebus atys (n=8), and Colobus results from this study provide strong veloping countries.” WHO issued this polykomos (n=2) from the Ivory Coast's corroborative evidence of our earlier study conclusion despite the limited availability Tai Forest. in that this relationship between struc- of nationally representative data and All specimens were collected over a pe- ture and function can be used by Paleon- scarce information about trends. The note riod of ten years within our primary study tologists to refine predictions of functional of alarm led us to analyze data from na- grid following natural death. Body motion for specimens represented in the tional nutrition surveys in the last 15 weights for individuals were collected fossil record. It is also relevant for under- years to determine obesity levels and whenever possible. Craniometric data standing joint movement and restoration trends in developing countries. Most of were supplemented with data from mu- of joint function among health care profes- these surveys focus on preschool children seum specimens collected in the same sionals. and women of reproductive age and pro- locality. Lengths, midshaft diameters, and vide limited information about other age joint dimensions were collected for the Knuckle walking signal in the digits groups. humerus, ulna, femur and tibia. Dimor- of Pan and Gorilla: Examining the Levels of obesity in women were ex- phism was calculated as the ratio of male curvature of the proximal and middle tremely low in South Asia and in Sub- means to female means. Patterns of di- phalanges. Saharan Africa, with the condition con- morphism differed significantly between centrated among urban and educated P. badius and Cercocebus atys, while S. Matarazzo. Dept. of Anthropology. Uni- women. In more developed areas of devel- Colobus polykomos resembled P. badius in versity of Massachusetts at Amherst. oping countries, obesity levels were spite of the small sample. Notably, post- higher, often approaching USA levels, cranial dimorphism exceeds cranial di- The question of whether or not our with obesity being more equally distrib- morphism in Cercocebus, while the reverse hominid ancestors practiced a form of uted in the general population. Obesity is true in P. badius. In both species, knuckle walking has been widely debated. ceased to be a distinguishing feature of though, there is significant and substan- To test the ancestral knuckle walking high socioeconomic status in Brazil, and tial variation in dimorphism among post- hypothesis, researchers have sought in Mexico it has emerged as a marker of cranial dimensions. The results strongly skeletal indicators of knuckle walking in 144 AAPA Abstracts

the wrist morphology of Pan and Gorilla. files and preparing the site for a series of tionship both within the valley as a whole Advocates of both sides of the debate have future excavations. In the course of this and between the two methodologies. found support for their arguments in the work, a number of additional Neandertal carpal, radial and ulnar morphology of fossil remains were recovered in disturbed Detecting subpopulations at Grass- apes and early humans. sediments. These include: an adult right hopper Pueblo through the use of In an attempt to further elucidate this temporal bone, a left fragment of an oc- dental morphology. issue, ape phalangeal morphology was cipital bone from a mature individual, the examined. Curvature angles of both the alveolar part of a right maxilla containing J.A. McClelland. Arizona State Museum, proximal and middle phalanges of the permanent canine through M3, a left P4 The University of Arizona. third digit were calculated for the common and a left M2. The morphology of these chimpanzee (n =25), bonobo (n=3), moun- remains identify them as deriving from Variation in dental morphology has long tain gorilla (n=11), western lowland go- Neandertals; taken together with the been an accepted tool for assessing bio- rilla (n=23), orangutan (n=19), and white- human fossils discovered during the ear- logical distance between human popula- handed gibbon (n=97). Using PCA and lier excavations, they represent a sub- tions. However, archaeological investiga- discriminant function analysis, a knuckle stantial sample of human bones from a tion increasingly focuses on detection of walking signal could be isolated. Chim- western European Middle Paleolithic site. intrasite differences. The purpose of this panzees and gorillas have relatively slight study is to evaluate the effectiveness of a curvature of the middle phalanges coupled Intra population variation of cranial refined method of dental morphological with marked curvature of the proximal nonmetric traits compared to dis- analysis in detecting the presence of popu- phalanges, whereas their more suspensory crete dental traits of the Illinois Bluff lation subsets. relatives display marked curvature of both Mounds. The collection of skeletal remains from the proximal and middle phalanges. the14th century A. D. site of Grasshopper These differences can be understood in A.T. Mayes. Department of Anthropology, Pueblo in east-central Arizona is the sub- terms of the biomechanical forces to which University of Oklahoma. ject of the study. Previous chemical iso- the digits are subjected. The hands of tope and archaeological studies have indi- knuckle-walkers must accommodate the Two methods were employed to deter- cated the existence of distinct population forces engendered in suspension and mine homogeneity within the Late Wood- subsets with differing geographic origins. ground locomotion. During the latter, the land Emergent Mississippian population Therefore, the efficacy of the analysis of dorsal surfaces of the middle elements from Illinois Bluff, Jersey County, Illinois dental morphology in detecting intrasite contact the ground and support the weight (Titterington Collection). Discrete dental biodistance may be tested against this of the animal. Relatively straight middle traits were analyzed for comparisons to independent source of information regard- phalanges are well suited to withstand other North American indigenous and ing population subdivisions. these forces. A test of the relative curva- world populations, based on Scott and A full suite of standard morphological tures of the proximal and middle pha- Turner’s (1997) technique. Cranial non- observations were recorded for all adult langes of fossil hominids may prove in- metric traits were also recorded and com- and juvenile specimens. In addition, cer- formative vis-à-vis the debate over ances- pared. tain tooth crown components were meas- tral knuckle walking. The burial mound populations analyzed ured through the use of digital imaging. here are located along the summits of the Univariate comparisons of trait frequen- Newly discovered Neandertal re- bluffs over looking the Illinois River. This cies among suspected population subdivi- mains from the Les Pradelles site study collection consists of 307 individuals sions were inconclusive. A hierarchical (Marillac-le-Franc, Charente, South- from 33 burial mounds within the geologi- cluster analysis utilizing Gower similarity west France). cal confines of the Lower Illinois Valley. coefficients proved more informative. Conner (1990) used radiocarbon analysis Although there was not an exact corre- B. Maureille1, A.E. Mann2, B. Vander- to date sites that are closely associated, spondence between chemical isotope meersch3. 1UMR 5809 CNRS, Laboratoire both geographically and culturally, with groups and dental groups, adult dental d’Anthropologie, Université Bordeaux 1, the mound sites of Illinois Bluff, placing clusters formed a similar spatial pattern 2Anthropology Department, Princeton them in the Late Woodland/Emergent to that indicated by the chemical isotope University, 3C/O Garralda, Seccion de Mississippian period (690-995 AD). Very study. This result tends to confirm the Antropologia, Universidad Complutense, few artifacts have been found with the efficacy of dental morphology as a tool for Madrid. skeletal remains, leaving few clues to the intrasite biodistance investigation. Fur- lives of these people and their role in the thermore, the inclusion of tooth crown The Les Pradelles site, about 3 km from larger context of the Mississippi River component measurements appeared to the town of La Rochefoucauld (Charente, Valley. Therefore, another means of as- increase the effectiveness of detection of France), was discovered in 1898 and exca- sessing the relationship between burial intrasite biodistance. vated by B. Vandermeersch between 1967 mound populations in this collection was and 1980. These excavations resulted in necessary. A suite of 39 cranial nonmetric Locomotor diversity among Miocene the discovery of more than a dozen Nean- traits, were used to resolve the question of catarrhines: Another look at retro- dertal cranial and postcranial remains in biological distance of those interred in flection of the medial epicondyle of a la Quina Mousterian archaeological separate mounds over a substantial period the humerus. context. A new field project was begun in of time. A secondary resource for deter- 2001 to acquire additional data about the mining biological relationships within the M.L. McCrossin. New Mexico State Uni- chronology and sedimentological history of Lower Illinois Valley was carried out versity. the site, to obtain samples for absolute through the analysis of 34 discrete dental dating and to increase the archaeological traits. Here, the two data sets are ana- Miocene catarrhines are commonly and human fossil collections. Initial ef- lyzed and compared for patterns of rela- viewed as possessing the generalized lo- forts focused on the cleaning of the pro- comotor capabilities of pronograde arbo- AAPA Abstracts 145

real quadrupeds. But some workers sug- The complexity of immune function— In body proportions forelimbs are the gest more specialized positional reper- with its multiple subsystems of defense heaviest in Symphalangus (22%) and toires for late Miocene apes, including and elaborate interconnections with other Pongo (18%), and similar in other apes suspensory locomotion for Dryopithecus physiological systems—poses a fundamen- (16-17%). Hindlimb mass varies consid- and terrestrial quadrupedalism for tal challenge to the definition and meas- erably with Pongo the lightest (14%) and Sivapithecus. urement of immunocompetence. No single Pan heaviest (25%), with marked varia- I test these assertions by examining the measure can provide a comprehensive tion in the mass of the foot segment. orientation of the medial epicondyle in assessment of immunity, and require- Differences in forelimbs and hindlimbs Miocene catarrhines and samples of mod- ments for sample collection and process- are also reflected in individual muscles ern anthropoids (Fleagle & Simons 1982; ing place constraints on research con- and muscle groups. For example, deltoid Harrison 1989; McCrossin 1994). Carpal ducted outside of clinical settings. In is 35% of arm segment musculature in and digital flexors take their origins from addition, an adaptationist, ecological ap- gorilla, 30% in Pongo, and 24% in Sym- the medial epicondyle. Medially directed proach requires testable hypotheses de- phalangus. In hindlimb musculature entepicondyles in suspensory hominoids rived from theory-based conceptual mod- quadriceps femoris in Pan paniscus are and atelines reflect strong digital grasp- els. Life history theory may be a useful twice the mass of hamstrings, whereas in ing. Posteriorly directed medial epi- source for such models, providing a pre- Pongo the hamstrings outweigh the quad- condyles in ground-dwelling cercopitheci- dictive framework that highlights the riceps. nes, in contrast, are related to reduction major challenges and demands that are These results reflect the similarities in mass of the carpal and digital flexors likely to shape immune function in a apes share but also highlight species dif- (Jolly 1965, 1967). In addition, retroflec- range of ecological contexts. Immune ferences in the relative strength and action of the medial epicondyle increases the function is a major component of mainte- tion of muscles and use of limbs during moment arm of m. pronator teres around nance effort, and since resources are lim- locomotion. the axis of pronation (Birchette 1982). ited, tradeoffs are expected between in- Between these two extremes, the humeral vestment in maintenance and other criti- Puberty, immunity and malnutrition entepicondyle is postero-medially directed cal life history functions involving growth in Schistosoma japonicum. in pronograde arboreal quadrupeds such and reproduction. as Cebus, Presbytis, and Miopithecus. Potential contributions of research in S.T. McGarvey. International Health In- Generalized pronograde arboreal quad- human ecological immunology include an stitute, Brown University. rupedalism is indicated for a wide variety appreciation for the ecological sensitivity of non-cercopithecoid catarrhines from the of immune development, and insights into Determining immunologic and develop- Oligocene and early Miocene, including the range of population variation in im- mental predictors of resistance in natu- Aegyptopithecus, Simiolus, and Dendro- mune parameters and risk for immu- rally exposed humans should be a funda- pithecus. Divergent trends emerge in the nologically-mediated diseases. Future mental component of research on ecologi- middle Miocene. The medial epicondyle of research should document this variation, cal immunity. It also is a key part the Pliopithecus is medially directed, most and explore the ecological factors that ongoing effort to develop vaccines. We are like that of atelines. Victoriapithecus ex- shape immune development and mediate investigating the prospective interrela- hibits a range of entepicondyle retroflec- tradeoffs with other key life history func- tionships among puberty, protective im- tion most similar to that seen among tions. mune responses, and nutritional status in semi-terrestrial cercopithecines. The adolescent Philippine residents of Schisto- strongest degree of posterior angulation of Anatomical components of locomo- soma japonicum endemic areas. Prior the medial epicondyle among Miocene tion in five genera of apes: A prelimi- epidemiologic literature indicated that hominoids is seen in Kenyapithecus, again nary overview. development of protective human immune indicating semi-terrestriality. Contrary to responses to other schistosomes appears recent claims, pronograde arboreal quad- R.K. McFarland1, M. Sousa2, A.L. Zihl- to occur around puberty in endemic com- rupedalism is indicated by the postero- man2. 1Cabrillo College, 2University of munities. We are exploring the hypothesis medial entepicondyles of Dryopithecus and California Santa Cruz. that the hormonal changes of puberty, Sivapithecus. e.g., increasing dehydroepiandrosterone The adaptive radiation of apes involved (DHEA), not cumulative exposure, initiate Human ecological immunology: Chal- reorganization of the forelimbs-- increase and promote the development of protec- lenges and opportunities. in length, mass, and proportions and tive immune responses to schistosome changes in relative mass of muscles and infections. Schistosomiasis is causally T.W. McDade. Dept. of Anthropology, joint action. In our study, variations on linked to malnutrition leading to the hy- Northwestern University. the ape theme are highlighted by whole pothesis that chronic infection results in body dissections and quantification of attenuated growth for age and possibly Research on human immune function bone and soft tissue. Five genera of adult delayed pubertal development. Animal has proliferated in the past 25 years, and male apes comprise the sample: 1 Hylo- models of chronic parasitemia have identi- while clinical approaches have predomi- bates, 1 Symphalangus, 4 Pongo, 3 Pan fied TNF-alpha and IL-6 as mediators of nated, there is growing recognition that paniscus, 3 Pan troglodytes, 4 Gorilla. malnutrition and cachexia. Production of considerable insight may be gained from In body composition, the species are these mediators is significantly attenu- comparative, ecological, adaptationist within a similar range: skin relative to ated by increasing DHEA(S) levels. These perspectives. This presentation proposes total body mass is lowest in Symphalan- interrelationships suggest that a an agenda for research in human ecologi- gus (10%) and highest in gorilla and DHEA(S)-modulated cycle of infection, cal immunology, and highlights the chal- Pongo (14 and 15%). Muscle averages pubertal delay, and malnutrition may be lenges and potential contributions of an between 35 and 38% in the lesser apes, responsible for the marginal nutritional anthropological approach. Pongo and Gorilla, and comprises 47% of status of schistosome infected adolescents. mass in Pan paniscus. The research design is a longitudinal and 146 AAPA Abstracts

treatment-reinfection study of naturally W.C. McGrew1, S. Johnson-Fulton2, J.D. Male howling monkey vocalizations were exposed humans. We will determine the Pruetz3. 1Depts. of Anthropology and Zool- frequent and continuous throughout the immunologic predictors of resistance to ogy, Miami University, 2Dept. of Biology, day. Except when resting, the longest reinfection and their interrelationships New Mexico State University, 3Dept. of period with no observed vocalizations was with puberty. In addition, the prospective Anthropology, Iowa State University. twenty-three minutes. Vocalizations were relationships among nutritional status, most frequent during travel, and consis- circulating mediators of inflammation and All long-term studies (>1 year’s dura- tently heard when feeding, foraging, and pubertal hormones will be examined. tion) show wild chimpanzees (Pan troglo- when joining or departing the group. Baseline findings for over 500 individuals dytes) to be tool-users. More precisely, it Almost half (47%) of vocalizations elicited on parasitic infections, nutritional status, is species-typical of these African great or were in response to another call. These anemia and schistosomiasis-related mor- apes to use tools in extractive foraging to were observed between subgroups up to bidity will be described. obtain social insects for food. However, three hundred meters apart but were such elementary technology is not univer- most frequently heard between animals An examination of Aleut and Eskimo sal, so the presence/absence and relative within a thirty-meter range (93%). The genetic variation: Implications for frequency and intensity of tool use, plus majority of calls were at a diminished divergence estimates and migration the composition of tool-kits, suggests that volume (77%). These findings suggest hypotheses. material cultural processes are involved in vocal communication within the group is this variation. Ethnology requires eth- an important component of male howling S. McGrath, D. A. Merriwether. Dept. of nography, so here we report new cases of monkey interactions. Anthropology, Binghamton University. fishing for Macrotermes termites and dip- ping for Dorylus (Anomma) driver ants Peopling Melanesia: A genetic syn- Data from archaeology and skeletal biol- from Fongoli, a new study site for open thesis. ogy support hypotheses that Eskimos and country chimpanzees, in southeastern Aleuts diverged 8,000 years ago, while Senegal. Preliminary findings show both D.A. Merriwether1, J. Friedlaender2. 1De- linguists suggest a split approximately similarities and differences between Fon- partment of Anthropology, Binghamton 5,000 years ago. The estimation of this goli and Mt. Assirik, another study site University, 2Department of Anthropology, divergence, based on patterns of genetic where chimpanzees were studied in the Temple University. variation, was the focus of this investiga- Niokolo-Koba National Park, Senegal, tion. This research includes a study of the which is 60 km to the northwest. The addition of many new mtDNA and Y migrations of humans in regards to the Supported by the National Geographic chromosomal variation papers to the lit- peopling of the New World through the Society, Iowa State University, and Miami erature, in addition to new data from our examination and comparison of sequence University. own collaborations, has allowed for new data of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). insights to be drawn about the origins of Mitochondrial sequences from ancient Vocal communication within a troop the many peoples of Island Melanesia and Aleut and Eskimo skeletal remains were of mantled howling monkeys New Guinea. Combining HV1 and HV2 compared to mtDNA haplotypes of modern (Alouatta palliata). sequencing with diagnostic RFLP typing Native Americans from Kodiac Island, St. and select whole mitochondrial genome Lawrence Island, Southwest Alaska and M. McKeon1, K. Winnor2. 1Northeastern sequencing has allowed us to make con- St. Paul Island. These data were sub- Illinois University, 2University of Oregon. nections between new Melanesian hap- jected to genetic population analyses to logroups and older existing haplogroups test hypotheses regarding 1) the time of This study looked at intra-group vocal around the world. We find the largest divergence for New World arctic popula- communication of male howling monkeys division between haplogroups based on tions, 2) whether Eskimo and Aleut popu- within a single habituated troop on the whether or not a sequence is part of lations arrived in the New World at the island of Ometepe, Nicaragua. Previous Macrohaplogroup M from Asia or not. same time 5,000+ years ago, and 3) how studies have focused on howling vocaliza- While we detected many M-related many waves of migration there were into tions between troops as a means of in- hapologroups and haplotypes, nearly half the New World. tertroop spacing. This study expands were not related to M. We discuss our Preliminary results from this research earlier work and examines male in- evidence for the associations we have dis- indicate that there was one major wave of tragroup vocalizations within and be- covered. The connections are quite old, so migration into the New World. Circumarc- tween subgroups. haplotypes are not shared with other re- tic populations show a trend towards low The sample troop consisted of fifteen gions, but haplogroups do appear to have nucleotide diversity, indicating a rela- animals; seven males, five females, and linkages to Asia and other regions. Based tively recent arrival into the arctic. Pre- three immature. Male vocalizations were on the distributions we report for these liminary results also indicate a low recorded for sixty hours in July-August haplogroups, and their affiliations with amount of shared alleles between Eskimos 2003. Eleven categories of vocalizations haplogroups outside of Melanesia, we offer and Aleuts, reinforcing ideas about the were used (expanded from vocalizations some scenarios for the earliest peopling of distinctiveness of the two populations. defined by Baldwin and Baldwin (1976)), Melanesia. Measures of average nucleotide diversity volume levels were differentiated, and enabled the estimation of Eskaleut diver- distance of intragroup communication was Geographic patterns of nasal mor- gence from Asian populations and the assessed. Vocalization data was gathered phology in Homo. subsequent estimation of the time of di- by durational focal animal and group vergence of Eskimos from Aleuts within sampling, with 1,616 vocal bouts recorded. M. Meyer1, J. Blumenfeld2, P. T. the New World. For each bout, the type of sound, behavior, Schoenemann1. 1Dept. of Anthropology, proximity to, and vocal response from University of Pennsylvania, 2Dept. of An- Elementary technology of the wild other animals were recorded. thropology, University of Illinois, Urbana- chimpanzees of Fongoli, Senegal. Champaign. AAPA Abstracts 147

ready-processed scene). A team approach gracile ones. PCS2 contrasts large sym- Nasal morphology represents a classic was initiated. The need for special skills physeal dimensions with small corporal example of skeletal variation long de- was documented and teams were struc- dimensions and vice versa, explaining picted as reflecting adaptation to regional tured to include specialized anthropologi- 9.80% of the variance, while PCS3 ex- climatic regimes in both modern and fossil cal, archaeological, and other skilled explains an additional 8.54% of the variance humans. Temperature, and especially perts. The Formative Phase (1993-1999) dealing with differences in parallel or humidity, have been implicated in includes 25 recoveries, predominantly parabolic mandibular shapes. In cases strongly affecting nasal form, with longer, secondary searches. The skills learned where extinct forms are associated with narrower and more projecting noses asso- during the Experimental Phase were ex- extant ones, they appear to group along ciated with dry, cold climates, and shorter, panded into an exploration of field tech- geographic boundaries. All PCS plots broader noses associated with hot, humid niques in anthropological recovery. It was demonstrate a close affiliation of the G. climates. concluded that primary recoveries should giganteus specimen with the G. blacki In this paper, we use 460 crania of include a team with specialized skills. The specimens, indicating that these forms known provenience from the Morton Organizational Phase (2000-present) be- share similar morphology. As a result, skeletal collection to test the hypothesis gan with the formation of the Special Op- there is no need to place G. giganteus in a that nasal breadth associates with tem- erations Response Team (SORT), which is separate genus such as Indopithecus. perature and humidity across the five composed of skilled forensic and anthropo- continents. Climatic data spanning the logical professionals. All relevant person- Adult male-immature interactions in past 100+ years were collected for each nel are involved in the initial recovery long-tailed macaques (Macaca fas- crania’s specific locality. Removing the effort, reducing the necessity for returns cicularis) at Padangtegal, Ubud, Bali, effect of nasal height on nasal breadth via to scenes. Since 2000 there have been 55 Indonesia. partial correlation, we confirm that hu- anthropological field recoveries, two sec- man populations demonstrate a global ondary searches. Since 1980, anthropology J. Millette1, B. Freed1, A. Fuentes2, J. gradient of decreasing relative nasal aper- has played an important role in the recov- Loudon3. 1Emory University, 2University ture as one moves to colder and dryer ery and analysis of human remains in Los of Notre Dame, 3University of Colorado at regions. However, analysis within conti- Angeles County. That role has steadily Boulder. nents reveals conspicuous exceptions to increased in importance, due primarily to this pattern. For example, while nasal the commitment of LACDOC’s personnel, We test two hypotheses explaining the morphology on the African continent sig- and the consulting anthropologists. occurrence of male care of infants: mating nificantly associates with local climate effort and the agonistic buffering. We (p=.001), no such association was found in A geometric morphometric compari- investigated interindividual variation in Asia (p=.63) or in Europe (p=.74). Similar son of Gigantopithecus giganteus and the form and incidence of male-immature results were found using nasal index, Gigantopithecus blacki with implica- interaction in long-tailed macaques although this parameter of nasal form is tions for hominoid taxonomy and (Macaca fascicularis) of the Mandala not independent of nasal height. phylogeny. Wisata Wanara Wana Monkey Forest, We suggest that observed regional pat- Padangtegal, Ubud, Bali, Indonesia. Us- terns of nasal morphology may be ex- S. F. Miller, R. L. Ciochon. Dept. of An- ing ten-minute continuous focal follows plained by the effects of population his- thropology, University of Iowa. ninety-five hours of data were collected on tory, cultural practice, and by the fact that sixteen adult males. For each focal ani- the respiratory functional matrix is not The taxonomic designation of Gigan- mal we examined the frequency, direction, independent of selective forces acting on topitecus giganteus has been questioned and proximity of social behaviors, includ- contiguous functional matrices. Neander- by some researchers who have claimed ing triadic behaviors. Unlike most other tal nasal morphology is discussed in light that the morphological differences be- free-ranging long-tailed macaque popula- of these results. tween this material and G. blacki, war- tions, adult males affiliated with imma- rant placement of the former into the tures regularly within this population. The evolution of forensic anthropol- separate genus, Indopithecus. While prior Grooming, play, and huddling were the ogy in Los Angeles County, Califor- studies have used traditional analyses to most frequent forms of affiliation. Behav- nia: A 23-year perspective. examine the degree of morphometric simi- iors such as carrying or holding an imma- larity between these two forms, the appli- ture on ventrum occurred less often. Sig- E. Miller1, J. Suchey2, E. Arbuthnot2, C. cation of geometric morphometrics to this nificant age-related variation occurred Harvey2. 1California State University, Los problem has been relatively uncommon. among individual males in both the form Angeles, 2County of Los Angeles Depart- Here, we conduct a Principle Compo- and intensity of interactions with imma- ment of Coroner. nents of Shape (PCS) analysis on a GPA tures. Older males primarily received scaled 3D coordinate dataset collected grooming, and they huddled with imma- Recovery of human remains utilizing from the mandibles of 75 extant homi- tures. Younger adult males received forensic anthropologists began at the noids and 24 extinct hominoid fossil casts, grooming, played, and huddled with im- County of Los Angeles Department of including both Gigantopithecus species. matures more than did older males. No Coroner (LACDOC) in 1980. This paper The 28 coordinate landmarks included in overt agonistic buffering occurred, al- details the growth of forensic anthropol- the study are a mixture of osteometric though three times triads involving two ogy through use of case examples and landmarks and a series of points that best males and an immature took place. We illustrates the importance of anthropology approximate the overall shape of the also found little evidence to support the in the forensic setting. The 23 year period mandibular corpus and symphysis. mating effort hypothesis, as rank pre- of anthropological recovery is divided into PCS1 explains 50.13% of the variation in dicted neither infant care nor mating suc- three phases. The Experimental Phase terms of overall corpus robusticity and cess. (1980-1992) includes 25 searches, primar- symphyseal breadth, contrasting ex- ily secondary searches (return to an al- tremely robust mandibles with extremely 148 AAPA Abstracts

A look at adult skeletal aging meth- patrolling by chimpanzees at Ngogo, Ki- Saimiri. Nor is the left apical medial wall ods: A Mississippian example. bale National Park, Uganda. We examine of the orbit preserved far enough anteri- several ecological and social factors that orly to demonstrate a fenestra. Given the C.E. Minton, D. Wolfe Steadman. Dept. of potentially affect this variation. Results extensive postmortem bone loss and dis- Anthropology, Binghamton University- of regression analyses indicate that rain- tortion, the state of the apical interorbital SUNY, Binghamton, New York. fall and intruder pressure from neighbor- septum—fenestrated or not—is indeter- ing conspecifics do not affect the tendency minate. A claim for a Dolichoce- Skeletal aging methods have been ap- to patrol. Instead, patrolling frequency is bus/Saimiri sister-group based on this plied to human skeletal samples from both positively related to food availability and feature cannot be supported. prehistoric and contemporary contexts. male party size. In contrast, the presence Research supported by NSF grants to However, these aging methods have been of estrous females inhibits males from RFK and TR developed from “modern” population patrolling. At Ngogo, territorial patrolling skeletal material (Terry and Todd Collec- also seems to be temporally linked to Heterochrony and geometric mor- tions, and modern forensic contexts). This hunting behavior. We use these findings phometrics: A comparison of cranial study focuses on the application of seven to evaluate the costs of patrolling and growth in Pan paniscus versus Pan adult skeletal aging techniques to a Mid- discuss their significance in light of our troglodytes. dle Mississippian skeletal sample (N = 85) current understanding of the hostile rela- from the Orendorf Site in West Central tionships that typically exist between P. Mitteroecker1, P. Gunz1, G.W. Weber1, Illinois (~AD 1150). communities of wild chimpanzees. F.L. Bookstein1,2. 1Institute for Anthropol- The goals of this study are twofold. ogy, University of Vienna, Austria, First, a new skeletal aging technique, The interorbital region of Dolichoce- 2Michigan Center for Biological Informa- Transition Analysis, (Boldsen et al. bus gaimanensis (Platyrrhini, early tion, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. [2002]) is applied to the Orendorf skeletal Miocene, Argentina) based on high sample. Transition Analysis is a multiple resolution X-ray CT imaging— Heterochrony, the classic framework to component aging method, which can pro- phylogenetic implications. study ontogeny and phylogeny, in essence duce results when skeletal remains are relies on a univariate concept of shape. fragmentary or incomplete. Furthermore, T.R.T. Mitchell1, R.F. Kay1, M.W. Colbert2, Though principal component plots of mul- the age-at-death estimates of the elderly T.B. Rowe2. 1Department of Biological tivariate shape data seem to resemble are given maximum likelihood age ranges Anthropology, Duke University, classical bivariate allometric plots, the and not lumped into a “50+ year” cate- 2Department of Geological Sciences, Uni- language of heterochrony cannot be trans- gory. The second goal was to address how versity of Texas, Austin. lated directly into general multivariate well the age ranges of Transition Analysis methodology. fit those produced from the application of Dolichocebus is known from the type We simulate idealized multivariate on- other standard skeletal aging methods skull encased in a concretion, isolated togenetic trajectories and demonstrate (Buikstra and Ubelaker [1994]). Findings teeth, a partial mandible, and a talus. their behavior in principal component indicate that elderly individuals are found The geologic age is <24 and > 21 Ma. Two plots of shape and size-shape space. The in this sample, however, the maximum aspects of the cranial anatomy are de- concept of “dissociation,” which is conven- likelihood age ranges are wider than those bated — the molar formula (2 or 3 molars) tionally regarded as a change in the rela- produced for younger adults. One strength and whether there was a natural fenestra tion between shape change and size of Transition Analysis is its use of multi- in the bony interorbital septum. Either change, appears to be algebraically the ple skeletal components to age fragmen- claim, if sustained, would represent an same as regional dissociation—the varia- tary individuals. The other individual apparent synapomorphy shared by Doli- tion of apparent heterochrony by region. aging methods tend to suffer to a greater chocebus and an extant platyrrhine Only if the trajectories of two related spe- extent when skeletal material is fragmen- taxon— marmosets and tamarins in the cies lie along exactly the same path in tary. Despite this difference, Transition first instance, and squirrel monkeys shape space, the classic terminology of Analysis compared favorably to the age (Saimiri) in the second. As such, each heterochrony can apply and pure dissocia- ranges produced from the combination of claim would cast doubt on the precision of tion of size change against shape change all other aging methods. molecular clocks that posit branch times can be detected. of <19 Ma for these cladogenetic events. We exemplify a geometric morphometric Correlates of territorial boundary CT-imaging and a new mandible reveal approach to these issues using adult and patrol behavior in wild chimpanzees. details relevant to the molar count and subadult crania of 48 P. paniscus and 47 interorbital region. P. troglodytes. On each specimen we digi- J.C. Mitani1, D. Watts2. 1Department of The maxillary sinus, broken posteriorly, tized 47 landmarks and 144 semiland- Anthropology, University of Michigan, extended beyond the M2 leaving sufficient marks on curves and the external neuro- 2Department of Anthropology, Yale Uni- space for M3. A referred mandible shows cranial surface. While P. paniscus exhibits versity. an m2 with a distal interproximal facet for a general retardation of shape change m3. Therefore, a claim for a Dolichoce- during ontogeny, we also find an apparent Territorial boundary patrols are a dis- bus/callitrichine sister-group based on dissociation of regional growth patterns. tinctive and unique aspect of wild chim- tooth formula is rejected. For example, when the overall retardation panzee behavior. Although patrolling has Dorsal to the palate, the nasal septum, of the P. paniscus cranium relative to P. been frequently documented in nature, lateral nasal wall and maxillary sinus are troglodytes is taken into account, the al- scant information is available regarding preserved. Anterodorsally, an interorbital veolar process is less paedomorph than the proximate factors that affect decisions septum is present which narrows posteri- expected. to engage in this activity. In this paper orly, as in all extant platyrrhines, but is Supported by the Austrian Science we demonstrate that considerable tempo- broken away more posteriorly, short of Foundation FWF Project No. P14738. ral variation exists in the frequency of where an interorbital fenestra occurs in AAPA Abstracts 149

The CT Database at the University of pological and linguistic data indicates which has contributed migrants at differ- Pennsylvania Museum. successive waves of migration into Tanza- ent rates to each of the other three. Coa- nia, first by Cushitic speaking peoples lescent simulations indicate that where J. Monge, P.T. Schoenemann, J. Lewis, approximately 5000 years ago, followed two populations have no identical and no L.D. Glotzer. Department of Anthropol- later by migrations of Nilotic, and Bantu similar sequences, we can readily rule out ogy, University of Pennsylvania. speakers who displaced and absorbed recent migration using DNA sequence indigenous hunter/gatherers in many data for non-recombining genetic regions The University of Pennsylvania Cranial areas. such as the mitochondrial (mt) genome CT Database is a collection of high resolu- A large panel of ~600 Tanzanian indi- and the non-recombining portion of the Y tion (sub-millimeter) CT scans of human viduals, representing 15 diverse ethnic chromosome. Model (c) may lead to the and non-human crania from the Penn groups, was analyzed for mtDNA control erroneous inference of recent gene flow. University Museum and other institu- region sequence variation and a set of We have also characterized the parameter tions. Because of advances in 3D imaging informative mtDNA SNPs. Populations space (in terms of divergence times, popu- software, detailed anatomical studies can include the Khoisan-speaking Hadza and lation sizes, periods of gene flow and mi- be accomplished without ever having to Sandawe, Cushitic-speaking Burunge, gration rates) wherein complete isolation rescan (or handle) any of the specimens WaFiome (Gorowa), Iraqw, and Mbugu, followed by recent gene flow is distin- again. The database is designed to con- Nilotic-speaking Maasai, Datog, Dorobo, guishable from no gene flow. We evaluate tinually grow (it currently contains 160 and Akie, and Bantu speaking Mbugwe, mtDNA data for a set of African popula- scans) as new scans are obtained, and will Gogo, Rangi, Turu, and Pare. From this tions in light of these results. be made available online, thereby maxi- data we infer long-term population size, mizing their usefulness to researchers in levels of population substructure and de- Using SEM to qualitatively identify anthropology, biology, and medicine grees of admixture between groups. Pre- structural differences in the hairs of worldwide. liminary findings concerning the relation nectar-feeding prosimians. The scans are primarily from the Morton of the traditional foraging groups (Akie, Collection of human crania (collected in Dorobo, Hadza, and Sandawe) indicate a M.N. Muchlinski. Department of Anthro- the middle of the 19th Century, curated at genetic relationship amongst Tanzanian pology, University of Texas at Austin. the U of PA Museum) from various geo- foragers that does not necessarily corre- graphic regions including Europe, Africa, spond to linguistic affiliation. Estimated Nectar-feeding mammals have several Asia, parts of the Americas, and Austra- timing and direction of gene flow between anatomical modifications that assist in lia. In addition, the scan archive now diverse subsistence groups suggests that cross-pollination. Howell and Hodgkin contains 18 chimpanzee skulls (from the current linguistic distribution across the (1976) note structural differences in the American Museum of Natural History), 6 landscape may overlay an earlier network hair and tongues of nectar feeding bats. orangutans (Harrison-Hiller Collection, of indigenous hunter-gatherers. They suggest that effective cross- UPM) and 2 gorillas as well as a few other Funded by BWF and David and Lucile pollinators may have feathered tongues, non-human primates. In the human col- Packard Career awards, Leakey Fund, laterally scaled muzzle hair, cranial modi- lection, 24 specimens are sub-adult rang- Wenner Gren, and NSF grant BCS- fications such as snout elongation, and/or ing in age form 8-month fetal to 8-10 0196183 to ST and NSF IGERT training diminutive dentition that allow non- years of age at death. Scans are stored grant BCS-9987590 to HM . destructive nectar feeding and successful both as “raw” images and in processed cross-pollination. form using Analyze™ 7.5 image format. Inference of recent gene flow follow- Within the primate order, lemurs are Information in the database includes de- ing complete population isolation. noted as being highly nectivorous, where tails of the scans (# of voxels in the X,Y, monthly nectar consumption can repre- and Z axes and their dimensions in milli- J. Mountain, M. Miyazawa, U. Rama- sent over three fourths of their total feed- meters) along with all data on the speci- krishnan. Department of Anthropological ing time. Convergent with many nectar- mens themselves (collection, date, geo- Sciences, Stanford University. feeding mammals, several lemur species graphic information, and life history pa- Most existing tools for inferring rates of are documented to have brush-like feath- rameters where known). migration rely on the assumption that ered tongues and cranial modifications. migration rates between two populations To date, however, no one has investigated Ancient migrations and population are constant, either throughout time or the structural variation in prosimian expansions in East Africa: Genetic following population divergence. Investi- hairs and how variation may be related to evidence for Tanzanian prehistory. gations of human history would benefit foraging behaviors. Using a scanning elec- greatly from more complex models of mi- tron microscope, I identified the presence H.M. Mortensen, K. Gonder, E. Tarazona gration. We have investigated several of specific modifications to the hairs of 12 Santos, J. Hirbo, S.A. Tishkoff. Dept. of models of Complete Isolation followed by prosimian species. Results indicate that Biology, University of Maryland, College Recent Migration (CIRM). Specifically, we frugivores show a generalized hair scaling Park. have considered (a) two populations of pattern where the hair slightly deviates at identical size that diverged from a com- an angle from the main hair shaft (divari- East Africa, with its remarkable degree mon ancestor ts generations ago, with cated). Interestingly, a few seasonal nec- of ethnic and linguistic diversity, is best gene flow between these populations be- tar feeding frugivores (e.g. Eulemur mon- characterized as a mosaic of different ginning tg (<< ts) generations ago, (b) goz) have extreme scale derivation. How- cultures, subsistence patterns, and lan- same as above except with two popula- ell and Hodgkin argue that these divari- guages. Tanzania is the only region in tions of dramatically different size, (c) cated hair scales aid in cross-pollination Africa with populations currently belong- three populations that diverged ts genera- among nectar feeding animals. ing to all four of the major linguistic fami- tions ago, one of which has contributed Although not all nectar-feeding lemurs lies of Africa (Khoisan, Afro-Asiatic, Nilo- migrants to each of the other two for tg show cross-pollinating modifications to Saharan and Niger-Kordofanian). Anthro- generations, (d) four populations, one of their hair, some do. Besides the Malagasy 150 AAPA Abstracts

lemurs, there are only three bat and four K.M. Muldoon. Department of Anthropol- The study sample includes ten males, bird species acting as potential pollinators ogy, Washington University. nine females and three individuals of infor Madagascar. Considering the dearth of determinate sex. The youngest individual other pollinators on the island, this sug- Current understanding of the ecological is 7-8 years at age of death and the oldest gests that some lemurs may play an im- structure of both modern and subfossil is over 55 years. Only four individuals are portant role in maintaining Madagascar's Malagasy mammalian communities has younger than 20 years. delicate ecosystem. been based almost entirely on studies of Cribra orbitalia is present in eight indi- primates, due to a lack of complete mam- viduals, with no difference between the The immunosomatic metabolic diver- mal inventory lists for most field sites. sexes. Osteoarthritis is present in all but sion hypothesis and testosterone cor- Recent research has improved knowledge one adult. All major joints are involved, relates to intestinal parasitemia in of the behavioral ecology of small verte- with the vertebrae, shoulder and knee wild male chimpanzees. brates and provided current faunal lists joints most widely affected. Vertebral for comparative ecological study. In light osteophytes are present in 15 individuals M.P. Muehlenbein. Department of An- of this information, this paper investi- and Schmorl’s depressions are present in thropology, Yale University. gates ecological diversity patterns of ex- three individuals. Twelve individuals tant faunas in Madagascar by concentrat- exhibit healed fractures, with ten out of Parasite avoidance is one of the primary ing on the non-volant small mammals as a twelve exhibiting multiple fractures. The challenges that organisms face. Proper community. most commonly observed types of frac- performance of the immune response to Eighteen forests for which lists of mam- tures include depressed cranial fractures, pathogens requires energy and is influ- malian species are available in the litera- vertebral compression fractures and hand enced by many physiological systems, ture are chosen from six distinct eco- fractures, which are each present in four including steroid hormones that modify geographic zones in Madagascar, includ- individuals, as well as clavicle, rib and energy allocation, reproductive function, ing spiny and ericoid thicket, dry decidu- distal ulnar (parry) fractures, which are and stress responses. The primary func- ous forest, succulent woodland, lowland each present in three individuals. The tions of testosterone are to support male and subhumid rainforest. An ecological overall pattern of fractures suggests in- reproductive function and maintain mus- spectrum for each community is generated terpersonal violence was present. Three culoskeletal performance. However, tes- by assigning mammal species to taxo- notable pathological conditions include a tosterone can also affect immune function nomic, trophic, locomotor and body size case of diffuse idiopathic skeletal hy- by inhibiting inflammation, lymphocyte categories. Results show that in several perostosis (DISH), a case of vertebral in- proliferation, cytokine production, and measures, the dry forest communities of fection, possibly brucellosis, and a prob- macrophage activity, at least in vitro. western Madagascar show less ecological able case of gigantism. Because energy used for one purpose diversity than do communities from east- cannot be used for another, organisms ern rainforests. The relative proportions of Evidence of interpersonal violence in face energetic tradeoffs. Diversion of omnivory and terrestriality best differen- the W. Montague Cobb skeletal collec- metabolic energy to support immune func- tiate between ecogeographic regions. tion. tion during infection reduces the energy Unlike results from continental faunas, available for reproduction. Maintaining broad taxonomic categories and body size J.L. Muller. Dept. of Anthropology, Uni- high androgen levels could have fitness are less informative of vegetative struc- versity at Buffalo. costs because it may cause immunosup- ture. This may be a consequence of recent pression and increase morbidity and mor- extinction events in Madagascar. In anatomical and historical skeletal tality. Such costs may be expressed in The predictive value of ecological diver- samples, the coupling of archival data increased susceptibility to parasitic infec- sity analysis of micromammals in Mada- with skeletal analyses can provide insight tion, which would be balanced against the gascar is of significance for the reconstruc- into the cultural and environmental fac- reproductive benefits of testosterone. This tion of the paleoenvironments of giant tors that may be associated with injury. is identified as the “Immunosomatic extinct lemurs, a key issue in the debate The Cobb collection, comprised mainly of Metabolic Diversion Hypothesis” over the cause of the megafaunal extinc- African American remains, is one of the (ISMDH). tion. largest collections of documented human According to the ISMDH, testosterone skeletons. These skeletons were proc- levels should be positively correlated with Disease and trauma in skeletal re- essed and collected from the anatomy measures of parasitic infection, such as mains from a Fifth Dynasty cemetery dissections performed by medical students parasite load, in male vertebrates. To test at Giza, Egypt. at Howard University, Washington DC. this hypothesis, fecal samples were col- This collection provides both biological lected from the adult and adolescent male D.M. Mulhern. Department of Anthropol- and archival records of the poorest of population of wild chimpanzees at Ngogo, ogy, NMNH, Smithsonian Institution. Washingtonians, living from the mid-19th Kibale National Park, Uganda. Samples century to the 1960's. Archival documents were collected for both parasitological and Twenty-two individuals were excavated for this time period address the sexual hormonal analyses. Correlations between from Cemetery 2500 in the Western division of labor within the African parasite richness, intensity of infections, Cemetery at Giza, Egypt from 2001-2003 American community. The majority of and testosterone levels are described. This as part of the Howard University Giza males were laborers, while females is the first report of hormonal correlates to Cemetery Project. Cemetery 2500 includes worked as domestics. This information, in intestinal parasite infection in a wild a series of mastaba tombs dating to the conjunction with modern clinical data on population of chimpanzees. Fifth Dynasty (2494-2345 B.C.). The pur- injury rates, aid in forming the hypothe- pose of this study is to present and discuss ses that 1) trauma pattern, in the form of Patterns of ecological diversity in the skeletal indicators of pathology ob- fractures and dislocations, is consistent modern small mammal communities served in the human remains from Ceme- with accidental injury and 2) males have a of Madagascar. tery 2500. higher frequency of trauma than females. AAPA Abstracts 151

This paper specifically addresses the C.J. Mulligan, M.S. Ascunce, A. Kitchen, formed lumbar vertebrae. KNM-KPS V42 results of craniofacial trauma analysis of P.R. Schmidt. Department of Anthropol- is a last sacral vertebra described by Ward Cobb collection individuals. Of the 139 ogy, University of Florida, Gainesville. et al. (1991). The authors concluded that crania examined, 53.2% show evidence of the tapering of the body evidences the fracture. The cranial vault is fractured in Bovid skeletal materials excavated from taillessness. However, Harrison (1998) 12.9% of the sample. However, the great- two sites in Eritrea, one dating to ap- presented a contradictory interpretation est frequency of trauma is to the facial proximately 900 YBP (Adi Nefas) and the of this specimen. I examined V9 and V10 elements (46.8%), with the majority of other dating between 2800 and 2400 YBP by using a micro CT and reached to the such injuries affecting the nasal region. (Sembel), were analyzed in order to de- conclusion that these are deformed lum- These frequencies are high when com- termine the feasibility of a large-scale bar vertebrae. Internal structure of these pared with other anatomical and archaeo- genetic study. The Adi Nefas site was a bones is composed of fine trabecular logical samples. The pattern of fractures seasonal pastoral settlement and the meshwork. Their trabecular texture is found in the crania suggests that inter- tested sample was obtained from a gar- very similar to that of V3, a lumbar verte- personal violence, rather than accidents, bage midden. The Sembel site was part of bral body collected from the same locality. is the more probable cause of cranial in- a pre-urban complex. The two tested In primates, most of the caudal vertebrae jury. Sembel samples date to 2500 YBP and have a shell structure except proximal were excavated from a garbage pile in a (short) ones. Since V42 is distorted, it may Dominance, cortisol and stress in small alley. be difficult to draw the unarguable con- wild chimpanzees. Three different primer pairs were tested clusion about its tapering. However, it for their ability to amplify the mitochon- preserves the hiatus sacralis, which is M.N. Muller. Dept. of Anthropology, Har- drial D-loop and a single primer pair observed only in humans and apes among vard University. (156bp product) successfully amplified living anthropoids. Therefore, P. heseloni extracts from all three specimens. Strin- probably did not have a tail. Supported by Field studies of endocrine function in a gent ancient DNA precautions were ob- Grant-in-Aid from the JSPS (#14654182). range of social mammals suggest that served and no positive controls were used high dominance rank is commonly associ- that could introduce contaminating DNA. Dental microwear analyses of ated with elevated production of stress Phylogenetic analysis was performed in Sivapithecus and contemporaneous hormones (glucocorticoids). This is puz- order to classify the three ancient se- fauna. zling, because in stable dominance hierar- quences. Sequence data from all available chies, high status is normally associated Bos (oxen), Bison, Bubalus (Asian buffalo), S.V. Nelson. Museum of Paleontology, with social control and predictability, key and Syncerus (African buffalo) species University of Michigan. predictors of low psychological stress. One were included. Based on 120bps of se- solution to this problem may be that high quence data, all species formed mono- This investigation seeks to determine rank is commonly associated with ele- phyletic clades with the exception of Bos the preferred diet of Sivapithecus, fruit vated energetic expenditure, leading to taurus and Bos indicus, which intermin- availability in its habitat, and any increased metabolic stress and glucocorti- gled in a single monophyletic clade. The changes in fruit availability that might coid secretion. I conducted behavioural sequence from Adi Nefas clustered with B. have coincided with its extinction. A new observations and non-invasive hormone taurus and B. indicus sequences suggest- light microscope technique is used which sampling of male chimpanzees in Kibale ing a cattle designation. Sequences from allows for analysis of many specimens, National Park (Uganda), and Gombe Na- the Sembel specimens formed a distinct and a Bayesian approach to statistical tional Park (Tanzania) to examine the clade, with 100% bootstrap support, that analyses of data allows dietary results to relationship among cortisol, dominance was closest to Bubalus bubalis (Asian reflect degree of similarity to multiple and stress in wild chimpanzees. Results water buffalo). Presence of water buffalo modern species or diets, permitting the indicate that in both sites male dominance in Eritrea 2500 YBP contrasts with his- possibility that there is no perfect modern rank positively correlated with urinary torical reports that suggest water buffalo analogue to a fossil diet. Furthermore, cortisol excretion in a stable dominance was first introduced to Africa in Egypt fossil diets can be interpreted in terms of hierarchy. Detailed data from Kibale show (1400-1000 YBP), presumably via Mesopo- how much each food type contributed to that cortisol excretion also correlated posi- tamia. the diet and how those contributions may tively with rates of male aggression. I have changed over time. suggest that the relationship between Did Proconsul heseloni have a tail? A total of 195 fossil teeth from 13 taxa cortisol and rank in chimpanzees is pri- from the Siwaliks of Pakistan were ana- marily driven by energetic factors rather M. Nakatsukasa. Laboratory of Physical lyzed for dental microwear. Results indi- than psychosocial ones. This interpreta- Anthropology, Kyoto University. cate that Sivapithecus was frugivorous, as tion is supported by the observation that were many other contemporaneous taxa, in Kibale urinary cortisol levels correlated Taillessness in Miocene hominoids has including suids, tragulids, and some bo- negatively with food availability. These been an issue of debate. Nakatsukasa et vids. The large proportion of Siwalik findings suggest that dominant chimpan- al. (2003) revealed that 15 million-years- fauna that were frugivorous suggests that zees experience significant metabolic costs old Nacholapithecus did not have a tail. Sivapithecus habitat preference was simi- that must be set against the presumed However, it is still unclear whether tail- lar to that of modern apes in fruit abun- reproductive benefits of high rank. Meta- less-hominoids had existed before 15Ma. dance, although it is unknown whether it bolic stress may mediate the relationship Proconsul heseloni is the key species to was similar in terms of seasonal fruit between rank and cortisol in other social this question. There are three important availability. Fruit availability appears to mammals. specimens. Harrison (1998) identified decrease around the time Sivapithecus KNM-KPS V9 and V10 as caudal verte- became extinct, with fruit replaced by Mitochondrial D-loop analysis of bo- brae of P. heseloni while Ward et al. browse in some taxa, and browse replaced vid skeletal material from Eritrea. (1999) claimed that these bones are de- by C4 graze in others, indicative of forest 152 AAPA Abstracts

replacement by more open habitat. How- MLD 37/38 is an incomplete but well comparative context for the study of de- ever, persistence of frugivorous suids, preserved cranium of Australopithecus ciduous enamel defects. tragulids, and very small bovids after the africanus excavated in Makapansgat in Of the primate suborders, only anthro- disappearance of Sivapithecus suggests 1958/59. Parts of the neurocranium (ant. poids had linear defects. Among anthro- that moist forests did not disappear en- of the coronal suture) and most of the face poids, only four catarrhine taxa were af- tirely, but likely became too fragmented to are missing. The endocranial cavity is fected: G. gorilla, P. troglodytes, H. muel- support a large-bodied frugivorous ape. filled with stone matrix. Here we present leri and M. mulatta. Three colobine spe- a geometric reconstruction of the endocra- cies and all platyrrhines were defect-free. Reproductive suppression: The criti- nium and give an estimate for the total Chi-square analysis indicates that perma- cal process of implantation. endocranial capacity. nent teeth are significantly more affected Using CT scans, we produced a virtual by LEH than the deciduous teeth (p < .01). P.A. Nepomnaschy1,3, B.G. England2,3. endocast of MLD 37/38 by distinguishing Therefore, a descriptive comparison of the 1Department of Anthropology, 2Pathology fossilized bone from stone matrix on the distribution, severity and multiplicity of Department, 3Reproductive Sciences Pro- basis of different grey values slice by slice. linear defects is made for these dentitions. gram, The University of Michigan, Ann Eight anatomical landmarks on the ec- Of 16 taxa, only catarrhines exhibited Arbor. tocranium and 455 semilandmarks on the pitted enamel. Differences in the frequen- endocranial surface were measured on cies of LEH and pitting hypoplasia are Physiological mechanisms aimed at re- MLD 37/38 and STS 5, another Australo- significant (p < .01). However, unlike the ducing the chances of successful ovulation, pithecus africanus specimen. The latter dentition of adult primates, pitting hy- conception, implantation and gestation was used as reference specimen because of poplasia is more frequent in the deciduous are advantageous if they prevent women its completeness. Thin plate spline warp- teeth than LEH. Structural and develop- from expending reproductive effort under ing was applied to reconstruct the missing mental factors (e.g. crown size, patterns sub-optimal conditions. portions of the MLD 37/38 endocranium: and onset of formation) that may contrib- Traditionally, research has focused on the homologous landmarks on STS 5 were ute to a further understanding of the pat- those mechanisms that hinder ovulation warped to those available on MLD 37/38; terns of enamel defects in deciduous teeth or early pregnancy after implantation. thus, landmarks on the missing part of are examined. Less is known about the mechanisms that MLD 37/38 were estimated by this defor- impinge on implantation. Although mation function. Comparative sequence analysis of a mechanisms affecting ovulation and ges- The unreconstructed endocranial capac- repeat polymorphism in the monoam- tation are important, we propose that it is ity is 382 cm³ while the estimated volume ine oxidase A (MAOA) gene promoter during the implantation process that the of the reconstructed endocranial cavity of region in primates: Evidence for se- reproductive axis should be most sensitive MLD 37/38 is about 440 cm³. This result, lection? to suppression mechanisms. calculated on the reference-based recon- The implantation process is decisive struction indicates a slightly higher capac- T.K. Newman, N. Gibson, P. Babb, J.D. because at this time the mother begins to ity than previously published (425 cm³; Higley, D. Goldman. National Institute on lose hormonal control of the pregnancy to Conroy et al., 1990) and lies well within Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National the embryo. The embryo’s endocrine the known range of other Australopithecus Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD. emancipation accelerates after implanta- africanus specimens (428-515 cm³). tion and physiological interruption of ges- Supported by the Austrian Science Monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) is an tation becomes increasingly difficult. In Foundation FWF Project No. P14738. important enzyme that catabolizes dopa- addition, the costs and risks associated mine and serotonin in the brain, and is with pregnancy begin to rise after implan- ‘From the mouths of babes’: Patterns critical for maintaining normal synaptic tation. Thus, the ability of the mother to of enamel hypoplasia in the decidu- neurotransmission. A functional repeat hamper the implantation process during ous teeth of non-human primates. polymorphism in the promoter region of times of distress may be critical. the human MAOA gene alters expression In this paper, we draw on results from a E.A. Newell. Department of Sociology and and is associated with a number of psy- year-long longitudinal study to propose a Anthropology, Elizabethtown College. chiatric and behavioral traits, including mechanism for control of implantation. aggression and impulsivity. Here, we in- Using a random effects model, we identi- While awareness of the distribution of vestigate whether the promoter polymor- fied a negative association between uri- enamel hypoplasia in the permanent den- phism is present across primates, includ- nary levels of cortisol, an indicator of tition of non-human primates is rapidly ing hominoids, Old and New World mon- stress, and progestin at the time of im- expanding, analyses of hypoplasia in the keys and prosimians. To date, all taxa plantation. Our findings confirm similar deciduous dentition are taxonomically screened possess the repeat polymor- reports in both, human and non-human limited. Previous studies have exclusively phism. Repeat structure size ranges from primates, suggesting a mechanism examined hypoplasia in the apes (Eck- < 80bp in Pan to > 180bp in Erythrocebus. through which maternal stress may hardt and Protsch von Zieten, 1993; Lu- Preliminary sequence data indicate that physiologically impinge on implantation. kacs, 1999, 2000, 2001; Skinner and New- the polymorphism is homologous across ell, 2003). However, the potential import primates and that internal sequence com- Geometric reconstruction of the MLD of a study of enamel hypoplasia in the position is largely conserved, but repeat 37/38 endocranium. deciduous teeth of non-hominoid primates motif size and number varies considerably has been recognized (Lukacs, 2001). By within and between taxa. For instance, S. Neubauer, P. Gunz, P. Mitteroecker, providing data on the prevalence of linear Macaca repeat motif size is 18bp with 5-7 G.W. Weber. Institute for Anthropology, (LEH) and pitting hypoplasias in the de- repeats compared to 30bp in Homo with 3- University of Vienna. ciduous dentition of 189 individuals from 5 repeats. The mechanism by which the 16 taxa, the present research expands the polymorphism affects transcription and expression of MAOA is not well under- AAPA Abstracts 153

stood, although in Homo a major tran- nial proportions, intraspecific variation is thropology, Binghamton University, 4In- scription factor (Sp1) binding site is pre- present in adult males and females of stitute of Medical Research, Papua New sent within each repeat block, suggesting some species. These results suggest that Guinea. a direct link between the gain or loss of macaque skeletal dimensions reflect sub- transcription factor binding sites and tle variations in concordance with estab- Pigmentation of the skin and hair is one MAOA gene promoter activity. Based on lished behavioral diversity. of the most variable phenotypic traits the degree of sequence conservation ob- observed in human populations. This served in the promoter region and the Behavioral differences in hierarchi- variation is most often explained via potential modulatory effect on MAOA cal relationships: Aggression and natural selection acting on melanin con- gene expression through the gain or loss grooming among male and female tent of the skin at different latitudes. of repeats, we postulate that allelic varia- Macaca fascicularis at Pedangtegal, This paper describes pigmentation variation has important selective consequences Bali, Indonesia. tion of the skin and hair of 1135 Papuan that explains, in part, the maintenance of and Austronesian speaking individuals polymorphism in this locus among pri- M. Nieto, A. Fuentes. Department of An- living in the Bismarck Archipelago, Bou- mate species. thropology, University of Notre Dame. gainville, and New Guinea. These pigmentation measurements were examined Comparison of size and shape pat- Here we report on an analysis of aggres- for sex-, linguistic-, and geographic-based terns in the postcranial skeleton of sion and grooming patterns among high differences. Skin pigmentation in Island Macaca, with attention to locomotor and low-ranking individual Macaca fas- Melanesia is extremely variable; signifi- variation in M. fascicularis and M. cicularis in three groups at a semi-free cant differences were found between nemestrina. ranging site in Bali, Indonesia. Aggres- males and females; between the major sion and grooming rates for 19 males and island populations; and between language K.A. Nichols-Bown, K. Ratteree. Anthro- 40 females were calculated from over groups. Regional variation in skin pig- pology Department, University of Colo- 1,700 hours of observational data and mentation is also being studied at the rado at Boulder. means were evaluated across a 4 year genetic level, using 3-5 SNPs from the period, 1999-2002. Dominance ranks for pigmentation candidate genes MC1R , The Cercopithecidae have been consid- adult males and females were calculated TYR, and TYRP1 typed in representative ered traditionally to be taxonomically annually from approach-retreat interac- samples from the major island and lan- diverse yet morphologically conservative. tions (displacements), the results of ag- guage groups. An initial study using indi- Even so, field studies document a high gressive contests and priority of access to viduals from West New Britain and New degree of behavioral variation that is in- disputed resources. Individual rates of Ireland suggests an association between consistent with limited anatomical vari- aggressive and grooming behaviors were the MC1R variant Thr314Thr and de- ability. We address this issue by assess- examined for high ranking and low rank- creased skin pigmentation in these two ing postcranial size and shape variation ing same-sex individuals and between groups. Current investigations are pursu- among one group of Old World monkeys, sexes. The aim of this analysis is to exam- ing whether this relationship and others the macaques (Macaca). ine grooming and aggression in the con- are due to a true association between the The relatively more arboreal Macaca text of dominance relationships. MC1R SNP and skin pigmentation, or if fascicularis and the relatively more ter- While we found no significant difference they are instead due to an artifact of restrial M. nemistrina are: (1) sympatric between the grooming rates of males and population differences between these two in the wild; and (2) well-studied in terms females on the whole, we did find a sig- groups. of locomotor behavior. We report on scal- nificant difference in grooming between ing relationships in the postcranial skele- high ranking males and females, with Origin of the inhabitants of Bronze tal anatomy of these taxa, utilizing uni- high ranking females involved in groom- Age Bactria: A dental morphological variate and multivariate statistical analy- ing more frequently than males. Males investigation. ses on standard osteometric variable data displayed higher overall rates of aggres- collected from skeletons of wild-caught sion. Within the males, low ranking indi- R.L. Nosaka, B.E. Hemphill. Dept. of So- adult macaque specimens (n = 60). The viduals were significantly more aggressive ciology & Anthropology, California State results are compared to those obtained than high ranking individuals. In addition University, Bakersfield. from other species of Macaca to determine to these general trends a number of indi- if M. fascicularis and M. nemestrina linear vidual patterns of aggression and groom- A previously unknown Bronze Age civili- skeletal dimensions correlate with: (1) a ing emerged for both males and females. zation (Oxus Civilization) centered on the generalized macaque pattern of size varia- Data from this population adds to the oases of Central Asia features a sudden tion; and/or (2) with identifiably distinct ongoing attempt to enhance our under- appearance of large cities resting directly locomotor adaptations. standing of the relationship between atop sterile soil. Given the absence of local Least-squares regression analyses sug- grooming, aggression and rank in Maraca archaeological antecedents, many have gest varying degrees of scaling effects and fascicularis. speculated over where the inhabitants of variation associated with divergent loco- these ancient cities came from. Three motor adaptations. For example, scapular Pigmentation variation in Island hypotheses have been offered to account width does not strongly scale with scapu- Melanesia and associated candidate for the origin of Oxus Civilization popula- lar height for most taxa, including M. gene variation. tions of North Bactria. These include the nemestrina, but suggests scaling effects early influence model, the late coloniza- for M. fascicularis. In contrast, the rela- H. Norton1, J. Friedlaender2, D.A. Merri- tion model, and the Indus intrusion tionship of humeral length to humeral wether3, G. Koki4, C. Mgone4, M. Shriver1. model. midshaft circumference supports scaling 1Department of Anthropology, Penn State Ten morphological traits of the perma- effects in all macaques studied. In addi- University, 2Department of Anthropology, nent tooth crown, scored as 25 tooth-trait tion to interspecific variation in postcra- Temple University, 3Department of An- combinations were compared among ten 154 AAPA Abstracts

Aeneolithic and Bronze Age samples, en- also hypothesized that women who moved approach will be evaluated, and steps will compassing 375 adults from the North to a more affluent environment when be outlined for future research on disease Bactrian oasis, Turkmenistan, and the growth was still ongoing will exhibit in- risk in human and non-human primates, Indus Valley to test which, if any, of these termediate levels. particularly by integrating physiological hypotheses are supported by the pattern Preliminary analyses show that, data with actual patterns of parasitism of phenetic affinities possessed by the whereas both these predictions hold true and behavioral defenses in natural popu- Oxus Civilization inhabitants of the north for progesterone, this is not the case for lations. Bactrian oasis. Differences in the patterns estradiol. These results also differ from of dental morphology trait frequencies previous findings of significantly lower Spatial distribution of childhood were compared with the mean measure of estradiol levels in populations in more morbidity patterns in a Dominican divergence statistic (MMD) and patterns extreme ecological settings living at the village. of phenetic affinity were assessed with margins of subsistence. We discuss possi- cluster analysis, multidimensional scal- ble explanations for these differences and C. Nyberg, M.V. Flinn. Department of ing, and principal coordinates analysis. their significance for developmental hy- Anthropology, University of Missouri. The results of this study provide no sup- potheses. port for the Indus intrusion model, but Supported by a Bogue Research Fellow- Standard epidemiological models predict offer some support for both early intrusion ship, Central Fund University of London, that population density is causally associ- and late colonization models. However, the Parkes Foundation, The Royal Society ated with morbidity. Contact frequency is occurrence of near phenetic identity be- (UK), R. Lurie Cancer Centre, NU (USA), expected to facilitate pathogen transmis- tween colonizer (Altyn depe) and colonized and CONACyT (Mexico). sion. The precise mechanisms linking (Sapalli) expected under the late coloniza- social contact and disease that underlay tion model is not present. Rather, a sce- Comparative studies of immune sys- the macro-scale relations, however, have nario of limited gene flow from outside tem parameters and disease risk in not been extensively studied. Here we (Geoksyur) into an extant North Bactrian nonhuman primates. examine relations among population den- population, expected under the early in- sity, rates and types of contact, and mor- trusion model, appears best supported. C.L. Nunn. Section of Evolution and Ecol- bidity using GIS, health survey, and eth- ogy, University of California-Davis. nographic data from a sixteen-year bio- Growing up in diverse environments: medical study of a rural community on the Effects on adult salivary estradiol. Across species, the risk of disease is island of Dominica. likely to vary with social and ecological Cross-sectional analyses do not indicate A. Núñez-de la Mora1, R.T. Chatterton2, parameters. Several recent comparative significant relations between population O. Choudhury3, D. Napolitano1, J. studies have quantified disease risk using density and morbidity. Effects of contact Hochman 1,G.R. Bentley1. 1Department of data on immune defenses, particularly rates are complex and involve details of Anthropology, University College London, white blood cell counts, based on the as- social interaction. Preliminary analyses of 2Northwestern University Medical School, sumption that higher values will be found longitudinal data on temporal patterns of 3Sylhet Osmani Medical College. in species that experience greater risk of disease suggest that social contact is asso- acquiring infectious disease. I will report ciated with transmission of specific patho- Historically, most anthropological stud- on one study that used these data to ingens (e.g., varicella virus). ies investigating inter-population varia- vestigate three hypotheses in nonhuman Micro-level studies are essential to de- tion in ovarian function have focused on primates. Specifically, disease risk was termine the associations between popula- measurements of salivary progesterone predicted to increase with (1) group size tion density, contact frequency, and mor- given the better-established assays for its and population density, (2) terrestriality, bidity. Longitudinal ethnographic data analysis, and its cheaper costs. However, e.g. through greater proximity to soil- enhances standard epidemiological models methodological improvements in recent borne pathogens, and (3) increased num- and elucidates the complexities of social years have resulted in higher quality and bers of mating partners. interaction that impact contact frequency. more cost-effective assays for salivary Phylogeny-based comparative studies estradiol. We report here our findings of provided strongest support for the third A bug’s life: A paleoentomological relative levels of salivary estradiol among hypothesis. Several classes of white blood case study from Chachapoya Perú. migrant Bangladeshi women living in cells, particularly neutrophils, increased London, U.K. with the number of mating partners, the K.C. Nystrom1, A. Goff1, M. Lee Goff2. We compared women who moved to duration of estrus and relative testes size 1Department of Anthropology, University London at different times (infancy, child- (controlling for body mass). Results re- of New Mexico, 2Forensic Science Pro- hood, and post-menarche) and compared mained significant in multiple regression gram, Chaminade University of Honolulu. them to women living in Bangladesh, as analyses that included predictor variables well as to second-generation Bangladeshi from the non-sexual hypotheses. Thus, This paper explores the contribution women and white women born and resi- mating behavior, possibly in combination that applied forensic entomology can have dent in London. We analyzed levels of with other factors, is associated with dis- for our understanding of prehistoric mor- salivary oestradiol and progesterone, as ease risk in primates. tuary behavior. Samples of insect re- well as data on anthropometry, physical Several recent studies have documented mains were recovered from a mummy activity, diet, reproductive history and further support for the hypothesis that bundle that has been attributed to the general health. mating promiscuity correlates with white Chachapoya people that occupied the Based on the “fetal programming hy- blood cell counts in mammals, while addi- northern highlands of Perú. The samples pothesis” we predicted that women born tional variables, such as rainfall and pre- were identified to the family level and and raised in poorer environments will dation, have been shown to correlate with subsequently utilized to create a hypo- have lower hormone levels than those basal immune defenses in primates. The thetical timeline of events. The individual born and raised in more affluent ones. We general assumptions of this comparative in question suffered several blows to the AAPA Abstracts 155

head, followed by surgical intervention in Primate speciosity, taxonomic distri- using a new method for quantifying phy- the form of two trepanation events. Perio- butions, and power law behavior. logenetic signal. steal reaction in association with one of Bone lengths, articular surface dimen- the trepanations suggests that the indi- A.J. Olejniczak. Interdepartmental Doc- sions, and diaphyseal (cross-sectional) vidual survived for perhaps 5 - 7 days toral Program in Anthropological Sci- properties of the humerus and femur of 16 following the initial insult. Further, based ences, Stony Brook University. primate species characterized by a “gen- upon the type of insects recovered from eralist” locomotor mode were examined for the cranial cavity, it appears that individ- The relative speciosity of Order Pri- the presence of phylogenetic signal before ual was wrapped in textiles shortly after mates has implications for understanding and after scaling. Length and articular death. The possibilities and implications adaptive radiations and for expected spe- variables were scaled to body mass using that this technique and these results have ciosity in the primate fossil record. Em- residuals from conventional least-squares for mummy studies in general, and phasizing the mean number of species per regression. Cross-sectional properties Chachapoya mortuary archaeology in genus, and based on comparisons of fre- were scaled to body mass•bone length. A particular, are discussed. quency distributions with a normal curve, working phylogeny with divergence times previous authors have argued that pri- was taken from the literature. The mean Effect of psychogenic stress on ovar- mates are not particularly speciose mam- squared error of the phylogenetic vari- ian cycle dynamics in the baboon. mals. Recent models of self-organized ance-covariance matrix was compared to critical evolution based on the properties the same statistic for 1000 random per- K.A. O’Connor1, E. Brindle1, K.D. Carey2, of dynamical systems, however, have re- mutations of the tip data. The fit of the tip K. Rice2, R.C. Miller1, J. Aranda1, M. vealed that the size distributions of taxa data to the variance-covariance matrix Tatar3. 1Dept. of Anthropology, University are best understood as a power law distri- was compared to a Brownian motion (neu- of Washington, 2Southwest Foundation for bution rather than a normal curve; the tral) expectation using the statistic K. Biomedical Research, 3Dept Ecology and mean number of species per genus thus Before biomechanical scaling, all vari- Evolutionary Biology, Brown University. has little value in inter-taxon compari- ables exhibited significant phylogenetic sons. In a power law distribution, the signal. However, when the data were The mechanisms underlying the effect of frequency of species per genus equals the scaled, phylogenetic signal could no longer psychogenic stress on ovarian function are number of species per genus raised to be detected at a statistically significant unclear. This is partly a result of the lack some exponent: level. K was less than the Brownian mo- of a useful etiologic model. We propose a - l tion expectation in all scaled variables. P(species / genus) » (species / genus) . new approach for examining the effects of The results of this study suggest that stress on ovarian function. The value of l has been demonstrated to scaling using conventional regression Twenty female baboons aged 15-18 years be relatively invariant, both in models and removes phylogenetic signal from primate were moved from outdoor social cages into in actual biological radiations. In the long bone data. In addition, the K statistic indoor individual cages. Ten were moved present study, published taxonomies were suggests stabilizing selection influences in the luteal phase and ten in the follicu- employed to catalogue every mammalian relative bone length and joint size, and lar phase of the ovarian cycle. No other and avian order, family, genus, and spe- that adaptive modeling/remodeling influ- procedures were performed. Daily urines cies, and the resultant power law distribu- ences the evolution of diaphyseal cross- were collected for 120 days, and assayed tions of taxonomy were compared. Pri- sectional robusticity. for FSH, E1C and PDG. Turgesecence mates have the same distribution of spe- and menstrual bleeding were recorded cies per genus as other mammalian and Dental microwear at Mission San daily. avian orders, and power law behavior may Luis de Apalachee. Of the animals moved in the luteal be a general property of adaptive radia- phase (LP), six had the most serious cycle tions. Implications for the primate fossil J.M. Organ1, M.F. Teaford1, C.S. Larsen2. disruptions (anovulation, inadequate record and for primate adaptive radiations 1Center for Functional Anatomy and Evo- luteal phase, reduced or lost FSH peak) in are considered in light of the power law lution, The Johns Hopkins University the third cycle after being individually distribution. The consequences of using School of Medicine, 2Department of An- caged. In contrast, five animals moved in different taxonomic schemes in order to thropology, The Ohio State University. the follicular phase (FP) had the most assess speciosity are also discussed. serious disruptions in the first cycle. The site of San Luis de Apalachee was Three LP animals and one FP animal had Patterns of phylogenetic signal in formalized in the 1630s, during the second no disruptions. Two FP animals had no primate long bones. period of Spanish missionization in the LP disruptions but had sustained hyper- Georgia-Florida corridor, eventually be- 1 2 1 FSH secretion just after being moved. One M.C. O’Neill , S.D. Dobson . Center for coming the western center for colonization FP animal stopped cycling for the remain- Functional Anatomy and Evolution, Johns of the American Southeast (Larsen, 2001). der of data collection. Hopkins University School of Medicine. The structure of the San Luis community 2 These data show that the cycle-phase of Department of Anthropology, Washington was unusual for the late Florida Mission stress experience affects when and how University. period, including Apalachee natives, and subsequent cycles are disrupted. We pro- military and non-military Spaniards, with pose that the temporal differences relate Studies of interspecific biomechanical peak populations approaching 1500 indi- to variation in the vulnerability of matur- scaling of long bones assume that size- viduals. ing follicles at different stages of develop- corrected variables reflect adaptive re- Paleoethnobotanical remains yield evi- ment. Our data suggest a new model for sponses to locomotor performance and in dence of diverse (but not abundant) agri- examining how stress affects ovarian vivo loading. Consequently, similarity due cultural production at the site - typical of function. to common ancestry (phylogenetic signal) nearly all Early and Late Mission period Support: NICHD R24 HD42828 is assumed to disappear after scaling. sites (Larsen et al., 2001). Stable isotope This study tests both of these assumptions analysis and dental caries evidence at San 156 AAPA Abstracts

Luis, however, suggest that these culti- riod as well as from longer interbirth in- Histological analysis of ribs from a vars were not the focus of the diet at San tervals after giving birth to male off- 20th century Black South African Luis, and ethnohistorical research indi- spring. Although maternal investment in population: Differentiating a micro- cates a heavy reliance on meat consump- sons was higher than in daughters, and structural pattern for pellagra and tion at the site. sons can theoretically increase a mother’s general malnutrition. This study examines dental microwear reproductive success stronger than daugh- of 84 maxillary molars from six Native ters, this did not translate into differential R.R. Paine1, B. Brenton2, 1Dept. of Sociol- American, Mission period sites in the sex allocation depending on maternal ogy and Anthropology, Texas Tech Uni- Georgia-Florida corridor. Epoxy casts of physical condition or dominance rank. versity, 2Dept. of Sociology and Anthropol- molar crushing facets were photographed Supported by Alexander von Humboldt- ogy, St. John’s University. under 500X magnification in a scanning Foundation, German Research Council, electron microscope. Photomicrographs Stony Brook University. This report reviews histological findings were digitized using Microware 4.02 (Un- for individuals known to have died from gar, 1994), and statistically evaluated The effects of logging on the densities either pellagra (n=10) or general malnu- using one-way ANOVA and post hoc of the Pagai, Mentawai Island pri- trition (n=17). The rib samples used for Tukey’s Multiple Comparisons tests. Re- mates. this project are from the extensive “Ray- sults indicate that the number and per- mond Dart” skeletal collection housed at centage of pits exhibited on San Luis mo- L.M. Paciulli. Department of Anthropol- the University of Witwatersrand’s Medical lars are significantly greater than for any ogy, University of North Dakota. School, Johannesburg, South Africa. It is other Mission period site in this study one of the few skeletal collections with (p<0.05). These results may be consistent Primate population densities primarily documented pellagrins. Pellagra, a niacin with the stable-isotope data and ethnohis- reflect a balance between reproduction deficiency disease, is most often associated torical records indicating the relative less and death rates. These rates are influ- with high-maize/low protein diets. The importance of cultivars in the diets of San enced by genetic factors, including phylog- sample was drawn from a Black South Luis residents. As a result, these data eny, body size, and life history strategies, African population who became increas- may provide insights into the molar mi- as well as differences in zoogeography, ingly dependent on maize during the 20th crowear patterns associated with greater habitat, natural and anthropogenic suc- century. meat-eating in this setting. Supported by cessional changes, seasonal and inter- In an earlier report, we indicated that the National Science Foundation. annual variations in food production and there were a number of gross skeletal and quality, inter- and intraspecific competi- dental pathologies linked to pellagrins, Differential maternal investment and tion, and disease and predation. Of this however, these indicators were not pel- sex allocation in wild Hanuman lan- partial list, the effects of one factor – log- lagra specific. We recently examined ribs gurs. ging – on the Pagai, Mentawai Island from the same individuals to see if there primates (Hylobates klossii, Macaca might be microstructural patterns specific J. Ostner, A. Koenig, C. Borries. Depart- pagensis, Presbytis potenziani, and Simias to pellagra. Our findings suggest that ment of Anthropology, Stony Brook Uni- concolor) was examined. there are. Seventy percent of the pella- versity. Standard line transect primate surveys grins exhibit extremely thin cortical bone, were conducted in nine dipterocarp for- in some cases only one secondary osteon Animals should invest in their offspring ests. Three of the forests surveyed were thick; 100% had large Haversian canals; to increase their reproductive success. In never logged, three forests were logged 30% exhibited Howship’s lacunae; and polygynous species variance in male re- between 10 and 12 years ago, and three 50% of them showed type II & double productive success is generally higher forests were logged between 20 and 23 zonal secondary osteons. Take as a whole than in females. Therefore, the Trivers- years ago. these indicators and there frequencies Willard hypothesis predicts that females The results indicate that densities of separate the pellagrins from those who in good physical condition, who have more Mentawai gibbons and macaques were died from general malnutrition. The im- to invest, will produce more male than similar between the three logging catego- plications of these results contribute to a female offspring, whereas females in poor ries, while leaf monkey and simakobu clearer understanding of the diet and physical condition, with less to invest, will densities varied according to logging health of maize-dependent populations produce fewer male than female offspring. stage. Leaf monkey densities were sig- both past and present. Using long-term data from a population nificantly higher in forests that were This research was supported in part by a of wild Hanuman langurs (Semnopithecus logged approximately twenty years ago St. John’s University Faculty Develop- entellus) collected between 1991 and 1996 than they were in forests that were logged ment Grant and a Texas Tech University we investigated in a first step whether 10 to 12 years ago or in unlogged forests. Graduate Faculty Research Travel Grant. investment in sons (n=34) was higher Simakobu densities were significantly than in daughters (n=29). Specifically, we higher in unlogged forests than they were How important is immunostimulation predicted that (i) weaning age of sons will in logged forests. Thus, it appears that in causing growth stunting? 1 2 1 be higher than that of daughters and (ii) selective logging as practiced thus far on C. Panter-Brick , P.G. Lunn . Depart- the interbirth interval will be increased the islands is compatible with the main- ment of Anthropology, University of Dur- 2 after giving birth to male offspring. Next, tenance of gibbon, macaque, and leaf ham, UK, Department of Biological An- we analyzed whether (iii) the sex of the monkey populations, but not for the sima- thropology, University of Cambridge, UK. offspring was indeed influenced by the kobus. Therefore, a habitat mosaic with mother’s physical condition at the time of tracts of both secondary and primary for- Early growth stunting is a near invari- conception or by her dominance rank. As est might support the healthiest popula- able feature of childhood in developing predicted, producing sons was more costly tion of Pagai primates. countries. For infants living in unhy- than producing daughters, as could be gienic environments, this problem is not inferred from an increased lactation pe- resolved solely by dietary intervention: AAPA Abstracts 157

proper food is clearly necessary but not following the scoring system by Hawkey plore the relationship between displaced sufficient to ensure good growth. Chronic (1995). The data were compared with the sperm plug size and male fertilization exposure to infections with consequent ones from equally examined prehistoric success. This project shows the utility of overstimulation of inflammatory and im- populations originating in the lowlands, using high-resolution X-ray CT scanning mune systems will inevitably slow growth. presumably farmers. to accurately measure primate sperm plug Persistent immunostimulation has been The present study brings gender specific size parameters. demonstrated even in apparently healthy interests into focus. From the archaeologi- children of The Gambia and Nepal. A cal record, it remained unclear whether Morphology of the proximal radius: damaged small intestine is the likely site females actually worked in the mines in Implications for locomotor adapta- of entry of environmental macromolecules the Hallstatt Period. From the existing tions of early hominins. into the body. In The Gambia, greatly data it seems that females were strongly elevated endotoxin plasma levels relate involved into the mining process. A wide B.A. Patel. Interdepartmental Doctoral closely to the severity of gut damage, range of activities could be reconstructed Program in Anthropological Sciences, growth faltering, and raised acute phase from the enthesopathy pattern, consistent Stony Brook University. proteins and immunoglobulins. Intestinal with the archaeologically known way of enteropathy is extremely common, start- mining in the ancient salt mines. A divi- Hominoids have an elbow joint that ing with weaning and worsening through- sion of labor between the sexes can be permits a high degree of mobility in an out infancy: a growth-limiting enteropa- concluded. Generally, the males show arboreal setting; some also need to main- thy was detected in all village children higher MSM scores in muscles used in tain stability against compressive stresses included in a longitudinal study, for more stroke movements, the females in carrying (African apes) or dislocation while brachi- than 70% of the time during the first 15 movements. ating (hylobatids). In this study, func- months of life. Growth faltering is proba- tional shape variables representing adap- bly caused by cytokines released during Quantifying male ejaculate volume: tations of mobility and stability were de- immunostimulation, acting both indirectly High-resolution x-ray computed to- rived from measurements from a sample by lowering appetite and directly by inhib- mography scanning of primate sperm of proximal radii of extant hominoids and iting long-bone growth. plugs. casts of seven early hominins. A dis- Elucidating exact mechanisms and criminant analysis differentiates African documenting the importance of immu- J.A. Parga, M. Maga, D.J. Overdorff. De- apes, hylobatids, and australopithecines nostimulation for growth stunting in other partment of Anthropology, University of (Stw 139, Stw 431, KNM-ER 1500, SKX cultures are important challenges for an- Texas at Austin. 3699) from Pongo, modern humans, and thropology. The hypothesis advanced for Homo erectus (SK 18b) along the first Gambian and Nepali data signifies that Although high-resolution X-ray com- function. The second function separates better growth for infants with chronic puted tomography (CT) scanning is com- the hylobatids and the South African immunostimulation will come from better monly used for osteological material, this hominins from the others. Univariate hygiene, not just better nutrition. is the first use of this technology to scan analyses of Australopithecus anamensis primate copulatory (sperm) plugs to ob- (KNM-ER 20419) and Praeanthropus Identification of sex specific mining tain measures of male ejaculate volume. afarensis (AL 288-1p) reveal traits similar activities from enthesopathies on the A sperm plug forms when ejaculate coagu- to both African apes and lesser apes. ancient Hallstatt skeletons. lates in the vagina, and can be displaced Morphology of the proximal radius sug- when a female mates with a new mate. gests that the earliest hominins had an D.E. Pany. Natural History Museum, Displaced sperm plugs were collected op- elbow joint that permitted both mobility Vienna, Department of Anthropology. portunistically during data collection on and stability. Recent comparative studies ringtailed lemur (Lemur catta) mating of the hominoid distal radius have sug- In recent years, various studies on occu- behavior on St. Catherines Island, USA. gested a knuckle-walking ancestry for pationally-induced stress markers on an- Plugs were frozen following collection to modern humans. However, a distinctive cient skeletal remains have produced reli- maintain structural integrity, and were morphology for such behaviors was not able and useful results concerning the transported to the High-Resolution X-Ray evident from the proximal radius when reconstruction of habitual activities of Computed Tomography Facility at the comparing extant hominoids. Rather, the past populations. These markers, also University of Texas-Austin. A total of proximal radius reveals a primitive condi- known as “musculoskeletal stress mark- nine plugs were CT scanned. Despite our tion for early hominins that is shared with ers” (MSM), or “enthesopathies”, are a small sample size, scanned sperm plugs both African apes and hylobatids suggest- result of repeated occupational hyperac- exhibit a fair amount of variation in ing either habitual suspensory behaviors tivity, appearing as pittings or furrows on shape, and a wide range of volumes: 1.76 - in early hominins or the retention of a the bony cortex where muscles, tendons or 5.01 cm3. Mean plug volume (±SD) is 2.69 suspensory morphology from a common ligaments insert. ±0.96 cm3. Although more than one plug ancestor. Traits of the proximal radius In this study, MSM were recorded on was obtained for only two of the study often sited as “African ape-like” for early skeletons from the Hallstatt (Austria) males, it is clear that intra-individual hominins converge in African apes and cemetery, dating 800-450 B.C. (“Hallstatt differences in plug volume can be consid- hylobatids making it difficult to tease Period”). This Early Iron Age cemetery is erable, and in some cases, are greater apart specific locomotor behaviors. located in a difficult accessible mountain than inter-individual differences in plug valley next to the oldest yet known salt size among males. Because plug size may Negotiating the demands of preg- mine in Europe. Obviously, the people indicate the vaginal depth at which a nancy in a high fertility population. buried there were wealthy salt miners. male was intromitted at the time of ejacu- A total of 99 adult male and female lation (smaller plugs may result when a C.L. Patil. Department of Anthropology, skeletons was examined macroscopically greater amount of ejaculate passes The Ohio State University. and scored for MSM type and severity, through the cervix), future work will ex- 158 AAPA Abstracts

Pregnancy is not an isolated physiologi- 2001). The core of the sound system of Femoral and tibial residual strength cal event in a woman’s reproductive span. proto TNG has now been reconstructed show only a moderate correlation (r = Women concurrently negotiate the de- along with some 200 lexical units, a full 0.43); both show only slightly lower corre- mands of weaning, the next pregnancy, set of independent pronouns and frag- lations with humeral residual strength (r and living children in a specific social ments of verb morphology. Ross (2000) = 0.33 and 0.27, respectively). The corre- context. The objective of this presentation compared pronoun paradigms in 605 Pap- lation between midshaft tibial shape and is to examine pregnancy within that con- uan languages or about 80 percent of the the pilastric index is quite low (r = -0.13). text while considering the nutritional and total. 311 languages showed one or more Well-developed femoral pilasters and energetic demands influencing immediate reflexes of pTNG pronouns and another 36 platycnemic tibiae probably develop in outcome and ultimately fitness. languages were assignable to TNG on response to different mechanical stimuli. To achieve this objective, the Iraqw, other grounds. The subgrouping of TNG Supported by the University of New agropastoralists of north central Tanza- favors an early dispersal centre in the Mexico. nia, are used as a case study to illustrate central Highlands of Papua New Guinea. daily negotiations while pregnant. Their Ross’s pronoun study gave no support for Biological indicators of social hetero- traditional support system is in flux due Wurm’s (1975) East Papuan phylum, geneity. to increasing poverty, disintegrating social comprising all Papuan languages in the bonds, and migration. Time allocation, region from New Britain to the central E.A. Pechenkina. Department of Anthro- interview, and pregnancy outcome data Solomons. Instead eight distinct genetic pology, Queens College of CUNY. for 45 fecund women between 20 – 32 stocks are recognized, consistent with years of age were recorded. Anthropomet- ancient in situ diversification. The Sepik- A complex society functions through ric measures corroborate previous re- Ramu phylum proposed by Laycock (1973) cooperation and antagonism among social, search linking adequate maternal nutri- is not supported. This breaks down into occupational, and ethnic groups. Bioar- tional status and higher birthweights, four groups. The Torricelli family is sup- chaeological studies frequently rely on with mean birthweights of 3085.8 g ± ported. Slight evidence is found for ex- funerary context as a proxy for social 393.6. Given dramatic social change tending the West Papuan group to include standings of individuals (e. g., Rothschild among the Iraqw, this analysis examines the East Bird’s Head, Yava, the Sentani 1979, Cucina and Iscan 1997, Robb et al. variation in outcomes by household com- group and a few other isolates from 2001). Weak and often insignificant corre- position and indices of maternal psychoso- northwest New Guinea. lations between the social standing as- cial stress, social network, and autonomy. sessed from mortuary practices and In sum, this case study situates the World-wide variation in the residual health studied from the skeletons are biocultural interface of pregnancy while strength of the humerus, femur, and expected, since funerary contexts are af- considering trade-offs and constraints on tibia. fected by numerous factors not necessarily women’s fitness. Research examining how related to the social standing of the de- pregnancy unfolds within the context of O. Pearson, R. Cordero. Department of ceased. Group affiliation is not static dur- the reproductive span across populations Anthropology, University of New Mexico. ing life and changes in accordance with may offer a more detailed perspective on occupation, marriage, and other experi- life history theory and reproductive suc- “Residual strength” describes the ences. cess and complement medical and demo- strength of a long bone’s shaft relative to In this study the usual vector of analysis graphic literature focusing on the proxi- the primary forces that act to deform it: is reversed; the analysis begins with infer- mate determinants. body weight and the bone’s length. A ring social, ethnic, or occupational hetero- Financial support provided by Fulbright- simple way to quantify residual strength geneity from the properties of human Hays Dissertation and the Coca-Cola is to divide the sum a bone’s midshaft AP skeletons. Multiple skeletal indicators of Critical Difference Awards. and ML diameters by the breadth of one diet, health, and activity are used to as- articular end. This study examines pat- sess the biological status of each skeleton Recent research on the historical terns of residual strength in the humerus, in the sample. Multidimensional scaling is relationships of the Papuan lan- femur, and tibia in ~30 groups of recent used to analyze the underlying structure guages. and fossil humans. External shapes of the of the skeletal data and to identify the long bones’ diaphyses were also compared; presence of social heterogeneity. This A. Pawley, M. Ross. Department of Lin- correlations with lifestyle and habitats are approach is tested with two large skeletal guistics, Research School of Pacific & discussed. samples, one from Villa el Salvador ceme- Asian Studies, Australian National Uni- The groups that have the greatest resid- tery (AD 50 – 150) located on the central versity. ual humeral strength include males of Peruvian coast (N=47) and another from Tierra del Fuego, Australian Aborigines, the 13-14th century city of Sarai Berke Recent research on the genetic relation- and Zulus. Gravettian people (both sexes) (N=140). We demonstrate that the pattern ships of the 750-800 ‘Papuan’ (non- and European Mesolithic females have the of skeletal indicators detected by this Austronesian indigenous) languages of weakest humeri. The highest averages for analysis corresponds to some indicators of Melanesia and eastern Indonesia indi- the residual strength of the femur are social standing, such as cranial deforma- cates more overall diversity than was found in Jebel Sahaba females, Ganges tion and location of the burial, but not to recognized by Wurm (ed. 1975) but less Mesolithic males, Khoisan (both sexes), others. than was proposed by Foley (1986). Foley and Zulu females, while the lowest mean rejected the ‘Trans New Guinea’ (TNG) values are for male Sami, U.S. whites, and Preliminary report on the human group advanced in the 1970s but new Chinese. For the tibia, the strongest skeletal remains from the Kubinski evidence supports a grouping containing groups include Neolithic Danes, Magda- site (11WI1186), a Middle Woodland at least 400 languages extending over lenian males, and Neanderthal females; period ossuary. much of New Guinea and into the Timor the weakest are Sami (both sexes) and region (Pawley 1998, 2001, Ross 2000, U.S. white females. AAPA Abstracts 159

W. Pestle1, M. Colvard2, S. Demel1. 1Dept. been previously investigated in healthy and jaw size are driven largely by sexual of Anthropology, Field Museum of Natural individuals from ethnically diverse popu- dimorphism. Interspecific analyses show a History, 2Department of Oral Medicine lations. Here, we present the analysis of ~ near zero correlation between tooth size and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Den- 2,500 bp of AVPR2 and its proximal pro- and mandibular or sympheseal robustic- tistry, University of Illinois at Chicago. moter region from over 200 ethnically ity. Canine size is positively allometrically diverse individuals from both African and associated with corpus dimensions, but On November 17, 1986, construction non-African populations. We have identi- this appears to reflect covariation between workers excavating for the foundation of a fied over 20 single nucleotide polymor- size dimorphism and canine dimorphism, new home in Romeoville, Will County, phisms (SNPs), including several common rather than a direct consequence of canine Illinois exposed instead a mass of com- amino acid replacement SNPs that are size. Thus, we find little support for the mingled human skeletal remains. The found in close proximity to the receptor's hypothesis that either canine size or tooth assemblage, designated 11WI1186, has transmembrane region. We also provide size drive corpus size or shape across pri- since been identified by means of direct estimates of nucleotide sequence diver- mates. Supported by NSF SBR 9616671 radiocarbon dating (sample Beta-21888) gence using several non-human primate and BNS 8814060. as an ossuary belonging to the Middle species to determine how AVPR2 protein Woodland Period, between 20 and 400 AD evolution may have occurred since the Patterns of dental variation in chim- (2 sigma, calibrated). The present study split of humans from their most recent panzees and gorillas: A comparison attempts to understand both the nature of common ancestors. Because AVPR2 plays with implications for the choice of the ossuary and the life histories of the a critical role in the maintenance of water model in reconstructing fossil taxon- individuals whose remains it holds. balance, we have tested for evidence of omy. First, the results of an osteological ex- selection acting at this locus across popu- amination of the remains are discussed in lations originating from ecologically and V.C. Pilbrow. CASHP, George Washington an attempt to better clarify the rationale geographically diverse groups practicing University. behind the apparent mass contemporary pastoralist, hunter-gatherer, and agricul- deposition of these 15 individuals (MNI). turalist lifestyles. Funded BWF and David Due to the paucity of fossil material In the absence of corroborating archaeo- and Lucille Packard Career awards, ranges of variation in closely related ex- logical information (no archaeological Leakey Fund, Wenner Gren, and NSF tant taxa commonly serve as models for finds were recovered), analysis of demo- grant BCS-0196183 to ST and NSF assessing species diversity in the fossil graphic, pathological, and traumatic pat- IGERT training grant BCS-9987590 to context. Ranges of variation in extant taxa terning are employed in order to deter- LP. however are influenced by patterns of mine whether the basis of the ossuary variation based on their own unique evo- stems from a single catastrophic occur- Relationship between tooth size and lutionary trajectories and modes of speci- rence or the attritional loss of life. Next, mandibular size and shape in pri- ation. In this study the patterns of dental prevalence of skeletal and dental pathol- mates. variation in two closely related taxa, Pan ogy and trauma markers, along with met- and Gorilla are compared with the aim of ric and non-metric analysis, are utilized to D.L. Phillips1, J.M. Plavcan1, D.J. evaluating their appropriateness as mod- ascertain the general health of the sample Daegling2. 1Dept. of Anthropology, Uni- els for reconstructing fossil taxonomy. population. Finally, an observed pattern versity of Arkansas, 2Dept. of Anthropol- About two hundred dental characters of cranial asymmetry, occurring repeat- ogy, University of Florida. were measured on 371 chimpanzee and edly in both adults and sub-adults (overall 299 gorilla specimens. About 200 qualita- prevalence of 82%, 9 of 11 sufficiently The phenomena of mandibular robustic- tive characters were recorded using dis- complete crania) is explored. The quality ity, postcanine megadontia and canine crete codes. The samples were sorted into and quantity of the deformation is de- reduction are co-occurring features in populations and subsequently into com- tailed, and the results of the paleopa- early hominin evolution. It has been ar- monly recognized subspecies and species. thological and taphonomic analyses form gued that large canine roots affect corpus Using frequency counts, coefficient of the basis for several potential etiologies. dimensions both in the anterior and post- variation (CV) and Mahalanobis dis- canine regions, and that large molar tooth tances, within- and between-group pat- Nucleotide sequence variation of the size produces greater mandibular robus- terns of variation were assessed. Arginine Vasopressin Type II Recep- ticity. We test these hypotheses using Frequencies of discrete characters and tor (AVPR2) gene in ethnically di- comparative analysis of anthropoid pri- the CV of molar dimensions indicate that verse human populations. mate tooth and jaw dimensions. high levels of variation characterize chim- Dental and mandibular dimensions (ca- panzee populations. Variation does not L.A. Pfeifer, B.C. Verrelli, S.A. Tishkoff. nine tooth size, lower m1 tooth size, cor- increase up the taxonomic ladder from Dept. of Biology, University of Maryland. pus depth and breadth at m1/2, and sym- population to subspecies to species. Maha- pheseal breadth and depth) were gathered lanobis distances between chimpanzee The primary action of the peptide hor- for a sample of 1684 specimens represent- populations are low. Gorillas, on the other mone arginine vasopressin (AVP) is ing 84 primate species and subspecies. hand, display a predictable increase in antidiruresis. This is accomplished by the Corpus and sympheseal shape were calcu- ranges of intragroup variation from popu- binding of AVP to the type II AVP recep- lated as the ratio of height to depth. Cor- lation to species, and between-population tor in the kidney. Mutations in the AVPR2 relation analyses were carried out within Mahalanobis distances are fairly high. gene encoding this receptor, located at each species for males and females, both These differences in patterns of variation Xq28, cause the disease X-linked diabetes separately and combined. Interspecific between two closely related taxa signal insipidus. While a number of studies have analyses were carried out for male and caution when using models from the ex- identified AVPR2 mutations in individu- female species means using phylogenetic tant context for reconstructing fossil tax- als with diabetes insipidus, nucleotide contrasts. Results show that within- onomy. Chimpanzee patterns of variation sequence variation at this gene has not species correlations between tooth size are similar to modern humans, making 160 AAPA Abstracts

chimpanzee models appropriate for as- of the immediate postpartum period if females actively mate promiscuously in sessing patterns of diversity in extinct among subsistence horticulturists in spite of male monopolization attempts. hominins. the Brazilian Amazon. Reports documenting female patterns of Supported by the Henry Luce Founda- mating behavior have become common tion. B.A. Piperata, D.L. Dufour. Anthropology enough in the literature to allow a pre- Department, University of Colorado. liminary comparative test. However, the Patterns of human variation as re- impact of such behavior on sexual dimor- flected by multi-locus genetic com- Lactation has been of interest to biologi- phism has not been systematically ex- parisons. cal anthropologists because it is the most plored. energetically demanding phase of the Data on canine tooth size, body mass, M.M. Pilkington1,2, A.W. Bigham2, S.B. reproductive cycle, increasing the mater- and skull size dimorphism are available Kingan2, Z. Mobasher2, J.A. Wilder2, E.T. nal energy budget by 25-30%. Many hu- for 90 primate species. Species are classi- Wood2,3, M.F. Hammer1,2,3. 1Department man populations recognize the immediate fied by whether females are reported of Anthropology, The University of Ari- postpartum, the period during which lac- clearly to prefer dominant males, exhib- zona, 2Genomic Analysis and Technology tation is established, as a special time. ited some promiscuity while signaling Core, The University of Arizona, While distinct cultural practices during ovulation (the "graded signal" hypothesis), 3Department of Ecology and Evolutionary this period have been described for some show no clear preference for a particular Biology, The University of Arizona. societies, little data is available on the male, or mate promiscuously. Data are biological significance of these practices. analyzed using species values and the Patterns of genetic variation in human This paper reports data on maternal ener- matched-pairs method of independent populations have revealed a complex evo- getics during the immediate postpartum contrasts. All results show a strong, sig- lutionary history for our species, reflecting period among tropical horticulturists in nificant association between dimorphism both demographic events that have af- the Brazilian Amazon. These subsistence and the behavioral classifications. fected the entire genome as well as selec- farmers depend on bitter manioc as their Primate mating strategies are a combi- tive events that have affected individual dietary staple and fish as their main pronation of male competition resulting from loci. Here we examine patterns of DNA tein source. skewed operational sex ratios, as well as sequence variation at five loci to address Data on maternal physical activity, die- female counter-strategies to potential questions about demographic processes. tary intake, and anthropometry were col- male coercion. The results of this analysis Data from four compartments of the ge- lected over an 18-month period as part of suggest that dimorphism is a function of nome are presented, including mtDNA, Y- a longitudinal study of maternal energet- this interplay between male and female chromosomal, X-chromosomal, and auto- ics during lactation. Regionally, the im- mating strategies. This study strongly somal loci. Data for each locus were de- mediate postpartum period is referred to suggests that female mating tactics need rived from the same eight local popula- as “resguardo.” During resguardo, women to be incorporated into models of dimor- tions, consisting of at least forty individu- spend considerably more time lying and phism and sexual selection. Supported by als each from four African (Dogon, sitting and others preform most of their NSF SBR 9616671 and BNS 8814060. Khoisan, Bantu, and Cameroonians), two normal house and horticultural work. The European (Italians and Dutch), and two diversity of their diet is restricted because Mechanical regulation of tibiofemoral Asian (Mongolians and Sri Lankans) many foods are avoided, but based on a joint growth: A computational analy- populations. preliminary analysis, total energy intake sis. Consistent with previous studies, levels appears to be adequate. In addition, they of genetic diversity were highest in Afri- show little change in weight or body com- J.H. Plochocki1, C.V. Ward2, D. Smith3. cans for all loci examined. The average position during the early stages of lacta- 1Dept. of Biology, The Pennsylvania State Tajima’s D value for the autosomal and X- tion. These results suggest that the period University at Altoona, 2Dept of Anthropol- linked loci is slightly negative (-0.49) for of resguardo serves to protect the nutri- ogy, University of Missouri, 3Dept. of Me- African populations and slightly positive tional status of women during a period of chanical Engineering, University of Mis- (+0.59) for non-African populations. This high energy demand, and underscore the souri. contrasts with the patterns of mtDNA and important role cultural practices may play Y-chromosome variation, for which there in helping women meet the energetic de- Interpretations of joint form are com- is an increase of the proportion of rare mands of reproduction. monly used in anthropological investiga- polymorphisms outside of Africa. The tions to reconstruct behavior, yet the pre- combined biparentally-inherited DNA Evidence that female choice impacts cise mechanical determinants of joint data are consistent with the hypothesis the evolution of dimorphism in pri- shape are incompletely understood. The that Africans have maintained a larger mates. chondral modeling theory proposes that effective population size, and non-Africans joint surface growth is regulated by hy- have experienced a phase of population J.M. Plavcan. Dept. of Anthropology, Uni- drostatic compressive stress in articular size reduction. Patterns of variation in versity of Arkansas. cartilage. Stress-regulated growth is hy- the haploid compartments of the genome pothesized to adapt articular size, shape, may be more consistent with recent popu- Primate sexual dimorphism is widely and curvature to prevailing load magni- lation expansion outside Africa. Popula- viewed as a product of male reproductive tudes, frequencies, and orientations tion and/or sex-specific demographic proc- skew resulting from male-male competi- throughout postnatal development. esses may also contribute to contrasting tion. It has long been recognized that fe- In this study, we use a computational patterns among compartments of the ge- male mating strategies affect male mating approach that employs modern finite ele- nome. success. In principle, female mate choice ment-based structural optimization pro- can either re-enforce male reproductive cedures to evaluate the chondral modeling Forty days and forty nights: Biocul- skew where females actively prefer to theory. A 2-dimensional model of the tural perspectives on the energetics mate with a dominant male, or temper it medial tibiofemoral joint was generated AAPA Abstracts 161

from an MRI of a healthy 12-year-old breeding season, thereby increasing his In the last 200 years, more than 200 male. The articular surface was then odds of mating with an estrous female in Holocene sepulchral caves have been ex- “grown” through a numerical shape opti- this polygynous species. After conception, cavated in the Meuse Basin. Burials cover mization procedure that maximizes hy- male submission may increase the prob- a timespan from Ancient Mesolithic to drostatic pressure in articular cartilage, ability of gestation, and after birth, male Late Neolithic, with a gap from Middle simulating stress-regulated growth under submission may increase the probability Mesolithic to Early Neolithic. Very little is the chondral modeling theory. Load mag- that the female can successfully nurse the currently known about the environment nitudes and distributions were compara- infant that could potentially be his. and subsistence during these periods. ble to those experienced during normal Carbon and nitrogen stable isotopic com- gait. The model was validated through Size, shape, and integration in homi- position of bone collagen has been used as comparisons with MRIs of health adults. noid crania. tracer of dietary proteins for 93 human The results of the analysis support the and 22 faunal specimens. All of these pre- chondral modeling theory. The growth J.M. Polanski. Department of Anthropol- sented a very good state of preservation: model accurately simulated medial tibio- ogy, University of Iowa. their nitrogen amount is higher than 0.6 femoral joint growth as regulated by gait- %, indicating that they have retained at related stresses. Joint surface growth in Studies of cranial integration in pri- least 15 % of their original collagen. Iso- the model is characterized by increased mates have become more common in the topic ratios show that during Ancient joint congruence, increased distribution of literature in recent years. However, most Mesolithic times, the main dietary pro- articular cartilage stresses, and enlarged studies have been based on raw data, and teins must have been provided by terres- articular contact. The chondral modeling many fewer studies have looked at inte- trial mammals, by hunting, with the pos- theory may allow anthropologists to more gration in both the African and Asian sible addition of freshwater resources for accurately infer the magnitude and direc- hominoid groups. This study examines some individuals. During the Middle Neo- tion of habitual peak joint loadings in past integration in the cranium, comparing lithic, the contribution of freshwater re- humans. both size and shape distilled variables to sources seems to have increased for a discover what, if any, differences exist. majority of the analyzed specimens, with The Jack Sprat hypothesis: Diet com- 16 cranial measurements were taken on the remaining proteins provided by terres- petition in a female-dominant spe- 131 specimens of extant members of trial mammals (wild game or domestic cies. Homo, Pan, Gorilla, Pongo, and Hylo- mammals). The contribution of freshwater bates. Using the techniques of Darroch resources seems to have become negligible S.T. Pochron, P.C. Wright. Department of and Mosimann (1985), shape was then during the Late Neolithic period. Anthropology, State University of New distilled from size. Using conditional York at Stony Brook. independence modeling, both the raw data The effect of leg length on human and the shape transformed variables were locomotor performance. Although males and females have differ- tested for integration. In both cases, the ent reproductive strategies, in mammals, African hominoids were less integrated H. Pontzer. Dept. of Anthropology, Har- the differential costs of reproduction have overall than were their Asian counter- vard University. been documented primarily in sexually parts. dimorphic species (e.g. red deer, ba- As shape accounts for a larger percent- Did the long legs of Homo ergaster im- boons)—rarely in monomorphic species. age of the variation in the cranium (about prove locomotor performance compared to The Milne-Edwards' sifaka (Propithecus 80%), it is of interest to see if a disparity relatively short-legged Australopithecus? diadema edwardsi) of Ranomafana Na- exists between integration values for size Despite proposals that longer legs in- tional Park, Madagascar, is monomorphic and shape in the hominoid cranium. creased running speed and efficiency in but not monogamous; females are domi- When the integration values of both size early Homo, physiological studies have nant to males. We test the hypothesis and shape are compared for each genus, shown no correlation between leg length that males defer to females so that fe- size and shape values group closely with and running performance, and only lim- males can obtain a diet geared towards each other indicating that similar pat- ited correlations for walking. This study energy storage. This “Jack Sprat” hy- terns of integration exist for both the raw developed and tested a new biomechanical pothesis suggests that, unlike females, and shape distilled data. The only excep- model relating leg length to the metabolic males can afford to be thin without sacri- tion to this is modern humans, whose cost of locomotion and speed in walking ficing fertility. integration values in size and shape differ and running, further developing the We found that females ate seeds—a more so than their ape counterparts, due “Force Production” model proposed by potentially high-fat resource—at a signifi- to higher overall levels of integration in Kram and Taylor (Nature 346: 265-267) cantly faster rate than males, and the shape. which found running was “priced by the proportion of these seeds constituted a step.” The model is the first to explicitly significantly greater proportion of female Mesolithic and Neolithic subsistence link leg length to the rate of muscular diet than male diet. The sexes did not in Belgium: Evidence from stable force production, and thus the rate of oxy- differ in their consumption patterns for isotopes. gen consumption, during locomotion. To any other food type. test the model, 12 recreationally fit hu- Female sifakas win virtually every ag- C. Polet1, H. Bocherens2, M. Toussaint3. man subjects performed a series of walk- gressive interaction. Why do males lose 1Laboratory of Anthropology, Royal Bel- ing and running trials on a treadmill all interactions? We suggest that males gian Institute of Natural Sciences, Bel- while oxygen consumption and kinematics concede to benefit their personal repro- gium 2Institut des Sciences de l’Evolution, were measured. Observed oxygen con- ductive success. If a male increases a Université Montpellier 2, France, sumption data fit predictions of the model female's access to nutrition by submitting 3Direction de l’Archéologie, Ministère de la as well or better than observed contact to aggression, he may increase the num- Région wallonne, Belgium. time, and significantly better than other ber of fertile females available in the next anatomical predictors of cost including 162 AAPA Abstracts

body mass and Froude number. Results The response of the Ngogo chimpan- between about 1.0 Ma (Buia, Daka) and suggest that longer legs increase speed zee (Pan troglodytes) community to a 0.6 Ma (Bodo). and decrease energy cost during walking period of ripe fruit scarcity. The scarcity of mid-Pleistocene speci- and running, but that other factors such mens is exemplified by Olorgesailie (1.0 to as excursion angle and knee compliance K. Potts. Dept. of Anthropology, Yale Uni- 0.5 Ma), southern Kenya rift valley, where also affect cost, complicating this relation- versity. no hominins had been found in 62 years of ship. Preliminary application to the fossil investigation since 1942, despite recovery record provides a quantitative assessment Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) pre- of abundant in situ fossil mammals of locomotor performance in H. ergaster dominately eat ripe fruits whenever they (N>3000, taxonomically identified to fam- versus A. afarensis. are available. During periods of fruit scar- ily) and stone artifacts (N>40,000). Ab- city, chimpanzees rely on “fallback” foods, sence of hominin specimens in richly- Mitochondrial DNA analysis of the such as terrestrial herbaceous vegetation, fossiliferous lowland settings (lake mar- prehistoric people of Eel Point Locus unripe fruit, and pith, to maintain nutri- gin, fluvial, floodplain, and paleosol) and C San Clemente Island, California. ent intake. I examined the feeding behav- extensive use of highland rock outcrops ior of the Ngogo chimpanzee community suggest that mid-Pleistocene hominins A. B. Potter1, 2, P. S. White2. 1CTFSRU, in Kibale National Park, Uganda, during moved largely to upland settings and FBI Academy, 2Biosciences Division, Los a period of ripe fruit scarcity between May tended to die in these non-burial terrains, Alamos National Laboratory. and August 2003. The members of this in contrast with lowland natural-burial community responded to the ripe fruit contexts of hominins in older sedimentary San Clemente Island is one of seven shortage primarily by 1) feeding upon basins. Acheulean handaxes are concen- islands forming the Channel Islands off unripe (but plentiful) fruits of trees large trated in sediments near lava ridges that the coast of southern California. At the enough to support groups of chimpanzees connect the highlands and lowlands, time of historical contact, the southern for long periods of time without risk of which further indicates that these contact Channel Islands, and the adjacent depletion (e.g., Pterygota milbraedii); 2) zones were frequented by mid-Pleistocene mainland were occupied by the Gab- exploiting fruits of Ficus spp. trees, which hominins. New material discovered at rielino. To the north, inhabiting the are relatively common in the Ngogo range Olorgesailie in 2003 confirms the impor- northern Channel Islands and adjacent and often contain at least unripe (and, tance of highland-lowland sedimentary Santa Barbara Mainland, were the Chu- sometimes, ripe) fruit even during periods contacts as foci of hominin activity and mash. The Gabrielino were linguistically, of general fruit scarcity; and 3) eating fossil discovery. culturally, and possibly genetically dis- leaves of several common tree species. The tinct from their Chumash neighbors. Mi- Ngogo chimpanzee community is the larg- Physique and climatic adaptations of tochondrial DNA analysis was completed est yet observed. Its size is particularly Paleoindians. on a late Middle Holocene cemetery popu- striking when compared to the Kany- lation from San Clemente Island to test awara community, which is located within J. Powell, O. Pearson, J. Smart. Depart- models of closest genetic affinities for the the same contiguous forest as Ngogo but ment of Anthropology, University of New prehistoric people of San Clemente Island. contains far fewer individuals. Microhabi- Mexico, Albuquerque. DNA was extracted from nine individuals. tat differences between the two sites may PCR amplifications targeting loci contain- explain why Ngogo is able to support such Paleoindian crania differ morphologi- ing polymorphisms defining the five Na- a large community compared to Kany- cally from most or all living Native Ameri- tive American haplogroups for both re- awara. Such characteristics include the can populations either due to microevolu- striction sites in the coding region and the presence of certain “fallback” resources tion or population replacement. Paleoin- D-loop were completed. Reproducible se- commonly utilized at Ngogo that are ab- dian postcranial remains have not been quence data were collected for eight indi- sent or extremely rare at Kanyawara (e.g., studied as intensively. Postcrania can viduals. Seven burials were found to pos- P. milbraedii). provide important indications of adapta- sess both restriction site and D-loop tion to climate. Paleoindian postcrania markers belonging to one of the five Na- The scarcity of African mid- can help to calibrate the pace of climatic tive American haplogroups. However, the Pleistocene hominin fossils. adaptation in the Americas. haplogroup could not be determined for We compared a sample n=7 of Paleoin- one individual as they did not possess any R. Potts. Human Origins Program, dian skeletons to 18 populations from of the defining characters for haplogroups NMNH Smithsonian Institution. around the world. We expected the Pa- A, B, C, D, or X. Haplogroup frequency leoindians to have proportions typical of distributions were as follows: Haplogroup The dearth of hominin fossils in African contemporary cold-adapted peoples, given A, 0.125; haplogroup B, 0.250; haplogroup mid-Pleistocene sediments dated 1.0 to 0.5 their emergence from the “cold filter” of C, 0.500; haplogroup D, 0.00; haplogroup million years old (Ma) contrasts with the Beringia. Long bone lengths and articular X, 0.00. Comparison of these data with abundance of Pliocene and early Pleisto- breadths were obtained on original speci- published haplogroup frequencies for ex- cene hominin specimens >1.0 Ma. In Plio- mens by Powell. Comparative data were tant Native Americans demonstrate that Pleistocene sequences, such as Olduvai, collected by Pearson or taken from the closest mitochondrial affinities may have East Turkana, and Omo, hominins are literature. Data were assessed separately been with extant California Uto-Aztecan typically represented by several dozen by sex. speakers, however the presence of hap- specimens per million years, or 0.5% of On average, Paleoindians have less logroup A in this population supports a large mammal fossil assemblages, ana- markedly stocky, cold-adapted physiques model of admixture with their Chumash lyzed by geologic member, submember, or than many later populations, especially neighbors. stratum. By comparison, mid-Pleistocene those from cold habitats such as Alaskan hominins are found as isolated specimens Inuit, South Dakota Arikara, and people from any given locality, and none has been from Tierra del Fuego. The Indian Knoll reported from Africa with a definitive age Archaic population tends to have propor- AAPA Abstracts 163

tionately smaller humeral and femoral Evolutionary modifications of pri- be established. However, while dietary heads relative to bone lengths than Pa- mate visual cortex. reconstructions are based largely on bulk leoindians, while Paleoindians resemble samples from individuals, recent research the prehistoric Schild population in these T.M. Preuss. Yerkes National Primate has begun to explore and characterize ratios. Our results indicate that the First Research Center, Emory University. individual dietary breadth, dietary shifts Americans were neither very cold adapted and associated physiology. nor heat-adapted; they possessed a phy- The origins of primates, of haplorhines, This project focuses on intra-individual sique that falls near the average of world- and of anthropoids were each accompa- variation. Thirty-five samples were col- wide samples. nied by major modifications of the central lected from a complete infant burial from Supported by the University of New visual system. Comparative studies indi- the Roman period of Hesbon. Sampling Mexico, the LSB Leakey Foundation, and cate that the origin of primates was strategy was based on known fetal devel- the Wenner- Gren Foundation for Anthro- marked by a proliferation of new visual opment trajectories and timing. Both pological Research. areas, organized into functionally segre- endochrondral and intramembranous gated dorsal (vision for action) and ventral forming bones were sampled, as well as Genotype/phenotype analysis of lac- (object vision) processing streams. The primary and secondary centers of ossifica- tase persistence in Tanzanian popu- major inputs to these streams originate in tion and pairs of bones to access lateral lations. the primary visual area (V1). In primates, symmetry. Samples came primarily from area V1 acquired a powerful influence limbs, ribs, cranial bones, vertebra and K. Powell, S.A. Tishkoff. Department of over higher-order visual areas by means of clavicles. The objective was to collect Biology, University of Maryland, College dual cortico-cortical and cortico-pulvino- time-sensitive samples relative to fetal Park. cortical feedforward projections, and by development. The infant provides an addi- the restriction of major geniculocortical tional means of control in this research, as Lactase is an intestinal enzyme respon- projections to V1. The net result is that bone remodeling is minimal in utero, and sible for digestion of lactose, the sugar cortical visual processing in primates is only begins to accelerate in the first few found in milk. Lactase persistence more hierarchically organized and V1- months of life. (LCTP) is the genetically determined abil- dependent than in other mammalian Additional samples were collected from ity to digest fresh milk in adulthood. The groups. The origin of haplorhines was four other individuals. Two additional ancestral state for this trait among hu- marked by elaboration of V1 lamination, infants were sampled, as well as a juve- mans and other mammals is lactase non- which may reflect expansion of the parvo- nile and adult. Groups of five to seven persistence. Human LCTP may have cellular retinogeniculate system. The samples were taken from each individual. developed as an adaptation to an ances- origin of anthropoids was accompanied by These samples provided both controls and tral lifestyle centered around cattle herd- addition of cortical areas in the superior base lines for the individual variation, and ing (pastoralism). Lactase persistence temporal sulcus (STS), areas that inte- illustrated some of the variation present and non-persistence phenotypes can be grate information from the dorsal and between individuals. distinguished using the lactose tolerance ventral streams related to biological mo- Variation found suggests that further test (LTT) in which blood glucose rise is tion. research into intra-individual variation is measured after consumption of lactose. Different anthropoid taxa exhibit char- merited. These sorts of analyses are nec- Recent studies have identified two Single acteristic specializations of the cortical essary as isotope studies move beyond Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) located visual system. Hominoids, for example, bulk sampling to address high resolution ~14,000 (C/T) and ~22,000 bp (G/A) up- exhibit histochemical changes suggesting dietary reconstruction. stream from the gene encoding the lactase reorganization (or perhaps loss) of the enzyme (LCT) that are strongly associated parvocellular geniculate projection to Life history variables and nucleotide with LCTP in the Finnish population. We layer 4A of area V1. Human layer 4A substitution rate variation in the ca- have measured lactase activity in over 10 displays a unique part of compartmental tarrhine primates. ethnically diverse Tanzanian populations organization, the functional significance of (including Pare, Gorowa, Iraqw, Mbugu, which is at present unclear, although one R.L. Raaum1,2, K.N. Sterner1,2, A.J. Tosi1, Mbugwe, Maasai, Akie, Hadza, Sandawe, of the tissue compartments may be related S.A. Farley1, L. Zhang1,2, M.S. Harper1, and Dorobo) practicing pastoralist, agri- to the magnocellular pathway. Humans K.E. Krasinski1, T.R. Disotell1,2, C.-B. culturalist, and hunter/gatherer lifestyles. evidently also possess modifications of the Stewart3. 1Dept. of Anthropology, New We find that the frequency of lactase per- dorsal-stream visual areas, which may York University, 2New York Consortium sistence in populations does not always contribute to human tool-using capabili- in Evolutionary Primatology, 3Dept. of correspond with subsistence methods, ties. Biology, University at Albany, State Uni- likely due to recent admixture between versity of New York. populations. We have genotyped these Developmentally mediated intra- individuals for the C/T and G/A SNPs individual variation in inorganic sta- Recent research finds nucleotide substi- upstream of the LCT gene. Our findings ble isotopes. tution rate variation both between loci in suggest that these alleles are not associ- the same species and between species at ated with lactase persistence in African E.A. Quinn, J.D. Kingston, G.J. Armela- the same locus to be characteristic of mo- populations. We are currently using hap- gos. Dept. of Anthropology, Emory Uni- lecular evolution. It is also well estab- lotype analysis to elucidate the evolution- versity. lished that rate variation, if not analyti- ary history of lactase persistence in Afri- cally predicted and controlled, may sig- cans and the genetic basis of adaptation. Stable isotope analysis is an established nificantly impact the accuracy of phylog- Funded by BWF and Packard Career technique in dietary reconstruction. eny reconstruction and divergence date awards, Leakey Fund, Wenner Gren, and Through the use of isotopic ratios in bone, estimates. Hypotheses proposed to ac- NSF grant BCS-0196183 (ST) and NSF teeth, and organic tissues, complex foods count for rate variation implicate differ- IGERT training grant BCS-9987590 (KP). webs and population dietary breadth can ences in life history, biological, and eco- 164 AAPA Abstracts

logical variables. Goodman first noted a sulci demonstrates minimal allometry in indicate that the relatively lower stride rate difference between the hominoid and lateralis right, centralis left/right, and frequencies used by young infants may cercopithecoid primates and termed it the parieto-occipitalis left. Baboon sulci ex- mitigate the negative energetic effects of “hominoid slowdown.” This hominoid hibited isometry in lateralis left, tempo- their relatively distal limb mass by reduc- slowdown hypothesis has been conten- ralis superior left/right, and parieto- ing limb velocity. tious, but recent publications and our occipitalis right. All macaque sulci ana- results here clearly indicate a consistent lyzed (lateralis left/right, centralis The peopling of Americas. The ‘Out of rate difference between the slower homi- left/right) scale with strong positive al- Beringia’ model tested from cranio- noids and the faster cercopithecoids. lometry. The lack of shared slopes indi- functional morphology. Goodman suggested a link between gen- cates that the two species follow different eration time and the observed rate differ- allometric pathways during ontogeny. F. Ramirez Rozzi1, M. Sardi1, R. Gonzalez ences. There is a correlation, but con- These results suggest fundamental dif- Jose2, H. Pucciarelli3. 1UPR 2147, Centre founding factors have also been impli- ferences between Papio and Macaca brain National de la Recherche Scientifique, cated: body size, metabolic rate, long-term sulcus ontogeny. If macaques represent 2Secció d’Antropologia, Universitat de effective population size, and intrinsic the ancestral condition, then baboons Barcelona, 3Departamento Científico de differences in DNA replication and repair have diverged from this pattern of strong Antropología del Museo de La Plata, Uni- enzymes. shape change. Instead, baboon sulci versidad Nacional de La Plata. We examined DNA sequences from com- change little with size and age. This di- plete mitochondrial genomes, sex, and vergence may reflect the consequences of Following the Out of Beringia model of autosomal markers in a broad sample of selection early in postnatal life. the settlement of Americas, modern Amer- catarrhine primates. Using phylogeneti- indians derive from a mongoloid migration cally independent contrasts and likelihood The effects of limb mass distribution in the Early Holocene. Therefore, since based methods, we find no statistically on primate quadrupedalism. Amerindian populations have a recent and significant effect resulting from differ- common origin it is expected 1.- that mor- ences in metabolic rate among species. D.A. Raichlen. Department of Anthropol- phological variability among them would Long term effective population size, body ogy, University of Texas at Austin. be lower than the variability among extra- weight, and generation time are tightly American populations and 2.- that Amer- inter-twined variables, but to the extent Primates have more distally distributed indians present greater affinities with that it is possible to disentangle them, limb mass than many other mammalian north-eastern Asian groups than with any generation time appears to show the quadrupeds because of their adaptations other populations. greatest effect on the rate of nucleotide for grasping hands and feet. Although A method based on the functional cra- substitution. researchers have noted primates’ unique nial theory was used to analyse 791 skulls Supported by NIH R01_GM60760 to limb shape, the effects of this limb mass of 19 Amerindian and 18 extra- Stewart & Disotell and NSF BCS-0234647 distribution pattern on quadrupedal me- Amerindian populations. Canonical analy- to Disotell & Raaum. chanics have yet to be examined. Some sis and Fst were obtained for Amerindian, researchers have predicted that distally extra-Amerindian and total populations. Papio brain and sulcal growth: A distributed limb mass produces relatively Cluster trees were built from canonical comparison with Macaca. low stride frequencies. Others have pre- scores. dicted that distally distributed limb mass Results demonstrate that variability M.L. Raguet-Schofield, S.R. Leigh. An- leads to increased energetic costs of quad- among Amerindian population is similar thropology Department, University of rupedal locomotion because distal mass to the variability among extra-Amerindian Illinois. requires more work to move the limbs populations, even if the geographical dis- during locomotion. tribution of the latter are impressive lar- This study examines cortical sulcal This study uses an ontogenetic sample of ger than the former. Furthermore, cluster growth in baboons (Papio spp.) and ma- infant baboons (Papio cynocephalus) to tree for all populations altogether shows caques (M. mulatta) to ascertain whether test these predictions. Infants have mass Amerindian populations are spread on it or not the two species exhibit similar pat- distributed more distally than adults be- and do not present a particular link with terns of brain ontogeny. Allometry, or cause infant primates must grasp their northeast Asian populations. shape change in response to size change, mothers’ fur during their early develop- The high variability among Amerindian is used ontogenetically by comparing re- ment. Infants’ limb mass migrates proxi- populations could be due 1) to a gene flow duced major axis (RMA) slopes of sulcal mally as their need to grasp their moth- between Amerindians and paleoamerican length regressed against cranial capacity ers’ fur decreases with age. To examine groups, or 2) to multiple migrations to for individuals at various developmental the effects of limb mass distribution on America from different geographic areas, stages of the two taxa. This analysis tests the mechanics of quadrupedalism, limb or 3) to microevolutionary processes which the hypothesis that ontogenetic scaling inertial properties, quadrupedal kinemat- have required a longer period to occur. In characterizes brain size and shape differ- ics, and mechanical internal work were any case, results do not support the Out of ences in these species. measured over an eight-month period in a Beringia model. Using a MicroScribe 3D digitizer, four sample of infant Papio. sulci (lateralis, temporalis superior, cen- As the infants grow, and their limb mass Patterns of genetic diversity and tralis, and parieto-occipitalis) were meas- migrates proximally, their relative stride linkage disequilibrium at interleukin- ured on each hemisphere of 30 baboon frequencies increase. The prediction that 4 (IL-4) and interleukin-13 (IL-13) in brains collected from the Southwest limb mass distribution affects stride fre- human populations. Foundation for Biomedical Research in quency is therefore supported. Surpris- San Antonio, Texas. Comparable data for ingly, the work needed to move the limbs A. Ranciaro, E. Tarazona-Santos, S.A. macaque sulci were provided by J. is not higher when the infants have rela- Tishkoff. Department of Biology, Univer- Cheverud. RMA analysis of the baboon tively distal limb mass. These results sity of Maryland, College Park. AAPA Abstracts 165

IL-4 and IL-13 are important cytokines ness, the distribution of bone quality and Taken together, these data provide in- mapped to 5q31 and involved in the Th2 quantity is simultaneously considered. formation on species-specific preferences immune response against parasites such We use customized software to calculate in habitat types, as well as demography as Plasmodium falciparum and helmin- weighted and unweighted measures of and microhabitat structure. They have thes. Because parasite infection has likely bending resistance at three locations implications for conservation because resulted in selective pressure during hu- along the mandibular corpus from Great females are the rate-limiting entity in man evolutionary history, IL-4 and IL-13 Ape CT images. For the cortical and can- population growth. Comparisons with are candidate genes to be targets of natu- cellous bone in each section, the product of other study sites in Madagascar can pro- ral selection. They also play a role in sus- each pixel area and squared distances vide baseline data for the potential causes ceptibility to common complex diseases of from reference axes are multiplied by the of differing population densities within the immune system such as asthma and pixel grayscale. Products are summed to Microcebus habitats. allergies. We have examined nucleotide determine weighted moments about the Supported by the Margot Marsh Biodi- variation at 5 kb of IL-4 and 3.9 kb of IL- reference axes; the weighted centroid loca- versity Foundation, Conservation Interna- 13 in 150 individuals from West Africa, tion completes the determination of the tional, Inc., and the American Prima- East Africa, Asia, Europe and South principal weighted moments Iw and their tological Society. America. Considering that the distance principal axes. between IL-4 and IL-13 loci is only ~12kb, Our Iw and unweighted Iu values differ MicroCT analysis of the ontogeny of we also assessed the extent of linkage by about 5% to 10%. Differences between mandibular biomineralization in Ar- disequilibrium between both loci. We ob- orientations of weighted and unweighted chaeolemur. served different patterns of nucleotide principal axes are typically small, on the diversity, haplotype structure and linkage order of 1º to 2º. The use of Iw for inter- M.J. Ravosa1, S.R. Stock2, E.L. Simons3. disequilibrium in African and non-African specific comparisons permits more robust 1Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwest- populations, which are in part consistent tests of the functional linkage between ern University Feinberg School of Medi- with the different demographic histories mandibular morphology and the biome- cine; 2Institute for Bioengineering and of these populations. However, we have chanical demands of distinctive diets and Nanoscience in Advanced Medicine, also detected evidence that natural selec- feeding behaviors. Northwestern University Feinberg School tion has shaped the pattern of genetic of Medicine; 3Biological Anthropology and variation at IL-4 and IL-13. We discuss A preliminary study of the demogra- Anatomy, Duke University Primate Cen- the implications of our analysis in regard phy and ecology of Mouse Lemurs ter. to the genetic basis of resistance to infec- (Microcebus griseorufus and Microce- tious disease and the effect of parasitic bus murinus) in the Beza Mahafaly Previous analyses of symphyseal fusion infection on human evolutionary history Special Reserve, southwest Madagas- in Archaeolemur identified several func- and the co-evolution of human and para- car. tional characteristics of joint morphology site genomes. Funded by BWF and Pack- that vary postnatally (Ravosa & Simons, ard Career awards, Leakey Fund, Wenner E. Rasoazanabary. University of Massa- 1994, AJPA 95:63-76). To complement Gren, and NSF grant BCS-0196183 to ST. chusetts at Amherst. this study, we employ a novel imaging technique (microCT) that provides data on Image-based weighted measures of Closely related sympatric species pro- individual and ontogenetic variation in skeletal stiffness: case studies of vide a natural setting from which to in- the biomineralization of the mandibular great ape mandibles. vestigate niche overlap at study sites. symphysis in this extinct Malagasy pri- Ecological, social, and demographic data mate. A.J. Rapoff,1,2 N.B. Bhatavadekar,2 D.J. collected on each species provide insights Our sample consisted of the same juve- Daegling.3 University of Florida, into the potential for interspecific compe- niles with unfused symphyses examined 1Department of Mechanical and Aerospace tition. I present preliminary data on two by Ravosa & Simons (1994). Each was Engineering, 2Department of Biomedical species of mouse lemur (Microcebus muri- imaged (~18µm volume elements) with Engineering, 3Department of Anthropol- nus and M. griseorufus) in three slices parallel to the frontal plane, i.e., ogy. phenologically distinct forests at Beza orthogonal to the symphyseal articular Mahafaly Special Reserve. surface. At each of the five sites ranging Traditional measures of structural stiff- Between April and August 2003, I con- from the labial to the lingual aspect of the ness in the primate skeleton do not conducted censuses, captures, and radio joint, 40 contiguous slices (18-mm inter- sider heterogeneous material stiffness tracking observations on each species vals) were collected. distribution. Given the fact of bone het- across three forest types: dry, gallery, and Preliminary investigation of Archaeole- erogeneity, errors associated with these spiny. Live-traps were placed at even mur indicates that, within individuals, measures are likely but remain largely intervals using grid coordinates within cortical bone adjacent to the symphyseal undocumented. For example, bending each forest type. Gallery and dry forests rugosities tends to be characterized by resistance in the mandible has been as- had high numbers of M. griseorufus and greater biomineralization (especially more sumed to be proportional to a moment of no M. murinus. Spiny forests were domi- inferior sites). Postnatally, progressively inertia unweighted for material variation nated by M. griseorufus but also contained larger regions of the joint tend to exhibit (Iu), which is implicitly scaled by a single M. murinus. Across the three habitats, elevated bone density (corresponding to material stiffness (e.g., modulus E) to sex ratios ranged from approximately increases in overall joint size and the represent stiffness for a particular load equal in the dry forest to a heavy male- number of symphyseal rugosities). Thus, (e.g., EIu). Measures of weighted stiffness bias in the spiny forest; the gallery forest ontogenetic patterns of symphyseal can be developed by including heterogene- also showed a slight male-bias in sex ra- biomineralization, form and fusion are ous grayscale variations evident in com- tio. Capture data also revealed a bias in consistent with the presence of significant puted tomographic (CT) images. Since habitat use and ranging patterns of all dorsoventral shear stress during unilat- grayscale correlates with material stiff- species within the delineated trap-grid. eral mastication. Higher bone density 166 AAPA Abstracts

along the posteroinferior aspect of the Funding was provided through the Fac- J.A. Rhodes, C.J. Knüsel. Biological An- joint also suggests the presence of low-to- ulty Development Divisional Grant, Ox- thropology Research Centre, University of moderate levels of ‘wishboning’ during ford College, Emory University. Bradford. mastication. Lastly, bone density patterns are consistent with the presence of Comparison of “sex blind” dimor- Cross-sectional properties are investi- vertical bending during incision. Our phism indices with application to the gated in two different samples of later research highlights important benefits of A. afarensis fossil assemblage. medieval period blade-injured males and a microCT to a more complete understand- control group of non blade-injured males ing of skeletal form and function in living P.L. Reno1, R.S. Meindl1, M.A. through CT images of the humeral shaft and fossil taxa. McCollum1,2, C.O. Lovejoy1. 1 Matthew at 20%, 35%, 50%, 65% and 80% of maxi- Ferrini Institute of Human Evolutionary mum length to investigate population Stress, life history, and dental devel- Research, Department of Anthropology differences in levels and directions of me- opment in the vervet (Chlorocebus and Division of Biomedical Sciences, Kent chanical loading. Bilateral asymmetry is aethiops) and baboon (Papio hama- State University, 2Division of Basic Medi- investigated and comparisons are made dryas) from dental histology. cal Science, School of Medicine, Mercer with different populations of varying ac- College. tivity levels. Humeral torsion and other D. J. Reid1, W. Dirks2, C. J. Jolly3, J. E. measures of diaphyseal shape are investi- Phillips-Conroy4, F. L. Brett5. 1Dept of Skeletal dimorphism is a key correlate of gated to determine the relationship of Oral Biology, Dental School, University of social structure and reproductive behavior architectural changes and biomechanical Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 2Dept. of Anthro- in mammals, and is potentially detectable efficiency. pology, Oxford College of Emory Univer- in fossil analyses. However, when sex is Results indicate disparity between cross- sity, 3Dept. of Anthropology, New York assigned to individual fossils a priori sectional measures of diaphyseal robustic- University and NYCEP, 4Dept. of Anat- (based on size), dimorphism is virtually ity when compared with external meas- omy and Neuroscience, Washington Uni- always overestimated, except in those rare ures of humeral robusticity. Significant versity Medical School, 5Dept. of Anthro- species in which male and female distri- differences exist between blade-injured pology, University College London. butions do not overlap. Several “sex-blind” samples in PCA at the distal 20% slice dimorphism indices can potentially reduce and the proximal 65% and 80% slice pa- Stressful events are recorded in the de- this bias. While their performance has rameters and in Ix/Iy at the 50% and 65% veloping dentition as a pattern of accen- been evaluated using both computer mod- slices. There are no significant side differ- tuated lines that appears within the nor- eling and direct sampling of real primates, ences in any of the variables examined. mal growth increments visible in trans- their behavior has not been thoroughly The population with the highest resis- mitted polarized light. We previously studied in data generated by replicate tance to torsional forces (J) across the examined the dentitions of female baboons random sampling (bootstrapping), a humerus is not that with the greatest from the Awash National Park hybrid method commonly used to estimate homi- amount of cortical bone. Resistance to zone and suggested that stresses occurred nid skeletal dimorphism. torsional forces in the Towton population at life history transitions, including the Here we compare six dimorphism indices is met by means other than increased acquisition of independence from the (Mean Method, Median Method, Method cortical bone. This indicates a two-phase mother, and the onset of reproductive of Moments, Binomial Dimorphism Index, alteration to humeral form to accommo- activity. To test this hypothesis, we exam- Coefficient of Variation, and Maxi- date strenuous activity with greater bio- ined the pattern of accentuated incre- mum/Minimum Ratio) calculated from mechanical efficiency. A pattern of fluctu- ments in the dentitions of a female vervet random samples of humans, chimpanzees, ating asymmetry within the humerus is monkey from Uganda and a male anubis- and gorillas that exactly replicate the A.L. highlighted, dominant within the blade- like baboon from the Awash hybrid zone, 333 and Middle Awash fossil assemblages injured samples, where the pattern of collected at the same time as the females of A. afarensis (Reno et al., 2003, PNAS greatest CA shifts from proximal domi- in our previous study. Growth increments 100:9404). In each simulation (1000 itera- nance in the ipsilateral humerus to domi- visible in standard histological thin sections) two samples were generated: 1) nance in the contralateral distal humerus. tions were used to reconstruct dental de- estimated femoral head diameter based on The variations between samples likely velopment and calibrate the timing of skeletal ratios using a template specimen; relates to differences in habitual move- accentuated increments. 2) actual femoral head diameters taken ment patterns and possibly to distinctive The female vervet exhibited stresses at directly from the sampled (known sex) weapon use. 3mos, from 5 to 11mos, and from 1.6 to populations. All indices properly rank 1.9yrs. The early stresses are consistent ordered dimorphism of the three taxa. Acculturation and bone density: Is with the timing of acquisition of inde- However, the methods of moments and there a link? pendence in this taxon. An interesting maximum/minimum ratio performed finding was an extremely significant poorly as judged by correlations with true J.L.Z. Rice. The Ohio State University. stress at 16-20 days. Without knowledge dimorphism, and the variance of simu- of the animal’s history, all interpretations lated distributions. All methods were Despite the continued presence of Mexi- are speculative, but it is interesting that equivalent in demonstrating that the can Americans in the United States, re- allomothering is common in this species. skeletal dimorphism of A. afarensis was search and intervention regarding health None of our baboon specimens show sig- most similar to modern humans. issues including disease prevalence and nificant stress at such an early age. Like prevention are lacking and not propor- the female baboons, the Awash male Architectural and biomechanical al- tionate to the population. This presenta- shows intermittent stress in a random terations in medieval humeri: Is there tion reports on a research project investi- pattern. The longest period of frequent a pre-adaptive relationship to hu- gating bone densities of the hip and spine stress, however, occurs from 7.3-7.9yrs, at meral form? of premenopausal Mexican American an age when males may be dispersing. women. Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiome- AAPA Abstracts 167

try or DEXA was used to assess bone den- axis through the medial condyles. The numerous similarities. Although there is sity. One hundred and six women in and bone volume fraction (BV, bone/total vol- variation from one paleodeme to another, around San Antonio, Texas were recruited ume) and degree of anisotropy (DA), it is reasonable to view the Chinese for the study. among other properties, were calculated hominins as an eastern branch of Homo This research focuses on the influence of using the software Quant3D. heidelbergensis. Such an hypothesis im- acculturation on bone density in this sub- In all regions examined, the human plies that Dali and Jinniushan document group. As immigrant groups come in con- medial condyle has a greater amount of a dispersal of populations from western tact with the new culture of their host bone per unit volume (BV mean, hu- Eurasia rather than gradual change in the country, acculturation processes take man=0.341, chimpanzee=0.253). Relative Far East. place. These changes occur on a contin- to the chimpanzee, human trabecular uum from very little change seen in some patterns are also more strongly oriented Forelimb morphology of bovids found immigrants while maintaining close cul- perpendicular to the articular surface, in swamps and edaphic grasslands: tural ties with their home country to total with few mediolaterally oriented trabecu- Reconstructing habitat preference. immersion in the culture of the host coun- lae. VOIs in the human mid-anterior try by others. Acculturation encompasses condyle appear more anistropic than in C. Robb. Department of Anthropology, both attitudinal and behavioral changes posterior regions. These differences in Arizona State University. as individuals undergo new contact with trabecular volume and structure can be the host group. While most immigrants related to greater habitual stress in the Several studies have shown the utility of maintain some level of ethnic identity, biped, and to differences in joint postures. bovid postcrania in examining habitats of changes in language, foods, music prefer- Analyses of trabecular structure show African Pliocene hominin sites (Bishop ence, customs, beliefs and values occur. promise for reconstructing positional be- and Plummer, 1994; Kappelman et al, After both generation and acculturation havior of fossil taxa. 1997; Robb, 2003). However, several of levels were determined, analyses were Supported by the George Washington these studies have had difficulty classify- conducted between these cultural vari- University. ing extant bovid species that live in in- ables and bone density measurements termediate habitats. Given recent hy- within the sample. Results indicate that Affinities of the Middle Pleistocene potheses concerning the habitat prefer- increased generation and acculturation crania from Dali and Jinniushan, ence of robust australopithecines, this levels are positively correlated with China. study proposed to examine the forelimb higher bone densities of both the hip and morphology of bovids preferring swamps spine regions. G.P. Rightmire. Dept. of Anthropology, and edaphic grasslands. These habitats Binghamton University (SUNY). have been classified in previous bovid Trabecular bone structure in human postcranial studies variably as intermedi- and chimpanzee knee joints. Human occupation in China is docu- ate (Bishop and Plummer, 1994) or closed mented at numerous Middle Pleistocene (Kappelman, 1991). Given the locomotor B.G. Richmond1, M. Nakatsukasa2, R. localities. Homo erectus occurs at sites specializations required of ungulates liv- Ketcham3, T. Hirakawa2. 1Center for the such as Zhoukoudian, Hexian and Hulu ing in these habitats, forelimb morphology Advanced Study of Hominid Paleobiology, Cave (Nanjing), and the species persisted should indicate whether these species Dept Anthropology, George Washington in this region until perhaps 300,000 years group more closely with open, intermedi- University, 2Laboratory of Physical An- ago. Other fossils have most frequently ate, or closed habitat species, or possibly thropology, Kyoto University, 3High- been termed “archaic” Homo sapiens. Al- in a habitat category of their own. Resolution X-Ray Computed Tomography though often incomplete, these crania Twelve species of extant bovids were Facility, Dept. of Geological and Earth have been interpreted as intermediate in examined in this study, three in each Sciences, University of Texas, Austin. their morphology and demonstrative of a habitat category: open, intermediate, phyletic link between the earlier closed, and edaphic/swamps. Species in- Researchers continue to disagree over Zhoukoudian populations and recent hu- cluded in the latter category include two major aspects of early hominin loco- mans. The Dali and Jinniushan discover- Tragelaphus spekei, K. leche, and R. re- motion, namely whether bipedal gait was ies provide critical evidence in this regard. dunca. Twenty measurements of the dis- modern humanlike or more apelike (bent- Both specimens resemble Homo erectus in tal humerus and proximal radius were hip, bent-knee), and whether or not arbo- some features but are clearly derived in analyzed using Principle Components reality remained an important component characters of the nasal region, hard pal- Analysis and Discriminant Function of early hominin positional behavior. ate, temporal squama, occiput and cranial Analysis. Results indicate that while Resolution of these disagreements will base. Encephalization is increased even in several morphological characters of the likely require new sources of data, such as comparison to late erectus. However, the forelimb are unique to species living in bone structures known to respond to assignment of Dali and Jinniushan to any edaphic and swampy areas, the majority variations in mechanical use during local (East Asian) evolutionary lineage of the morphological characters examined growth. This study examines the degree must be questioned. The crania differ indicate that these species group more to which differences in trabecular bone from those at Zhoukoudian or Hexian in closely with species preferring closed structure in chimpanzee and human joints many of the same traits that distinguish habitats. Therefore, reconstructions of reflect function, particularly the degree of European and African Middle Pleistocene hominin sites that indicate closed habitats knee flexion. hominins from Homo erectus. Individuals should be further examined to differenti- The femoral medial condyles of Homo from Arago, Sima de los Huesos, ate between closed woodland and edaphic sapiens and Pan troglodytes were scanned Petralona and perhaps also Bodo, Broken environments. at 0.05mm slice intervals using a Stratec Hill and Elandsfontein may now be re- XCT Research micro CT scanner. Sepa- garded as representative of Homo heidel- rate spherical volumes of interest (VOI) bergensis. When Dali and Jinniushan are were selected along an anteroposterior compared to these assemblages, there are 168 AAPA Abstracts

Attrition in the dentition of a popula- ferent species. It is often suggested that such as Ata and Baining (Kagat dialect), tion of Peruvian tamarins (Saguinus morphological features distinguishing as well as in some neighboring AN- mystax mystax). these species are size-related, although speakers, such as Mamusi, Mengen, and quantitative studies of cranio-mandibular Nakanai (Losso dialect), in the interior of A.M. Robinson1, S.M. Ford1, P.A. Garber2. variation in Pan have only analyzed a New Britain. A similar pattern was ob- 1Department of Anthropology, Southern limited number of linear measurements, served in Papua New Guinea: the samples Illinois University, 2University of Illinois, particularly in the mandible. This study from Trans New Guinea Phylum areas, Urbana-Champaign. is the first to explore three-dimensional who live in the interior, were all homozy- shape differences both in the cranium gous for the deletion, a result similar to Studies of dental attrition in non-human (n=89) and mandible (n=99) using geomet- the one observed with the Nasioi sampling primates are rare. Using dental casts of a ric morphometrics. This analysis provides from Bougainville. Instead, the coastal wild breeding, mixed age population of a means of quantifying shape differences, Sepik population, which speaks languages Saguinus mystax from Padre Isla, Peru, and therefore differences in character belonging to a different Papuan family this study examines the possibility that states, of variable traits which are diffi- (Sepik-Ramu), was found to be polymor- attrition and spacing of teeth can be used cult to obtain using caliper measure- phic. Moreover, we found the lowest val- to estimate age-at-dental-impression. ments. 21 cranial and 23 mandibular ues for the 9.1-kb- allele among shore- New scoring methods are presented for landmarks were collected using a Micro- dwelling AN-speakers throughout the the examination of dental wear in non- scribe 3DX portable digitizer. Specimen region, particularly in the Notsi of New human primates. configurations were superimposed using Ireland and in the Nakanai (Bileki dia- Casts of upper and lower right denti- GPA in TPSSMALL. The projections of lect) of New Britain. In conclusion, we tions were made of 101 Saguinus mystax the fitted coordinates to tangent space describe a repeating pattern of genetic individuals that were wild-tranquilized as were statistically analyzed (PCA, CVA). diversity in different islands of significant part of 1990 and 1993 fieldwork in Padre Shape differences along PC axes were size, like Bougainville, New Britain and Isla, Peru. Since each tooth type is pre- explored using GRF-ND. Results indicate New Guinea. Papuan-speaking and AN- sumed to serve a different function in food significant differences between the cranio- speaking populations in more remote re- procurement and processing, different mandibular morphology of Pan paniscus gions of the islands tend to share an alle- attrition scoring systems were developed and P. troglodytes. Cranial shape differ- lic profile which is distinct from the one for each tooth category (incisor, canine, ences separating bonobos from chimpan- shared by shore populations, whether premolar, and molar). Each tooth was zees include their less prognathic, less Austronesian or Papuan-speaking. This assigned an attrition score. These scores dorsally rotated palate, their higher, more pattern is consistent with findings in were averaged for an individual’s single filled out and less postorbitally constricted mtDNA variation across the same popula- attrition value (AV). Individual AV’s were vault and their more flexed basicranium. tions. The signature of apparently ancient seriated and correlated to field estimates Mandibular shape distinctions include a genetic distinctions has been blurred, but of the ages of the tamarins. shallow mandibular corpus and symphy- not lost in these instances. With age, moustached tamarins show sis, a more vertically oriented symphyseal extreme overall wear. In addition, three axis and a shorter postincisive planum in Biomechanical model of the index key dental features are distinctive to older Pan paniscus. A regression analysis of the finger during simulated hardhammer Padre Isla moustached tamarins: 1) devel- principal components scores against cen- percussion. opment of spaces between I1 and I2; 2) troid size suggests that many of these unusual dual wear pattern on incisors; differences are size-related. C. Rolian. Department of Anthropology, and 3) extremely worn molar entoconids, This work was supported by: NSF (DBI Harvard University. paracones, and protocones. Diet is signifi- 9602234, ACI 9982351), AMNH, NYCEP, cant in determining patterns of dental James Arthur Fellowship (New York Uni- This study presents a biomechanical variation and wear; the anterior tooth versity). model of the index finger that relates the changes may relate to a specialization for orientation and magnitude of forces along harvesting woody legumes. As Cuozzo An informative 9.1-kb in/del polymor- its proximo-distal axis with moments gen- (2003) suggested, documentation of morphism on chromosome 22 across Is- erated at the metacarpophalangeal and phological variation due to food procure- land Melanesian populations. carpometacarpal joints. Although there ment within a breeding population has are good data on grips and hand muscle implications for assessing dental variabil- R. Robledo1, L. Scheinfeldt2, F. Thomp- contractions during object manipulation, ity and species diversity in the fossil re- son2, G. Koki3, C. Mgone3, D.A. Merri- there is currently little knowledge of the cord. wether4, J.S. Friedlaender2. 1Coriell Insti- dynamics of stone tool manufacture with tute for Medical Research,2Dept. of An- respect to the forces acting on individual Analysis of cranio-mandibular shape thropology, Temple University, 3Medical segments of the hand and the moments differences between Pan paniscus Research Institute, Papua New Guinea, generated about its joints. To test the and Pan troglodytes using geometric 4Dept. of Anthropology, University of proposed model, subjects wearing a glove morphometrics. Binghamton. fitted with force sensors were asked to strike a force plate with a hammerstone. C. Robinson1, K. Harvati2. 1Department of We report the genotypes and allele fre- Force data were collected from the second Biology, City University of New York, quencies of a 9.1-kb in/del polymorphism metacarpal, metacarpophalangeal joint, 2Department of Anthropology, New York in 19 separate language groups, speaking proximal, middle and distal phalanges, as University. either Austronesian or Papuan languages, well as the proximal and distal phalanges living in the Bismarck Archipelago, Bou- of the thumb. Reaction forces were calcu- Genetic, morphological and behavioral gainville, and New Guinea. We find the lated from the force plate. The ham- studies have supported the separation of highest values for the 9.1-kb- allele, ap- merstone was held in a three-jaw chuck Pan paniscus and P. troglodytes into dif- proaching fixation, in Papuan-speakers, grip, with the index placed superiorly, and AAPA Abstracts 169

the thumb and third finger in me- order to avert a major AIDS epidemic in Portmann characterized human new- diolateral opposition. the region and the country at large. borns as being secondarily altricial, mean- Results indicate that the index distal ing that our babies are helpless at birth phalanx is subjected to significantly Neanderthals from El Sidrón cave relative to other primates and as a result higher forces at impact than its middle or (Asturias, Spain). Presentation of a require considerable parental care and proximal phalanges. Moreover, forces new sample. buffering from the environment. Ashley recorded from the thumb’s distal phalanx Montagu described the modern human were significantly higher than those on A. Rosas1, J. Fortea2, M. de la Rasilla2, M. infant as an “exterogestate fetus" that the index phalanges. The data suggest Bastir1, C. Martínez-Maza1. 1Department continued the pattern of intra-uterine that the thumb and third finger assist in of Paleobiology, Museo Nacional de Cien- growth for the first months of life, effec- reducing the vertical forces on the index cias Naturales, CSIC, 2Área de Prehis- tively in a cultural womb. Fossil and com- through opposition. These results are in toria, Universidad de Oviedo. parative evidence suggests that this de- accord with hand muscle activity studies velopmental pattern may be as old as 1.6 (Marzke et al 1998), highlighting the im- Neanderthal evolutionary history is million years. portance of the long digital flexors in being clarified in the last few years, and This paper looks from the neonatal point maintaining the stability of the metacar- seems to be much longer than previously of view at the many factors that contrib- pophalangeal joints during stone tool considered. In this regards, fossil evidence ute to the balance of selection resulting in manufacture. coming from the Iberian Peninsula is es- an average modern human gestation sential. However, the fossil record from length of 38-40 weeks. Although in abso- The spread of HIV/AIDS in Latin the early Late Pleistocene is still too lute terms this gestation length is quite America: The impact of globalization scarce. We present here new findings of a similar to those of the great apes, our and tourism. large sample of Neanderthal remains babies are born at a relatively earlier found at the Sidrón Cave. A first set of stage of brain growth as well as neurologi- N. Romero-Daza, Anthropology Depart- 120 remains was first discovered by ama- cal and physical development. We will ment, University of South Florida. teur speleologists. In a preliminary study, review a number of systems that are in- two lower jaws were compared and unam- volved including: 1. energetic issues of At present, Latin America and the Car- biguously assigned to Homo neander- pregnancy versus lactation, 2. the con- ibbean have an overall HIV prevalence thalensis. Later on, three qualified field straints of a biped giving birth to a large- rate of 71 per 1,000, second only to Sub- seasons have been carried out at the site brained baby, 3. the minimal state of de- Saharan Africa. Population movement, recovering over 800 new specimens, which velopment necessary for life outside the whether due to labor migration, forced include two frontal bones (adult and im- womb, and 4. the positive benefits of sig- displacement in war-torn countries, or mature) as well as several fragments of nificant portions of brain growth occurring tourism, is a major contributing factor to parietal and temporal bones, 3 mandibu- postnatally. In conclusion, we propose a the spread of the epidemic in the region. lar fragments, ~70 isolated teeth, several model summarizing the often competing This paper provides a general overview of pieces of long bones, ~100 hand and foot selective forces operating on a time to be the ways in which socio-cultural factors bones, vertebrae, etc. born and the premium placed on intensive related to population movements in areas Taphonomical analysis will eventually parental care and cultural buffering of the undergoing rapid change associated with clarify the origin of the accumulation, human newborn. participation in the global economy may though sedimentology analyses indicate a contribute to the spread of HIV/AIDS. short displacement of the bones from a Lumbar vertebral number in early This impact is especially important among near primary emplacement. In the light of hominids: Anatomical and develop- populations that present high rates of the sample recovered at excavation, there mental considerations. sexually transmitted infections, tubercu- seem to be biases towards small size ele- losis, and other underlying problems such ments (teeth, phalanges, vertebra, frag- B.A. Rosenman1, K.G. Heiple2, C.O. as malnutrition. mented bones), which co-occur with ele- Lovejoy1. 1Matthew Ferrini Institute of As an illustration, this paper presents ments in anatomical connections (a partial Human Evolutionary Research, Dept. preliminary results from an on-going foot and vertebrate column). A further Anthropology and Division of Biomedical study of community perceptions on the interesting aspect is the presence of cut- Sciences, Kent State University, 2Division relationship between tourism and HIV marks on the immature frontal bone as of Surgery, Dept. of Orthopaedics, School risk in Monteverde, Costa Rica. Depend- well as on several other bone fragments. of Medicine, Case Western Reserve Uni- ence on tourism may increase prostitu- The Sidrón sample substantially increases versity. tion, which provides a source of income for the fossil record of the European hominid locals in places where other economic evolutionary lineage and offers a large The long lumbar column of modern hu- alternatives may be limited. Increases in potential for exploring regional variations mans likely represents a key adaptation casual non-commercial sex between locals of Neanderthal populations. to bipedality. Three specimens, Sts 14, and tourists and in the use of recreational Stw 431, and KNM-WT 15000, are suffi- drugs which may, in turn, heighten the A time to be born: Why does human ciently complete to provide data on its risk for HIV are also common in tourist pregnancy last nine months? length in early human evolution. Each areas. Thus, while the constant influx of has been described as possessing six lum- tourists proves highly beneficial to the K.R. Rosenberg1, W.R. Trevathan2. 1De- bars. Haeusler et al. (2002 JHE 43:621- economy of the region, it also has the po- partment of Anthropology, University of 643) argue that each had only five, the tential to negatively affect the health of Delaware, 2Department of Anthropology mode in humans. the population. The design and implemen- and Sociology, New Mexico State Univer- Here we here review these specimens in tation of community-based preventive sity. order to clarify this discrepancy. 1) We programs is crucial at this point in time in find little evidence that can elucidate lumbar number in KNM-WT 15000. 2) 170 AAPA Abstracts

Given Sts 14f’s mosaic nature, Robinson’s nificant group differences. Results indi- seum of Natural History, 2Dept. of An- original attribution as a lumbar is primar- cate that Pre-contact Cubans branch no- thropology, Boston University. ily terminological, but does not preclude a tably from the rest of the Caribbean se- key functional role in lordosis. 3) Using a ries, suggesting that Cuban crania are Although the small-bodied non- comparative sample of modern humans (N dissimilar from the rest of the Caribbean cercopithecoid catarrhines from the early = 40) and chimpanzees (N = 20), we agree Tainos, reflecting different origins. These Miocene of east Africa are known primar- with Stw 431qb’s placement as the sixth preliminary results suggest two separate ily from dentognathic remains, the only presacral element. We conclude, however, migration routes for the peopling of the convincing indications of their higher- that the next most cranial element, Stw Caribbean, including a northwest move- taxonomic affinities have come from the 431l, which is the transitional vertebra, is ment along the Antilles arch from South few cranial and postcranial specimens not contiguous with Stw 431qb. If Stw America and a southbound migration that are currently available. Further 431qb is T12, then the transitional verte- across the Straits of Florida to Cuba. recovery of such material should help to bra would be at T10, a pattern that is refine our understanding of this critical unreported for modern humans. We con- In vivo jaw kinematics and mandibu- period of diversification among early ca- clude that Sts 14 and Stw 431 had six lar bone strain in Eulemur fulvus and tarrhines. lumbars, while the number in KNM-WT Chlorocebus aethiops and the func- Recent collection at the ~19 million year 15000 remains unknown. tional significance of phase II. old Napak IX locality has yielded a partial Haeusler et al. present developmental face (BUMP 266) of a small-bodied non- evidence purportedly supporting con- C.F. Ross1, M Wolf2. 1Department of Ana- cercopithecoid catarrhine that preserves straints on precaudal vertebral number in tomical Sciences, Stony Brook University, regions of the middle and upper face that hominoids. However, these authors failed 2School of Dental Medicine, Stony Brook were previously unknown for such taxa in to address issues of Hox cis-regulation University. east Africa. This specimen represents a during vertebral morphogenesis and fur- new species of small catarrhine that is thermore conflate the processes of seg- The functional significance of phase II more primitive than its east African con- mentation and vertebral specification. We movements during chewing has been temporaries in several respects including present a more appropriate developmental called into question by in vivo data show- the configuration of its premaxillary-nasal model. ing that in macaques peak principal contact, nasal bridge topology, and mesio- strains in the working side mandibular distal brevity of the upper P3. Its facial Geomorphometric evidence for a Car- corpus precede minimum gape (Hylander morphology combines primitive catarrhine ibbean multiple population dispersal. et al., 1987), and in baboons masseter traits (such as an extensive premaxillary- muscle force has significantly reduced nasal contact) with mid-face and periorbi- A.H. Ross. Dept. of Sociology and Anthro- prior to minimum gape (Wall et al., 2002). tal features found elsewhere only in hylo- pology, North Carolina State University. These data suggest that in cercopitheci- batids and the Eurasian pliopithecoids. nes, little bite force is exerted during This morphology contrasts with the well- Several migration routes have been pro- phase II movements. To investigate supported crown catarrhine morphotype posed for the settlement of the Caribbean whether this is also the case in strepsir- inferred from shared features found in including crossing the Yucatan passage or rhines, and to compare jaw kinematics in Aegyptopithecus, Afropithecus, and Victo- dispersing across the Straits of Florida anthropoids and strepsirrhines while con- riapithecus. Consequently, the constella- into Cuba and then dispersing eastward. trolling for jaw length, data on jaw kine- tion of features exhibited by this new stem However, the most recognized Antillean matics and bone strain in the mandibular catarrhine provides new insights into the dispersal hypothesis is a direct jump from corpus were collected simultaneously in polarity of several facial characteristics, South America followed by dispersal into two Chlorocebus aethiops and three Eule- as well as the inferred branching sequence the Lesser Antilles and westward. To mur fulvus during mastication on various of stem catarrhine lineages. further evaluate these hypotheses, a pre- foods. Peak shear strain in the working liminary study of facial shape variation side mandibular corpus preceded mini- mtDNA Variation in Old Believer and was conducted among pre-contact Taino mum gape by an average of 31 msec in C. ethnic Russian populations of north- groups from Cuba (N=21), Hispaniola aethiops (n=167) and 24 msec in E. fulvus ern Siberia. (N=16), Puerto Rico (N=9), Jamaica (N=7), (n=222). In addition, the temporal length and a pre-contact group from Colombia of the power stroke was longer in time and S. Rubinstein1, N. Mehta2, S. Zhadanov2,3, (N=5), Venezuela (N=4), and Mexico the chewing frequency slower in C. M. Cocca2, L. Osipova3, T. Schurr2. (N=27). aethiops than in E. fulvus. These data 1Department of Anthropology, Temple Three-dimensional coordinates were reveal that phase II jaw movements are University, Philadelphia, PA; collected using a Microscribe 3-DX ® digi- not associated with significant bite force 2Department of Anthropology, University tizer for ten facial landmarks. GPA super- in Eulemur fulvus. They also provide some of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; imposition was performed using Morpheus support for the hypothesis that anthro- 3Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Sibe- et al. (Slice, nd). I performed a randomi- poids have longer power strokes than rian Branch, Russian Academy of Sci- zation test (999 repeats) to mitigate the strepsirrhines. Research supported by ences, Novosibirsk, Russia. effect of small samples and a principal NSF Physical Anthropology 0109130; component analysis (PCA) of the covari- lemurs loaned by DUPC. In 1653, the Patriarch Nikon modified ance matrix on the GPA transformed co- liturgical practices to bring the Russian ordinates to reduce dimensionality. The A new species of stem catarrhine Orthodox Church in line with those of the degree of differentiation was assessed from the early Miocene of Uganda. Eastern (Greek) Orthodox Church, from using Mahalanobis D2 of the PC scores. In which it had split two hundred years ear- addition, an UPGMA Clustering analysis J.B. Rossie1, L. MacLatchy2. 1Section of lier. ‘Old Believers’ (staroveri) rejected was performed from the D2 matrix. The Vertebrate Paleontology, Carnegie Mu- these changes, and continued to worship non-parametric MANOVA detected sig- using the earlier practices. Their actions AAPA Abstracts 171

resulted in persecution by the Russian male/female cube of femoral head supero- of directions (a95: 16.8; s: 42.0º). The mean Orthodox Church, which forced them to inferior breadth. principal directions are significantly dif- disperse across Siberia, where they The correlation between sexual dimor- ferent for leaping versus non-leaping taxa. formed remote communities. For the next phism in body mass and in femoral head These results further suggest a relation- three centuries, they lived in relative iso- breadth is fairly high (r=.877) although ship between bone microstructure in the lation from other Russian groups. To with a %SEE of 16%, indicating substan- hip joint and locomotor behavior and indi- assess genetic diversity within Old Be- tial variation in the relationship between cate a similarity of loading across leapers lievers, along with the biological conse- the two. More importantly, there is a despite differences in kinematics and phy- quences of their isolation, we surveyed tendency for larger species to have rela- logeny. ~200 unrelated individuals from several tively greater sexual dimorphism in body villages for mtDNA variation, including mass than in femoral head breadth (RMA Comparative mtDNA analysis of Burnyi in the Baikitsk Raion of the Kras- slope of 1.331, p<.07 compared to 1.0). In adapting to life at high altitudes. noyarsk Krai, and Isetsk and Kirsanovo in plots of males against females, there is the Tyumen Oblast. We also surveyed more variation in body mass (%SEE = K.M. Saari1, D.M. Reed2, C.M. Beall3, D.A. mtDNA variation in ~200 ethnic Russians 32%) than in femoral head breadth Merriwether1. 1Dept. of Anthropology, from different parts of Siberia to deter- (%SEE=24%), primarily due to the reduc- SUNY-Binghamton, 2Glaucoma Research mine the genetic relationship between Old tion in femoral head dimorphism in the Center, University of Michigan, 3Dept. of Believers and other Slavic groups. Initial larger species. Thus, intra-species articu- Anthropology, Case Western Reserve Uni- results indicate that West Eurasian hap- lar size variation may give biased esti- versity. logroups H, J and T are the predominant mates of intra-species body size variation. mtDNA lineages present in Old Believer Previous studies have shown that there communities, with mostly West Eurasian The relationship between locomotor are quantitative genetic differences asso- haplogroups (I, W, X) comprising the re- behavior and the fabric principal ciated with adapting to life at high alti- maining mtDNAs. Somewhat surpris- direction of trabecular bone. tudes. We collected data on three high ingly, haplogroup C mtDNAs were also altitude human populations. These popu- detected in the Old Believers. This find- T.M. Ryan1, R.A. Ketcham2. 1Department lations include Ethiopian Highlanders ing implied that they had admixed with of Anthropology and Center for Quantita- from the Simien Plateau, Bolivian Ay- local indigenous groups, since haplogroup tive Imaging, The Pennsylvania State mara from the Andes, and Tibetans from C mtDNAs are not usually found in ethnic University, 2Department of Geological the Himalayas. Four phenotypic adaptive Russians. The pattern of mtDNA diver- Sciences, University of Texas at Austin. responses to high-altitude hypoxia are sity in Old Believers, and their genetic used to make comparisons between and affinities with ethnic Russian and other Recent work has demonstrated a close within these populations. The responses Slavic populations, is investigated. correspondence between the fabric and include resting ventilation, hypoxic venti- mechanical main directions in trabecular latory response, oxygen saturation, and Can sexual dimorphism in skeletal bone specimens (Odgaard et al., 1997). hemoglobin concentration. Since mtDNA size be used to assess sexual dimor- This work suggests that the elastic princi- encodes for protein subunits involved in phism in body size? pal directions of trabecular bone can be cellular respiration and energy produc- accurately predicted and characterized by tion, our hypothesis is that mutations in C.B. Ruff1, H.M. McHenry2. 1Center for fabric measures, thereby confirming that mtDNA may be associated with adapta- Functional Anatomy and Evolution, Johns the mechanical behavior of trabecular tion to life at high altitude. Hopkins University School of Medicine, 2 bone is governed mainly by its three- For this study, the first hypervariable Dept. Anthropology, University of Califor- dimensional architectural arrangement. region (HVS-I) of mtDNA is used to de- nia at Davis. Here we quantify the principal orientation termine if there are point mutations or of trabecular bone in the femoral head and haplotypes associated with altitude adap- Sexual dimorphism in body size in the relate these principal fabric directions to tation. We use both discrete variable tests fossil record has most commonly been loading patterns during various locomotor (Chi Square, Fishers Exact Test, etc.) and evaluated through estimation of body behaviors. The proximal femora of a di- continuous trait variable tests (multiple masses from preserved skeletal remains. verse sample of prosimians were scanned regression, etc.) to look for associations Recently, Reno et al. (PNAS, 2003) em- using a high-resolution X-ray computed between mtDNA mutations/haplotypes ployed a novel method whereby variation tomography scanner with resolution less and phenotypic adaptive strategies in the in a single articular dimension (femoral than 50 mm. Spherical volumes of interest three different highland populations. We head breadth) was used to assess varia- were defined within the femoral heads apply nested cladistic analysis, using a tion in body size in a fossil assemblage and the three-dimensional fabric anisot- Reduced Median network (Bandelt, 1995) (A.L. 333) relative to that for living homi- ropy was calculated using the mean inter- to generate the cladistic network required noids. Such a method relies on the as- cept length and star volume distribution for the analyses. sumption that skeletal articular size vari- methods. In addition to differences in While the Ethiopians share no mtDNA ability, within species, reflects body mass bone volume and anisotropy, significant haplotypes with the Tibetans or Aymara, variability. We tested this assumption in differences were found in the spatial ori- there were a number of haplogroups a large sample of modern catarrhines with entation of the principal trabecular axes shared between Tibet and Bolivia indicat- known body masses and femoral head depending on locomotor behavior. The ing their common ancestry in Asia, likely dimensions. A total of 180 individuals in principal orientations for leapers (Galago, some 15,000 to 30,000 years ago. 13 species, all wild-shot and adult, were Tarsius, Avahi) are relatively tightly clus- included in the study. Sexual dimorphism tered (a95 confidence limit: 8.2; angular was evaluated as the log-transformed variance s: 18.2º) and oriented in a supero- ratios of male/female body mass and anterior direction while those of non- leapers are more variable across a range 172 AAPA Abstracts

Seed dispersal by black howler mon- the presence of osteological fractures, comitantly, the relationship between life- keys (Alouatta caraya) in a north- dislocations and other related damage. style changes and variations in genes eastern Argentinean flooded forest. These reports offer biographical informa- related to lipid metabolism was under- tion on the mummies including results of taken. In non-Native populations a focus A. Sallenave1, S.P. Bravo2. 1Department of examinations that used one or a combina- was in the spatiotemporal analysis con- Anthropology, University of Illinois Ur- tion of methods, such as unwrapping, cerning the formation of the Brazilian bana-Champaign 2 Laboratorio de Ecologia autopsy, x-ray, and CT-scans. The data population. Funcional, Universidad de Buenos Aires. was then examined for patterns, which were subsequently compared with descrip- Bilateral asymmetry in the upper Primates are reported to be important tions of ancient and historical Egypt and arm bones of chimpanzees (Pan trog- seed dispersers for a large number of the Egyptian antiquities trade. lodytes). tropical tree species. In the case of New Data from a sample of over 250 Egyptian World primates, several authors have mummies was collected. Approximately L.A. Sarringhaus1,2, J.T. Stock3, W.C. suggested that howler monkeys serve an 60 percent of the mummies analysed McGrew1,2, L.F. Marchant1. 1Dept. of An- important role as agents of seed dispersal showed evidence of damage. The damage thropology, Miami University, Ohio, in forest regeneration. In the present was more frequently found to the head 2Dept. of Zoology, Miami University, research, we present the results of a two and thorax than to the pelvis, arms, legs, 3Leverhulme Center for Human Evolu- year field study on the behavior and feed- hands, and feet. Although the types and tionary Studies, Dept. of Biological An- ing ecology of black howler monkeys probable sources of damage did vary, no thropology, University of Cambridge. (Alouatta caraya) in a flooded forest in strong patterns emerged when comparing Argentina. the frequency of damage to different his- There is much current debate in behav- Data were collected on ranging patterns toric periods. In examining the Egyptian ioral primatology on the existence of popu- and diet of two black howlers groups in- mummies as a group rather than as indi- lation-level handedness in chimpanzees. habiting Brasilera island. In addition, viduals, this study, although still in its The presence or absence of functional fecal samples were analyzed and germina- preliminary stages, provides insight into laterality in great apes may shed light on tion tests were conducted. We also exam- damage the mummies have incurred. the origins of human handedness and the ined the seed shadow created by howler evolution of cerebral asymmetry. The defecation and seed dispersal. The results Molecular variability and sociocul- plasticity of long bone diaphyses in re- indicate that howlers disperse seeds in a tural change – Past, present, and fu- sponse to mechanical loading allows func- complex distribution pattern: seeds were ture. tional interpretation of differences in either deposited as part of “individual cross-sectional geometric properties. defecations” or in large ‘latrines’ associ- F.M. Salzano. Departamento de Genética, While sagittal asymmetry in upper limb ated with main sleeping trees, and also in Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do diaphyseal morphology has been found in small ‘latrines’ associated with secondary Sul. human populations, it remains relatively sleeping trees or areas where neighboring unexplored in apes. We studied bilateral groups engaged in territorial conflicts. The extraordinary development of mo- asymmetry in 54 wild-caught chimpanzee Only 1.1% of removed seeds were depos- lecular and bioinformatic techniques skeletons using the humerus, second ited under the crown of the parent tree. opened new horizons for the investigation metacarpal, and femur. The total sub- Seed ingestion did not have a significant of human evolutionary history. It is now periosteal area (TA) of the diaphyses was effect on seed germination for most spe- possible, through the investigation of measured at 40% of maximum humeral cies except for Banara arguta and DNA variability, to infer a series of demo- length and the midshaft of the metacar- Eugenia punicifolia. The seeds of both graphic changes undoubtedly related to pals and femora using external latex species germinated more quickly after sociocultural processes that occurred in molds. Overall, the TA values of the left passage through the howler gut than con- the past. The structure of human popula- humeri were significantly greater than trol seeds. Additional relationships be- tions changed dramatically along the 200 the right, indicating directional asymme- tween howler feeding behavior, food pas- thousand years of our history, as our way try. This effect was even greater when sage rates, seed shadow, and seed and of subsistence changed from a hunter- the magnitude of difference in TA between seedling survivorship are discussed. gatherer to agricultural and industrial each pair of humeri was compared. The practices. Models for the analysis of these right second metacarpals showed a non- Patterns of damage in Egyptian developments can be found in Latin Amer- significant trend toward greater area than mummies and related causes. ica, and our group has been investigating the lefts. The lack of significant asymme- them for half a century now. Recent ex- try in the femur serves as a lower limb E. Salter-Pedersen. Dept. of Geography amples involving South American Natives control and suggests that the upper limb and Anthropology, Louisiana State Uni- include extensive investigation of auto- results are not a product of fluctuating versity. some, Y-chromosome and mitochondrial asymmetry. These findings imply behav- DNA (mtDNA) regions using RFLP, ioral laterality in upper limb function in Mummification can preserve a body for STRP, L1 and Alu insertions, as well as chimpanzees and suggest a complemen- several millennia, but it is a popular mis- SNP polymorphisms, exploring general tary relation between precision and conception that these bodies are in pris- questions related to intra, interpopula- power. tine condition. The activities of tomb rob- tion, and intercontinental variability. Supported by an Undergraduate Sum- bers, archaeological excavation and trans- Special attention has been given to the 3’ mer Scholarship (Miami) and the Kirtlan- portation, and the mummification process UTR of the LDLR gene and to two enig- dia Society. itself may damage the body. This paper matic populations, the Aché and Ayoreo of examines the published reports on Egyp- Paraguay. In relation to mtDNA a specific Regression modeling to predict en- tian mummies from museum collections in search was made for haplogroup X in ex- ergy expenditure: Comparison be- the United States, Europe, and Egypt for tant South American populations. Con- tween adults and children. AAPA Abstracts 173

I. Sarton-Miller, P.A. Kramer. University folds, number of ectoparasites) and devel- siderable distance from a cluster of the of Washington, Seattle. opmental consequences (body lengths, other four taxa. lower arm and lower leg lengths, muzzle Allometric and non-allometric regional A simple, non-invasive, and affordable lengths, scapular lengths) were collected. components of sexual dimorphism may method for estimating energy expenditure Given that this species is female dominant help to distinguish this complex process (EE) was developed. The regression-based it was predicted that females would show from interspecific variation, a distinction method predicts oxygen consumption more positive health and nutritional that is a frequent concern of the recent (VO2) from heart rate (HR) along with status than males. literature, and may even extend to the use several covariates. Atypical of most simi- Habitat had a significant (p = .05), effect of these patterns as characters for taxo- lar approaches, the primary measures are on measurements. Camp groups were nomic analysis in the fossil record. taken as the difference between exercise heavier, had greater skin fold measure- Supported by the Austrian Ministry of and resting VO2 (DVO2) and the difference ments, and were larger than both Mar- Culture, Science and Education, the Aus- between exercise and resting HR (DHR); ginal and Reserve groups. Marginal group trian Council for Science and Technology DVO2 partially corrects for posture and females were smaller than both Camp and P200.049/3–VI/I/2001, the Austrian Sci- resting metabolic rate, and DHR controls Reserve groups. Habitat did not affect the ence Foundation P14738, and a PhD grant for posture and inter-individual variation mean number of ectoparasites observed from the University of Vienna. in physiology. Two groups of twenty indi- during measurements but it did affect viduals were chosen: sea level adults (16- sexual dimorphism. Camp group and re- Y chromosome variation in Melane- 58) and high altitude children (8 and 13). serve females had longer body lengths sian populations. Anthropometric measures were taken, than did males, while camp group females and VO2 was assessed while the subjects also had longer lower arm measurements. L. Scheinfeldt1,2, J. Friedlaender1, F. either walked on the treadmill or per- Other sex differences were also signifi- Thompson1, R. Robledo2, D.A. Merri- formed graded exercises on a cycle er- cant. Females had greater skin fold meas- wether3,W. Beggs2, P. Bender2, T. gometer. A repeated-measures predictive urements, fewer ectoparasites, and a Karafet4, M. Hammer4,5, J. Lorenz2. equation was developed for each group, lower incidence of skin lesions and 1Department of Anthropology, Temple and parameters were estimated by least scars/wounds. These results are discussed University, 2The Coriell Institute for squares and maximum likelihood meth- with regard to biological plasticity in this Medical Research, 3Department of An- ods. For both models, we get a high coeffi- species. thropology, Binghamton University, cient of correlation with DHR and DHR2 4Division of Biotechnology, University of explaining most of the variation in the (Non)allometric craniofacial sexual Arizona, 5Department of Anthropology, regression. This suggests that a useful dimorphism in hominoids. University of Arizona. predictive equation can be produced using paired VO2 and HR measurements on a K. Schaefer1, P. Mitteroecker1, P. Gunz1, Genetic analyses of mtDNA and auto- relatively small reference sample. The M. Bernhard1, H. Seidler1, F.L. somal loci in the Southwest Pacific have variable that explained the most of the Bookstein1,2. 1Institute for Anthropology, revealed high degrees of variation as well correlation was not DHR, as anticipated, University of Vienna, Austria, 2Michigan as regionally restricted polymorphisms. but DHR2. This unexpected finding points Center for Biological Information, Univer- We conducted intensive Y chromosome to a need to further our understanding of sity of Michigan. analysis in the Bismarck Archipelago, a the physiology that might underlie this region critical to understanding the pre- variable. Patterns of craniofacial sexual dimor- historic settlement of the Pacific, and that phism in primates vary by taxon and by has been under sampled to date. We Biological variability of wild ring- region within taxon. We examined these genotyped 565 unrelated male samples tailed lemurs, Lemur catta: Effects of patterns in five hominoid taxa: Homo residing in New Britain, New Ireland, and habitat and Sex. sapiens, Pan paniscus, Pan troglodytes, surrounding islands. The sample includes Gorilla gorilla and Pongo pygmaeus. A more than 20 language groups and dia- M.L. Sauther1, K. Fish1, F. Cuozzo2. total of 94 points (35 landmarks and 61 lects, both Austronesian and Papuan- 1Department of Anthropology, University semilandmarks from five ridge curves) speaking. We assayed for 7 microsatellite of Colorado, 2 Department of Anthropol- were located on 268 adult and subadult markers and 25 biallelic polymorphisms ogy, Northern Illinois University. specimens; the sample was in approxi- on the non-recombinant portion of the Y mate balance by taxon and sex. Analysis chromosome (NRY) that have been shown Biological information was collected on was by a relatively new method, principal to be variable and particularly informa- 71 Lemur catta as part of a long-term components and principal coordinates in tive in the area. Sampling bias in marker study regarding the effects of habitat on size-shape space, from the geometric mor- selection was prevented by a preliminary lemur biology. Troops inhabiting three phometric toolkit. We find that the contri- long sequencing of >3kb of the NRY in an habitats were compared: those within the bution of ontogenetic scaling to sexual attempt to identify new or regionally im- protected Beza Mahafaly reserve, (“Re- dimorphism varies substantially by taxon. portant variants. The results reveal sig- serve groups”), heavily degraded habitats P. pygmaeus shows the greatest allometric nificant heterogeneity in the ascertained (“Marginal groups” ) and those who in- component, followed by G. gorilla and NRY results that are comparable to cluded the research camp and village as a then Homo. mtDNA variability across the same sam- substantial part of their range (“Camp But in Pan, and especially bonobo, ple. The distribution of NRY variation groups”). Given that Camp groups have barely half of the observed sexual dimor- shows distinctions even among dialect access to human food and water, it was phism in adults is allometric. We interpret areas of specific languages and islands. predicted that these groups would exhibit regional aspects of both these components Therefore, both linguistic distinctions and enhanced nutritional and developmental by the usual thin-plate splines. Scatters of geographic distances have influenced male status. Measurements that reflected cur- the first few principal coordinates of non- gene flow in the Bismarcks. rent nutritional status (body mass, skin allometric allometry locate Pongo at con- 174 AAPA Abstracts

Woodland to Mississippian dietary individuals and form the defining charac- the use of reliable new techniques to iden- transitions in Indiana as indicated by teristic of this facial signal. Inferences tify these proteins represent a big chal- dental microwear analysis. about the nature and purpose of individ- lenge for further research. In combination ual smile displays, however, are often with the results of macro- and microscopic C.W. Schmidt. University of Indianapolis. based on the timing of lip corner move- examinations, the results of the biochemi- ment. Previous qualitative studies have cal investigation will make it possible to Dental paleopathology and macrowear proposed that the social impact of the obtain a better understanding of bone in data from a recent study by the author smile may depend on the speed and dura- health and disease. suggest that, in Indiana, the Late Wood- tion of lip corner movement. In this land diet is intermediately cariogenic and study, movement characteristics of smiles Analysis of chimp-human brain dif- macroscopically abrasive when compared known to be deliberate (directed action ferences via non-rigid deformation of to diets representing the Early/Middle task) were compared with spontaneous 3D MR images. Woodland and Mississippian periods. It is smiles observed in the same individuals hypothesized that, like the caries and (N=65). An automated tracking algorithm P.T. Schoenemann1, B.B. Avants2, J.C. macrowear data, the Late Woodland mi- provided data on the position and timing Gee2, L.D. Glotzer1, M.J. Sheehan1. crowear data are intermediate. of lip corner movement in these smiles. A 1Department of Anthropology, University Dental microwear analysis was con- within subject repeated measures analysis of Pennsylvania, 2Department of Radiol- ducted on the teeth of 22 Early/Middle showed that both maximum speed ogy, University of Pennsylvania. Woodland, 18 Late Woodland, and 23 (F(1,64)= 118.65, p<0.001) and amplitude Middle Mississippian adults predomi- (F(1,64)= 113.90, p<0.001) of lip corner Understanding human brain evolution nantly from Indiana. The microwear movement differed between spontaneous requires knowledge of exactly how human analysis followed standard procedures for and deliberate smiles. Duration of smile brains differ from those of our closest an- casting/molding, scanning electron mi- onset did not differ between the two types cestors. While differences in overall size croscopy, photography, and feature scor- of smiles (F(1,64)=0.074, p=0.78) Sponta- are easy to gauge, differences in relative ing (i.e., Microwear 2.2, Ungar, 1995). neous smiles are both faster and larger in proportions of individual cortical areas are Data were collected for the following vari- amplitude during onset, suggesting possi- more difficult. Partly this is because ar- ables: percentage of pits, pit length, and ble neurobiological differences in produc- eas of interest often do not have obvious scratch width. Quantitative comparisons tion. Contrary to the results of previous and easily-delimited sulcal boundaries, were conducted using ANOVA. studies, we did not find that asymmetry and the methods used have relied on de- The results suggest that the Late Wood- differed between spontaneous and delib- lineating areas by hand. One area of par- land dental microwear profile is not in- erate smiles; both displays showed a mod- ticular interest is prefrontal cortex, which termediate. The Late Woodland values erate degree of asymmetry. is both behaviorally interesting and par- are virtually indistinguishable from those ticularly difficult to delimit. of the Early/Middle Woodland. By con- Intact non-collagenous extracellular We apply a novel approach to this ques- trast, the Late Woodland profile has sig- matrix proteins in ancient human tion by using non-rigid deformation tech- nificantly more pits and wider scratches bones from different time periods. niques – developed originally for func- than that of the Mississippian. tional imaging studies to morph sets of The current study suggests that the T.H. Schmidt-Schultz1, M. Schultz2. human brains into the same coordinate increase in cariogenesis during the Late 1Department of Biochemistry, University system – to a set of 6 Pan troglodytes (3 Woodland did not result from substantial of Göttingen, 2Department of Anatomy, male, 3 female) and 12 Homo sapiens (6 changes in food preparation since the University of Göttingen. male, 6 female) brain MRIs. Because microwear did not change. Moreover, the these methods are voxel-based, local de- new cariogenic foods did not immediately Ancient bones in a good preservation formation in one area can be independent replace what was eaten previously. By state, controlled by microscopic tech- of deformation in another area. The aver- the Mississippian, the diet was markedly niques, conserve extracellular matrix age Pan brain was non-rigidly deformed different in that it was both softer (e.g., proteins over thousands of years. Using a into the average Homo brain resulting in had fewer pits) and less abrasive (e.g., had special technique (Schmidt-Schultz and a 3D deformation matrix describing the narrower scratches) than the preceding Schultz 2003), intact extracellular matrix distortions necessary to transform one Woodland diets. proteins extracted from ancient bones are into the other on a voxel-by-voxel basis. Funded by a grant from the Indiana solubilized, separated by 1-dimensional Within-species sets of deformation matri- Academy of Science. and 2-dimensional electrophoresis and ces are used to determine the significance identified in western blots by special anti- of species differences. This method by- Timing characteristics of two differ- bodies against different human extracellu- passes the need to individually delimit ent facial signals: Deliberate and lar matrix (ECM) molecules of bone. ECM regions of interest by hand, and results in spontaneous smiles. human bone molecules such as os- a global atlas of species differences cover- teonectin, osteopontin, alkaline phos- ing all areas of the brain. Our results K.L. Schmidt1, Z..Ambadar2, L.I. Reed2, phatase were confirmed by different types confirm that the prefrontal cortex occupies J.F. Cohn12 1Dept. of Psychiatry, Univer- of specific antibodies in recent and ar- a proportionately larger part of the brain sity of Pittsburgh, 2Department of Psy- chaeological human bone samples of indi- of Homo sapiens than it does in Pan trog- chology, University of Pittsburgh. viduals of different age groups. The ar- lodytes. chaeological bone samples date from dif- Image analysis research using MRI of The smile is a frequently observed, ferent time periods (e.g., Late PPNB, human and primate brains has suggested multi-functional social signal in humans. Bronze Age and the Middle Ages). that the frontal lobe as a whole in humans Physical characteristics of the human The preservation of intact extracellular is not especially elaborated, while other smile, primarily upturned and laterally matrix proteins in ancient bones dating research has suggested that the prefrontal drawn lip corners, are consistent across from recent times into the Late PPNB and AAPA Abstracts 175

itself is larger as a percentage of total phism index (SDI) of the fossil sample do genetic studies. Such issues demand in- cortex than in non-human primates. not exceed those of extant great apes. The creased dialogue among Native Ameri- study uses mesiodistal (MD) and buccol- cans, genetic researchers, government Kinematics and kinetics of bonobo ingual (BL) tooth measurements from agencies, and lawyers. (Pan paniscus) climbing. Ouranopithecus mandibular canines (n=7) In this study, we anonymously survey 83 and first molars (n=6) from Ravin de la Native Americans affiliated with tribes K. Schoonaert1,2, K. D’Août1,2, D. Lau- Pluie and Nikiti 1, Greece, and from ex- focused in California, plus a sampling wers1, P. Aerts1. 1Department of Biology, tant Gorilla, Pan and Pongo samples across the United States, to assess the University of Antwerp, Belgium, 2 Centre (n>40). Bootstrapping (resampling with concerns and interests of Native Ameri- for Reasearch and Conservation, Antwerp, replacement) is the method used to com- cans as they pertain to human genetic Belgium. pare the fossil sample to the comparative research. The preliminary results of this samples. survey suggest that the opinions of many In order to gain new insights into the Plots of the metric data for Ouranopith- Native Americans on human genetic re- evolution of hominid bipedalism, the un- ecus canines and first molars both produce search may be inaccurately reflected by derstanding of the relationship between bimodal, non-overlapping distributions. Native American activists. The results form and function in extant primates is The relative variation in Ouranopithecus also reveal specific issues researchers may essential. Despite a lot of great kinesi- canines does not exceed that in Gorilla or address to further unify the interests of ological studies on living primates, suffi- Pongo; however, the relative variation in Native Americans with those of research- cient data on the kinematics and particu- lower M1 MD exceeds that for all extant ers. The engagement of Native Americans larly kinetics of climbing are still lacking. apes. The probability that the degree of in this survey has laid a foundation for This study focuses on 3D-kinematics and relative variation in the Ouranopithecus increased dialogue and collaboration be- kinetics of arboreal locomotion in bonobos. macedoniensis lower M1 BL width meas- tween Native Americans and anthropolo- We used a setup, consisting of an inclin- ure would be found in extant ape popula- gists. able pole instrumented with 3D force tions is also low (<.01 in Pan and Gorilla transducers, that allowed for measure- and <.06 in Pongo). The SDIs for Ourano- Does digestion time limit group size ment of dynamic forces applied by bonobos pithecus canines approximate the values in folivorous primates? during locomotion on sloping substrates. for Pongo and Gorilla. The SDIs for M1 Climbing sequences were recorded simul- MD and BL exceed 1.20. These are O. Schülke1, M.K. Chalise2, J. Nikolei3, D. taneously by four video cameras. Sub- greater than the values for any extant Podzuweit4, J.U. Ganzhorn5, C. Borries1, strate reaction forces (1000 Hz) and coor- great ape. The high levels of molar metric A. Koenig1. 1Department of Anthropology, dinates of each joint (50 Hz) were used to variation in Ouranopithecus macedonien- Stony Brook University, 2Natural History calculate total, quasi-static joint moments sis would appear to be the consequence of Society of Nepal, Katmandu, 3Ramnagar during a complete stride. Moment arms of extreme sexual dimorphism, similar to Monkey Research Project, 4Institute of important hind limb muscles (needed for what is observed in the Miocene ape from Anthropology and Human Biology, the interpretation of the calculated joint China, Lufengpithecus. 5Institute of Zoology, University of Ham- moments) were measured for an adult burg. female, using the ‘tendon-travel method’. Native American interests and hu- Analysis of sequences on a slope of 30° man genetic research. In general, it is assumed that folivorous revealed that the highest moment of the primates are facing lower feeding competi- hind limb is generated in the hip. Mo- K.B. Schroeder1, R.S. Malhi1,2, J.A. Esh- tion than frugivores. Consequently, group ments are smaller for respectively knee leman1,2, D.G. Smith1,3. 1Molecular An- size of folivores should be less constrained. and ankle joints. Front limb joint mo- thropology Lab, University of California, In contrast to this assumption, however, ments are much smaller, with the shoul- Davis, 2Trace Genetics LLC, Davis, CA, most folivorous primates live in smaller der having the highest values. 3National California Primate Research groups than frugivorous. One possible In general, there is good correspondence Center, University of California, Davis. explanation for this 'folivore-paradox' may between the joint angle at which the cal- be the existence of a different mechanism culated moment is high, and the muscle Ethical and legal questions that have constraining group size. Usually, in- moment arms of the extensors of the joint arisen with advances in human genetic creased travel expenses with increasing considered. Future research should eluci- research have found an arena for dis- group size might be compensated for by date whether this remains true for climb- course in the unprecedented political voice prolonged feeding time at the expense of ing at steeper angles, and for terrestrial of Native Americans, as evidenced by resting time. A highly fibrous diet, how- locomotion. organizations such as the Indigenous Peo- ever, may not allow for such a solution, ples’ Council on Biocolonialism and arti- because resting time is vital for fermenta- Metric variation in the dentition of cles published in journals like Gene Watch tion. Hence, folivores might be con- Ouranopithecus macedoniensis (de and Cultural Survival Quarterly. How- strained by digestion time. We tested this Bonis and Melentis, 1977). ever, these political interests have also idea using long-term data for three Ha- raised concerns that may be regarded as numan langur groups (Semnopithecus C.M. Schrein. Department of Anthropol- red herrings, such as the mining of the entellus) of different sizes. Data were col- ogy, Arizona State University. Native American genome or the creation lected between 1991 through 1996 at of super viruses targeted at Native Ameri- Ramnagar, southern Nepal during focal This study examines the relative varia- cans. These red herrings detract from animal follows. Instantaneous samples tion and degree of sexual dimorphism in more imminent issues, including the ap- were obtained on general activity and the dental metrics of the Miocene fossil propriateness of group consent, the pat- specifics of feeding behavior including hominoid Ouranopithecus macedoniensis. enting of genes, and the storage of sam- plant species and part. Chemical analysis It tests the hypothesis that the coefficient ples, that potentially threaten both Native of nutritional content together with indi- of variation (CV) and the sexual dimor- American sovereignty and progress in vidual ingestion rates and feeding times 176 AAPA Abstracts

for all major food items are used to esti- rian Branch, Russian Academy of Sci- detectible in other continuously deposited mate fiber intake. In a multivariate ap- ences, Novosibirsk, Russia. tissues. proach we analyse time budgets in rela- We used a secondary ionization mass tion to group size, overall feeding time and The Altai Mountain region has been spectrometer (SIMS, Cameca model 4f) at total fiber intake. The study represents an suggested as the homeland for the ances- the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak important step in the evaluation of the tors of both indigenous Siberian and Na- Ridge TN, to analyse variations within ecological constraints model for the limita- tive Americans, who may have emerged single osteons of individuals from Wadi tion of group size. Supported by Alexander from this area many millennia ago. Cur- Halfa. In sections normal to the osteon's von Humboldt-Foundation, German Aca- rently, a number of distinct ethnic groups axis, C-13/C-12 varies by up to 8 per mil, demic Exchange Service, German Re- that differ linguistically and anthropologi- O-18/O-16 by 7 per mil in. O and C iso- search Council, and Stony Brook Univer- cally from each other now populate this topic cycles were out of phase. Along the sity. region, with these differences probably axes of single osteons, we see variations of reflecting their heterogeneous origins and up to 17 per mil in C-13/C-12, and 7 per Microscopic diagnoses in ancient ethnic histories. To elucidate their bio- mil in O-18/O-16, again with opposite treponema diseases. logical histories, and to determine the phase. The high C-13/C-12 ratios corre- extent of the genetic contribution of Al- spond to summer periods when millet and M. Schultz1, T.H. Schmidt-Schultz2. taian populations to the peopling of Eura- sorghum were consumed; summer snow 1Department of Anatomy, University of sia and the Americas, we analyzed genetic melt-water (from Ethiopia) may lower O- Göttingen, 2Department of Biochemistry, variation in several ethnic groups from 18/O-16 in the Nile at this time. University of Göttingen. the Altai Republic, including the southern We conclude that it is possible to observe Altai-kizhi, and the northern Chalkans, seasonality of diet within single osteons The microscopic investigation of human Kumandinians, and Tubalars. Our initial using the SIMS. Similar variations in O- skeletal remains from archaeological sites results indicate that about 75% of Altai- 18/O-16 and D/H should be observable in provides a unique perspective on the kizhi mtDNA haplotypes belong to East individuals from sites where seasonal world-wide evolution of treponematoses. Eurasian maternal lineages, namely, hap- changes in isotopic composition of drink- As written historical texts report, the Old logroups CZ, D, F, G, M8a and M9a, while ing water occur. Applications to study the World first became aware of these dis- the remainder belong to West Eurasian rates of bone remodeling are also being eases at the beginning of the 16th century. haplogroups H, TJ, XI, and UK. Rela- investigated. However, there are archaeological skeletal tively similar frequencies of these hap- remains which suggest that the trepone- logroups had previously been observed in Developmental basis of canine di- matoses were already present in the Old a general sample of northern Altaians, morphism in early Eocene Notharc- World before this date. Therefore, tre- who exhibited fewer West Eurasian hap- tines. ponematoses may be a relatively old group logroups than the Altai-kizhi, but higher of diseases which affected man some thou- frequencies of haplogroups H and U. This G.T. Schwartz1, E.R. Miller2, G.F. sands of years ago. analysis will further characterize mtDNA Gunnell3. 1Dept. of Anthropology, As there are now techniques available diversity in northern Altaian ethnic Northern Illinois University, 2Dept. of (e.g., Schultz 2001, 2003) which enable us groups, and assess the genetic differences Anthropology, Wake Forest University, to study the histopathology of ancient between northern and southern Altaian 3Museum of Paleontology, University of bones, archaeological skeletal remains populations. We will also investigate Michigan. suspicious of treponema diseases can be their genetic relationships with other studied to elucidate the evolution, the Turkic-speaking groups such as Tuvans, Canine sexual dimorphism (CSD) is an spread and the history of this group of Tofalars and Yakuts, with whom they important trait in primate paleontology diseases. have biological and linguistic affinities, as because of its strong links with many About 30 cases dating from recent and well as with Mongolian populations, who behavioral, socioecological and phyloge- prehistoric times which demonstrate the have genetically influenced Altaian netic variables. However, little is known characteristic macroscopic features of groups over the past two thousand years. about the developmental mechanism un- treponema disease were examined by derlying CSD. One recent study demon- macroscopic, radiological, scanning- Single osteons and seasonality: A strated that within extant hominoids, electron microscopic and light microscopic SIMS analysis of human bone from CSD is the result of differences in the techniques. There are specific features Wadi Halfa. duration of canine crown growth (bimatur- (e.g., polster, grenzstreifen) which charac- ism). Virtually nothing is known about the terize syphilitic lesions in long bones at H.P. Schwarcz1, C.D. White2, M. Fayek3. mechanism(s) responsible for the devel- the microscopic level, the differential di- 1School of Geography and Geology, opment of CSD in the earliest known ca- agnoses of inflammatory bone diseases McMaster University, 2 Dept. of Anthro- nine-dimorphic primates, Eocene Notharc- can be more reliably established. pology, University of Western Ontario, tines. We investigated evolutionary pat- 3Dept. of Earth and Planetary Sciences, terns of CSD to determine whether the mtDNA variation in indigenous Al- University of Tennessee. developmental basis of this important taians, and their genetic relation- morphological feature is similar across ships with Siberian and Mongolian At Wadi Halfa, in N. Sudan, White and different temporal groups of primates or populations. Schwarcz (AJPA, 93:165-187, 1994) found simply the phenotypic expression of differ- that diet was dominated by low-C-13 (C3 ) ing developmental trajectories. T.G. Schurr1, S.I. Zhadanov1,2, L.P. Osi- wheat and barley; and high C-13 (C4) Standard histological markers of tooth pova2. 1Department of Anthropology, Uni- sorghum and millet, mainly consumed growth were used to chart canine crown versity of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; during and just after their respective har- growth in a small sample of sexed speci- 2Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Sibe- vests. A seasonal cycle in C-13/C-12 ratio mens (n=15) representing two species of is detectible in scalp hair, and should be Cantius (C. trigonodus and C. mckennai) AAPA Abstracts 177

and Notharctus robinsoni from the early Parapatric groups of black and com- Pittsburgh, 2Department of Pediatrics, Eocene of North America. In most teeth, mon squirrel monkeys (Saimiri van- University of Iowa 3 Zhabei Genetic Re- short- and long-term incremental lines zolinii and Saimiri sciureus) in the search Institute, Shanghai, China. were visible in enamel, and less often, in central Amazon. dentine. The periodicity of long-period CL/P is a common birth defect (birth lines in enamel ranges between 2 and 3 D.M. Schwindt1, J.M. Ayres2. 1Earth and prevalence ranging from 1/500 to 1/2500) days – similar to that in other small- Environmental Science Program, Depart- with a complex etiology. Traits potentially bodied extant prosimians. Cuspal forma- ment of Biology, New York University, related to CL/P, such as dermatoglyphics, tion times are similar in male and female 2Departamento de Zoologia, Museo Goeldi, may mirror the heterogeneity seen in Cantius, with averages of 70.7 and 63.5 Belém, Brazil. CL/P. The relationship between CL/P and days respectively, while total crown for- the frequency of dermatoglyphic pattern mation times average 218.7 days Saimiri vanzolinii inhabits an area of types is unclear. Phenotypic heterogeneity (0.61yrs.) and 181.2 days (0.49yrs.), re- seasonally flooded varzea islands subdi- between populations might be the result spectively. Similar growth rates suggest vided by a mosaic of river channels at the of methodological differences among stud- that CSD results from bimaturism, indi- Japura River mouth in the Mamirauá ies of different ethnic populations, or cating that perhaps this aspect of primate Sustainable Development Reserve, Brazil. might indicate underlying population growth has been developmentally con- We present the results from a study un- differences. We propose that general eth- strained since the rise of Euprimates. dertaken to refine our knowledge of S. nic differences in dermatoglyphic patterns vanzolini’s range, with particular empha- account for some of the differences in pre- Brunhilde in Lilliput? Sexual dimor- sis on exploring areas where it might co- viously reported associations of der- phism in English skeletal samples occur with Saimiri sciureus. We recorded matoglyphic pattern frequency and CL/P. from the Romano-British period to 190 S. sciureus and 149 S. vanzolinii Dermatoglyphic prints were taken from post-medieval times. group locations across an approximately individuals with non-syndromic CL/P 1800 km2 area. We found that the range (n=460) and their unaffected relatives M. Schweich, C.J. Knüsel. Biological An- of S. vanzolinii is smaller than originally (n=254) from the Philippines and China. thropology Research Centre, Department thought, comprising only 533 km2 when For both samples, three raters designated of Archaeological Sciences, University of large areas of back-swamp vegetation the patterns as arch, ulnar loop, radial Bradford. where it does not occur are excluded from loop, whorl or other. Standard ANOVA of the range calculation. Areas inhabited by pattern type included both CL/P cases and Osteometric data of twenty skeletal both species are only 10 km2, with most their relatives with affection status, gen- samples from eleven different sites in area surveyed inhabited by only one form der, and population group as parameters. England, covering a time span of circa of Saimiri. Mixed feeding associations The results indicate that pattern type sixteen centuries, show a widely varying between S. vanzolinii and S. sciureus differences between cases and controls degree of sexual dimorphism between and groups were observed occasionally, but were not consistent across these popula- within the samples. In particular, female these associations invariably separated. tions. For each pattern type, except stature does not show as much variation Together these observations indicate that arches, population was a significant pa- over time and between samples as does S. vanzolinii and S. sciureus are biologi- rameter (p<0.008); for radial loops, affec- male stature. Based on a comparison of cally-valid species. Small river channels tion status was an additional significant male and female brachial, crural, and are important in segmenting Saimiri parameter (p< 0.001). When only cases intermembral indices, female body propor- populations in the varzea; species range were included in the ANOVA, ‘population’ tions also appear more uniform in the boundaries predominately followed river was again a significant parameter for the analysed samples over time. Male body channels; and some islands with suitable ulnar loop (p= 0.002), whorl (p<0.001) and shapes show increased variation in rela- habitat have no Saimiri. Variation in the other (p<0.01) patterns. With methodo- tive weight for stature, as well as relative number of group sightings in some areas logical differences minimized, these re- lower limb length, while female body between months implies that S. vanzolinii sults support our hypothesis that popula- shapes do not. The conclusions drawn groups move seasonally, perhaps due to tion-specific differences in dermatoglyphic from these findings are that the females of spatial variation in fruit abundance as patterns exist for CL/P cases and their the twenty analysed samples appear to be waters rise during the yearly flood. Ten relatives. Supported by grants DE-09886 more resistant to environmental stressors, years before this survey, we observed S. and DE-08559 from NIH/NIDCR. especially stressors related to socio- vanzolinii groups approximately 6 km economic and health factors. In those beyond a portion of their current range. Bovid metapodials, late Miocene pa- samples interpreted to derive from com- This area now is exclusively inhabited by leoenvironments, and hominoid evo- paratively low-status populations, the S. sciureus, suggesting that the range of lution. degree of sexual dimorphism in stature is S. vanzolinii is diminishing. very low or even absent, while there is a R.S. Scott. Department of Anthropology, high degree of sexual dimorphism in stat- Dermatoglyphic phenotypic hetero- University of Texas at Austin. ure in high-status samples. The overall geneity among individuals with non conclusion is that male growth, and there- syndromic cleft lip with or without Remains of late Miocene hominoids in- fore male stature and proportions, is more cleft palate (CL/P) and their relatives creasingly indicate both taxonomic and sensitive to living conditions than is fe- in China and the Philippines. adaptive diversity. Understanding homi- male growth. This reduced female sensi- noid paleoenvironments may illuminate tivity to living conditions is thought to N.M. Scott1, S.M. Weinberg1, K. the selection pressures relevant to this relate to female biological buffering from Neiswanger1, C.A. Brandon1, J.C. diversity. Previous analysis of bovids from an enhanced immune system, and possi- Murray2, Y. Liu3, M.L. Marazita1. 1Center the Siwalik hominoid locality Y0311 based bly from the differences in growth timing for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, on a taxon-free discriminant analysis of and maturation between the two sexes. School of Dental Medicine, University of bovid femora suggested forested habitats 178 AAPA Abstracts

and some less densely covered areas. A Age Chandman, and Mongol Hunnu show surfaces, a large fovea capitis, an articular new analysis of distal and complete bovid craniofacial affinities to the US-Canadian surface that extends onto the posterior metapodials assigned to five habitats was border Native Americans and the Archaic and dorsal portions of the neck, and an applied to three fossil sites: Pikermi Native Americans. anteroposteriorly elliptical and me- (Greece), Can Llobateres (Spain) and Land-bridges formed several times fol- diolaterally compressed shaft, but retains Y0311 (Pakistan). lowing sea-level changes during the Mid- some plesiomorphic features that are also The distal and complete metapodial dle Pleistocene Ice age to the Late Pleisto- seen in Miocene Komba. models reported here performed between cene Ice age, and allowed the Japanese Unless all of these similarities to gala- 3.8 and 4.2 times better than chance. Archipelago to be connected to the Asian gids are primitive or due to convergence, Compared to prior models of the bovid main continent (Oba, 1983; Yasuda, 1990). Saharagalago and Wadilemur support an femur (Scott et al, 1999; Kappelman, Also, the Ryukyuan archipelago formed a Eocene divergence of Galagidae from 1988), astragalus (DeGusta and Vrba, land-bridge and connected to the Asian other lorisiforms, and imply a surprisingly 2002) and metapodials (Plummer and Main continent by Taiwan several times ancient origin for both crown Lorisiformes Bishop, 1994) all results reported here until 15,000 B.P.(Kimura, 1985). and crown Strepsirrhini. resulted in more robust values of Press’s All of these may suggest a population Q statistic and better performance when continuity from Eurasia, to the Japanese Multivariate comparison of divergent compared to chance than previous models. islands, to the New World extending ossification patterns in the mammal- With an additional step of crossvalidation, across a northern route. Jomon/Ainu could ian proximal femur. discriminant results were between 3.2 and be the descendants of the Pleistocene in- 3.7 times better than chance comparing habitants of northern Eurasia before the M.A. Serrat1, P.L. Reno1, M.A. favorably with the uncrossvalidated re- expansion of Neolithic populations into McCollum1,2, R.S. Meindl1, C.O. Lovejoy1. sults of earlier models. Siberia and East-Northeast Asia. 1Matthew Ferrini Institute of Human Results for fossil localities suggest that Evolutionary Research, Department of Pikermi included bovids adapted to more New dental and postcranial remains Anthropology, and School of Biomedical densely covered habitat in agreement with of late Eocene Wadilemur elegans Sciences, Kent State University, 2Division alternative lines of evidence. Similarly, (Galagidae, Lorisiformes). of Basic Medical Sciences, Mercer Univer- results confirm a diversity of habitats at sity School of Medicine. Y0311. While sample size is small, the E.R. Seiffert1, E.L. Simons1, T.M. Ryan2. hominoid site of Can Llobateres was po- 1Biological Anthropology & Anatomy, A comprehensive understanding of the tentially more densely covered and less Duke University, and Division of Fossil proximal femur’s complex developmental diverse than Y0311. It appears that di- Primates, Duke Primate Center, history is required to fully understand its verse hominoid habitats reflect taxonomi- 2Anthropology and Center for Quantita- functional morphology and internal struc- cally diverse hominoid taxa. tive Imaging, The Pennsylvania State ture. In humans, the femoral head and This work was supported by NSF grant University. greater trochanter ossify separately from BCS-0112659. a common chondroepiphysis and remain The late Eocene primate Wadilemur so throughout growth. However, the pat- A craniometric view from the Late elegans, from Quarry L-41 (Jebel Qatrani tern of development in other mammalian Pleistocene and Early Holocene of Formation) in northern Egypt, was origi- taxa is largely unknown, and we therefore East Asia: The Zhoukoudian Upper nally described as an anchomomyin adapi- previously examined femoral neck ontog- Cave and Minatogawa. form based on two mandibles preserving eny in a wide range of mammals. We ob- information from p3-m3. Recent work has served two distinct types of ossification: a N. Seguchi. Department of Anthropology, led to the recovery of new material refer- “separate” pattern in which the femoral University of Montana, Missoula. rable to this species, including the first head and greater trochanteric epiphyses record of the upper dentition (P4-M2), a remain discrete throughout development Craniofacial metric data are used to complete hemimandible preserving p2-m2, as in humans, and a “coalesced” pattern in assess the similarity and differences be- and a proximal femur. A phylogenetic which a single osseous epiphysis emerges tween prehistoric and recent world-wide analysis that includes this new material to cover the entire end of the bone much samples, and between these samples and supports stem galagid, and not anchomo- like the proximal humerus. We found a similar representation from the Asian myin adapiform, affinities for Wadilemur. clear morphometric differences between Upper Paleolithic. The data are analyzed Relatively small and mesiodistally com- these two classes of epiphyseal ossifica- by discriminant function analysis, canoni- pressed alveoli for the lower canine and tion. However, our previous analysis was cal variate plots, and posterior probabili- incisors suggest that Wadilemur had a limited to juveniles, and age- and size- ties and typicality probabilities. toothcomb. The p2 is caniniform with a related factors may complicate simple The preliminary study found that; 1) the mesially oriented protoconid, as in extant interpretation of the results. most closely related group among the galagids. The upper molars are similar to To determine whether these patterns reference populations to the Zhoukoudian Saharagalago and Miocene-Recent gala- persist throughout ontogeny, we examined Upper Cave 101 are Mongolian Bronze gids in having deeply notched distal mar- adult femora from diverse mammalian Age Chandman, but not to recent Mon- gins, cuspidate hypocones, small para- species of known ossification type (based gols, Chinese Neolithic, Chinese Bronze, conules, trenchant postprotocristae, and on our previous analysis). We found a or recent Chinese populations; 2) Minato- buccally oriented postmetacristae. P4 has strong relationship between adult femoral gawa 1 shows strong affinity with Jomon a long and buccally oriented postparac- morphology and developmental mode. In and Ainu, as well as Archaic Native rista and a small hypocone, but differs general, species that display “separate” Americans, and it can be suggested that from extant galagids in lacking a meta- ossification have deeper trochanteric Jomon type people had occupied the Ryu- cone. The proximal femur is similar to notches and longer femoral necks com- kyu Islands in Late Upper Paleolithic extant galagids in having a cylindrical pared to species that display “coalesced” times.; 3) Jomon, Ainu, Mongolian Bronze head with flattened posterior and medial ossification. In addition, “separate” spe- AAPA Abstracts 179

cies have more constricted and well- L.L. Shackelford. Dept. of Anthropology, young leaves (74%). Howlers had a small defined femoral necks than do “coalesced” Washington University. home range (5 Ha) and had an average species which have more humerus-like day range of about 600 m. Howler feeding proximal femora. As ossification type Most information about patterns of post- and resting trees showed a clumped spa- varies within Primates, these develop- cranial robusticity in the Upper Paleo- tial distribution (Coefficient of Dispersion mental differences must be considered lithic comes from well-studied regions of greater than 1). Howler travel was very when comparing femoral anatomy and western Europe. Ongoing fossil discover- direct between feeding and resting trees architecture across diverse primate spe- ies and analyses continue to contribute and howlers traveled only 29% more than cies. information about lesser known areas of the straight line distance between these the world. This research makes use of goals on average. Also, howlers rarely The habitat and trophic preferences recently analyzed fossils from Southeast backtracked during travel (78% of turning of Paranthropus, a new theoretical Asia (Tam Hang, Laos), as well as other angles less than 90 degrees from straight model. available data from the Upper Paleolithic line travel) and generally traveled in sin- of Asia, Europe and North Africa. General gle file. Howler travel appeared goal- A.B. Shabel. Museum of Paleontology, measures of robusticity are examined to directed. In addition, howlers reused Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, and De- analyze humeral and femoral strength travel routes frequently and usually used partment of Integrative Biology, Univer- under axial loading (cortical area) and the same pathways when traveling to sity of California, Berkeley. against torsion and bending (polar mo- previously used feeding trees (67% of the ments of area) for Tam Hang. Changes time). Researchers have actively investigated through time are considered, as are differ- Nicaraguan howlers, therefore, appear the ecological preferences of Paranthropus ences between fossils from the broad re- to rely predominantly on topological or for fifty years. Fossils attributed to Paran- gions specified above. Tam Hang is simi- route-based spatial information when thropus have been recovered from Plio- lar to other Late Upper Paleolithic hu- moving from one goal to another. They Pleistocene sites in Ethiopia, Kenya, Tan- mans in having relatively robust humeri. counteract the patchiness of their feeding zania, Malawi and South Africa, indicat- Patterns of humeral asymmetry in Tam and resting sites through goal-directed ing a broad geographic range. The suite of Hang are unusual for late Pleistocene travel and the use of topological spatial unusual morphological features that diag- humans, with two of six individuals show- representations. These results have im- nose this taxon exhibited remarkable sta- ing left-hand dominance. Lower limb portant implications for the selective pres- bility for over one million years, suggest- robusticity in Tam Hang falls within the sures acting on goal-directed travel and ing a stable adaptive regime. Co- range of other Upper Paleolithic individu- spatial representations in humans. occurrence with Homo at several localities als. reinforces the impression that Paranthro- Late Upper Paleolithic humans have Allometric influences on facial form pus occupied a distinct niche. Four major greater humeral axial strength than Early in lesser apes. hypotheses have been advanced to explain Upper Paleolithic humans, though there the ecology of Paranthropus: it has been are no discernable differences in polar B. Shea, E. Leslie. Department of Cell and reconstructed as a strict herbivore living moments of area. There are no significant Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of in relatively closed, mesic conditions (Rob- changes in femoral strength through time. Medicine, Northwestern University, Chi- inson), as a grass-seed eater in open coun- With respect to regional differences, North cago, Illinois. try (Jolly), as a frugivore (Walker), and as Africa differs from all other areas in stan- a generalized omnivore (several recent dardized measures of cortical area in the The lesser apes offer a strong case study researchers). Here a fifth hypothesis is humerus and all measures of femoral for examination of allometric influences, proposed that is shown to be more congru- robusticity. Patterns of robusticity in since they comprise a closely related and ent with all available lines of evidence. Tam Hang are similar to other fossils adaptively similar suite of taxa which The new model states that the most de- from Europe and Asia, which have been differ in body size. This adult size vari- rived members of Paranthropus (P. interpreted as representing biobehavioral ance is almost as great within the cluster aethiopicus/boisei and P. crassidens) in- changes towards decreased mobility. of gibbon species, as it is between the habited wetland environments, and that large siamang and the biggest of the gib- feeding on hard-shelled invertebrate prey Foraging, ranging, and spatial mem- bons. In this study we utilize the exten- constituted the selective force that led to ory in the mantled howler monkey sive published dataset of N. Creel and H. their specialized craniofacial and dental (Alouatta palliata). Preuschoft to test the previously unexam- morphology. This hypothesis is consistent ined hypotheses that (1) facial proportions with anatomy, biomechanics, dental mi- C.A. Shaffer. Department of Anthropol- exhibit significant allometric variation crowear, environmental context, and ogy, Washington University in St. Louis. across gibbons of differing terminal adult community structure. The new model is size; and (2) siamang-gibbon differences in testable through an analysis of microwear Anecdotal evidence for the use of spatial facial proportions follow the trajectory and isotope signatures in fossil and mod- maps is common in the primate literature observed within the gibbon cluster. We ern specimens of Aonyx (Cape clawless but quantitative studies are few. I col- examined 12 measurements mapping otter) and Atilax (marsh mongoose), or- lected 120 hours of data on the foraging upper, middle and lower facial lengths ganisms that occupy niches analogous to and ranging patterns of mantled howler (perpendicular to a vertical line through that hypothesized for Paranthropus. monkeys (Alouatta palliata) on Isla de the external auditory meatus); mean val- Ometepe, Nicaragua to assess what type ues for adult males and females were Biobehavioral adaptations in a Late of spatial information they may use when available for 9 gibbon species plus the Upper Paleolithic Southeast Asian traveling between feeding and resting siamang. The hypothesis of within-gibbon population (Tam Hang, Laos). sites. allometry was supported, since facial di- Howlers spent almost 70% of their day mensions were moderately strongly corre- resting, and concentrated feeding on lated with a global (Sneath) size variable, 180 AAPA Abstracts

and all dimensions exhibited regression 2) demonstrate the feasibility of such Human life history patterns and ener- slopes greater than the isometric predic- methods in recent fieldwork in northern getics often gain perspective with greater tion of 1.0. Our second hypothesis was Kenya, and 3) outline directions for future understanding of comparable attributes in also supported, since the addition of the field research. other apes and nonhuman primates. Field siamang values to the within-gibbon re- research designed to address questions gression slope did not yield a group slope Isotopic analysis of mummified hu- related to ecology, energetics and life his- value significantly outside the original man remains from northwestern Ar- tory trade-offs could benefit greatly by 95% confidence interval for any of our gentina: A dietary reconstruction. methods that allow noninvasive measures variables. The implications of these pre- of physiological states related to energy liminary findings for the role of allometry N. Shelnut1, R.H. Tykot1, A. Gil2. regulation. in patterning morphological craniofacial 1Department of Anthropology, University C-peptide has been used widely in clini- variation within the gibbons, within the of South Florida, 2Museo de Historia cal research as a biomarker of insulin hylobatids as a group, and within the Natural, Argentina. levels in humans. C-peptide is the “con- entire hominoid radiation will be dis- necting” chain of amino acids present in cussed. Isotopic analysis was performed on sam- proinsulin, which is subsequently cleaved ples of mummified human remains, rang- and excreted as a metabolite in urine. In Immunity and micronutrient status: ing in age from 4000-500 BP, from several recent years, urinary C-peptide has been New directions for field research. sites in the Mendoza and San Juan prov- applied to anthropological field studies of inces of northwestern Argentina. The human energetics and reproduction. Uri- B. Shell-Duncan, Dept. of Anthropology, analysis of stable carbon and nitrogen nary C-peptide has also been used as a University of Washington. isotopes is integral to the understanding reliable indicator of endogenous insulin of prehistoric subsistence patterns, and secretion in laboratory studies of diet- Nutrition is a critical factor modulating provides complementary quantitative data restricted rhesus macaques. immune homeostasis and thereby the to zooarchaeological and paleobotanical We set out to validate a protocol for outcome of host-microbe interactions. In evidence. This technique reveals the pro- measurement of urinary C-peptide in community-based studies of nutrition and portions of C3 and C4 plants and the con- chimpanzees for use in field research. We immunity, much attention has been de- tribution of aquatic resources to otherwise report the results of our laboratory proce- voted to assessing the immunosuppressive terrestrial diets, as well as variations in dures, including modification of a C- effects of protein-energy malnutrition. trophic level of the foods consumed. peptide radioimmunoassay kit developed This focus has been directed in part by Bone collagen, bone apatite, tooth for humans and measurement of C- methodological considerations regarding enamel, nail, flesh and hair samples were peptide in matched serum and urine sam- the availability of “field-friendly” methods used to evaluate the relative importance ples from captive chimpanzees. In addi- of assessing nutrition. It is recognized, of dietary contributions of flora and fauna, tion, we present preliminary data on uri- however, that in populations with limited particularly maize and fish, in the subsis- nary C-peptide values in wild chimpan- dietary diversity, protein and energy in- tence of the region’s human population, as zees from Kanyawara, Kibale National takes may be adequate, while micronutri- well as seasonal variation. The results Forest in Uganda. ent deficiencies arise. Furthermore, it is obtained are compared with chronological We conclude that measurement of uri- evident that several micronutrients influ- and isotopic information available for nary C-peptide can provide a valuable ence immunocompetence, and affect infec- other sites in this part of South America. method for assessing energetic condition tion-related morbidity and mortality. The analyses of bone collagen and apatite in chimpanzees and possibly other non- Deficiencies of iron and vitamin A are of portray the average diet over the last human primates. We highlight the poten- particular concern because they are several years of life, while those of tooth tial uses for comparative studies of ener- widely prevalent in developing countries. enamel reflect diet during the age of getics and reproduction in particular. Severe deficiencies of iron and vitamin A crown formation. This combination of have been shown to alter specific immune analyses is useful for contrasting the ju- Haplotype resources in dbSNP: mechanisms, particularly cell-mediated venile and adult diets of individuals, but NCBI’s database of genetic variation. immunity. Additionally, both micronu- conclusions are limited to the representa- trients modulate the innate immune sys- tion of average diets. In contrast, the iso- S.T. Sherry. National Center for Biotech- tem, vitamin A through its effect on topic analyses of small segments of hair nology Information (NCBI), National Li- epithelial integrity, and iron by becoming reveal seasonal, even monthly, dietary brary of Medicine. sequestered and unavailable for microbial variations. In combination, the analyses of replication. Restricted iron availability multiple tissues allow the reconstruction NCBI's dbSNP database of genome se- also is an important regulatory signal of a dietary life history for these well- quence variation offers data for population controlling the expression of toxins and preserved individuals from the edge of the structure and haplotype analysis, associa- other virulence determinants in patho- Inca world. tion studies, and functional analysis. The genic bacteria. Still, the role of vitamin A, database serves the community in dual iron and iron-binding proteins in the im- Measurement of urinary C-peptide in roles; both as an author-driven archive mune system is complex and far from chimpanzees offers a noninvasive and curated resource for whole genome completely understood. tool for comparative studies of ener- annotation. The complete contents of Field studies of iron and vitamin A getics. dbSNP are available freely to the public. status are becoming increasingly feasible dbSNP currently contains submissions due to the development of simplified, D. Sherry1, B. Campbell2, R. W. for 11.45 million sequence variations ob- minimally-invasive methods. This dis- Wrangham1, P. T. Ellison1. 1Dept. of An- served in 19 species. Organized by class of cussion will 1) highlight select field- thropology, Harvard University, 2Dept. of sequence variation the database contains: friendly methods for assessing micronu- Anthropology, Boston University. 11.1M single nucleotide polymorphisms trient nutrition and immunocompetence, SNPs; 331K deletion/insertion polymor- AAPA Abstracts 181

phisms (DIPs), 331 polymorphic retro- umes were determined to be between 1205 M.D. Shriver. Department of Anthropol- posons and 5K short tandem repeats (#6) and 1255 (#3) ml. These newer vol- ogy, Penn State University. (STRs). The high levels of redundant umes suggest that they were females, and submissions require active curation and when added to the total Neandertal sam- The completion of the human genome clustering by the dbSNP staff. Identical, ple, reduces the average endocranial vol- sequence and recent technological ad- independent submissions are currently ume to a value very similar to modern vances have provided the opportunity to grouped into 7.04M RefSNP clusters. Homo. Could it be that Neandertals did perform genomic-level studies of human These clusters provide a stable identifier not have a larger cranial capacity than variation. There is substantial potential space, with accessions provided by dbSNP anatomically modern Homo? for such “population genomic” approaches anchoring the higher dimensional data of to assist efforts to uncover the historical linkage structure, haplotype diversity and Detecting relationships in the Great and demographic histories of human ethnic differentiation to the reagents and Lakes region using ancient mtDNA. populations. Additionally, these genome- final deliverables of the genome project. wide datasets allow for investigations of dbSNP currently catalogs extensive varia- B.A. Shook. Dept. of Anthropology, Uni- variability among genomic regions. Al- tion in humans and other model organism versity of California Davis. though all genes in a population may have genomes: mosquito, mouse, chimpanzee, experienced the same demographic and rat. These resources can provide Linguistic studies suggest an extensive events, they have not been affected by tremendous utility in theoretical, experi- expansion of the Algonquian language these events in precisely the same way. mental and clinical contexts. family across the Great Lakes regions Much of the variability among genomic NIH is supporting this potential through throughout the Late Archaic and Wood- regions is simply the result of genetic a substantial investment in reference land periods (approximately 3000bp to drift, but some is also the result of genetic reagents such as clone repositories of contact). Seemingly in contrast, archaeo- adaptation, which will only affect the gene mammalian genes and immortalized cell logical studies indicate the Great Lakes under selection and nearby regions. We (a lines developed from large samples of region experienced significant cultural consortium of over 20 investigators) have contemporary world populations. When diversification, extinctions, and/or re- performed one such study using a new complementary reagents are unified by placements during this time, confusing DNA typing assay developed by Affy- genotypes and systematic measures of the relationship among prehistoric popu- metrix, Inc (Santa Clara, CA). 203 indi- linkage disequilibrium across the genome, lations and the ancestry of modern Algon- viduals from a selection of 12 geographi- a framework is established that connects quian speakers. In this study, mtDNA was cally diverse populations (including the theoretical, experimental and clinical extracted and analyzed from 52 individu- Nasioi from Bougainville) were assayed research programs. Stable reference ge- als from five prehistoric populations, pro- using this new method, which facilitates nome sequence is an organizing template viding a useful tool in estimating the like- typing 11,555 SNPs after a single whole- for many annotation efforts. Polymor- lihood of biological relationships and as- genome amplification PCR reaction. We phism annotation currently includes pects of demographic history in this re- have investigated the evolutionary histo- large-scale polymorphism detection region. ries of these individuals and the popula- sults; functional variants in coding re- Previous ancient mtDNA analysis of the tions they represent using neighbor- gions; individual genotypes in out-bred Norris Farms Oneota population (600bp, joining trees, principle coordinates analy- populations and strain-specific haplotypes Stone and Stoneking 1998) displays a sis, ancestral allele frequency and linkage in model organisms. Population measures haplogroup distribution common to con- disequilibrium analysis. For each of these like genotype and allele frequencies are temporary Native Americans across the analyses we have examined not only the now being supplemented with local cover- Northeast, showing that biological conti- average parameter estimate for the popu- age-corrected measures of sequence diver- nuity extended at least as far back as lation, but also the degree to which there sity. dbSNP is structured to integrate proto-historic times (Malhi et al. 2001). is variability about this average that these basic properties of variation and MtDNA haplogroup and control region might in some way reflect locus-specific serve them to the research community sequence analysis of ancient human re- random and directional effects. Our find- through database queries, annotation, mains from the Morse site (Red Ocher, ings will be discussed with particular distribution of content and network inter- 3000bp, n=12) and the Orendorf site (Mis- emphasis on Island Melanesia. faces. sissippian, 1000bp, n=16), all from the same county as Norris Farms, however, Validating subjective signals of ovu- Two new Neandertal brain endocast indicate biological continuity does not date lation. reconstructions from Krapina. that far back. Similarly in Southern On- tario, mtDNA haplogroup and haplotype L.L. Sievert, C. DuBois. Department of C.C. Sherwood1, R.L. Holloway2, D.C. analysis of individuals from the Great Anthropology, University of Massachu- Broadfield3. 1Kent State University, De- Western Park site (Great Western Basin setts, Amherst. partment of Anthropology and School of tradition, 800bp, n=6) indicate genetic Biomedical Sciences; 2Columbia Univer- continuity existed across the Great Lakes About 50% of women think they know sity, Department of Anthropology; until at least 800bpo, but earlier Glacial when they ovulate. Are they correct in 3Florida Atlantic University, Departments Kame populations (3000bp, n=18) are this belief? In an ongoing study of the of Anthropology and Biomedical Sciences. genetically distinct. This paper will use perceived signals of ovulation, 38 women further compare these populations and aged 20.9 to 44.0 (mean 30.4 years) have The Krapina fragments, “C” and “E” discuss potential explanations for the been recruited to provide urine samples (now 3 and 6 respectively) have not previ- genetic diversity seen before 1000bp. across three menstrual cycles. Criteria for ously been endocast. Both have enough recruitment include ages 18 to 45 years, cranial material on one side to allow fairly Charting genomic variability for regular menstrual cycles, not using hor- reliable reconstruction of hemi-endocasts clues on population history and ge- monal contraception, and perceived ovula- that provide accurate volumes. The vol- netic adaptation. tion. Subjective signals of ovulation vary 182 AAPA Abstracts

between women and between cycles, but Micromomyidae as one of the most primi- dominated along the watercourses and include ovulatory pain, vaginal discharge, tive families of primates known, with only springs that graded into grassy- and changes in libido or mood. In order to purgatoriids (unknown from the cranium) woodlands. Faunal composition and sta- test if women are correct, they are asked occupying a more basal position. This ble isotopic composition of their enamel to collect and refrigerate urine samples new micromomyid skull is therefore the show a dietary emphasis on grazing. from day 5 through day 20. When ovula- most primitive primate cranium currently Ardipithecus ramidus at Asa Duma com- tion is perceived, participants cease to known. Micromomyids are among the monly associated with these fauna in a collect urine and contact investigators. smallest primates (30-40 grams) and the woodland and grassy-woodland environ- The samples collected within 48 hours of ear ossicles preserved are each about 1.2 ment. the perceived signal are then tested for a mm long in the longest dimension. Analy- This research funded by Leakey Founda- pre-ovulatory LH surge. Women have ses of these bones allows for new insights tion, NSF, Wenner-Gren Foundation, & participated in the study from one to six into the auditory environment experi- National Geographic Society. cycles and, to date, 42 cycles have been enced by the most primitive primates. tested. Urine is tested only when women Research supported by NSF grants BCS- A comparison of craniofacial sexual perceive ovulation to have occurred. Of 0003920 and BCS-0129601 to A. Walker dimorphism in Papio ursinus and P. the 42 cycles, 10 were positive for a pre- and G. Gunnell, respectively. cynocephalus. ovulatory LH surge (23%). In this presentation, concordance between perceived Early Pliocene hominids and their R. Sithaldeen, R.R. Ackermann. Dept. of and measured ovulation will be examined environments from Gona, Ethiopia. Archaeology, University of Cape Town, in relation to method of detection (i.e., South Africa. subjective signal), age, education level, S.W. Simpson1, J. Quade2, N. Levin3, P BMI, sexual activity, reproductive history, Renne4, R.F. Butler2, W.C. Macintosh5, S. Our interpretation of variation in the minutes of exercise per day, daily self- Semaw6. 1Anatomy, Case Western Reserve fossil record is highly dependant upon our reported levels of stress, smoking habits, University-School of Medicine, Cleveland, understanding of variation within and caffeine intake, and symptoms of PMS. OH; 2Geosciences, University of Arizona, between living species. A large proportion This work was supported by the Wenner- Tucson, AZ; 3Geology, University of Utah, of intraspecific variation in primates is Gren Foundation for Anthropological Re- Salt Lake City, UT; 4Berkeley Geochro- attributable to sexual dimorphism, and a search. nology Center, Berkeley, CA; 5Earth and number of studies have evaluated such Environmental Science, New Mexico In- dimorphism, especially in body and canine Reconstruction of ear ossicles from stitute of Mining and Technology, Socorro, size. Relatively few have compared pat- the most primitive primate cranium N.M.; 6CRAFT, Indiana University, terns of craniofacial dimorphism across known using ultra high resolution Bloomington, IN. closely related but geographically distinct computed tomography. species. Four field seasons of fieldwork in the Here we use Euclidean Distance Matrix M.T. Silcox1, J.I. Bloch2. 1Anthropology Early Pliocene deposits at Asa Duma Analysis to compare patterns of sexual Department, University of Winnipeg, within the Gona Paleoanthropological dimorphism between two species of ba- 2Museum of Geology and Department of Research Project Area, Ethiopia have boons. 3-D coordinate data were collected Geology and Geological Engineering, resulted in the recovery of numerous from eighteen landmarks on the face and South Dakota School of Mines and Tech- fauna, including hominids. Radiometric cranial vault of chacma baboons (Papio nology. and paleomagnetic data indicate an age ursinus; N=22) from the Western Cape, between 4.32 and 4.51 mya. Remains South Africa, and compared to existing The anatomy of the ear ossicles influ- from at least eight individual hominids data from Kenyan yellow baboons (P. cy- ence the range of sounds that an animal have been discovered. The hominid dental nocephalus; N=16). Shape and form differ- can hear, and comparison of the relative anatomy (molar and canine crown size ence analyses were performed between proportions of these bones can provide a and shape, premolar root morphology, sexes and species. PCOORD analyses guide to the habitual frequencies per- enamel thickness) indicate attribution to allowed visualization of differences in ceived and the range of sounds that can be Ardipithecus ramidus. facial shape. discriminated. Fossil ear ossicles are Faunal composition is rich and diverse. For both species, measurements of the rarely recovered, however, both because of Analyses of the stable carbon isotopes neurocranium and orbits are less sexually their small size, and because of their ten- from the soil carbonates and dental dimorphic than those of the nasal and oral dency to fall out before fossilization. Even enamel of the major macrofauna (except regions. However, yellow baboons show if ossicles remain in the middle ear cavity, primates) were undertaken. The soils relatively more overall dimorphism, de- it may be impossible or impractical to have d13C values between –12.0‰ and – spite their smaller body size. Patterns of remove them for study. Ultra high- 3.9‰ (mean = 7.7‰) indicating that the dimorphism differ considerably: yellow resolution X-ray computed tomography carbonates formed in a woodland or baboons are more dimorphic in posterior (uhrCT) offers a method for non-invasive grassy-woodland setting. The majority of palate height and overall facial width, and study of ear ossicles while they are still in the fauna had a significant fraction of C4 chacma baboons in the nasal and oral place. Ear ossicles have been successfully (warm temperature) grasses (d13C >-6.0‰) regions. These results suggest that: (1) reconstructed from uhrCT data in a com- in their diets with only most tragelaphine differences in dimorphism patterns are parison sample of modern primates, ro- bovids and a deinothere indicating a sig- not driven solely by body size dimorphism, dents, and marsupials using a new tech- nificantly browsing diet. Mesowear on the but may be linked to evolutionary history, nique. The malleus and incus have also bovid maxillary teeth reflects this pre- geographic distribution and/or ecological been successfully reconstructed from the dominance of a grazing diet. adaptation; (2) patterns of dimorphism late Paleocene (Clarkforkian) skull of a The Early Pliocene environment at Asa are not necessarily shared by closely re- micromomyid plesiadapiform primate. Duma included lakes, swamps, springs, lated species, confounding interpretation Recent phylogenetic hypotheses place the and low energy streams. Woodlands pre- of variation in the fossil record. AAPA Abstracts 183

An evaluation of the coefficient of for landmark location data. The geometry that leaves markers on the skeleton is variation and average taxonomic dis- of these coordinates is tuned to one spe- chronic, and that to have survived long tance to detect multiple taxa in ex- cific model of the error variance of the raw enough to produce bony response to distant hominoid samples. data: a model of identical variability of ease is ironically a marker of compara- each Cartesian coordinate, independently, tively good health. M. Skinner1,2, B. Richmond2, N. in the space of the digitizing machine. This study uses a unique archaeological Silverman3, B. Wood2. 1Hominid Paleobi- When studies are of multiple specimens, sample from Hasanlu (N=335), comprised ology Doctoral Program, 2Center For The and digitizing is by multiple operators, of two distinct components: a conven- Advanced Study Of Hominid Paleobiology, questions arise concerning the realism of tional cemetery with individual burials, Department of Anthropology, George such summaries. and a destruction layer, resulting from the Washington University, 31010 NE Maple While the full covariance of these devia- sacking of the city by foreign invaders ca. St., Pullman, Washington. tions is complicated to visualize, a simpler 800 B.C.E. The destruction layer repre- summary, via the trace of the covariance sents a cross-sectional sample, containing Hominin taxonomy benefits from ana- matrix, is amenable to analysis. We se- individuals who died for reasons unre- lytical techniques that quantify intras- lected eleven skulls from the collection of lated to their health, and thus provides a pecific variation in fossil samples and Naturhistorisches Museum Wien. From control group to which the cemetery sam- provide objective data from which the 35 initial point landmarks, 27 could al- ple may be compared for incidence of both likely presence of more than one paleospe- ways be located over a total of 32 separate biases. This study did not find any com- cies could be assessed. Average taxonomic digitizing-redigitizing sessions by one of pelling evidence that either the osteologi- distance (ATD) and the coefficient of five operators. cal paradox or selective mortality bias is variation (CV) are used to assess intras- While it is a commonplace that land- as important in the reconstruction of past pecific variation within fossil samples, yet marks vary in variability—triple sutural peoples from their skeletal remains as is they have not been adequately tested on points are best, extremal points like op- the circumstantial bias surrounding their extant hominoid samples. In fossil sam- isthocranion worst—it came as a surprise excavation. ples that contain two taxa, each taxon will that often interoperator effects and inter- not necessarily be represented equally. specimen effects on the trace are both Apical tuft morphology in subfossil This study evaluates the performance of substantial. Such heteroscedasticity (vari- lemurs and living primates: function ATDs and CVs of size and shape measures ability of variance) causes the multivari- and phylogenetic inertia. of the mandibular corpus to: a) measure ate analysis of the ensuing Procrustes intrataxon variation, b) detect the pres- shape coordinates to lose power no matter H.F. Smith1, W. Jungers2, E. Simons3, P. ence of two, closely related taxa in a sam- how noise covariance is modeled. Lemelin4. 1Dept. of Anthropology, Arizona ple with 50%, 25%, 10%, 5%, and 1% rep- To resolve these difficulties, the field State University, 2Dept. of Anatomical resentation of one taxon relative to an- should consider new landmark definitions Sciences, Stony Brook University, 3Dept. other, and c) perform each of these tasks that clarify the geometric verifications of Biological Anthropology and Anatomy, with sample sizes similar to those found assigned to the digitizer wherever local Duke University, 4Division of Anatomy, in the hypodigms of hominin taxa. The anatomy or its variation is sufficiently University of Alberta. study sample includes 50 individuals each complicated. We might also consider re- of Gorilla gorilla, Pan troglodytes and Pan placement of punctate landmarks by semi- Various giant extinct (subfossil) lemurs paniscus. landmarks in regions where tenable point from Madagascar, such as the palaeopro- Results indicate that when samples definitions that acknowledge the variety pithecines and Megaladapis, have been consist of two species the CV of mandible of human/primate morphology prove reconstructed as arboreal and antiprono- size and the mean and maximum ATDs tricky to construct. grade. Archaeolemur, in contrast, was a returned by exact randomization are sub- pronograde, terrestrial quadruped. Re- stantially elevated for samples with taxa An empirical test of mortality bias in cent findings permit us to examine one mixed at 50%, 25%, 10%, 5% and 1% com- the skeletal series from Hasanlu. aspect of the digital morphology of subfos- pared to those values for any single spe- sil lemurs for the first time- morphology of cies. Identification of two species within a D. Smay. Anthropology Department, the distal phalanx. This study focuses on single sample using shape variables Emory University. the size and shape of the apical tuft of the proved difficult at any level of mixing distal phalanges to elucidate the morpho- between P. troglodytes and P. paniscus Since the controversial article by Wood logical affinities of the hands and feet of but possible between G. gorilla and P. and colleagues regarding the "Osteological subfossil lemurs Archaeolemur, Baba- troglodytes at the 50%, 25% mixing level. Paradox" was published in 1992, the ques- kotia, Megaladapis, and Palaeopropith- (MS is supported by the George Washing- tion of whether skeletal samples from ecus. ton University Presidential Fellowship, cemeteries are truly representative of the Two indices of relative size were used: BW is supported by the Henry R. Luce demography and health of the groups that robusticity (maximum mediolateral tuft Foundation) created them has been a central question width divided length of phalanx) and ex- for paleodemography. Two major catego- pansion (tuft width divided by basal width Modeling the precision of landmark ries of bias were presented in that work: of phalanx). A sample of extant primates location data. selective mortality bias, and the "oste- was measured similarly in order to evalu- ological paradox". In the former, the pos- ate morphological affinities of the subfos- D.E. Slice, C. Unteregger, K. Schaefer, sibility that individuals who enter the sil lemur taxa. Differences among and F.L. Bookstein. Institute of Anthropology, cemetery sample at young ages are more between taxa were tested using one-way University of Vienna, Austria. frail than members of their generation ANOVA and Tukey post hoc multiple who survive to older ages is considered. comparison statistics. The toolkit of geometric morphometrics The osteological paradox, on the other Subfossil lemur apical tufts were signifi- centers on Procrustes shape coordinates hand, considers the fact that most stress cantly larger than those of living suspen- 184 AAPA Abstracts

sory primates. Subfossils were most simi- thropology, University of Durham, UK. primates are often viable, and show in- lar to extant prosimians, especially lemurs 2School of Arts, Design, Media and Cul- creased frequencies and rates of germina- and tarsiers, regardless of locomotor cate- ture, University of Sunderland, UK, tion when compared to non-ingested gory, and to a lesser extent cercopitheci- 3School of Humanities, University of seeds. The degree to which this pattern nes and humans. This implies that giant Northumbria, UK. varies among seeds of different plant spe- extinct lemurs may have sported ex- cies or with different primate dispersers is panded, fleshy pads on their fingers and This paper explores the population unclear. toes—as do their living strepsirhine coun- structure of Irish communities in northern I compare germination frequency and terparts. Despite having long and highly England by means of isonymy and migra- germination rates of seeds of Castilla curved proximal phalanges, the distal tion history. Our hypothesis is that elastica defecated by white-faced capu- phalanges of sloth lemurs show little mor- whereas the English-born populations will chins and mantled howlers with seeds phological affinities with those of suspen- be expected to show isonymic relation- obtained directly from the fruit. C. elastica sory anthropoids. Phylogenetic inertia ships reflecting geographical distance is an important plant species consumed by appears to be stronger than the functional (mediated through isolation by distance), howlers and capuchins during the wet signal in this clade. [Supported by NSF the Irish-born, as recent migrants, will season. Fecal samples from capuchins (N BCS-0129185 & SBR-963350] not. = 36) and howlers (N = 76) were collected Using a sample of 33,625 Irish-born from May – July 2003 at Estacion Patterns of mitochondrial variation heads of households and lodgers resident Biologica La Suerte in northeastern Costa in Melanesia and implications for the in the counties of Cumberland, County Rica. Seeds of C. elastica found in feces settling of the Pacific: Haplogroup 8. Durham and Northumberland, and 29,630 (capuchins, N=73; howlers, N = 184) and English born controls sampled from the seeds obtained directly from the fruit (N = L. Smith1, K. Grennan2, J. Friedlaender3, 1881 census of England, random isonymy 188) were placed in petri dishes with D.A. Merriwether2. 1Dept. Anthropology, was calculated among Irish-born and Eng- moist filter paper and checked daily for University of Michigan, 2Dept. Anthropol- lish-born populations. Contrary to the germination. ogy, Binghamton University, 3Dept. An- hypothesis, both showed marked geo- Nearly all control seeds (99.5%) and thropology, Temple University. graphical heterogeneity, notably a distinc- seeds passed by capuchins (97.3%) germi- tion between the populations of Cumber- nated, whereas seeds passed by howlers The Bismark Archipelago has been iden- land and those of Northumberland and had lower germination frequencies (82.5%, tified by archaeologists as the homeland of Durham. chi square = 32.9, df = 1, p < 0.001). Seeds the Lapita people, the first settlers of The pattern of isonymic relationships passed by capuchins had similar average outer Oceania, yet little genetic research among the English-born can be inter- latency periods (3.7 days) to control seeds has been undertaken in these islands to preted in terms of isolation by distance (3.5 days), whereas seeds passed by howl- test hypotheses of migration to Polynesia. and the topography of landscape, although ers had slightly longer average latency We have analyzed a total of over 1000 labour migration associated with indus- periods (4.4 days). These results suggest samples from Austronesian and non- trialisation has blurred local associations seeds of C. elastica are affected differently Austronesian speaking populations of between isonymy and geography. The during gut passage through mantled New Britain and New Ireland sequenced heterogeneity of Irish populations needs a howlers and white-faced capuchins. Addi- for over 1000 base pairs of HVS 1 and 2, different explanation, based on the limited tional relationships concerning primate and we are currently sequencing addi- birthplace information available for the frugivory, seed dispersal, gut passage tional samples from Papua New Guinea, Irish in the 1881 census, and conventional rates, and forest regeneration are dis- Ontong Java, and Bougainville as well as historical evidence. Irish settlement in cussed. from Remote Oceania. A transition at northern England was determined by position 16468 of the Anderson, et al. se- various factors, including migration A new method for measuring soft quence was identified which is common in streams within Ireland and England and tissue thicknesses of the face using New Britain populations and found in the sea-routes between them. Settlement ultrasound. outer Oceania but is absent from all the patterns were neither arbitrary nor indi- New Guinea samples (as well as from vidualistic, with family- and locality-based S.L. Smith1, G.S. Throckmorton2, P.H. Southeast Asia sequences found in Gen- “chain migration” providing a major con- Buschang3. 1Dept. of Sociology and An- Bank). This is a key defining mutation of duit. There was also a sectarian element thropology, University of Texas at Arling- a previously undescribed mitochondrial to the economy and geography of settle- ton, 2Dept. of Cell Biology, University of haplotype we have named Group VIII. Its ment, with skilled Protestant workers Texas Southwestern Medical Center, pattern of diversity and distribution indi- employed in shipbuilding, whilst Catholics 3Dept. of Orthodontics, Baylor College of cate a very old age for the haplogroup, were more likely to work as general la- Dentistry, Texas A&M University System with the Bismarcks as its source of origin. bourers in heavy industry. Health Science Center. This restricted haplogroup may shed some light on the age and distribution of the A preliminary study of seed dispersal A reliable baseline for soft tissue facial first peoples of Island Melanesia, and by white-faced capuchins (Cebus thicknesses is needed for forensic recon- possibly give insight into the origins of the capucinus) and mantled howlers struction and for assessing surgical Lapita people. (Alouatta palliata) in Costa Rica. changes. Cadaver measurements are limited and affected by postmortem Population structure of Irish mi- S.J. Smith. Department of Anthropology, changes. Ultrasound has been used on grants to northern England in the University of Illinois. living subjects for measurement at dis- late nineteenth century. crete landmarks. Our method extends Primates are reported to play an impor- this research by allowing the scanning of M. Smith1, A. Hepburn2, D. Jackson3, D. tant role as seed dispersers in tropical continuous contours without deforming MacRaild3, J. McPherson2.1Dept. of An- forests. Seeds ingested and defecated by surface tissues. AAPA Abstracts 185

Software (Echotech; GE Medical Sys- olfactory structure size relative to body positions. The range of intra-specific tems) is available that can create 3D re- mass conflicted with interpretations based variation in RET is related to variation in constructions of scanned objects, but the on total receptor neuron population. Our crown height and breadth. Finally, results potential of such software has not been observations also revealed that receptor for Pan and Pongo M1s are compared to realized for anthropological research be- density in the olfactory epithelium varies revised values for Gorilla, which shows cause standard probes do not conform to among primates and insectivores, with no significantly thinner enamel than Pan or facial contours and moving probes over clear relationship to body size. These ob- Pongo. facial tissues causes tissue distortion. servations suggest that scaling may need- Our purpose is to report the development lessly distort data when low and interme- Body composition and proportions in of a new technique utilizing a water bath diate taxonomic level comparisons are gibbons (Hylobates) and siamangs in which subjects briefly submerge the made. If neuronal numbers are assumed (Symphalangus): A preliminary re- face; the probe is applied to the water to be the most appropriate quantifier of port. container rather than the face. The op- chemosensory acuity, then measurements erator follows the facial contours by view- of absolute size may be compared, pro- M. Sousa, A. Zihlman. Dept. of Anthropol- ing the subject’s face in a mirror placed vided that cell density is similar in the ogy, University of California at Santa beneath the clear container. Anatomical species under study. It appears appropri- Cruz. landmarks can be located precisely by ate to reevaluate the categorization of placing reflective markers at desired haplorhines as “microsmats”, as well as Gibbons and siamangs are small-bodied points. Skin, subcutaneous fat, and mus- the morphological concept of microsmia apes that inhabit the rainforest canopy of cle thickness can be measured separately. itself. Southeast Asia and are well known for Repeat measurements of several land- their locomotor skills. When these closely marks on seven adult subjects indicate Relative enamel thickness in a large related genera are sympatric, behavioral good reliability, ranging from average sample of Pan and Pongo molars. distinctions in foraging, feeding, and lo- differences of 0.73 mm for the upper lip comotion become apparent. For example, (A-point tissue thickness average, 12.7 T.M. Smith1, S. Benes2, L.B. Martin3. gibbons move more quickly and have lar- mm) to 1.47 mm for nose projection (pro- 1Interdepartmental Doctoral Program in ger day ranges. Our study explores the jection length average, 26.5-26.6 mm). Anthropological Sciences, Stony Brook anatomical similarities and differences in Ultrasound is relatively inexpensive and University, 2Undergraduate Programs in body composition, body proportions, and is applicable to large numbers of living Anthropology and Biology, Stony Brook muscle groups. Whole body dissections individuals. Extension of this method of University, 3Departments of Anthropology were carried out on five females repre- measuring facial tissue thicknesses to 3D and of Anatomical Sciences, Stony Brook senting both genera. Major components continuous contours is now possible. University. (muscle, bone, skin) were separated and weighed to determine their distribution Is there a valid morphological basis Enamel thickness has played a substan- through the segments of the body (head, for primate macrosomia or micro- tial role in discussions of hominid origins trunk, forelimbs, hindlimbs). Individual somia? for several decades, despite the fact that muscles were also weighed and compared. little has been known about its variation Although gibbons are lighter in body mass T.D. Smith1, K.P. Bhatnagar2. 1 School of until recently. Martin (1983) devised a than siamangs, the two genera are similar Physical Therapy, Slippery Rock Univer- measure of relative enamel thickness in overall body composition (average 35% sity, 2Department of Anatomical Sciences (RET) that permits comparisons among muscle, 19% bone, 12% skin). The two and Neurobiology, University of Louis- primates, and found that RET shows high genera differ, however, in body propor- ville. variability within species and within the tions and distribution of mass to the The terms “macrosmatic” and “micros- molar row, with enamel thickness gener- limbs. When taken as a percent of total matic” were first used to contrast levels of ally increasing posteriorly. However, no body mass, gibbon forelimbs are lighter olfactory function among animals such as study has been able to show this for non- than hindlimbs (17.1% vs. 19.5% respec- dogs and humans (Turner, 1891). Later human primate permanent molars with tively). In contrast, siamang forelimbs are quantitative studies on olfactory struc- statistical significance, nor has intra- heavier than hindlimbs (19.5% vs. 17.7%). tures in primates concluded that the olfac- specific variation been accounted for. In The two genera differ significantly in the tory sense is more reduced in haplorhines this study, RET is quantified for sections distribution of mass within limb segments than strepsirhines, and in diurnal pri- through mesial and/or distal cusps in 34 (e.g. thigh, leg, foot) and the proportions of mates compared to nocturnal primates. molars from 26 chimpanzees and 51 mo- functional muscle groups. For example, in Because authors have varied in their ap- lars from ten orang utans, and analyzed gibbons the knee extensors are almost proach to comparing olfactory structures using unpaired and paired t-tests. Pan three times heavier than flexors, while in (e.g., absolute versus proportional meas- shows a general, although non-significant, siamangs they are less than two times as urements), we explored the importance of trend of increase in mesial RET from M1 heavy. The ranges of these measures do allometry to the concept of microsmia to M3, while the larger sample of Pongo not overlap. This study increases our un- using data on olfactory structures in pri- shows a significant increase (p<0.01). derstanding of the intricate locomotor and mates and insectivores. Mesial sections are significantly thinner behavioral adaptations of gibbons and Existing data on insectivores revealed than corresponding distal sections in both siamangs. that measurements of the olfactory epithe- taxa (p<0.05). These differences in RET lium are weakly correlated with total are due to increases in enamel and de- Quantitative trait linkage mapping brain volume or body mass, whereas there creases in dentine posteriorly both within studies in the Schmiedeleut Hutter- is a strong correlation of olfactory bulb the tooth and the molar row. These trends ites of South Dakota. volume with total brain volume or body are related to decreasing distal cusp area mass. Furthermore, at lower taxonomic in posterior molars, and implies that RET B.L. Specker1, M.C. Mahaney2, T.L. levels, interpretations based indices of values should not be lumped for molar Binkley1, L.M. Havill2. 1South Dakota 186 AAPA Abstracts

State University, 2Southwest Foundation study investigated the function of the in Plio-Pleistocene hominid diets. We also for Biomedical Research. white-bellied spider monkey (Ateles belze- present high-resolution strontium isotope buth belzebuth) long call in Yasun’ Na- data in an attempt to discern australo- Genetically isolated (endogamous) popu- tional Park, Ecuador. Both male and pithecine mobility patterns. lations are expected to share a greater female spider monkeys produce long calls proportion of "background" genes for com- that are audible over distances of at least GPS collars for monkeys: The state of plex traits and have fewer major locus 1 km. These calls are thought to be used technology. mutations relative to the general, non- to regulate individual spacing and asso- endogamous population. Combined with ciation patterns or to advertise the loca- D.S. Sprague1, N. Iwasaki1, Y. Ta- large mean sibship sizes, communal life- tion of food resources; they may also play kenoshita2. 1Nat. Inst. Agro- styles, and extensive genealogical infor- a role in mate attraction and selection. Environmental Sciences, Tsukuba, 2Kyoto mation, these factors make endogamous These different functions are not necessar- University. groups like the Hutterites of North Amer- ily mutually exclusive, and it is possible ica ideal populations in which to detect, that long calls function in multiple con- GPS collars hold out the promise of characterize, and localize genes influenc- texts. In support of this possibility, spider dramatically increasing the efficiency and ing variation in complex traits or suscep- monkeys seem to produce acoustically accuracy of wildlife telemetry. GPS collars tibility to common complex diseases. We different variants of the long call and to are already used routinely by wildlife have begun collaborative epidemiological produce long calls in several different ecologists on large mammals and birds. and statistical genetics research focused contexts. If these calls do function in mul- However, few GPS collars are commer- on age-related changes in bone among the tiple contexts, calling behavior or the cially available now that are small enough Schmiedeleut Hutterites of South Dakota. acoustic structure of the calls themselves for routine use on small to mid-size The ultimate goals of this collaboration should vary according to context, in order mammals, including most primates. This are to identify genes influencing these to clarify the ‘meaning’ of the signal and paper reviews the state of technology of changes, as well as variation in skeletal provide receivers with accurate informa- GPS collars for smaller animals, and the responses to endocrine, nutritional, and tion. Current field research is investigat- performance of GPS collars tested on physical activity variables. ing if different acoustic forms of long calls Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata). Compared to rural non-Hutterites, ini- vary according to the context in which The technological features of a GPS tial epidemiological analyses of DEXA, they are emitted. Contexts under consid- collar are constrained by the weight and pQCT, and ultrasound data disclosed sig- eration include whether individuals are in capacity of the battery. To maximize elec- nificantly greater bone mineral content, or near a food source, are moving, or are trical efficiency in small GPS collars, en- density, and quality in the hip, spine, and found in a particular social setting (spe- gineers choose among the many desirable forearm, among the Schmiedeleut. Our cifically, according to the number, sex and features, such as high positioning fre- statistical genetic analyses of data from dominance rank of others present). quency and quality, collar drop-off device, over 700 Schmiedeleut predominantly radio data down-load, and computing ca- from a single, inbred pedigree, returned Seasonality and australopithecine pacity to carry out complex programs. significant heritability estimates (P<0.01) diets: New high-resolution carbon Commercially available GPS collars are for all measures. We have detected sig- isotope data. designed with some combination of these nificant contributions of nutritional fac- features. tors, reproductive hormones, and physical M. Sponheimer1,2,3, J. Lee-Thorp2, D. de In this study, we are testing a GPS col- activity measures; and have detected sig- Ruiter4, B. Passey3, L. Ayliffe3, A. Spath2, lar with radio communication capability. nificant genotype-by-physical activity T. Cerling3. 1Department of Anthropology, The GPS device succeeded in fixing posi- interactions on BMD. With methods de- University of Colorado at Boulder, tions under forest canopy, although at a veloped specifically for data from such 2Department of Archaeology, University of lower success rate compared to when un- populations, we propose to expand our Cape Town, 3Department of Biology, Uni- der an open sky. On a collar worn by a sample to over 2000 Schmiedeleut from 16 versity of Utah, 4Department of Anthro- monkey, the GPS antenna faced skyward South Dakota colonies -- all from a single, pology, Texas A&M. while the monkey was sitting upright or inbred pedigree -- in order to conduct standing, but the monkey occasionally whole genome linkage screens for QTLs Biogeochemistry has made significant rotated the collar by hand. Radio commu- responsible for these effects and interac- contributions to our understanding of nication allowed researchers to monitor tions. early hominid diets in recent years. Stud- the activities of both the monkey and the ies of the stable carbon isotopes locked in GPS device during the study, However, Acoustic variation in the long calls of tooth enamel demonstrated that australo- communication errors increased the wild spider monkeys (Ateles belzebuth pithecines ate not only fruits and leaves, amount of time used to down-load data, belzebuth). but also C4 foods in the form of grasses, and probably reduced the number of days sedges, or animals that ate these foods. the GPS device operated. S. Spehar. Dept. of Anthropology, New However, such studies have been limited York University, New York Consortium in to producing values for “average” diets— Arboreal bipedalism in Bwindi chim- Evolutionary Primatology. usually over a period of years. Thus, it has panzees: Implications for models of been impossible to determine if the C4 the evolution of hominid bipedalism. Many primates produce ‘long calls,’ spe- foods were utilized regularly throughout cies-specific acoustic signals of great in- the year, or primarily on a seasonal basis C.B. Stanford. Departments of Anthropol- tensity that carry over long distances. (e.g., as fallback foods during the dry sea- ogy and Biological Sciences and Jane Such vocal signals may provide a means son). In this paper we present new high- Goodall Research Center, University of by which individuals can broadcast and resolution carbon isotope data of Austra- Southern California, Los Angeles. gather important information from or lopithecus and Paranthropus teeth, ena- about widely dispersed conspecifics. This bling a first look into seasonal variability AAPA Abstracts 187

Researchers working on the origins of cal link between early childhood indica- and that a “cold environment”, either ex- hominid bipedal posture and locomotion tors of biological stress such as birth perienced in open ocean sailing or tem- have long debated the relative merits of weight and early childhood growth, and perate climates in Melanesia/Polynesia, terrestrial versus arboreal precursors to adult health as measured by age at death could have been the evolutionary force ground-based habitual bipedalism. Be- and by diseases such as hypertension, producing the morphology seen in extinct ginning with Keith, arboreal postures and diabetes and cancer. Much controversy and extant Polynesians. The data col- feeding have been considered an alterna- surrounds the nature of the biological lected for this study are from the cranial tive to the view that hominids arose from pathways by which such a link exists. skeletal samples of Polynesians and from terrestrial quadrupeds. The positional This research clarifies the connection reference samples of populations from behavior of free-ranging great apes is a between childhood and adult health by arctic and tropical environments curated key piece of evidence in this regard. This studying diverse skeletal samples for evi- at the AMNH, New York. Linear and paper presents results of a long term dence of the types of child-adult connec- landmark coordinate (3D) data are col- study of wild chimpanzees in Bwindi Im- tions that existed across diverse ecological lected with a Microscribe 3-D digitizer. penetrable National Park, Uganda, in environments, which were quite stressful The coordinates are fitted using General- which bipedal posture occurred fre- biologically compared with those faced by ized Procrustes Analysis and are analyzed quently. modern populations. Across all localities, using multivariate statistical techniques. Bipedalism in Bwindi chimpanzees was dental health among adults had no rela- The patterns of Polynesian nasal mor- seen only in arboreal feeding contexts. All tionship with any of the childhood indica- phology are described and implications of age-sex classes except infants were seen tors while degenerative joint disease in- these findings for determining the validity foraging bipedally; females sometimes creased with the incidence and severity of of the Polynesians adaptation to a “cold foraged bipedally while carrying infants porotic hyperostosis, cribra orbitalia and environment” are discussed. dorsally. The majority of bouts (>85%) linear enamel hypoplasias. Thus, joint were seen in large Ficus sp. tree crowns. formation may be compromised by early Alpha-globin gene triplication in The frequency and duration of bipedal life stress. orangutans. bouts showed significant positive correlation with the diameter of the substrate. Cold adaptations of the Polynesians: M.E. Steiper1, M. Ruvolo2. 1Department of Frequency and duration of bipedal bouts Nasal morphology. Anthropology, Hunter College (CUNY), also varied positively with fruit abun- 2Department of Anthropology, Harvard dance in the target tree. V.H. Stefan. Lehman College, CUNY, and University. I consider several hypotheses to explain NYCEP Morphometrics Group, New York why bipedal posture appears to be used by Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology. Most primate species have two gene chimpanzees in Bwindi more often than at copies of a-globin, the gene encoding one other study sites. These include forest The evolution of the Polynesian cranial of the peptides that make hemoglobin. structure, food preference, cultural tradi- and postcranial morphology has been However, triplicated a-globin genes are tion, and anatomical constraints on forag- explored and several attempts have been known in some primate species. This ing imposed by snare wounds. Observer made to explain it. The research of study is the first to analyze DNA se- bias cannot be discounted; most observa- Houghton and co-workers has investi- quences from the triplicated a globin gene tions of bipedal posture at Bwindi have gated the climatic influences on the Pa- of orangutans. The triplicated a-globin been made from ridge tops, looking eye- cific and Polynesian peoples physique and locus, termed a-trip, is not simply a dupli- level at chimpanzees in tree crowns, cranial morphology. In an apparent sus- cated a-globin gene, the gene is derived at rather than the more typical ground-based pension of Bergmann’s Rule, some of the four amino acid sites. Pairwise Ka/Ks observations. largest and most muscular people on methods and likelihood ratio tests (LRTs) earth are and were found within certain were used to test hypotheses for the selec- Early life stress and adult health: A regions of Polynesia which lie firmly in tive history of a-trip. The results show view from the Western Hemisphere the tropics. Within the tropical regions of that the evolutionary history of a-trip has sample. the Pacific, the open ocean environment been marked by either neutral or positive can be windy, cold and wet, and when evolution, but not purifying selection. An R.H. Steckel. Economics & Anthropology combined with Neolithic sailing technol- analysis of the amino acid replacements in Departments, Ohio State University. ogy, only individuals approaching Polyne- a-trip show that 2 of the 4 changes form a sian proportions and body mass could bond with one another, crucial to the The Western Hemisphere database dis- survive this “cold environment”. How- proper functioning of hemoglobin, suggest- cussed in The Backbone of History con- ever, the research of others has argued ing a correlated change and bolstering the tains four indicators of childhood health, that the unique morphology of the Polyne- case for positive evolution. Functionally, along with three indicators of adult health sian body is due to other factors such as this locus may create a thalassemic phe- for over 12,000 individuals who lived at 65 cultural and sexual selection, diet, dis- notype, possibly as an adaptation to com- localities. The former include stature, ease, genetic drift, and growth trajecto- bat the orangutan’s Plasmodium para- linear enamel hypoplasias, cribra orbitalia ries. sites, in a manner similar to human adap- and porotic hyperostosis, and the latter Climatic influences have been strongly tations to malaria. This system also pro- consist of age at death, dental decay and linked to variation in nasal morphology vides a rare view of gene duplication prior degenerative joint disease. This database (Beals et al., 1984; Carey and Steegmann, to the fixation of the gene duplicate and is used to examine the relationship be- 1981; Franciscus and Long, 1991). This therefore has implications for understand- tween childhood health and adult health study examines cranial skeletal material ing the evolutionary fate of duplicated and is inspired by debates in the medical to evaluate the variation of Polynesian genes. community over the so-called Barker hy- populations’ nasal and nasal cavity mor- pothesis. Barker and colleagues use mod- phology, and determine it’s consistency Morphological variation in the homi- ern studies to establish a positive empiri- with other tropical or arctic populations noid vertebral column: Implications 188 AAPA Abstracts

for the evolution of human locomo- mass. Yet individuals may not be limited the more children women bear, the higher tion. to postural solutions, as increasing the the reproductive success, both in Prus- duration of a stride and the percentage of sia/Russia and Kansas whether or not L.S. Stevens, C.O. Lovejoy. Department of that time spent in contact with an arbo- women experience deaths. Prus- Anthropology, Kent State University. real support may also help to improve sia/Russians bore significantly more chil- balance. This study examines effects of dren (6.5 ± 0.3) than Kansans (5.6 ± 0.2) The vertebral column of hominoids is branch diameter, orientation and flexibil- over a longer time between 1st and last central to locomotion, and should thus be ity upon stride duration and duty factor in births (TFLB’s) but did not significantly under strong selection. Bipeds require six species of quadrupedal primates, in- increase the number of surviving children. lumbar lordosis to center the Head, Arms, cluding cheirogaleids, lemurids, and loris- Families experiencing deaths exhibit sig- and Trunk over the hip. This requires a ids. To do so, locomotor kinematics were nificantly longer TFLB’s (13.6 vs. 8.8 long, flexible lumbar region. Large bodied recorded on simulated arboreal supports, mos., resp.) reflecting a significantly ear- arboreal hominoids, however, exhibit a and stride durations and duty factors lier start and later finish and produce stiff, immobile lower back that may pre- were calculated. Although few consistent significantly more children (5.4 ± 0.2 vs. vent flexion during arboreal bridging. patterns were seen in absolute stride du- 4.2 ± 0.2) significantly closer together. Our examination of extant ape and hu- rations on arboreal supports, the majority Most average IBI’s are longer than the 2-3 man vertebral columns reveals that mobil- of the study animals did utilize higher year threshold above which survivorship ity or stiffness in the hominoid lumbar relative contact times on narrow, declined stabilizes. This and perhaps adequate region has been achieved in multiple and flexible supports. These higher duty nutrition may explain the lack of optima ways, including 1) alteration of pre- and factors were generally brought about by in fitness. post-zygapophaseal orientation (which increasing stance phase durations on nar- determines whether movement is re- row and flexible supports, and by decreas- Differential constraints on the pat- stricted to lateral rotation (thoracic orien- ing swing phase durations on declines. tern of skeletal robusticity in human tation) or flexion and extension (lumbar Consistent changes in duty factor were limbs relative to climatic and behav- orientation)) and 2) entrapment of lower not observed on either shallow or steep ioral influences on morphology. lumbar(s) by the ilia (which eliminates inclines. These results suggest that very flexibility and stiffens the lower back). different locomotor strategies can have J.T. Stock. Leverhulme Centre for Human There are additional and highly variable similar effects upon duty factor on arbo- Evolutionary Studies, Department of Bio- morphological characteristics that also real supports, yet not all aspects of the logical Anthropology, University of Cam- impact potential motion, including asym- arboreal environment favor greater rela- bridge. metric zygapophaseal orientation, elon- tive contact times with a support. Sup- gated transverse processes, and sacralized ported by the Sigma Xi, LSB Leakey, and There is considerable evidence that hu- lumbar transverse processes. Our data National Science Foundations, and OU- man skeletal robusticity is influenced by show extreme variability within, and dis- COM. habitual behavior, climate and physique. tinctly different trends between species. It has been argued that the robusticity of They therefore suggest 1) that selection Reproductive measures, fitness and proximal limb elements best reflect behav- primarily targets early pattern formation migrating Mennonites: An evolution- ioral differences between populations. It and that substantial developmental plas- ary analysis. remains unclear how the pattern of robusticity obtains during subsequent morpho- ticity in the skeleton relates to adaptive genesis, and 2) parallel evolution has J.C. Stevenson, M. Grimes, P.M. Everson. constraints on the ability of the bones of characterized vertebral evolution in the Anthropology Department, Western different limb segments to respond to African apes and humans. The most strik- Washington University. mechanical loading. This study investi- ing difference among these groups is the gates the pattern of robusticity in humeri, low occurrence of iliac-entrapped lumbar Given the same reproductive span, more ulnae, femora and tibiae relative to cli- vertebrae in humans. Ultimately, reduc- children with shorter interbirth intervals mate and habitual behavior of human tion of iliac height may be the initial (IBI) and less parenting should not do as foragers. Cross-sectional geometric prop- course of action that liberated the lower well. There should be intermediate op- erties of the diaphyses are compared back for human lordosis. tima in family sizes but only two studies among four groups of foragers, from: have demonstrated optima. The goal here Southern Africa (n=83), the Andaman Influence of support type upon stride is to determine if the relationship between Islands (n=32), Tierra del Fuego (n=34), duration and duty factor during pri- fitness and fertility is linear and whether and the Great Lakes region (n=15). Vari- mate arboreal quadrupedalism. this relationship masks variation in re- ability in both proximal and distal limb productive behaviors in a Mennonite con- segment robusticity correlates with cli- N.J. Stevens. Department of Biomedical gregation that lived in two disease set- mate and patterns of terrestrial and ma- Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, tings, Prussia/Russia vs. Kansas. The rine mobility among these groups. How- Ohio University. relationships between children born and ever, the relative correspondence between fitness were determined by calculating robusticity and these factors varies Animals residing in arboreal habitats linear and quadratic regressions for total, throughout the body. Proximal elements regularly encounter mechanical chal- Prussia/Russia vs. Kansas, families with have greater inherent variability in robus- lenges associated with variability in deaths vs. families with no deaths for ticity than distal elements, where mor- branch diameter, orientation and stabil- total, Prussia/Russia and Kansas. Varia- phology may represent a greater optimiza- ity. Numerous studies have suggested tion was examined in terms of measures tion of the relationship between safety that primates may meet these challenges of reproductive success, reproductive span factors and tissue economy. There is a by altering their limb postures on arboreal and for interbirth intervals with compari- greater tendency for the robusticity of supports, for example, by flexing at the sons by t tests with Bonferroni correction. proximal elements to covary with climate. elbows and knees to lower the center of Regressions demonstrate equally well that Due to reduced inherent variation in di- AAPA Abstracts 189

mensions of distal elements, a greater In some ways, Florida mission-period tion in each of these variables affects relative proportion of observed variability and post-mission, Seminole histories exist overall patterns of strain. correlates with habitual activity. Lower somewhat independently in the literature, A model of a Macaca fascicularis skull levels of random variation in distal ele- an unfortunate fact considering the mis- was constructed using 145,680 elements. ment robusticity suggest that in distal sion environment set the stage for the Muscle forces were modeled using data on limb segments, there may be a stronger formation of the Seminole identity. This physiological cross-sectional area (Anton, relationship between observed patterns of paper examines the biological precursors 1993) and simultaneous EMG for the an- diaphyseal hypertrophy and behavioral to Seminole ethnogenesis using popula- terior temporalis, deep masseter, superfi- differences between populations. tion genetic applications of phenotypic R- cial masseter, and medial pterygoid mus- matrix methodologies. It is hypothesized cles. Material properties data were ob- Social dynamics of captive male that the establishment of the mission tained using ultrasonic analysis from 25 western lowland gorillas living in all- systems, and the multi-ethnic mission locations on the skull. The model was male groups. environment, led to increased gene flow constrained so that the skull rotated among previously biologically divergent around the right and left TMJs onto a T.S. Stoinski1, C.W. Kuhar2, K.E. Lukas3. population groups (the Apalachee, Timu- fixed bite point, producing reaction forces 1Zoo Atlanta and the Dian Fossey Gorilla cua, and Guale). Additionally, it is pro- at those locations. Prior studies have Fund International and Zoo Atlanta, posed that the population restructuring demonstrated that the model is realistic 2Disney’s Animal Kingdom, 3Cleveland evident during the mission period pro- insofar as strain values obtained from Metroparks Zoo. vided the necessary biological precursors FEA are similar to those obtained from in for Seminole unity and identity, which vivo chewing experiments. Gorillas (genus Gorilla) show consider- were then reified by socio-cultural mecha- Several analyses were performed in able variation within and across species in nisms relating to social organization. which muscle forces, constraints and ma- the number of males in a group. Studies The results of the R-matrix analysis terial properties were modified one at a of wild mountain gorillas (G. beringei indicate that the mission system initially time while holding the other variables beringei) have provided an understanding led to an increase in genetic diversity constant. Comparisons among these of male-male social dynamics across a among populations, followed by a dra- analyses reveal how strongly each vari- range of social groupings (e.g. single-, matic decline in genetic diversity after AD able influences strain. multiple-, and all-male groups); such data 1650. The former result is attributed to Supported by NSF Physical Anthropol- are lacking for western lowland gorillas the cessation of conflict among native ogy. (G. g. gorilla). This study examined the groups, which during precontact times led social dynamics of 25 male western low- to small amounts of long range gene flow. A longitudinal study of the proximate land gorillas living in nine captive all- After 1650 however, massive population and ultimate causes of child mortal- male groups. Over 1,300 hours of data decline and the alteration of traditional ity in the Dogon of Mali. were collected using group scan and all- exchange networks led to genetic drift occurrence sampling methodologies. among populations involved in a single B.I. Strassmann1, B.F. Hug2, K.B. Welch3. Groups were cohesive, with males spend- mate exchange system. This indicates the 1Research Center for Group Dynamics, ing approximately one-third of their time biological patterns consistent with the Institute for Social Research and Depart- within five meters of another individual. emergent Seminole identity predated for- ment of Anthropology, University of Although complete linear dominance hier- mal definition of the tribe by 100 years. Michigan, 2School of Law, University of archies within a group were not observed, These results are discussed in light of Iowa, 3Center for Statistical Consultation dominance relationships between indi- current criticisms of biodistance ap- and Research, University of Michigan. viduals were evident for the majority proaches in anthropology. (66%) of dyads. Social interactions varied Assessing the role of biomechanical We report the results of a longitudinal as a function of age, with subadults en- variables during primate mastication study of child health, growth, and survival gaging in significantly more affiliative using finite element analysis. among the Dogon of Mali, West Africa. behavior and less non-contact aggression Our statistical approach was Cox propor- than either blackbacks or silverbacks D.S. Strait1, P.C. Dechow2, B.G. Rich- tional hazards analysis in SAS Proc Phreg (p<0.05 for both). Rates of contact aggres- mond3, C.F. Ross4, M.A. Spencer5, 1Dept. with an adjustment for the non- sion, however, did not vary with age of Anatomy, New York College of Osteo- independence of children by the same (p>0.05). Visual/olfactory access to fe- pathic Medicine, 2Dept. of Biomedical mother. We measured time varying co- males also increased rates of non-contact Sciences, Baylor College of Dentistry, variates such as weight-for-age in the aggression. Social interactions did not 3Dept. of Anthropology, The George Wash- initial year (1998) as well as in each of two vary as a function of early familiarity or ington University, 4Dept. of Anatomical follow-up years (1999 and 2000). Mortal- relatedness. Such results suggest all- Sciences, SUNY at Stony Brook, 5Dept. of ity was extreme: 137 deaths occurred in a male groups are cohesive units, with Anthropology, University of Colorado. sample of 1382 children in nine villages. males maintaining relationships through As predicted, the higher the putative ge- both affiliative interactions as well as During mastication, bone strain in the netic relatedness of a child to the work-eat tolerance/avoidance, and provide insights facial skeleton is produced by a complex group (weg) boss, the lower the mortality into factors influencing male sociality in interaction of several biomechanical vari- risk (hazard ratio = 0.19, p = 0.02). If the this species. ables: 1) the magnitude, orientation and child’s father was living but was not the relative timing of muscle forces, 2) reac- weg boss, then child survival was similar Bridging histories: The bioarchaeol- tion forces at the bite point and the tem- to that of offspring of deceased fathers. If ogy of Seminole ethnogenesis. poromandibular joints (TMJ), and 3) the child’s mother was living, then the variation in the material properties of hazard of death was 79% lower (p = C.M. Stojanowski. Dept of Anthropology, facial bone. This study uses finite ele- 0.0004). Offspring of women in arranged Southern Illinois University. ment analysis (FEA) to assess how varia- marriages had 35% (p = 0.03) lower mor- 190 AAPA Abstracts

tality than other offspring. The survival ‘Meeting your ancestor’: Some notes posed as an example of previously unrec- status of grandparents (maternal or pa- on Robert Broom’s first encounter ognized diversity within collections of ternal) made no apparent difference. Ex- with the Taung Child. pottos. A basic documentation of the cept in the largest and wealthiest village, characteristics and distribution of mor- weg polygyny was associated with in- G. Strkalj1, Q. Wang2. 1School of Anatomi- phological variation is essential for cor- creased mortality. Controlling for weg cal Sciences, University of the Witwaters- rectly suggesting and testing systematic wealth, as the ratio of married women to rand, 2Dept. of Biomedical Sciences, statements and evolutionary explana- men in the weg increased by one, the Baylor College of Dentistry. tions, and in this study a broad sample of child’s hazard of death increased 1.5 times specimens assigned to the genus Perodic- (p = 0.03). We discuss the implications of Raymond Dart’s announcement of the ticus (n=109) were described and com- these findings for life history theory, en- discovery of the Taung Child (Australo- pared to provide such a foundation. ergetics, and human evolution. pithecus africanus) in 1925 is one of the The results are highly revealing. In the most important events in the history of pottos’ westernmost range individuals Population demography of northern paleoanthropology. However, Dart’s inter- have a configuration of their lower “can- muriquis (Brachyteles hypoxanthus). pretation of Australopithecus and its place iniform” first premolars described as a fin, in human evolution had only a small while a subset of these specimens have a K.B. Strier1, J.P.Boubli2, I. Mourthe3, C.B. number of supporters in the following tendency toward a reduced lower and Possamai3, S.L. Mendes4. 1Anthropology quarter of a century. Broom had openly upper middle premolar. The latter trait Department, University of Wisconsin- supported Dart from the beginning, and has been listed as indicative of P. potto Madison, 2Center for Reproduction of En- his discovery of adult australopithecine potto even though it appears to suggest a dangered Species, Zoological Society of specimens at various South African sites subset of the specimens from that taxon’s San Diego and Museu Nacional, UFRJ, (from 1936 onwards) later led scientists to range. A trait listed as descriptive of 3Estação Biológica de Caratinga/RPPN- redefine the diagnostic features of the Pseudopotto martini, the primitive reten- FMA, 4Biological Sciences Department, postulated human ancestors. The decisive tion of an entepicondylar foramen on the Universidade Federal de Espírito Santo. event that convinced Broom that Dart was humerus, appears to be distributed correct seems to have been his visit to throughout the range of Perodicticus and Fewer than 500 northern muriquis Dart on 21 and 22 February 1925, when is not exclusive to specimens sharing (Brachyteles hypoxanthus) are estimated he had a chance to examine the Taung Pseudopotto’s other diagnostic traits. This to survive in the remaining Brazilian At- fossil. Analysis of hitherto unpublished study explores the implications of these lantic forest. Over 40% inhabit the 890 ha material from the University of the Wit- and other results in the context of varia- forest at the Estação Biológica de Carat- watersrand’s Archives provides an insight tion below the species level, systematics, inga /RPPN-FMA, in Minas Gerais, Bra- into this historic meeting and Broom’s role and the effect of taxonomic choices. zil, making this population the largest, in the early days of australopithecine most viable one of its kind. Long-term research. These documents include The efficacy of female choice in data on one group have documented an Broom’s first reconstruction of the Taung chimpanzees of the Taï National increase from 22 to 79 members over a 21- fossil which, except in some minor details, Park, Côte d’Ivoire. year period. Opportunistic sightings and a is not at variance with present knowledge, population-wide census in 1999 indicated and his first reconstruction of the human R.M. Stumpf1,2, C. Boesch1. 1Max Planck a comparable increase in the size of a family tree including Australopithecus as Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, second muriqui group, and the establish- a direct ancestor of modern humans. They Leipzig, Germany; 2Interdepartmental ment and growth of a third group. More also show Broom’s ability to transcend the Doctoral Program in Anthropological Sci- recent extended efforts have identified a boundaries of the generally accepted pa- ences, State University of New York at fourth possible group. Here, we examine leoanthropological views of the time and Stony Brook. the demographic structure of this popula- pave the way for a new understanding of tion and evaluate its potential for future human evolution. His first study of Aus- Until recently, sexual selection was growth. tralopithecus was the beginning of his own thought to be driven predominantly by A total of 205 individuals, recognizable ‘adventures with the missing link’ which male-male competition. Increasingly, by their natural markings, were present would have a profound effect on the devel- female choice is recognized as an impor- as of July-August 2003. Group sizes opment of paleoanthropology. tant factor affecting differential reproduc- ranged from 25 to 79 individuals, with the tive success. In order to understand how two original groups being substantially Morphological variation in the genus sexual selection influences a species’ evo- larger than the two more recently estab- Perodicticus. lution, it is important to determine the lished groups. Overall, 53.2% of the popu- effectiveness of male and female sexual lation was female, with a higher propor- D.P. Stump. Anthropology, University of strategies on non-random mating. To in- tion of female members in the smaller Pittsburgh. fluence paternity, females must be able to groups than the larger groups. Females influence whether or not sexual interac- accounted for 57.3% of all adults, but only The genus Perodicticus once housed five tions occur, particularly during the peri- 47.7% of all immatures. Although the separate species and is now generally ovulatory period. This study focuses on proportion of adult females carrying de- considered to have a single moderately the effectiveness of female choice in wild pendent infants (< 2 years old) was only polytypic species, Perodicticus potto. Cur- chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus), and slightly lower (0.63) than that expected rent listings and publications still tend to in particular examines the extent females (0.67) based on their 3-year birth inter- recognize 3 subspecies (potto, ibeanus, and influence sexual interactions, either by vals, the decline in the proportion of im- edwardsi). It has been suggested that mating with preferred males, or deflecting mature females relative to males is pro- that previously unrecognized craniodental mating attempts by non-preferred males. jected to stabilize, if not reduce, the effec- morphs may yet exist in this group, and a Over 2600 hours of data were collected on tive population size within two decades. new taxon, Pseudopotto martini, was pro- two habituated chimpanzee communities AAPA Abstracts 191

between 1998 and 2000 in the Taï Na- conclude Oreopithecus had a hand with a Semi-free ranging ringtails spent twice tional Park, Côte d’Ivoire. Female mate long thumb and other hominid features. as much time in active social interaction preferences were measured by quantifying I studied morphometrics of the original as did wild ringtails (4.5-11.0%) and less proceptive and resistance behaviour to- fossils and counterparts in Old World time was spent in traveling and feeding by ward males. Female efficacy was meas- monkeys, apes and humans. Findings the Duke animals. As in the wild, most ured by quantifying the ratio of proceptiv- indicate that the conclusion of Moyà-Solà social interaction at Duke consisted of ity success to proceptivity attempts and et al. that Oreopithecus had a hominid- allogrooming. Less than 1% of social in- the ratio of resistance success to resis- like hand is based on the misidentification teractions were agonistic (one agonistic tance attempts. Results indicate that fe- of thumb and finger bones in both the event per 2 hours). There was less of a male proceptivity and resistance rates fossils and extant species. Consequently, distinction between the sexes at Duke correlate with male mating success in the the authors obtain both an overestimate of than in the wild. peri-ovulatory period. Outside the peri- thumb length in Oreopithecus and an This project was conducted as part of an ovulatory period, female proceptivity rates underestimate of finger length. Spurious undergraduate summer field course and mirrored male mating success, but resis- results come from 1) substituting a middle follows an AAAS (Science 2001) initiative tance rates did not. Overall, female resis- (finger) phalanx for the proximal phalanx to introduce and train undergraduates in tance was effective and in most cases did of the thumb in IGF 11778 and, 2) substi- scientific research, and to inspire in them not result in copulation. Also discussed tuting the fifth middle phalanx for the a passion for discovery. are predominant factors influencing fe- second. Other morphological features of male ability to exert mate preferences. the wrist and palm discussed by Moyà- Modern human variation in the femo- Solà are not determinative of the question ral bicondylar angle: Functional Island Melanesian pasts - A view from of hominid grasping. analysis and model-building. archaeology. When proper account is taken of thumb and finger bones in extant catarrhines W.D. Sweitzer. Dept. of Anthropology, G.R. Summerhayes. Archaeology and and Oreopithecus, the latter has a typi- Arizona State University. Natural History, Research School of Pa- cally short, ape-like thumb with typically cific and Asian Studies, Australian Na- long fingers. These findings are consis- Human evolution researchers have long tional University. tent with the high intermembral and hand considered bipedalism to be a hallmark length index, curved manual phalanges adaptation of humans and their direct It is often thought that since the initial and other arboreal indicators in Oreopith- ancestors. The femoral bicondylar angle is occupation of the Bismarck Archipelago at ecus. There is no evidence that Oreopith- considered a direct consequence of biped- 40,000 years ago the region was relatively ecus utilized hominid-like precision grasp- alism in modern humans and an impor- insular till the arrival at 3,300 years ago ing. tant skeletal indicator of bipedality in the of Austronesian speaking settlers who fossil record. However, variability in the went on to colonise Remote Oceania. Yet Social behavior and aggression bicondylar angle in modern humans is not the latest archaeological research in the among semi-free ranging ringtailed well understood. For example, Tardieu Bismarck Archipelago suggests that this lemurs. and Trinkaus (1994) suggest that sexual is not so, with the area never closed to dimorphism in relative pelvic width drives outside influences or interactions as evi- R.W. Sussman1, A. Stark2, R. Kriwinsky1, this variation, but their own preliminary dent by the introduction of new animals L. Meador1, J. Severson1, D. Ulevitch1, D. data challenge this model. This study uses from mainland New Guinea and the dis- Ward1. 1Washington University, St. Louis. a broader sample (N=112, covering six tribution of obsidian at 20,000 years ago, 2Duke University. populations) to further test this model and and numerous changes to the archaeologi- After a recent literature review on activ- to more fully characterize variation in the cal record over the following millennia. ity patterns among naturally-occurring angle and potentially related variables. This paper presents the latest archaeo- primates, Sussman and Garber (2002) The null hypothesis that there is no logical discoveries from the region, and found that little time was spent in social direct relationship between relative pelvic makes an attempt to model the nature of interactions in contrast to maintenance width (100 * biacetabular diameter / these early societies and changes that behaviors. For example, in various stud- maximum femoral length) and the bi- took place over 40,000 years. ies of ringtailed lemurs, 2-7% of the time condylar angle could not be rejected for was spent in direct social interaction. the total sample, within sexes, and in all Oreopithecus bambolii: An unlikely Results from data on ringtails in Mada- but one population. Further, no poten- case of hominid-like grip capability gascar supported conclusions of the litera- tially causal factors were identified among in a Miocene ape. ture survey, with 0-4.3% of the day being a suite of features of the pelvis and proxi- spent in social activity, depending on sex, mal femur using multiple linear regres- R.L. Susman. Anatomical Sciences, Stony and very little time spent in agonistic sion. These results indicate that the roots Brook University. interactions (Sussman et al. 2003). of modern human variation in the femoral To examine how these results compare bicondylar angle are far more complicated Oreopithecus is said to possess a hand to those on provisioned, semi-free ranging than has been suggested previously. As that matched that of hominids in pattern animals, we studied ringtails in natural with other femoral traits (e.g., neck-shaft and function (Moyà-Solà, Köhler and enclosures at the Duke University Pri- angle and torsion), the bicondylar angle Rook, P.N.A.S. 96:313-317, 1999). Moyà- mate Center. We collected focal all day changes throughout ontogeny and may Solà et al. concluded this from 1) a novel samples on 2 males and 5 females (340 continue to change in adulthood. This restoration and reconstruction of the hand hours). Activity was noted every 5 min- modeling and remodeling may obscure of IGF 11778, 2) a reconstruction of the utes and all occurrences of social bouts otherwise straightforward functional rela- sub-adult hand BA #140, and 3) assess- and events were recorded throughout the tionships. This issue must be resolved ment of assorted individual hand bones day. before the relatively high bicondylar an- assigned to Oreopithecus. The authors 192 AAPA Abstracts

gles of early hominins can be accurately blacks and whites (BF, WF, BM, WM) that this animal belong to the family Eo- interpreted. whose ages at death are 20 years and simiidae. Although in mandibular size older from the Hamann-Todd and Terry NMMP-KU 1203 is much larger than Eo- Geometric modeling of the center of Collections. Museum records were con- simias but apparently smaller than gravity in Pan troglodytes. sulted for sex, race, and age at death. BF, Bahinia, indicating a new species status, WF, BM, and WM are nonsignificantly the generic status is still unestablished A.D. Sylvester. Dept. of Anthropology, The different in their incidence of high assimi- due to the lack of most dentition. At the University of Tennessee. lation, which is 6%. Low assimilation Pk-2 one small primate calcaneus (NMMP occurs more frequently in whites than 23) referred to eosimiids have been dis- Chimpanzees have often been used as a blacks (48% WF, 30% BF, 53% WM, and covered so far. However, the estimated reference point by which early hominid 34% BM), though the difference is related body weight of NMMP 23 and NMMP-KU locomotor anatomy has been evaluated, partly to the samples’ demography. The 1203 are 110.7 g and 410 g, respectively, making an understanding of their biome- incidence of low assimilation increases indicating that they are unlikely to belong chanics critical to our conception of early with advancing age in whites but not to the same species. hominid locomotion. blacks; high assimilation is nonsignifi- For biomechanical studies to be effec- cantly related to age. Individuals with an Testing a theory explaining the adaptive, accurate models that include body extra thoracic or lumbar vertebra (modal tive value of secondary osteons (hav- segment parameters (BSP) must be number of these vertebrae is 17) have a ersian systems) known. Many of the methodologies devel- high incidence of high assimilation. Those oped for determining human BSP are with one less thoracic or lumbar vertebra N.C. Tappen. Department of Anthropol- extremely invasive and are therefore un- than the modal number have a high inci- ogy, The University of Wisconsin- suitable for live chimpanzees. During the dence of low assimilation. Nevertheless, Milwaukee. summer of 2002 data were collected on most individuals with low assimilation four live chimpanzees housed at the have 17 thoracic and lumbar vertebrae. I Several explanations for the predomi- Knoxville Zoological Gardens to estimate measured 300 pelves of females and nance of secondary osteons in humans and total center of gravity using the Hanavan males, including those with five sacral dogs have been offered, but all seem in- (1964) 15-segment model. Despite known vertebrae and high and low assimilation. consistent with known features of these limitations, this model was selected be- Significant differences are seen in poste- microscopic structures. Elsewhere, I pro- cause it is important to first investigate rior sagittal diameter of the outlet and posed another explanation, that they are methodologies that minimize animal length of the five sacral vertebrae. Ob- essential to remodeling during growth, stress. The reaction board method for stetrical and evolutionary implications of especially for long bones, replacing areas determining center of gravity was used to the assimilation pelvis are discussed. of compacted cancellous bone, known to be evaluate the geometric model. relatively weak, with oriented osteons. The Hanavan model provides rough New eosimiid species from the latest This would make bone more resistant to estimates of the center of gravity. Esti- middle Eocene of Pondaung, Myan- bending and fracture. The idea is tested mates deviated from reaction board values mar. with serial cross sections from major long by as little as 2.95 cm, although one devi- bones of growing dogs, using a silver ni- ated by as much as 16.85 cm. Encourag- M. Takai1, N. Egi2. T. Tsubamoto1, N. trate block stain which reveals localized ingly, some limb segment centers of grav- Shigehara1. 1Primate Res. Inst., Kyoto intensity of bone mineralization and al- ity do approach values known from ca- Univ., Inuyama, Japan, 2Graduate School lows identification of regions of compac- daveric studies including the arm, fore- of Science, Kyoto Univ., Kyoto, Japan. tion. Trabeculae incorporated into the arm, and thigh. More complex models will shafts were found in 8 series which also undoubtedly increase the accuracy of de- Eosimiidae is an extinct haplorhine fam- contained osteons. Twenty osteons were termining BSP, but they will require ily represented by the two genera, Eo- traced in each series. Invariably the os- longer data collection times exposing the simias and Bahinia, from the middle Eo- teons remained within the confines of the animals to longer periods of sedation. cene of Eastern Asia: the former is discov- highly mineralized trabeculae. Signifi- Although the BSP derived here are of ered from two localities of China, and the cantly, the osteons closely paralleled the limited value, future investigations can latter is from the latest middle Eocene of axis of the shaft, even though the lamellae look to this research as justification for Pondaung, central Myanmar. In the last trabeculae usually transverse to that axis. the use of more complex models that gen- decade many researchers have paid atten- This supports the hypothesis and suggests erate more accurate data. tion to eosimiids as the “possible basal that osteons important strengthening anthropoids,” which may resolve the prob- features of bone during growth. Color Assimilation pelvis in human obstet- lem of anthropoid origins. photomicrographs of sample series illus- rics and evolution. During the 2001 field season, Myanmar- trate these processes. The present study Japan Joint Expedition Team discovered does not address the question of why os- R.G. Tague. Dept. of Geography and An- very small left and right mandibular teons continue to develop in areas where thropology, Louisiana State University. fragments (NMMP-KU 1203) at the Pk-2 compaction can no longer be demonstrated locality, Pondaung, Myanmar. Pk-2 is or most likely never was present. Resorp- The human sacrum modally has five about 2.5 km far from the Bh-1 locality, tion spaces preferentially advance in ar- vertebrae. High and low assimilation where Bahinia was discovered, and eas of highly mineralized bone in such pelvis is fusion to the sacrum of the last stratigraphically the two localities are regions, however, just as they do in highly lumbar vertebra and coccyx, respectively. nearly same horizon. NMMP-KU 1203 mineralized trabeculae. This suggests Females with high assimilation are re- preserves no tooth but M3 unfortunately, further lines of research. ported to have obstetrical difficulty. I but the combination of a relatively deep evaluate the assimilation pelvis using a mandibular corpus and a reduced paraco- sample of 1,810 females and males of nid on the M3 trigonid strongly suggests AAPA Abstracts 193

High levels of variation at the mito- pus). These two callitrichid species share are a nearly unknown feature in human, chondrial 9bp repeat locus in the broadly similar diets of fruits, insects and as well as in animal paleopathology. How- Sakha of Siberia. tree exudates. However, C. jacchus differs ever, they can be quite regularly observed from S. oedipus in that they actively elicit in the osteological record. Their develop- L. Tarskaia, R. Gray, B. Burkley, C.J. tree exudates flow by biting into trees mental age can approximatively be de- Mulligan. Department of Anthropology, with their anterior dentition, while S. termined. HTR can, therefore, give impor- University of Florida, Gainesville. oedipus is an opportunistic gum feeder tant information on development distur- that does not routinely gouge trees. bances, after the tooth crown is completed. The mitochondrial 9bp deletion, located Vinyard et al. (2001, unpublished data) The range of their developmental age is in the COII/tRNA (Lys) intergenic region, demonstrated that C. jacchus generates similar to HLs. is a commonly studied polymorphism that maximum gapes during gouging that ap- Two children’s skeletons (9-10 years and exhibits a distinct frequency cline in Asian proach the maximum gapes possible for 12 years old) from coastal sites in North- populations. Southeast Asian populations these animals, suggesting that common ern Germany were studied for the pres- have a very high incidence of the deletion, marmosets gouge with gapes that ap- ence of HTR, LEH, and HL, as well as east Central Asian populations display proach their maximal structural capacity diseases of the skull and diseases of the moderate frequencies, and the deletion is for jaw opening. postcranial skeleton. The children are absent in indigenous Siberian popula- We conduct the first comparative as- dating into the pre-Roman and Roman tions. We examined the deletion fre- sessment of masticatory muscle fiber ar- Iron Age, respectively. Furthermore, dif- quency in the Sakha (also known as Ya- chitecture in primates with divergent ferent single molars of humans, and do- kut) of northeast Siberia. The Sakha are biting behaviors. Fiber length is propor- mestic animals like cattle, swine and the second largest indigenous group cur- tional to muscle excursion and, by exten- sheep were studied. rently living in this region (population sion, contraction velocity. As tree gouging In domestic animals, HTR were quite size = 330,000), although they are believed in common marmosets has been linked to common. In pigs, LEH and HTR could to have migrated from the Lake Baikal relatively large gapes during gouging, we often be observed on the same tooth. Due region <1000 years ago. test whether C. jacchus has relatively to more or less thick layers of dental ce- We assayed variation at the 9bp repeat longer muscle fibers and, by extension, a ment on the molars of cattle and sheep, locus in 779 individuals from fourteen relatively greater potential muscle excur- LEH could only sometimes be observed. In Sakha villages. The deletion, i.e. one copy sion/contraction velocity, as compared to contrast, HTR could, however, easily be of the repeat, was detected in 17 individu- S. oedipus. detected in these teeth. als and triplication of the repeat sequence As predicted, C. jacchus has absolutely In humans, HTR were generally not very was found in nine individuals. Four indi- and relatively longer masseter muscle common. In both children, LEH and HL viduals were heteroplasmic at the 9bp fibers as compared to S. oedipus. These were present, in the 12 years old child also locus: two individuals with 2/3/4 copies, findings suggest common marmosets are HTR. They developed in the last months one with 2/3 copies, and one with 1/2 cop- capable of greater muscle excursion and before the children’s death. In the 9-10 ies. These results were confirmed by clon- contraction velocity. Furthermore, our years old child, LEH and HL were proba- ing and sequencing the 9bp locus in the results support the hypothesis that mas- bly caused by an inflammation of the si- heteroplasmic individuals. Furthermore, seter fiber architecture in common mar- nus sagittalis superior and the sinus the mitochondrial control region was se- mosets is adapted for producing large transversus. The inflammatory process quenced in a subset of individuals carry- gapes during tree gouging. Additionally, affected also the occipital pole. At time of ing the triplication allele and in the four these results support previous hypotheses death, the disease process was organised, heteroplasmic individuals. Based on hap- (Herring et al., 1979) linking jaw-muscle but not healed. In the case of the 12 year lotype analysis, these individuals are not fiber length and gape in mammals. old child, it can be assumed that the same closely related suggesting that the tripli- Supported by NSF (BCS-094666). cause was responsible for HTR, LEH and cation and heteroplasmy may have multi- HL. ple origins in the Sakha. Very few studies Hypoplasia of the tooth root: A new HTR can easily be observed in human to date have detected the triplication al- unspecific stress marker in human and animal single teeth or in fragmented lele or heteroplasmy at the 9bp repeat and animal paleopathology. jaws. In completely preserved jaws, they locus. The high level of variation found in can be displayed by computer tomography. the current study suggests a possible role W.-R. Teegen. University of Leipzig, Insti- They can be a useful tool for determining for selection in the evolution of this locus. tute of Prehistory. unspecific stress, both in humans and in (domestic) animals. It is a useful addition Masseter muscle fiber architecture in Linear enamel hypoplasia (LEH) and to LEH and HL, in particular in badly tree-gouging (Callithrix jacchus) and Harris’ lines (HL) are well known marker preserved bones. non-gouging (Saguinus oedipus) cal- for unspecific stress. Several publications litrichids. are dealing with these features. The de- Chimpanzees at Ngogo – The noble velopmental age of LEH and HL can rela- savage? A.B. Taylor1, C.J. Vinyard2. 1Departments tively exactly be determined. Regarding of Community & Family Medicine and LEH, the crown of the third molar is de- S. Teelen. Department of Anthropology, Biological Anthropology & Anatomy, Duke veloped with approx. 12 years. HL can be Yale University. University, 2Department of Anatomy, observed until 16 or 18 years, when the NEOUCOM. epiphyseal union of the tibia or other long The chimpanzee community at Ngogo, bones is completed. Kibale Forest National Park, Uganda, is In this study, we compare fiber architec- For archaeological osteological material the largest known in the wild, with about ture of the superficial masseter muscle in it is obvious, that teeth, including their 150 members. Its members prey heavily common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) roots, are often better preserved than long on red colobus monkeys: the chimpanzee and cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedi- bones. Hyoplasias of the tooth root (HTR) hunting success rate is extremely high, 194 AAPA Abstracts

and chimpanzees kill many individuals variation within our sample emphasizes energy availability encountered during per successful hunt. Census data had the importance of including multiple indi- development. While few reproductive ecol- suggested that the population is declining viduals per species in studies that exam- ogy studies have focused specifically on and that predation by chimpanzees may ine the influence of evolutionary pressures the developing fetus, gestation represents be contributing to this decline. on the brain. an especially responsive developmental In this paper, I address the impact of stage. Important both evolutionarily and hunting on the red colobus population at Feeding and ranging of hoolock gib- developmentally, the fetal period is one in Ngogo. bons (Hylobates hoolock) in the Bora- which sensitivity to ecological and ener- To test the hypothesis that chimpanzee jan Wildlife Sanctuary, Assam, India. getic constraints emerge. While the fetus hunting is sustainable, I am using demo- responds to the maternal physiological graphic data collected on red colobus G. Thampy1, J. Das2, W.S McGraw1. environment by altering growth rates, it monkeys over a period of three years, as 1Department of Anthropology, The Ohio does not do this merely as a homunculus well as fecundity and mortality data from State University, 2Department of Zoology, adjusting size to available resources. The previous studies of this species. I apply Guwahati University. fetus experiences organ and tissue specific matrix models and vortex analyses using alterations in growth patterns, managing a sensitivity analysis approach to project Animals respond to seasonal food short- resource signals within a morphogenetic future population development. Results ages in at least three ways: (1) resorting program. As the maternal environment is show that current rates of hunting are not to lower quality diets, (2) expanding terri- an indicator of the socioecological milieu, sustainable, which indicates that present tories while maintaining the same diet, or this process shapes the anatomy and rates of hunting are a recent phenomenon. (3) shifting to a different dietary pattern. physiology of the fetus in ways that track Gibbons provide an excellent test of alter- the external environment and promote A comparative volumetric analysis of nate strategies because they are territo- postnatal fitness. the human and ape hippocampus. rial and live in highly seasonal environ- Ultrasound measurements of 12 body ments. To better understand the con- dimensions from 450 maternal fetal pairs K. Teffer, N. Schenker, K. Semendeferi. straints on feeding, we initiated a study collected by the same ultrasonographer Dept. of Anthropology, University of Cali- on hoolock gibbons (Hylobates hoolock) in provide data illustrating how the develop- fornia at San Diego. the Borajan Wildlife Sanctuary in Assam, ing fetus responds to challenging mater- India. The sanctuary is approximately 5 nal environments, such as those created The hippocampus is involved in acquisi- km2 and home to eleven gibbons and three by maternal smoking, diabetes and poor tion and maintenance of memories, in- other primate species. The study occurred nutrition. Altered growth patterns and cluding those with spatial content. Exist- during the monsoon season (June-July) rates result in altered body proportional- ing comparative information on its size in when precipitation is highest. We concen- ity in this sample. apes is limited to four individuals. We trated on a group of two individuals (a As is predicted from life history and measured the volume of the hippocampus male and a female) with a home range of reproductive ecology theory, the tempo of (cornu Ammonis, dentate gyrus, and subi- 0.031 km2. fetal growth and development is altered culum) in one human, three chimpanzees, During the study period, young leaves of by in utero environmental conditions and two bonobos, one gorilla, three orangu- trees, creepers and lianas comprised the energy availability. These data permit an tans, and two gibbons using stereological greatest portion of gibbon diet (~60%) assessment of the utility of life history techniques. followed by fruit (35%) and insect material theory and reproductive ecology as The absolute volume of the human hip- (5%). We observed a single incident when frameworks from which to investigate the pocampus is three times that of most of the male ranged beyond its range border role of pressures shaping pregnancy in the the great apes, and roughly six times that and suspect this was an exploration for past and present. of the smallest gibbon hippocampus. A territorial expansion. We witnessed four significant rightward asymmetry was incidents of aggressive behavior of the Ancient Maya population structure present in all specimens with the excep- male towards the female over access to and social dynamics. A palaeodemo- tion of the two female chimpanzees. This choice food including ripe fruit. Based on graphic approach to the Classic asymmetry is consonant with the human preliminary observations, we conclude coastal site of Xcambó, Yucatán. literature, which also suggests the greater Borajan gibbons meet seasonal fruit involvement of the right hippocampus in shortages by resorting to a diet consisting V. Tiesler1, A. Cucina1, T. Sierra Sosa2, R. spatial memory. There is a significant largely of leaves. We discuss this conclu- Meindl3. 1Universidad Autonoma de Yuca- positive correlation between degree of sion in the context of similar data on Hy- tan, Facultad de Ciencias Antropologicas, asymmetry and age among the 8 ape lobates lar, H. moloch and H. syndactylus. 2INAH Yucatan, 3Kent State University. specimens for which exact age at time of A long-term study of the Borajan gibbons death is available. is currently underway to provide rigorous Demographic parameters of archaeologi- Hippocampus size varies greatly in hu- testing of alternative hypotheses. cal populations are usually biased by mans. A wide range also exists in our three major factors. The first one pre- sample of apes, despite its small size. The Alterations in growth rate underlie sumes stationarity (i.e., r = 0), which if ratio of hippocampus to brain volume fetal adaptive strategies. incorrect miscalculates both mortality and varies as much as 25% within a single age structure. Second, traditional meth- species. The values for chimpanzees and A.L. Thompson, M. Lampl. Department of ods for determination of skeletal age un- bonobos overlap with each other and are Anthropology, Emory University. derage the cemetery’s oldest individuals larger than values for orangutans or the and overestimate the 30-40 year class. gorilla (p<0.05). Additionally, the infant Reproductive ecological studies have Finally, it bears repeating Ken Weiss’ bonobo and subadult orangutan have demonstrated that growth and maturation caution that “if an unbiased, representa- smaller relative hippocampi than the rates are related to environmental condi- tive sample . . . cannot be assumed, fur- adult specimens. The presence of this tions, particularly the diet and resulting ther demographic analysis is not likely to AAPA Abstracts 195

be productive.” (American Antiquity, 1973, langes. These postcrania are compared to leukin-4 (IL4) and interleukin-13 (IL13), p. 58). The present investigation explores those of extant cercopithecids using tradi- on 5q31. We have detected signatures of the demographic profiles of the Classic tional measurements, as well as 3-D coor- historic selection acting at these loci. In Maya site of Xcambó, with particular at- dinate data. Measurements were analyzed the case of G6PD, we have dated the age tention to the major biases of paleodemo- using standard ratios and statistical of the mutations to within the past 12,000 graphy. analyses, while the coordinate data were years in Africa. This date estimate is The small coastal settlement, which analyzed using geometric morphometric consistent with archaeological evidence functioned as a salt production center techniques. suggesting that malaria has only had a during the first millennium A.D., was The results indicate that P. arvernensis significant effect on humans in the last explored between 1996 and 2000 by the practiced a form of terrestrial locomotion 10,000 years, after the advent of agricul- INAH. The explorations at Xcambó similar to that of modern baboons, which ture, animal domestication, and increased brought to light a representative sample is consistent with previous hypotheses human population densities in the Middle of 514 skeletons from the settlement’s and paleoenvironmental reconstructions East and Africa. Funded by BWF and residential areas dated to the early and suggesting open savannah woodland at Packard, Leakey, WennerGren, and NSF late occupational phases (250-550 AD/550- both sites. The overall morphology of P. grant BCS-0196183 (ST). 750 AD), and constituting one of the larg- arvernensis resembles Papio and Thero- est and best preserved burial populations pithecus more than Macaca or Mandrillus, Roman Period fetal skeletons from from the Yucatec Peninsula. Assuming although the implications of this result the east cemetery (Kellis 2) of Kellis, demographic stability, we model the dis- are still unclear because separating size, Egypt. tribution by sex and age using total fertil- phylogeny, and function remains prob- ity measures from historically docu- lematic in cercopithecids. The 3-D data M. Tocheri1, T. Dupras2, P. Sheldrick3, J. mented peninsular women. This provides presented will also be used in future stud- Molto4. 1Dept. of Anthropology, Arizona new information on life expectancy, repro- ies to help address this complex issue and State University, 2Dept of Sociology and ductive rates, growth, and mean genera- hopefully provide more information on the Anthropology, University of Central Flor- tional length of this sedentary coastal evolutionary history of the Plio- ida, 3Chatham, Ontario, 4Dept of Anthro- enclave during the Early and Late Classic. Pleistocene large-bodied cercopithecid pology, Lakehead University. Considered jointly with other life style radiation. indicators and archaeological data, the Funding: NSF DBI 9602234 (NYCEP) We present an analysis of 82 fe- reconstructed demographic profiles pro- and ACI 9982351 (NYCEP Morphometrics tal/perinatal skeletons recovered from vide new insights into Classic Maya popu- Group). Kellis 2, a Roman Period cemetery dated lation dynamics. to the third and fourth centuries A.D., Co-evolution of malaria infection and located in the Dakhleh Oasis, Egypt. Description and analysis of postcra- the human genome: Implications for Most of the fetuses were wrapped in linen nial elements of Paradolichopithecus human evolutionary history. and all were buried among the general arvernensis: A large-bodied papionin cemetery population in a supine, east- from the Pliocene of Eurasia. S.A. Tishkoff, B.C. Verrelli, E. Tarazona- west orientation with the head facing to Santos, A. Ranciaro. Dept. of Biology, the west. Gestational age estimates are N. Ting1,2,3, W.E.H. Harcourt-Smith2,4, University of Maryland, College Park. calculated from diaphysis lengths using S.R. Frost4,5, E. Delson1,2,3,4,6. published regression and Bayesian meth- 1Anthropology, City University of New Infectious disease has likely had a large ods. The similarity between the fetal age York Graduate School; 2Vertebrate Pale- impact on the evolution and differentia- distributions calculated from the regres- ontology, American Museum of Natural tion of human populations. Those indi- sion and Bayesian methods suggests that History; 3New York Consortium in Evolu- viduals who have some natural resistance the correlation between diaphysis length tionary Primatology (NYCEP); 4NYCEP to infection are more likely to survive and and gestational age is typically strong Morphometrics Group; 5Anatomy, New pass their genes onto their offspring. enough to avoid the ‘regression’ problem of York College of Osteopathic Medicine; Thus, genes that play a role in resistance having the age structure of reference 6Anthropology, Lehman College/CUNY. to infectious disease are likely to be tar- samples adversely affecting the age dis- gets of natural selection. Characteriza- tribution of target samples. The inherent The Plio-Pleistocene cercopithecid Para- tion of nucleotide variability at these bias of the regression methods, however, dolichopithecus arvernensis is best known genes will be important for understanding is primarily reflected in the gestational from Seneze (France), Valea Graunceanu- how selection shapes patterns of variabil- age categories between 36 and 42 weeks lui (Romania), and Vatera (Lesvos Island, ity in the human genome and co-evolution corresponding with the expected increase Greece). Of these sites, Graunceanu and of human and pathogen genomes. in growth variation during the late third Vatera have yielded postcranial elements Malaria, resulting from infection by the trimester. The results suggest that the assigned to this species that have been Plasmodium parasite, is one of the leading Kellis 2 fetal age distribution does not said to be similar to those of Papio, while causes of death in the global human popu- differ from the natural expected mortality the craniodental remains from all sites lation. During the course of human evolu- distribution. Therefore, practices such as have suggested a relatedness to Macaca. tion in regions where malaria is prevalent, infanticide can be ruled out as having a Description and analysis of the postcrania naturally occurring genetic defense significant effect on the observed mortal- was conducted to test hypotheses concern- mechanisms have evolved for resisting ity distribution. Moreover, the Kellis 2 ing the locomotor behavior and phyloge- infection by the Plasmodium parasite. We sample is well represented in each gesta- netic affinities of this fossil monkey. The have examined nucleotide variation at tional age category suggesting that all postcranial material assigned to P. several candidate genes involved in resis- premature stillbirths and neonatal deaths arvernensis includes partial humeri, ul- tance to malarial infection: Glucose-6- received similar burial rites. The age nae, radii, femora, a distal tibia, an astra- phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) on Xq28 distribution of the Kellis 2 fetal remains galus, third metatarsal, and several pha- and two linked cytokine genes, inter- suggests emerging Christian concepts, 196 AAPA Abstracts

such as the “soul” and the “afterlife”, were In 1895 Adolph Bandelier collected 37 bers of the cephus and mitis species being applied to everyone including fe- crania from the Island of the Sun, Bolivia groups to the exclusion of other guenon tuses of all gestational ages. for the American Museum of Natural His- taxa. Although members of these two tory. The Island of the Sun was a shrine groups occasionally hybridize in the wild Variation in omomyid ankles and its and pilgrimage center of interregional (i.e. C. ascanius x C. mitis; C. cephus x C. implications for phylogeny recon- importance that was incorporated into the nictitans), the large numbers of autapo- struction. state activities of the both the Tiwanaku morphic mutations carried by each species and the Inka. While a very small sample, suggests that the phylogenetic pattern M.A. Tornow, Southern Illinois Univer- these crania are among the few human recovered here is not due to recent gene sity. remains available from the Island of the flow. This pattern is most likely due to Sun. As such, a bioarchaeological analysis either true shared ancestry or ancestral Phylogenetically informative characters provides some insight into individual lives hybridization. We support the former used in reconstructing omomyid relation- in this important area. explanation because (1) a previously- ships have come almost exclusively from The crania come from five pre- reported Y-chromosomal insertion is the dentition (e.g. Williams, 1994; Mul- Columbian sites that include the moments uniquely held by members of both the doon and Gunnell, 2002). While postcra- of state occupation and are all adults (16 cephus and mitis groups, and (2) gene-tree nia are known for a limited number of female, 20 male, 1 indeterminate). There congruence is less likely to result from omomyids, the data provided by these are low rates of osteoarthritis (n=1; 2/7%), allelic introgression at multiple loci than elements appear to offer little information cribra orbitalia (n=3; 8.1%) and porotic from simple shared ancestry. However, regarding intraomomyid phylogeny and hyperostosis (n=2; 5.4%). Osteological this phylogenetic inference needs to be are used instead to address higher-level indicators suggest that the population is further tested by the survey of multiple relationships between omomyids and in generally good health. In contrast, rates conspecific individuals and additional loci. other primate clades (e.g. Ross et al., of healed cranial trauma are rather high 1998; Dagosto et al., 1999). One result of (n=8; 21.6%). There are no significant QTL mapping in biological anthro- these higher-level, all-primate analyses is differences between the sexes (c2=0.122, pology: Skeletal maturation. the inability to delineate even higher-level p=0.727, ns). This may be the result of a relationships (e.g. subfamily) within sampling bias or error, or perhaps, given B. Towne1, J. Blangero2, J.S. Parks3, T. Omomyidae, suggesting homogeneity in the nature of the Island, reflect ritual Dyer2, S.A. Cole2, M.R. Brown3, D.L. omomyid postcranial morphology. activity. Cultural modifications are also Duren1, A.F. Roche1, R.M. Siervogel1. The purpose of this research is to evalu- present. One female and three males 1Wright State University School of Medi- ate potential variation in the ankle mor- (10.8%) had evidence of trepanation. Addi- cine, 2Southwest Foundation for Biomedi- phology of omomyid primates and to ex- tionally, all 37 crania had pronounced cal Research, 3Emory University School of plore the usefulness of postcranial ele- annular cranial modification. This is con- Medicine. ments in delineating relationships within sistent with results from elsewhere in the omomyids. Seventeen characters are Altiplano. These analyses indicate that The skeletal age (SA) of a healthy child scored from the calcaneus and astragalus the Island of the Sun’s population shared can differ from that child’s chronological of eight omomyid genera, Cantius, Ple- many traits with those in surrounding age by up to 3 years, but few studies have siadapis and Tarsius. All characters are areas and that their health most likely examined genetic influences on normal weighted equally in an exhaustive search benefited from state support. variation in skeletal development. We using P.A.U.P.* 4.10, and the results are This research was supported by NSF present here initial findings from linkage evaluated using MacClade 4.05. #0124594. analysis of the SA of children participat- Results of the analysis demonstrate that ing in the Fels Longitudinal Study. An- omomyid ankle bones are not homogene- Expanded X-chromosomal dataset nual SA data from chronological ages 1 to ous and that the differences do contain offers increased phylogenetic resolu- 17 years were available for 1,069 children phylogenetic signal. Parsimony analysis tion in the Cercopithecini from 220 families who had a total of 9,865 differentiates the anaptomorphines from hand-wrist radiographs taken between omomyines with Teilhardina belgica form- A.J. Tosi, T.R. Disotell. Department of 1931 and 2002. Estimates of SA were ing a basal trichotomy with Cantius and Anthropology, New York University and made using the FELS method. An initial the omomyid clades. While the washakiin New York Consortium in Evolutionary subset of 478 participants was genotyped taxa Shoshonius and Washakius possess a Primatology (NYCEP). for 377 autosomal markers spaced ap- combination of omomyine and anaptomor- proximately every 10 cM. A variance phine characteristics, these taxa group Recent molecular studies suggest there components-based linkage analysis most parsimoniously with the omomyines. are four, deeply-divergent, guenon line- method, SOLAR, was used to analyze Features differentiating omomyid clades ages: (1) Allenopithecus, (2) Miopithecus, these data and obtain multipoint LOD include calcaneal peroneal tubercle posi- (3) a clade of Erythrocebus patas, Cer- scores. Significant LOD scores (> 3.0) tion, astragalar body shape, and posterior copithecus aethiops, and the Cercopithecus were found for SA during middle child- astragalar shelf development. l’hoesti species group, and (4) a cluster of hood - a LOD score of 3.37 for linkage of the remaining (arboreal) Cercopithecus SA at chronological age 8 to a QTL on Human skeletal remains from the spp. The present work examines the phy- chromosome 8 at 122 cM (between mark- Island of the Sun, Lake Titicaca, Bo- logenetic relationships within the “arbo- ers D8S270 and D8S1784), and a LOD livia. real” Cercopithecus clade. To date, we score of 3.40 for linkage of SA at chrono- have surveyed 17 guenon species and 3 logical age 10 to a QTL on chromosome 3 C. Torres-Rouff. Department of Anthro- outgroup taxa for 5 kb of intergenic DNA at 44 cM (between markers D3S2338 and pology, The Colorado College. from X-chromosomal region Xq13.3. Par- D3S1266). Nine suggestive LOD scores (> simony and maximum likelihood analyses 1.9) were found for SA at chronological of the X-dataset consistently cluster mem- ages 1, 2, 4, 7, 11, and 13. Future work in AAPA Abstracts 197

this QTL mapping project will focus on T.A. Tung. Anthropology, Vanderbilt Uni- includes a single, mostly complete indi- identifying specific genes that influence versity. vidual with differences in burial location particular aspects of skeletal maturation and style. The second sample (N=3) con- during different stages of childhood skele- This paper examines frequencies and sists of poorly preserved remains from tal development. patterns of skeletal trauma to infer levels nearby Leslie Mound (AD 750-1200). For Supported by NIH grants HD36342, and kinds of violence among two contem- both groups, multiple samples of buccal HD12252, and MH59490. poraneous archaeological populations enamel from each available molar and from southern Peru. Based on compari- premolar were analyzed for d18O and d13C, Cremations of the Linearband- sons to archaeological, ethnohistoric, and while samples of mandibular collagen and keramik culture in relation to the modern data on bodily injury, this study apatite were analyzed for d13C, d18O and burial practices of early Neolithic also attempts to identify the kinds of vio- d15N. communities in south-western Ger- lent activities that produced the observed Given marked differences in burial many. traumas. styles, the remains from the McKeithen The skeletal samples are derived from site likely represent individuals of differ- I. Trautmann. Institut für Ur- und Früh- Middle Horizon (AD 600 – 1000) sites in ent sociopolitical and/or religious status. geschichte und Archäologie des Mittelal- the Majes valley of southern Peru: a vil- As the presence of maize in the region ters Abteilung Ältere Urgeschichte und lage site (Beringa) and a ceremo- circa AD 350-475 was largely ceremonial, Quartärökologie, Eberhard Karls Univer- nial/mortuary site (La Real). Overall, variation in isotopic composition may sität Tübingen. Beringa and La Real trauma frequencies reflect differential access to resources are statistically similar. Nearly a quarter signifying status. The later remains from This paper presents a pilot study that of the Beringa sample (N=56) and almost Leslie Mound may reflect any possible seeks to identify possible trends and ten- one-third of the La Real sample (N=104) increases in regional maize prevalence. dencies that clarify the role of cremations exhibit cranial trauma. At both sites, the Previous isotopic studies of human and in the burial record of the Linearband- majority of wounds are well-healed, indi- faunal enamel have illustrated the poten- keramik culture of Central Europe. The cating that most violent encounters were tial of using life history data to recon- characteristically homogenous culture non-lethal. Males show more head struct dietary patterns at different devel- originated in communities along the mid- trauma than females at each site, a sex- opmental ages, thus the refined focus and dle Danube in Hungary 7,500 years ago based difference that is nearly statistically interpretive framework of social stratifica- and existed for 700 years. Using cremated significant for both. Although overall tion of this study contribute to a growing remains from the LBK cemeteries of trauma frequencies are similar between body of literature. Schwetzingen and Fellbach-Oeffingen, the two sites, the differences in locational Baden-Württemberg an attempt will be patterning of head wounds are striking, Prehistoric diet in the central Hima- made to determine whether cremations suggesting that distinct violent interac- layas: Stable isotope results from Ma- represent a special burial form limited to tions produced the injuries. The Beringa lari, Garhwal (India). certain individuals or groups of individu- crania show the majority of wounds on the als within the community, based on a posterior, while most wounds on La Real R.H. Tykot1, T. O’Connell2, K. Privat2, S. certain social status, differentiation crania are on the anterior. These patterns Juyal3, V. Nautiyal3. 1University of South among sex or age groups, or manner of suggest that Beringa inhabitants may Florida, 2Oxford University, 3Garhwal death. have been victims of raiding, while La University. The overall preservation of the cremated Real individuals may have engaged in remains, similarities of burn stages and face-to-face combat, perhaps akin to ritual Recent archaeological discoveries at degree of fragmentation, imply a consis- battles known as tinku in the Andes. Malari (Chamoli district, Garhwal, India) tent cremation ritual throughout the LBK. demonstrate that humans settled near the Twice as many females as males were Isotopic analysis of life history and Tibetan border, at an altitude of 3500 m, identified in the sample, yet the presence social stratification at two Wheeden by 1000 BC. While contemporary sites are of both sexes among the identified mate- Island mound sites in central Florida. known in the lower river valleys, e.g. at rial suggests that sex was not the only Thapli in the Tehri district, it is hypothe- factor determining whether an individual B.L. Turner1, J.D. Kingston1, G.J. Arme- sized that the subsistence adaptations was to be cremated. Statistically, all age lagos1, J.T. Milanich2. 1Dept. of Anthro- that enabled people to survive in the categories were identified. The percentage pology, Emory University, 2Florida Mu- harsh ecological setting of Malari were of sub-adult to adults is nearly identical seum of Natural History. profoundly different. One individual in a for both cemeteries. Similar distribution cave burial at Malari may also have had was recorded for body burials, implying This study establishes stable isotope preferential access to certain foods be- that age of an individual was also not the values for individuals from two diachronic cause of his status. In this region, both C3 decisive factor for cremation. It has been mound populations from Florida. Bone (e.g. wheat, barley, oats, peas and beans) concluded that cremations represent a organics and inorganics as well as mi- and C4 (e.g. millet, amaranth) plants are group of individuals with special social crosampled dental enamel are analyzed to known, while animals include Himalayan status, either within the LBK culture or reconstruct life history patterns of diet species of buffalo, cattle, goat, and horse. attributable to other factors such as be- and migration at different stages of devel- Stable isotope analysis of bone collagen longing to a different cultural group. opment. Two skeletal samples are com- and apatite was performed on nine human pared to examine intra-/inter-individual individuals from Malari, and on more Raiding and ritual violence in the differences in diet and migration related than 30 faunal samples from Malari and ancient Andes: A study of cranial to various stages of life, burial style and other sites in Garhwal. The results show trauma among populations from Ma- culture period. One sample (N=14) is significant collagen carbon isotope en- jes valley, Peru. from mortuary mounds at the McKeithen richment for all humans tested, while Wheeden Island site (AD 350-475), and many of the faunal samples tested had 198 AAPA Abstracts

similarly enriched carbon isotope ratios. uncovered evidence of sustained repetitive derthal sample (n=35) display trauma Relatively less enriched carbon isotope kneeling for prayer. Osteological analysis with one incidence of multiple trauma. ratios in bone apatite suggest that much has found an arthritic response in the 6.4% of the Selk’nam sample (n=47) dis- of the protein in the human diets came majority of individuals associated with play trauma with 2 incidences of multiple from such animals. The difference in ni- deep flexion of the leg. Arthritic changes trauma. 3.6% of the Eskimo sample trogen isotope ratios between the humans at the knee and ankle, as well as non- (n=112) display trauma with 2 incidences and the fauna is greater than can be ex- metric analysis of features of the hip and of multiple trauma. 5.3% of the Aleut plained by the trophic level effect, sug- heel have corroborated the historical evi- sample (n=57) display trauma with no gesting that there was also dietary stress dence for sustained repetitive genuflec- incidences of multiple trauma. To explore among the people living at Malari. These tion. The objective of this study was to causality the approach adopted was to results provide important insights into the examine the extent of hyperdorsiflexion of model the foraging energetics of the Ne- motivation for and means of early settle- the ankle by scoring the presence of me- anderthals and to compare the trauma ment in the central Himalayas. dial and lateral “squatting” facets on the patterns found in the skeletal record to tibia and talus. those of the other two populations. Broad The effects of intentional cranial de- A total of 130 tali and 122 tibiae were models are then used to explore the cau- formation on the development and examined from the St. Stephen’s collec- sality of trauma patterns and to seek ex- pathology of the temporomandibular tion. Lateral facets occurred on 55% of planations for the Neanderthals perceived joint. right tali (31/56), and medial facets on 6% ill-adaptation to their habitat. Statistical of right tali (3/51). Chi-square tests reanalysis was used to identify the underly- E.A. Tyler. Dept. of Anthropology, The vealed no significant difference between ing causes of such a pattern within each Ohio State University. right and left tali for either the lateral or population. medial facet (p>0.05). Lateral facets oc- This study examines variation in tem- curred on 30 of 58 right tibiae (52%), and Molar topography and dental func- poromandibular joint shape and frequency medial facets were on 4 of 57 right tibiae tional morphology of Australopith- of degenerative joint disease (DJD) be- (7%). There was no significant difference ecus afarensis and early Homo. tween sub-groups of intentionally de- between right and left tibiae for lateral formed (modified) and non-deformed hu- facets (p>0.05), but there was a significant P.S. Ungar. Anthropology, University of man crania in a sample (n=57) of Ti- difference between the two sides in num- Arkansas. wanaku V Peruvian crania from Chen ber of medial facets. There were no me- Chen. Based on findings of previous inves- dial facets on the left tibiae, while there Few studies have examined the dental tigators (Anton, 1989 and Cheverud et al., were four on the right tibiae (p<0.05). functional morphology of early hominins 1992), the expectation is that intentionally These facets are comparable in frequency for clues to diet. This is due, in part, to deformed crania will display altered tem- to other Byzantine sites from the same methodological limitations for analyzing poromandibular joint morphology in com- region, and contribute to an understand- worn teeth, which make up the vast ma- parison with non-deformed crania. ing of kneeling and monasticism within jority of fossil assemblages. Mediolateral width, anteroposterior the biocultural model. They constitute This study involved an examination of length, and depth of glenoid fossae were one part of an overall biomechanical worn M2s of early hominins using dental measured for both left and right sides of model of activity for this monastic collec- topographic analysis. High-resolution individual crania. Crania were scored for tion. replicas were prepared for undamaged degree of deformation and degree of de- specimens of Australopithecus afarensis (n generative change in the TMJ, both on a Freezing, fighting and falling; An = 15) from the Hadar and Laetoli and 0-4 scale. exploration of trauma causality in Early Homo from Koobi Fora, Olduvai Statistical analysis revealed signifi- the Neanderthals, Fuegians, Eskimo Gorge and West Turkana (n = 9). Speci- cantly greater mediolateral width in the and Aleut. mens were scored for wear stage, and right TMJ and lesser anteroposterior occlusal surfaces were digitized in 3D by length and depth in the left TMJ (t-test, S. Underdown. Leverhulme Centre for laser scanning at lateral and vertical reso- p<0.05). Moreover, there is an association Human Evolutionary Studies, University lutions of 25.4 microns each. Data were between deformation and DJD preva- of Cambridge. imported into GIS software, and average lence—deformed crania display a higher surface slope and relief (a ratio of 3D sur- frequency of DJD than non-deformed cra- It is a peculiarity of the Neanderthal face area to 2D planometric area) were nia. These findings suggest that artificial skeleton that a high frequency of trauma computed. Resulting data were compared cranial deformation likely influences both is commonly observed. This has been with those published for gorillas (n = 48) TMJ morphology and pathology. postulated as being a result of close con- and chimpanzees (n = 56). tact with large prey species during hunt- Early Homo specimens had both higher “Fall on your knees”: Squatting facets ing as well as inter-personal violence average slope values and more occlusal and Byzantine monasticism. (Berger and Trinkaus,1995). Here a com- relief than Australopithecus afarensis at parative approach is adopted to explore given stages of wear. Further, early J. Ullinger1, S.G. Sheridan2, B. de Vries3. the reasons for such a pattern. The Tierra Homo mean slope and relief values were 1Department of Anthropology, Ohio State del Fuegian Indians and the Inuit are intermediate between gorilla and chim- University, 2Department of Anthropology, used as comparative populations because panzee values in nearly all cases. Finally, University of Notre Dame, 3Department of of their similarities in skeletal adaptation A. afarensis average slope and relief val- History, Calvin College. and broad synchronicity of habitat. A long ues were the lowest of all taxa at all wear bone trauma profile of each specimen was stages. An ongoing study of Byzantine remains recorded and combined for each popula- Given sample size caveats, these results from an ossuary on the grounds of St. tion as a whole compared, and any con- suggest that early Homo molars were Stephen’s monastery in Jerusalem has vergence identified. 28.6% of the Nean- better suited to shearing tough foods than AAPA Abstracts 199

were those of Australopithecus afarensis. Mountains prompted some Iranian ar- age to the extent possible. The metric Supported by the L.S.B. Leakey Founda- chaeologists to continue research on the analysis involved comparison with pub- tion. pre-Neolithic archaeology of western Iran. lished data from known or assumed tro- We began our survey in late December phy skulls using FORDISC 2.0. Finally, A stone in their hands... are monkeys 2000 and continued to work until early the taphonomic analysis involved exami- tool users? January 2001. During our survey we dis- nation of the crania for intentional altera- covered, mapped and sampled 21 sites. In tions (e.g. the presence of writing/drawing, B. Urbani, P.A. Garber. Department of addition, we revisited and mapped the candlewax) and similarities with known Anthropology, University of Illinois at sites sounded earlier by Hole & Flannery trophy skulls. Urbana-Champaign. (1967). Flint artefacts were used to esti- It was determined that three of the four mate the age of the sites, which ranged crania were likely trophy skulls; these Tool use represents a very specialized from the Middle Palaeolithic to the Neo- three appear Japanese in origin and show form of cognitive behavior and problem- lithic periods, some continuing to be occu- candlewax and other intentional altera- solving, that only has been reported in a pied even later. The sites we discovered tions. The fourth is problematic, with small number of primate species. This fall into three major types: caves, rock- FORDISC 2.0 indicating an almost paper reviews the literature on spontane- shelters, and open-air sites. In general, equally strong likelihood that the cranium ous cases of “tool use” in captive, semi- the lithic assemblages found in our survey is Japanese and Native American; there is free, and wild New and Old World mon- can be divided into four groups: 1-The intentional alteration of this cranium in keys. We reviewed over 150 references Palaeolithic, comprising Mousterian, Za- the form of drawing. The methods and that contained “tool use” or “object use” as gros Aurignacian, and probably Zarzian techniques used in making these determi- key words. These data were evaluated to industries; 2-possible late Epipalaeolithic nations are presented, along with a dis- determine whether the presently available and early Neolithic industries; 3-possible cussion on the importance of anthropo- evidence supports the contention that Chalcolithic and Bronze Age lithic assem- logical analysis in the forensic setting. monkeys naturally use tools and have blages; and 4-unidentified flake industry. insight into how the tool functions in solv- Our preliminary analysis of the data Patterns of sexual dimorphism in ing a task. suggests two different environmental Homo. Following Panger’s (1998, 1999) distinc- settings for the Palaeolithic and post- tion between tool-using and object-using, Palaeolithic sites. The older sites are pri- A. Van Arsdale1, M. Meyer2. 1Dept. of we found extremely limited evidence for marily located in what is known as the Anthropology, Univ. of Michigan, 2Dept. of spontaneous “tool use” in monkeys. The Zagros Thrust Zone in central Lurestan. Anthropology, Univ. of Pennsylvania. overwhelming number of published re- The younger, post-Palaeolithic sites are ports were associated with species of three located in the geologically Folded Zone in Uncertainty regarding the degree and primate genera, Cebus, Macaca and southwestern Lurestan. Once our research nature of sexual dimorphism in fossil Papio. Moreover, the majority of observa- is completed, we should be able to attrib- hominids is a major obstacle in their accu- tions described in the literature as “tool ute the various environmental niches of rate taxonomic classification. Modern use” were examples of object use. Consid- these sites to their chronological positions. analogs for sexual dimorphism, either ering the extremely small number of re- generated from single populations or from ported “tool-using” events, the low fre- Analysis of four contemporary trophy geographically dispersed samples, are quencies at which “tool-using” occurred skulls in Los Angeles County, Cali- often used to interpret the degree of sex- and the fact that typically only 1 or 2 fornia. ual dimorphism in fossil hominid samples, members of a group were observed to ma- consisting of different populations spread nipulate objects as tools, we conclude, (a) S. Valentin1, E. Miller1,2. 1Dept. of An- over time and space. This approach, often the presently available evidence does not thropology, California State University, necessitated by the nature of the fossil support the contention that monkeys Los Angeles, 2County of Los Angeles De- record, rests on two assumptions; (1) that naturally use tools, and (b) in those cases partment of Coroner. variation in the past is partitioned simi- when monkeys are reported to use tools it larly as variation is in the present, and (2) remains unclear from descriptions of the The act of collecting human crania as that sexual dimorphism is expressed simi- animals’ behavior the degree to which trophies was practiced by many cultures larly between comparative samples both they understood how the tool functioned throughout human history. In particular, in nature and degree. (casual knowledge) in accomplishing the several authors (e.g. Bass, 1983; Ousley In this paper, 460 skulls from the Mor- task. Additional questions concerning and Sledzik, 1991) have noted collection of ton skeletal collection were used to test primate cognition, tool use, social learn- trophy crania by American servicemen several hypotheses generated from this ing, and problem-solving are addressed. during WWII and the Korean and Viet- latter assumption. Examination of nu- nam conflicts. This study focuses on four merous craniometric traits in this world- New research on the Palaeolithic of skeletonized human crania received by wide sample reveals that sexual dimor- Lurestan, West Central Iran. the County of Los Angeles Department of phism is expressed heterogeneously in Coroner during the past decade which different regions and different popula- H. Vahdatinasab1, K. Roustaei2, F. were listed as potential trophy skulls. tions. Given that populations have unique Biglari2, S. Heydari2, G.A. Clark1. To determine the forensic significance histories of genetic drift and natural selec- 1Arizona State University / Dept of and potential origin of the remains they tion, this is not surprising. It does, how- Anthropology & Institute of Human were subjected to morphologic, metric and ever, prompt a closer examination of the Origins (I.H.O), 2National Museum of taphonomic analyses. Additionally, the nature of comparative samples as analogs Iran/Center for Paleolithic Research. history of the crania as told by the persons of sexual dimorphism for the past. If, as from whom they were recovered was con- our data suggest, males and females differ The cessation of fieldwork by foreign sidered. The morphologic analysis in- in different ways and to different degrees expeditions after 1979 in the Zagros volved determination of ancestry, sex and in different populations, any attempt to 200 AAPA Abstracts

apply a uniform standard for the expecta- diet during the last decades of life since it with large side-to-side movements. The tion of dimorphism should be done cau- remodels slowly throughout life. In con- trunk is slightly inclined and the knees tiously. trast dental enamel does not turnover are never fully extended. The center of after development in childhood, and there- gravity moves downward during mid- Leveling coalitions in primate males: fore, will reflect childhood diet. Since stance, which is reflected in the single- Toward an explanation of human dietary changes are often associated with peaked vertical force curve. The foot is egalitarianism. residential migration, identification of placed flatly onto the substrate without these changes may pinpoint individuals initial heel-strike. There is a strong dorsi- C.P. van Schaik1, S. Pandit2. 1Biological that have migrated into an area. flexion of the ankle at toe-off and a strong Anthropology & Anatomy, Duke Univer- This study reconstructs diet and traces plantarflexion and extension of the foot at sity, 2Department of BCPS, Illinois Insti- dietary histories in a sample of human touch-down. tute of Technology, Chicago. bone from the colonial cemetery site of The integration of kinetics and kinemat- L'Anse Sainte-Marguerite, Guadeloupe, ics allows us to make a detailed descrip- Concerted attacks by multiple males West Indies (c. A.D. 1750). Stable isotope tion of hylobatid bipedalism that adds to aimed at displacing higher-ranking tar- analysis was conducted on bone samples our knowledge of hominoid locomotion. gets from valued resources are called lev- from 60 adult individuals to obtain d13C This study is supported by a grant from eling coalitions when they do not perma- and d15N of the bone collagen, and d13C of the FWO Flanders and by the Centre for nently change the dominance ranks of the bone apatite. Tooth enamel apatite Research and Conservation (KMDA, Bel- either the coalition partners or the tar- samples were also analysed to obtain d13C gium). gets. We develop a model for such coali- values. tions. We predict that leveling coalitions Comparison of bone and tooth enamel Where the wild things are: Linking should occur where the contest potential apatite d13C values demonstrates that 40% lab and field work in studying tree among the males is moderate at best, (12/30) of these individuals have substan- gouging in common marmosets (Cal- should involve many males, who are mid- tial differences between the two tissues lithrix jacchus). to low ranking, and should produce condi- (mean 4‰). Placed in the context of the tions where dominance ranks no longer site, it is likely that the dietary shift seen C.J. Vinyard1, P.W. Lucas2, M.M. Valença- affect reproductive success, eventually in these individuals was related to en- Montenegro3, L.C.O. Melo3, Y.M. Valle3, leading to their dissolution. Overall, the forced migration from their place of birth M.A.O. Monteiro da Cruz3. 1Deparment of predictions fit the observations: leveling in African to the Caribbean. Anatomy, NEOUCOM; 2Department of coalitions are formed by low-to mid- Anatomy, University of Hong Kong; ranking males in primate groups with The bipedal brachiator: A kinematic 3GTP/Departamento de Morfologia e Fisi- large numbers of adult males and females, analysis of bipedal walking in Hylo- ologia Animal, Universidade Federal Ru- often with a tendency toward seasonal bates lar. ral de Pernambuco, Brasil. breeding (and hence moderate contest potential), although they are generally E. Vereecke1,2, K. D’Août1,2, P. Aerts1. Robust tests of evolutionary adaptive smaller than predicted by the model. 1Department of Biology, University of hypotheses realistically require data from We then apply the model to human fora- Antwerp, Belgium, 2Centre for Research traditionally separate disciplines. We gers, among whom large leveling coali- and Conservation, Belgium. have been testing hypotheses of morpho- tions have successfully produced egali- logical adaptation to tree gouging in the tarianism. Indeed, human foragers fit the Analyses of bipedal gaits of living pri- common marmoset head. Our in vivo lab model better than nonhuman primates. mates provide important information es- research suggests that marmosets do not We compare the merits of this model with sential to evaluate the prevailing hy- necessarily generate relatively large bite that of alternative explanations for the potheses on pre-hominid locomotory be- forces during gouging of simulated tree origin, subsequent loss, and more recent havior. With this study we provide de- substrates. These in vivo performance re-emergence of egalitarianism among tailed kinematic data of gibbon bipedal- data are of questionable use for studying human males. ism, in continuation with previously pub- marmoset adaptations without a direct lished results on plantar pressure distri- link to the gouging environment experi- Reconstructing diet and dietary his- butions and 3D ground reaction forces. enced by marmosets. tories in a colonial Afro-Caribbean Additionally, we compare gibbon bipedal- We quantified the mechanical properties population from Guadeloupe, West ism with the main characteristics of of trees gouged by common marmosets Indies. bonobo (Pan paniscus) and human biped- from two sites in Brasil and compared alism. them to those of our lab substrates. We T.L. Varney. Department of Anthropology, We recorded video sequences at 50Hz of recorded the stiffness, toughness and University of Manitoba. four non-trained white-handed gibbons in hardness of the bark and outermost sap- the Animal Park of Planckendael, Bel- wood for 86 trees from 20 species in the Recent investigations of diet via stable gium with four S-VHS cameras. The cam- Estação Ecológica do Tapacurá and the isotope analysis of human bone and teeth eras were placed frontally and laterally to campus of the Universidade Federal Rural have not only demonstrated the potential a walkway, with built-in pressure mat and de Pernambuco. for refining of our knowledge of dietary force plate, to obtain a 3D view of the The mechanical properties of two lab details, but for the identification of those bipedally walking gibbons. All devices substrates, fresh-cut maple and sweet- individuals that may have undergone were synchronized and the different views gum, fall within the range of mechanical substantial dietary changes between dif- were digitised with Kwon3D3.1 software properties of trees gouged in the wild. ferent stages of their life. Such changes to obtain linear and angular kinematic Conversely, our pine and oak lab sub- may be detected through the analysis of parameters. strates are far stiffer than trees gouged by skeletal elements that form during differ- Gibbons are characterized by a relatively marmosets. Theoretically, this increased ent life stages. Bone tissue will reflect fast and bouncing-like mode of locomotion stiffness adds to the stress an animal AAPA Abstracts 201

must generate to fracture a substrate and GIS and Palaeoanthropological Sur- L. Vishnyatsky. Institute for the History hence likely misrepresents the forces veys – Experiences. of Material Culture (St. Petersburg, Rus- needed to gouge trees in the wild. Given sia). that we see marmosets using significantly T.B. Viola1, C. Urbanek2, K. Schaefer1, different gouging forces on our fresh-cut G.W. Weber1, O. Kullmer3, O. Sandrock4 , After giving a short overview of the late tree substrates versus these oak and pine H. Said5, H. Seidler1. 1Institute for An- Middle and early Upper Paleolithic sites substrates, this observation emphasizes thropology, University of Vienna, Austria. of Central Asia, the author dwells in more the importance of considering the natural 2Institute of Geological Sciences, Univer- detail on the question of the status of Obi- environment when collecting in vivo lab sity of Vienna, Austria. 3Forschungs- Rakhmat. Obi-Rakhmat is a cave site in data. institut und Naturmuseum Senckenberg, Uzbekistan notable for the existence of a Supported by Leakey Foundation, Na- Frankfurt, Germany. 4Hessisches Lan- well developed blade technology in the tional Geographic Society and NSF (BCS- desmuseum Darmstadt, Germany. 5Na- layers predating 40 kyr bp. While some 094666). tional Museum Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. workers consider this industry either transitional or early Upper Paleolithic, Interpretation of postcranial varia- In this case study we present our experi- the other believe it is still Middle Paleo- tion in South African Plio-Pleistocene ences with the use of Geographic Informa- lithic. To resolve the issue a new method- hominids. tion Systems (GIS) for documentation and ology has been used that treats MP and analysis of palaeoanthropological surveys UP not as some static conditions, but P.S. Vinyard. Department of Anatomy, in the Ethiopian Rift system. rather as ideal polar extremities each NEOUCOM. The joint Austrian, German, Ethiopian characterized by a number of polar attrib- and American PAR (PaleoAnthropological ute states (e.g. flat vs. volumetric cores, Paleoanthropologists continue to debate Research) Team conducts fieldwork at the non-marginal vs. marginal flaking, flakes the number of species in the hominid fos- site of Mt. Galila in the southern Afar vs. blades, rare vs. common evidence of sil record. Arguments concerning species depression of Ethiopia since 2000. The hafting, scarce vs. abundant formal bone recognition often focus on levels of varia- early to middle Pliocene sedimentary and tools, etc.). The real MP and UP industries tion exhibited within fossil assemblages. volcanic successions yield a rich sample of form a continuum of states between these In order to further understand hominid fossil vertebrates, on the just sparsely two ideal extremities and the position of fossil postcranial variation and thus at- sampled recent surface stone tools are any given assemblage or culture on this tempt to designate species for fossil homi- also abundant. scale can be assessed in quantitative nid postcrania, an empirical framework For documentation and analyses of the terms. The values obtained for Obi- based upon extant hominoid postcranial spatial distribution of fossils and arte- Rakhmat are close to those obtained for variation needs to be established. facts, we used a GIS at large (regional) the Aterian and therefore gravitate rather I present results from an analysis of and small (locality) scales as well. As base to the MP pole that to the UP one. They humerus, ulna, radius, femur, and tibia layer we used remote sensing data (Land- are lower than values characteristic of the variation in South African Plio- sat TM7, Corona, Ikonos, ASTER) due to a Uluzzian, Chatelperronian, and early Pleistocene hominids. The South African great lack of cartographic material of suf- Streletskian assemblages, let alone Ah- hominid fossils present a unique opportu- ficient quality. Positions of individual marian, Spitsynian, and Aurignacian. nity to examine both inter-site and intra- findings, observations and geological sam- site variation. Inter-site analyses were ples were recorded using standard hand- Preliminary study of nighttime par- conducted by comparing fossil CVs to held GPS receivers. Stratigraphic, sedi- enting behaviors among primiparous bootstrapped confidence intervals from mentological, taphonomical and further adolescent and adult mothers. extant hominoids (see Cope and Lacy geological field data were recorded at the 1992). The null hypothesis of one fossil site in standardized field forms and notes. L.E. Volpe, J.J. McKenna. Dept. of An- species was rejected if the fossil CV ex- The coordinate database was imported to thropology, University of Notre Dame. ceeded the 95% bootstrapped value in ArcGIS 8.1, while the contextual informa- extant hominoids. Intra-site analyses tion is stored in an Access database, which While research has explored the devel- proceeded using both bootstrapping pro- was merged with the GIS. opmental implications of different pat- cedures and variability profile analyses, The combination of geological, sedimen- terns of infant care, relatively little is where two different CV profiles are exam- tological, taphonomical and paleontologi- known about how parents care for their ined for concordance using Kendall’s Coef- cal data allows the visualization and infants at night. Studies of the ecology of ficient of Concordance. analysis of spatio-temporal distribution of nighttime parenting behavior have be- Results from inter-site analyses indicate taxa, and supports the regional recon- come a focus of medical and anthropologi- that few CVs for fossil dimensions exceed struction of the palaeoenvironment at the cal inquiry only within the last decade. extant hominoid bootstrapped values. western rift margin. Previous studies have shown significant Fossil CVs decrease when the sample is This research is supported by the Aus- differences between routinely bedsharing restricted to one site as compared to the trian Council for Science and Technology and routinely solitary sleeping mother- inter-site fossil CV. The intra-site vari- Development and the Federal Ministry of infant dyads in the form and frequency of ability profiles tended to differ among Education, Science and Culture, Project particular behaviors, including breastfeed- sites, suggesting that the postcranial fos- Nr. AD 387/25-30. ing, body position, and use of physical sils may exhibit disparate variation pat- materials in the sleep environment. terns at the different South African homi- The Middle to Upper Paleolithic in- These differences suggest a hidden regu- nid sites. terface in Central Asia and the status latory effect of sleeping location and deci- Supported by the Leakey Foundation, of Obi-Rakhmat. sion to breastfeed on the infant’s physiol- Sigma Xi, American Museum of Natural ogy (McKenna et al, 1999). The purpose of History and Washington University. the present study is to determine if such inferences apply to first-time mothers, 202 AAPA Abstracts

particularly those in at-risk populations, Anthropology, Penn State University, based on overnight infra-red video re- 2Department of Anthropology, University Recent excavations at Hrísbrú in the cordings collected at the Mother-Baby of Winnipeg, 3Division of Fossil Primates, Mosfell Valley of Iceland have revealed a Behavioral Sleep Laboratory. Data were Duke University, 4Department of Anat- church and cemetery as well as domestic obtained on a sample of 25 primiparous omy & Developmental Biology, University and ceremonial structures spanning the adolescent mothers (mean 16.6 years) and College London. pagan and early conversion periods in the 15 ethnically-matched high-resource adult 10th and 11th Centuries. The skeletal mothers (mean 26.7 years), (57% Cauca- The radii of curvature of semicircular remains of thirteen people buried at Hrís- sian, 36% African-American, and 7% canals of extant primates are correlated brú provide new evidence of the health Mexican American). The study presents with locomotion. Large radii are found in status and living conditions of Iceland's group differences in infant feeding species that have fast and frequent early inhabitants. The economic life of method, sleep location, presence of envi- changes in angular motion, while small these people centered on sailing, fishing, ronmental safety hazards during sleep, radii are found in those that are slow and stock-raising in a challenging mar- and potential neglect issues. Breastfeed- climbing or less jerky in their locomotion. ginal environment. Traumatic injuries ing initiation rates were 50% for adoles- It follows that semicircular canal mor- appear to have been common. One person cent mothers and 85% for adult mothers, phology can be used to retrodict the loco- buried in the cemetery is an apparent with 29% of adolescents and 50% of adults motion of extinct species. Petrous bones homicide victim with massive head inju- continuing to breastfeed at 4 months. The from six subfossil lemur species were ries. Another has a healed leg fracture. In study reveals much more variation both scanned using ultra-high resolution X-ray addition to traumatic injuries, skeletal within and between sub-groups of adoles- computed tomography (uhrCT). The re- lesions associated with heavy labor and cent and adult first-time mothers in all sulting uhrCT data were then re-sliced infectious diseases are also common in indices than would be predicted by cur- digitally to image the semicircular canals. this conversion period population. Several rent literature. The canal radii were used in a regression individuals, including an adolescent, show analysis with body mass and the results evidence of strenuous physical activity Progress in the aDNA identification compared with a database of extant pri- involving the hands and arms and os- of syphilis in archaeological human mates of known locomotion teoarthritis is prevalent. One young man remains. Paleopropithecus ingens is retrodicted as from this cemetery is of special interest the extreme slowest of the indrisine sloth owing to the presence of lesions associated T.E. von Hunnius1, D. Yang2, S.R. Saun- lemurs, and has canals that are relatively with a chronic ear infection that resulted ders1. 1McMaster Palaeogenetics Institute, smaller by far than those of any living in a brain abscess. Another adolescent Depart of Anthropology, McMaster Uni- primate. Two smaller sloth lemurs, Ba- male has lesions on the pleural surfaces of versity, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, bakotia radofilai and Mesopropithecus his ribs. Although other diagnoses are 2Department of Anthropology, Simon Fra- pithecoides, were also very slow moving possible, the lesions in both of these cases ser University, Burnaby, British Colum- relative to extant primates, having canals suggest that tuberculosis was present in bia, Canada. as small as those of slow climbing modern the Hrísbrú population. Stature compari- lorises. Archaeolemur, another indrisine sons with the early conversion period Many have been searching for and con- subfossil lemur, has been reconstructed as burials at Hrísbrú and contemporaneous templating the origins of syphilis. By a digitigrade monkey-like animal. The skeletal remains from Norway provide understanding its emergence as a human relative size of its canals confirms this additional data on the living conditions of pathogen we will be better able to eluci- assessment and indicates that it was rela- these people. These data suggest that date its evolution through time and space tively fast moving. Species of Megal- stressful living conditions and heavy labor as well as shed light on its current state. adapis, the “koala” lemurs of debatable were common among early Icelanders. Ancient DNA techniques used to isolate phylogenetic affinity, have much smaller Treponema pallidum subsp. pallidum canals than any living primate of their Intraspecific differences in positional DNA from archaeological human speci- body mass, concordant with slow climbing behavior of the white-faced saki, mens provides direct evidence of its exis- locomotion with little proclivity, if any, to Pithecia pithecia, and the influence tence in the past. To date, only Kolman et make even short leaps. of habitat characteristics. al. (1999) have been successful in this Project supported by NSF BCS-0003920 to endeavour. Since this publication many AW and FS. S.E. Walker. Dept. of Sociology and An- other labs around the world have been thropology, Southwest Missouri State trying to replicate this method. Why has Bioarchaeological evidence for the University. there been so little success? This paper heath status of an early Icelandic outlines work performed at the McMaster population. Positional behavior ultimately depends Palaeogenetics Institute on the analysis of on habitat structure; by demonstrating human remains with putative syphilis P.L. Walker1, J. Byock2, J.T. Eng1, J.M that some positions appear to be more from around the world and different time Erlandson3, P. Holck4, K. Prizer1, M.A. efficient for use in certain habitats, or on periods including the American Civil War, Tveskov5. 1Dept. of Anthropology, Univer- particular supports, the selective advan- historic Canada, medieval England and sity of California, Santa Barbara, 2Old tage for these behaviors might be inferred. historic Chile. Norse/Icelandic Studies & Institute of Of great usefulness to this end are intras- Archaeology University of California, Los pecific comparisons, which allow us to The semicircular canals of subfossil Angeles, 3Dept. of Anthropology, Univer- hold constant the effects of anatomy and lemurs and their functional signifi- sity of Oregon, Eugene 4University of phylogeny and assume that the observed cance. Oslo, Anatomical Institute, Anthropologi- variation is due to differences in use of cal Department, 5Sociology/Anthropology available habitat. A. Walker1, G.E. Krovitz1, M.T. Silcox2, Dept., Southern Oregon University, Ash- As part of a long-term study on posi- E.L. Simons3, F. Spoor4. 1Department of land. tional behavior and associated habitat AAPA Abstracts 203

characteristics in pitheciin primates, two There are also correlations among the mates, canine crown height is only moder- different groups of Pithecia pithecia (the directions of maximum stiffness and bone ately correlated with dimorphism of the white-faced saki) were observed on sepa- axes, and among cortical thicknesses, basal crown. This suggests that changes rate islands in eastern Venezuela for 15 densities, and mandibular transverse in canine crown height can occur inde- months. Focal animal instantaneous widths. Those relationships among pendent of changes in basal crown or root sampling at two-minute intervals was growth, anatomical features and material dimensions. When the alveolus of KNM- used for behavioral data collection, and properties bring us insights into the proc- KP 29287 is considered, variation in A. habitat analyses were conducted using esses of development and adaptation, and anamensis root and basal canine size is as plots and strip sampling to gauge the the interface between form and function great as that of chimpanzees. In contrast, availability of various habitat types and in mandibular form. Supported by NSF A. afarensis is more like bonobos with less supports. Significant differences in posi- BCS-0240865. size variation. tional behavior, use of tree portions, and Hence, the earliest Australopithecus heights in trees are apparent between the The uplift of the Qinghai-Xizang pla- retained substantial dimorphism in the two Pithecia groups during feeding, trav- teau and its effects on human evolu- canine basal dimensions, but had reduced eling, and resting. The most striking dif- tion in East Asia. dimorphism in canine crown height. Only ferences occur during feeding. Habitat later did basal canine dimorphism reduce differences were noted in terms of tree Y. Wang, Department of Archaeology, to the same degree seen in crown height. density, liana density and tree size. Dif- Peking University, Beijing 100871, Because canine crown height is the ferences in positional behavior between P.R.China. strongest correlate of social behavior the two Pithecia groups are discussed in among extant primates, assessments of terms of support preferences and avail- Recent developments in research on the the behavioral/ecological significance of ability. I suggest that differences between uplift of the Qinghai-Xizang plateau and dimorphism in early hominids should the groups in positional behavior during its effect on the environment of surround- focus on the pattern of canine crown feeding are greater than for other activi- ing areas have provided much more new height reduction, rather than proportional ties due to the importance of lability in information for understanding the human differences in canine basal dimensions. feeding behavior for coping with environ- biological and cultural evolution in East mental change. Asia as well as the Old World. The strong Lytic lesions of the cranial vault: Dif- uplift of the Qinghai-Xizang plateau, es- ferential diagnosis in dry bone. Variations in cortical material prop- pecially from the late Lower Pleistocene to erties of baboon mandibles. early Middle Pleistocene, created a high M.W. Warren1, J.J. Schultz2. 1Depart- physical barrier, and changed the global ment of Anthropology, University of Flor- Q. Wang, P. C. Dechow. Baylor College of climate system, which obvious interrupted ida, 2Department of Sociology and An- Dentistry, Texas A&M Health Science the genetic and cultural exchange be- thropology, University of Central Florida. Center. tween East Asia and the west of the Old World. This paper will discuss the rela- Tumors involving the bones of the cra- Understanding mechanical behavior of tionship between the uplift of the Qinghai- nium are relatively common and most cortical bone and its variations plays an Xizang plateau and the process of human elicit some type of bony response resulting important role in our ability to interpret evolution in East Asia, and its significance in productive periosteal reaction such as craniofacial architecture and its link to on the human biological and cultural evo- lamellated or spiculated bone growth. function. We assessed the material prop- lution in the Old World. Purely osteolytic lesions of the vault-- erties of cortical bones of eight baboon lesions that exhibit no sclerosis or os- mandibles in different sex-age groups by Canine dimorphism in Australopith- teoblastic response at all--are less com- using ultrasonic techniques. Results ecus anamensis. mon and are one of three general types: showed that, overall, cortical bone from Histiocytosis X lesions, plasma cell tu- baboon mandibles can be modeled as an C.V. Ward1, J.M. Plavcan2. 1Departments mors, and occasionally, a lytic metastasis orthotropic elastic solid. This bone has of Anthropology and Pathology and Ana- from a primary carcinoma. material properties comparable to that of tomical Sciences, University of Missouri, Histiocytosis X includes three nonhuman mandibles but also has some Columbia, 2Department of Anthropology, neoplastic lesions that are clinically dis- unique features due to specific anatomical University of Arkansas, Fayetteville. tinct, but may be impossible to differen- specializations. There are significant dif- tially diagnose in dry bone. The three ferences in direction of maximum stiff- While canine tooth size variation of A. lesions, Letterer-Siwe’s disease, eosino- ness, thickness, density, and material anamensis is similar to that of A. afaren- philic granuloma, and Schüller- stiffness throughout each mandible. The sis, the large size of the canine alveolus of Christian’s disease are most commonly symphyseal area is high in thickness and the KNM-KP 29287 A. anamensis mandi- found in children and adolescents and low in density and stiffness. The corpus is ble suggests substantial canine dimor- very rarely affect adults over 45 years of low in thickness and high in density and phism existed in this species, exceeding age. Multiple myeloma can present with a stiffness. The ramus resembles the sym- that of other hominins. Even so, potential solitary cranial lesion and several lesser physeal area in material properties in canine dimorphism in this species has not lesions in the axial skeleton that are diffi- juveniles, while it resembles the corpus in been quantified. We therefore evaluated cult to locate without MRI or CT imaging. adults. There is a significant increase in canine crown, root and alveolar dimen- Solitary plasmacytoma, a plasma cell material stiffness during growth. There sions in a series of anthropoid primates in tumor related to multiple myeloma, pro- are differences in material properties at order to assess the potential magnitude of duces lytic lesions and occurs with higher the corpus and ramus between male and canine size variation in A. anamensis. frequency in males of advanced age. Me- female mandibles which are not detect- As well known, all hominins including A. tastatic carcinomas usually elicit an os- able in human mandibles and might be anamensis show reduced canine crown teoblastic response, but cannot be ruled explained by the sexual dimorphism. height dimorphism. Among extant pri- 204 AAPA Abstracts

out. A finding of additional tumors in the tion, the paleoenvironment has been in- previous work has supported the hypothe- skeleton can help confirm this diagnosis. terpreted as a semi-arid floodplain. How- ses that males in an unusually large In this presentation, we present a series ever, new and the integration and rein- chimpanzee community at Ngogo, Kibale of lytic cranial vault lesions from docu- terpretation of existing data suggest an National Park, share meat reciprocally mented collections, clinical practice, and alternative environment. The lowermost and exchange meat for grooming and ago- forensic cases. We argue that, based solely Bed 3, colloquially known as greensand, nistic support, but not the hypothesis that on the appearance of a single cranial le- has been particularly productive. This bed sharing increases mating success. Still, sion, a differential diagnosis between displays characteristics known to develop questions about whether apparent recip- these three general types of lytic lesions in a lacustrine environment. Sedimen- rocity and interchange are byproducts of may not be possible from examination of tologic examination shows that a funda- other factors remain. Here, we use more skeletal remains alone. mental component of this bed is sub- extensive data on meat sharing to show rounded sand-sized grains known as that reciprocity and interchange are not The effects of growth velocity on sta- ooids. Ooids are formed in bodies of water statistical artifacts of association pat- ble nitrogen isotope ratios in that has sufficient energy to maintain terns. We reconfirm the hypothesis that subadult long bones. grains in suspension. These suspended males use meat as a political tool, and grains are eventually coated with concen- show that active sharing is notably com- A.L. Waters, M.A. Katzenberg. Archae- tric layers of calcium carbonate. Thin mon between allies. However, we also ology Department, University of Calgary. sections of the ooids show that these lay- show that the frequency of passive sharers of CaCO3 are symmetric and resemble ing (tolerated theft) and the number of Stable nitrogen isotope ratios (d15N) are tree rings. Further, fragments of stroma- sharers vary with carcass size and with used by paleodiet researchers to recon- tolites are found, which occasionally func- the number of beggars in ways that sup- struct the breastfeeding and weaning tion as nuclei for the ooids. Kent (1944) port the “harassment” hypothesis. practices of past populations, since ele- proposed that the Maboko area was the vated d15N in infants has been attributed site of a vast Miocene lake, but his hy- The Upper Paleolithic Mladec assem- to the ingestion of breast milk. This re- pothesis was later discounted. However, blage: Cranial geometry compared search examines an alternate hypothesis sedimentological and non-mammalian with anatomically modern humans for the elevated d15N seen in infants. It is paleontological material as well as re- and Neanderthals. proposed that fluctuations in growth ve- search concerning the evolution of the locity may be responsible for the elevated basin appears to suggest that the tectonic G.W. Weber1, P. Mitteroecker1, P. Gunz1, d15N. The relationship between growth and volcanic history of the region, and S. Neubauer1, F.L. Bookstein1, M. velocity and d15N is investigated in a sam- therefore the geomorphological and fluvial Teschler-Nicola2. 1Institute for Anthropol- ple of 19 subadult long bones from an prerequisites required to form a lacustrine ogy, University of Vienna, 2Dept. of An- ossuary sample from southern Ontario. A environment appear prearranged. Indeed, thropology, Natural History Museum Vi- multiple, intra-individual (within-bone) since the Maboko Formation represents enna. sampling methodology was used on more than a million years of sedimenta- subadult long bones from individuals tion, it appears unlikely that a single de- The Mladec human remains from north- ranging in age from fetal to twenty-four positional regime could account for its ern Moravia, Czech Republic play a cen- years. It is concluded that growth velocity entire construction. tral role in the discussion of modern hu- does not affect nitrogen isotope ratios, man origins. Although generally accepted because (1) d15N values are not signifi- Meat sharing by chimpanzees at as modern Homo sapiens, some distinct- cantly different among the metaphyses Ngogo, Kibale National Park. iveness of the cranial morphology stimu- and diaphysis of a growing long bone, and lated speculations about possible ana- (2) d15N values are not significantly dif- D.P. Watts1, J.C. Mitani2. 1Yale Univer- tomical links to the preceding Neander- ferent between bones (or areas of a bone) sity, 2University of Michigan. thals. We therefore investigate and com- that are still undergoing longitudinal pare the cranial geometry of the most growth, versus bones that have ceased Chimpanzees hunt a variety of prey complete four specimens (Mladec 1, 2, 5 & growing. This research supports the use species and commonly share meat after 6) with geometrical and statistical tech- of stable nitrogen isotopes for reconstruct- successful hunts. Hunters expend energy niques. Size and shape differences of the ing diet and breastfeeding practices in and often risk injury. This raises a ques- Mladec assemblage vs. modern Homo past populations. tion general to food sharing in animals: sapiens of both sexes, Late Pleistocene why would individuals share the nutri- anatomically modern Homo sapiens The Middle Miocene Maboko Island tionally valuable resources gained from (AMHS), and classic Neanderthals are primate locality: New data and the successful hunts? Proposed answers in- based on a dataset of Cartesian coordi- integration and reinterpretation of clude the possibilities that sharers: gain nates. In contrast to other studies, the existing data suggest the paleoenvi- indirect fitness benefits; avoid costs of cranial surface is recorded here by various ronment was lacustrine. harassment; gain mating opportunities; anatomical landmarks as well as several advertise, enhance, or maintain status; hundred semilandmarks in previously B. Watkins. Dept. of Geology, University improve their foraging efficiency; improve unquantified regions. of Liverpool. survivorship by augmenting group size; Analysis of the Procrustes coordinate and/or gain future benefits either in kind data was done by principal components Maboko Island is recognized for the (reciprocity) or in other currencies (e.g., and principal coordinates in size-shape wealth of primate fossils its sediments “interchange” food for grooming). Several space and shape space. With respect to have produced. The primary fossiliferous of these explanations, notably reciprocity, shape alone and considering shape and beds occur in the lower part of the se- status enhancement (political maneuver- size we observe three distinct groups: quence. Essentially, since calcrete has ing), and mating success, have been in- Modern H. sapiens, Late Pleistocene been identified in sections of the forma- voked for chimpanzee meat sharing. Our AMHS, and Neanderthals. The Mladec AAPA Abstracts 205

crania are part of the Pleistocene AMHS The post-cranial functional morphol- Basel, 6Dept. of Anthropology, Ohio State cluster, which lies on the fringe of modern ogy of Javanese bovids as an indica- University, 7Inst. for Anthropology, Univ. H. sapiens variability, while the Neander- tor of paleoenvironment. of Mainz, 8Dept. of Anthropology, Univer- thals are distinctly separate. We describe sity of Tennessee, 9Landesdenkmalamt detailed findings for the braincase and the D.C. Weinand. Department of Anthropol- Baden-Württemberg, 10Inst. for Human face (if extant), including supraciliary ogy, University of Tennessee. Genetics and Anthropology, Univ. of morphology and occipital protrusion, and Freiburg. discuss considerations towards a possible The vertebrate paleontological scheme ancestry of Neanderthals. currently utilized for Java, while useful A wide variety of methods for estimation Supported by the Austrian Science for examining broad evolutionary trends, of age-at-death from human skeletal re- Foundation FWF Project No. P14738. lacks the resolution necessary to address mains are now available, reflecting a long questions of local environmental change history of interest in the subject. These Evidence of biomechanical stress in a and early hominid behavior. An increas- methods rely largely on morphological Middle Mississippian skeletal popula- ing number of studies indicate that the changes in the maturing dentition and tion. environment plays a key role in under- skeleton. The diversity of methods results standing hominid morphological and be- in a diversity of reliability, rendering V. Wedel1, L. Rankin-Hill2. 1Department havioral adaptations. For Java, environ- comparisons between methods insecure. of Anthropology, University of California, mental reconstructions have been limited The present study applies various meth- Santa Cruz; 2Department of Anthropology, primarily to comparisons of overall faunal ods of adult age estimation by independ- University of Oklahoma. compositions within the current biostrati- ent investigators (the coauthors of this graphic framework. While this method is study) in order to document and interpret Skeletal remains and funerary objects useful, it relies on an assumption of tem- reliability and applicability. from the MacDuffee Site in northeastern poral stasis in habitat preference in addi- Each observer applied a specific age Arkansas are being analyzed at the re- tion to requiring taxonomic and phyloge- estimation method to the same subsample quest of the Quapaw Tribe, the most likely netic robusticity. Studies of African bo- (n=121) of a large early medieval (A.D. affiliated descendants. Archaeological vids have shown that a more effective way 550-750) cemetery at Lauchheim, Ger- evidence indicates a Late Wood- of examining past environments is many (n=1400). Previously, the tooth land/Middle Mississippian origin for the through the study of morphological traits cementum annulation and Complex site. Sex and age could be reliably deter- that are characteristic of functional adap- Method employing a range of methods mined for only 44 (27 males, 27 females) tations to different environmental condi- recommended by the European Anthropo- of 112 adults. In addition to disease indi- tions. Before morphological traits charac- logical Association were used (Kunter, cators and trauma, the presence and se- teristic of function could be discerned for Wittwer-Backofen). For the present verity of degenerative pathologies were Javanese bovids, identification criteria for study, the following methods were used described for each of these 44 skeletons. the post-cranial bones of the two most and compared to the results of the previ- Forty-three of the MacDuffee adults had common large bodied genera, Bibos and ous study: transitional method (Boldsen), hypertrophic muscle attachment sites. Bubalus, had to be constructed. Based on auricular surface (Buckberry), suture Seventy-seven percent of the individuals the examination of modern representa- closure (Larsen, Wahl), tooth root translu- exhibited osteoarthritic changes on four or tives of these genera, 32 qualitative char- cency (Prince), and osteon density (Dop- more joints. Osteophytosis was present in acters for 14 skeletal elements have been pler, Grupe). In addition, two observers 44% and 65% of the adult males and fe- identified. Additionally, based on ecomor- (Hotz, Kemkes-Grottenthaler) applied a males respectively, and disk herniations phological characters of the femur, the combined spectrum of different methods. were observed in 12 males and nine fe- work indicates that these two genera are The results of this study reveal a general males. morphologically adapted to two different consistency of adult age-at-death, but with In this paper, evidence of biomechanical environments. Ultimately, the study pro- a high degree of variation. The study stress among the adult skeletal remains is vides an empirical means by which the suggests that use of multiple age indica- considered by sex and age category. Pat- paleontological record can be examined tors is important for reconstruction of terns of hypertrophy and arthritis possi- and may provide insight into environ- demographic profiles in archaeological bly attributable to sexual divisions of la- mental preferences of early hominids on settings. bor are discussed. The MacDuffee mate- Java. Research supported by the Max Planck rial is compared with other contempora- Institute for Demographic Research. neous Mississippian sites, including Dick- Age estimation of human skeletal son Mounds. In general, the prevalence of remains - A comparison of methods A modern revision of E. Hooton’s muscular hypertrophy was greater in from Lauchheim, Germany. study on the Indians of Pecos Pueblo. young females (16-25, 26-35 year categories) than young males for the shoulder, S. Weise1, J. Boldsen2, J. Buckberry3, S. K.E. Weisensee. University of Tennessee, elbow, hip, and knee joints, whereas a Doppler4, J. Gampe1, G. Grupe4, G. Hotz5, Knoxville. greater percentage of older males (36-45, C. S. Larsen6, A. Kemkes-Grottenthaler7, 46-55 years) than females was affected by D. Prince8, J. W. Vaupel1, J. Wahl9, U. Earnest Hooton recorded metric and muscular hypertrophy in those same Wittwer-Backofen1,10. 1Max Planck Insti- nonmetric data from more than 450 indi- joints. Males exhibited osteoarthritic tute for Demographic Research, Rostock, viduals for his study, “The Indians of Pe- changes more often than females in all 2Centre of Health and Social Sciences, cos Pueblo”. The focus of this research is joints except the jaw. The incidence of Syddansk Universitet, Odense, 3Research a re-analysis of Hooton’s original data arthritis increased with age in most joints. School of Archeology and Archeological using a modern conceptual and statistical The MacDuffee population exhibited more Science, University of Sheffield, 4Inst. for framework. Although the skeletons from degenerative pathologies than Dickson Anthropology and Human Genetics, Univ. the Pecos site have been reburied, there is Mounds individuals in all age categories. of Munich, 5Museum for Natural History, still a great deal of research potential 206 AAPA Abstracts

from this large, well-documented sample, Using nonparametric Spearman correla- Debate continues to focus on the human due to Hooton’s thorough data collection. tions, osteoarthritis correlates with age, r palaeontological record in the Austral- First, a discriminant function was con- = 0.61, P < 0.001 and cross-sections, r = asian region as a means of testing the structed in order to examine the highly 0.25; P < 0.05, but not with size, r = -0.08, origins of modern humans. Opinion male-biased sex ratio reported for the n.s. or sex, r = -0.07, n.s. Using a partial ranges between complete replacement of sample. The results of this analysis sug- correlation to control for age, osteoarthri- archaic humans by moderns to an ances- gest that Hooton relied too heavily on the tis no longer correlates with cross- tor/descendant relationship of indigenous cranium, particularly when innominates sections, r = 0.15, n.s., which is expected populations east of Wallacea from Asian were absent. Following a discussion of the due to age-related changes in cross- Homo erectus. sex estimation, the biological variation sections. Results do not change when Examination of the (bio)stratigraphy within the series is considered. The varia- examining upper and lower limbs sepa- and taphonomy of the hominin sites of tion within the sample is examined using rately. Osteoarthritis increases in older Ngandong (Indonesia) and the Willandra both the craniometric and cranial nonmet- individuals. Thus, according to this study, Lakes (Australia) provide an indication of ric data. The biological variation of the age, but not size, is a factor that needs to the likely minimum age of important taxa craniometric data is analyzed using be controlled for when using osteoarthritis such as WLH 50 and the Ngandong site 1 RMET, and the resulting distance matrix to reconstruct activity patterns. specimens. Analysis of fauna from these is compared with the distance matrix localities also hints at the palaeoclimate obtained from an analysis of the nonmet- Examination of the mortuary use of and hence the likely environmental condi- ric data. The distance matrices are used fire as a taphonomic process. tions that may have influenced their mor- to assess changes that occurred at the phology. Positioning these specimens into pueblo over time, from the initial occupa- M. Weitzel. Dept. of Anthropology, Uni- their correct chronological and environ- tion to European contact. Finally, an versity of Alberta. mental context is critical to determine analysis of the overall variation within the their phylogenetic relevance/significance Pecos sample is assessed in order to de- The association of fire with mortuary to modern human origins in Australasia. termine changes in the level of variation activity is widespread in the archaeologi- With reference to the prevailing envi- of the entire Pecos site and between the cal record. Research regarding the mor- ronmental variables in late Pleistocene sexes and time periods within the site. By tuary use of fire in detail is limited, how- Australasia, parsimony and logistic dis- examining the variation present at the ever, with regard to both the material and crimination analyses are applied to fossil site, questions regarding migration and technology used as well its potential ta- hominin crania from Africa (Jebel Irhoud, marital pattern can be addressed. phonomic implications. This study is a Laetoli, Herto, Omo and Singa), the Le- comprehensive examination of mortuary vant (Skhul and Qafzeh), Java (Ngan- When size does not matter: An ex- fire use as a cultural taphonomic factor. dong, Ngawi, and Sambungmacan) and amination of aggregate osteoarthri- In the first part of the study, eighteen Australia (Willandra Lakes, Kow Swamp, tis. charred burials were analyzed from the Nacurrie, and Coobool Creek) to deter- Late Neolithic/Early Bronze Age cemetery mine the phylogenetic relationship be- E. Weiss. Archaeological Survey of Can- Khuzhir-Nuge XIV in the Lake Baikal tween these specimens. The results of the ada, Canadian Museum of Civilization. region of Siberia. Each grave, individual, analysis are considered in determining if and skeletal element was examined in the biological origins of the first Austra- Osteoarthritis, like musculoskeletal detail. Observation of the charred re- lians involves an Asian Homo erectus markers, is frequently used to reconstruct mains and their context reveals informa- component or if cranial form indeed activity patterns. However, recent studies tion about processes involved and subse- shares plesiomorphic conditions with the show that muscle markers are confounded quent impact the processes have on the earliest anatomically moderns repre- by body size. The same concerns are bone. The second part of this study ap- sented by specimens such as Herto, Omo, raised concerning osteoarthritis. This plies what was learned at Khuzhir-Nuge Skhul and Qafzeh. study uses an aggregate osteoarthritis XIV to the development of six experiments variable based on six sites (shoulder, el- using fire in a mortuary context. Experi- Wide faces or large canines? The at- bow, wrist, hip, knee, and ankle) to exam- mental graves were constructed using tractive versus the aggressive pri- ine effects of size (an aggregate of upper domestic pigs as human analogues and mate. and lower limb size measurements), age, burned under various circumstances sex, and cross-sectional properties (an (temperatures, durations, source of fuel, E.M. Weston1, A.E. Friday2, R.A. Johns- aggregate of humeral areas and inertias) etc.). The results from experimental pro- tone2, F. Schrenk1. 1Research Institute to improve activity pattern reconstruc- jects help to further explain this mortuary Senckenberg, Germany, 2Department of tions. activity at Khuzhir-Nuge XIV and are Zoology, University of Cambridge. Seventy-seven (57 males, 20 females) applicable to other sites with evidence of British Columbians (3500 – 1500 yrs BP) fire usage. The importance of sexual selection in the and 18th Century Quebec Prisoners from evolution of the hominid lineage is much the Canadian Museum of Civilization are Toward a phylogenetic classification debated. Hominids display marked body analyzed. Osteoarthritis and size are of late Pleistocene Homo in Africa, size dimorphism, suggestive of strong measured using Standards for Data Col- the Levant, and Australasia and its sexual selection; at the same time, they lection from Human Skeletal Remains implications for the biological origins lack the significant sex differences in ca- (Buikstra and Ubelaker, 1994); age and of the first Australians. nine size that are commonly associated sex are determined through pelvic, cra- with intrasexual competition in primates. nial, and dental morphology; and, cross- M.C. Westaway. School of Archaeology Here, we resolve this paradox by examin- sectional properties are calculated from and Anthropology, Australian National ing sex differences in facial morphology. humeral radiographs using Biknevicius University. We show that chimpanzees exhibit clear and Ruff’s (1992) formulae. sexual dimorphism in face width, over and AAPA Abstracts 207

above that expected on the basis of sex mine whether systematic analysis is a erts marked biomechanical stress on the differences in body size. Furthermore, legitimate way to determine population maternal lumbopelvic complex, yet the such facial dimorphism is negatively cor- affiliation of unknown individuals, impact of fetal load on the primate skele- related with canine dimorphism among thereby benefiting future forensic studies. ton has not been quantitatively investi- anthropoid primates. Our findings thus gated. In humans spinal loading is mark- suggest that the lack of canine dimor- Adaptive regimes and genus designa- edly complex due to lumbar lordosis and phism in hominids is not due to weak tions of Plio-Pleistocene hominins: a pelvic anterior tilt. These bipedal traits sexual selection, but rather is associated multivariate approach. distribute load differentially along the with strong sexual selection for broader vertebral column, particularly in response face width. In light of existing data link- B.C. Wheeler. Interdepartmental Doctoral to fetal mass. ing enlarged cheekbones with attractive- Program in Anthropological Sciences, To test the hypothesis that lumbopelvic ness in humans, we propose that the evo- Stony Brook University. shape sexual dimorphism is greater in lution of a broad face in hominid males humans than in other orthograde pri- results from inter-sexual selection (mate While there is considerable dispute mates five vertebral and innominate vari- choice), as opposed to intra-sexual compe- among biologists concerning what consti- ables in humans (N= 65m/65f) were tition. tutes a species, genera have proven even measured, tested and compared with simi- harder to define. It has been proposed lar data for two nonhuman orthograde Mitochondrial DNA analysis for the that a genus is a monophyletic group primates, Hylobates lar (N= 24m/22f) and study of variation and determination characterized by a single adaptive regime. Propithecus verreauxi (N= 6m/7f). While of geographic identity of indigenous This definition has been used to argue dissimilar in positional repertoires, each human skeletal remains. that the genus Homo is too inclusive be- taxon similarly maintains truncal verti- cause its earliest members occupied a cality relative to the body line of gravity H.B. Wetherington1, J. Garey1, L. Madri- different adaptive niche than later species sharing directionality of key biomechani- gal2. 1Department of Biology, University of of the genus. On the other hand, the spe- cal forces. South Florida, 2Department of Anthropol- cies assigned to the genus Australopith- Analyses of lumbopelvic sexual dimor- ogy, University of South Florida. ecus are done so based on their similar phism in body size-adjusted variates using adaptive grade, despite little evidence of principal components and Welch’s ap- Mitochondrial DNA has played a major monophyly. Prior attempts to demonstrate proximate t-test indicate that while pelvic role in human population studies over the either that species assigned to Australo- canal shape significantly differs by sex in past 20 years, due its maternal inheri- pithecus form an adaptive grade or that all three taxa, humans are distinct in tance and non-recombination (Macaulay, early members of Homo are characterized lumbar vertebral sexual dimorphism. 1999). The mtDNA control region has by this grade have been largely qualita- Females have relatively robust zyga- been the focus of studies due to the highly tive. This study takes a quantitative, mul- pophyses and laminar structures. Sexual polymorphic nature of this non-coding tivariate approach to test whether Austra- dimorphism in the lumbopelvic complex of region. Forensic scientists also use lopithecus truly forms an adaptive grade bipeds is examined as an adaptation to mtDNA to determine identity of missing and whether some members of Homo are spinal loading patterns introduced by fetal persons when nuclear DNA degrades. characterized by this grade. Fifteen vari- load. Although pregnancy is intermittent, However, when skeletal remains are un- ables relating to diet, locomotion, body duration and recurrence of this obstetric claimed, no comparison for identification size, and brain size were analyzed using load exert marked stress on the bipedal exists. Therefore, using mtDNA in this hierarchical cluster analysis. Results indi- skeleton, suggesting an early emergence context is not helpful. For population cate that australopiths form an ecological of lumbopelvic sexual dimorphism in the genetics, however, hypervariable regions grade and that H. habilis is characterized hominid lineage. in the mtDNA are useful in identification by this grade. The placement of H. rudolf- of population affiliations, especially in ensis with the australopiths, however, is Variation of the mandibular molars conjunction with morphological analyses. equivocal. The species assigned to Paran- in extant lemuriform primates: A The Hillsborough County ME Office thropus form a sub-grade in several qualitative and quantitative study. provided 20 skeletons for this study. Mito- analyses, indicating that they likely meet chondrial DNA was extracted, amplified, the above definition of genus. H. sapiens J.L. White. Department of Anthropology, and sequenced from the bones to deter- and H. neanderthalensis clustered closely University of Iowa. mine polymorphisms in the HVR I region. in all analyses, while H. erectus clustered These sequences will be aligned and com- with later Homo in less than two-thirds of Comparative morphology remains a pared to sequences from a human mtDNA the analyses, indicating it may not meet useful method in reconstruction of fossil control region database using several the above criteria for membership in taxa. When combined with morphometric systematics programs (Handt, 1998). The Homo. techniques, it has proven valuable at elu- skeletal remains have been osteologically cidating small scale changes amongst measured for a similar morphological Fetal load in bipeds: Selection pres- taxa. Several studies have addressed the assessment using PAUP. Conclusions sure for female lumbopelvic adapta- correlation between size and shape of the should reveal two systematic relation- tion. mandibular dentition and diet. The aim of ships: 1. a molecular cladogram establish- this project is to identify metric variation ing the relationships between different K.K. Whitcome. Dept. of Anthropology, among lemuriform primates between ho- geographical groups and the unknown University of Texas at Austin. mologous points, as well as classify char- sequences; 2. a morphological cladogram acter states in order to more precisely showing relationships between the un- Prior to delivery of the neonate and its define correlations between morphology known skeletal samples and individuals of placenta, a protracted period of fetal varieties and diet. This study adds to past established geographical backgrounds. growth occurs. Orthograde pregnancy research by addressing metric variation The importance of this study will deter- characterized by habitual verticality ex- between homologous landmarks on the 208 AAPA Abstracts

first and second lower molars and evalu- natural disasters. In addition, we discuss J. Wieczkowski. Department of Anthro- ates the utility of such data in recon- the types of data that will be necessary for pology, University of Georgia. structing fossil primate behavior. As the primatologists to collect in order to con- long term goal of this project is to recon- duct PVAs for other populations of wild The Tana mangabey (Cercocebus galeri- struct fossil primate dietary behavior, it is primates as well as the benefits and tus) is endemic to fragmented forest habi- crucial to understand variation among drawbacks of each type of software tat along the lower Tana River in south- extant strepsirhine primates. This project eastern Kenya. Although a forest pri- investigates the dietary implications of Serum leptin reflects ecological dif- mate, the Tana mangabey is able to use mandibular dentition morphology by com- ferences in vervet monkey (Cer- non-forest corridors to move between for- bining traditional measurements of molar copithecus aethiops) populations. ests. Considering the mangabey is criti- shape with analyses of changes in the cally endangered due to habitat loss and distribution of seven homologous land- P.L. Whitten1, T.R. Turner2. 1Emory Uni- degradation, this ability may prove criti- marks. By means of fifteen linear distance versity, 2University of Wisconsin- cal to its survival. Utilizing data from an measurements between homologous struc- Milwaukee. 810-meter long belt transect, I character- tures of the first two molars of the man- ized the habitat of a one-kilometer non- dibular dentition, this study tests the Intra-specific variation in wild primates forest corridor a mangabey group used to utility of principal components analysis in is a rich resource for investigating the move between two forests. The majority positively identifying significant differ- physiological and ecological bases of life (77.6%) of shrubs and trees in the non- ences among extant lemuriform primates. history evolution. Nutritional status is a forest corridor was 1-4.9 meters tall; vege- Preliminary data indicate that extant key variable linking ecology to resource tation of this height was found at a den- lemuriform primates differ in the orienta- allocation, but its contributions to life sity of 2320 individuals per hectare. No tion of their homologous points and in the history variation in natural primate popu- individuals of the mangabey’s top 15 diet distribution of non-metric character states lations are not well understood. We have species were present in the corridor. In (e.g., talonid basin shape, presence of cin- previously reported differences in mor- addition, habitat structural data collected gulid notches, entoconid position, and phology, demography, and life history in three belt and line transects in each orientation of the cristid obliqua). among natural vervet monkey (Cercopith- forest were compared to the corridor data ecus aethiops) populations in Kenya. This to illustrate the differences between the Population Viability Analysis of ring- study tested the hypothesis that observed forest and non-forest habitats. For trees tailed lemurs (Lemur catta) of the population differences were linked to nu- 10 meters or taller, the non-forest corridor Beza-Mahafaly Special Reserve, tritional status, as measured by serum had a significantly lower mean height, a Madagascar. leptin. Leptin is a hormone produced in significantly smaller mean percentage adipocytes that reflects and regulates canopy cover, and a lower percentage of D. Whitelaw1, K. Fish1, M. Sauther1, L. body fat and may help to regulate repro- trees that size than either forest. The Gould2, R. Sussman3. 1Dept. of Anthro- duction. corridor also had a smaller basal area per pology, University of Colorado at Boulder, Data were obtained from populations of hectare of trees with a diameter at breast 2Dept. of Anthropology, University of Vic- vervet monkeys at four widely separated height of 10cm or greater. These habitat toria, British Columbia, 3Dept. of Anthro- sites in Kenya, East Africa. The sites dif- structural data can be applied to man- pology, Washington University, St. Louis. fered in altitude, temperature, rainfall, agement plans for corridor establishment and access to human foods. Blood, hair, within the habitat of this critically endan- Population Viability Analyses (PVAs) dental casts, and morphological meas- gered primate. Funded by Wildlife Con- refer to the study of how habitat loss, urements were collected from 367 wild- servation Society, Margot Marsh Biodi- environmental uncertainty, demographic trapped individuals. Leptin was meas- versity Foundation, Conservation Interna- stochasticity, and genetic factors contrib- ured in 58 adult males for which both tional’s Primate Action Fund, and Primate ute to the future success or decline of serum and morphometric measurements Conservation, Inc. populations (Meffe et al. 1997). Recently, were available. Leptin was measured by PVAs have been used to predict the ability radioimmunoassay using a kit for nonhu- Testing for hyperpaedomorphosis in of large mammal populations to persist in man primate leptin (Linco). southern African Plio-Pleistocene the wild, but have seldom been applied to Body mass differed significantly across baboons. populations of wild primates (Armbruster populations. Males in the driest site were and Lande 1993, Marmontel et al. 1997, significantly heavier than males in the F.L. Williams. Georgia State University. Penn et al. 2000, Strier 2000). In order to wettest site. Serum leptin also differed assess the utility of PVAs as an instru- significantly across populations with sig- Vrba’s hyperpaedomorphosis model sug- ment of primate conservation, we tested nificantly higher levels in the two sites gests that cooler, drier Pleistocene cli- the accuracy and predictive power of 2 with higher annual rainfall. There was a mates may have selected for larger, pae- types of PVA software. We used demo- significant positive correlation of leptin domorphic descendants of warmer- and graphic data collected between 1987-2003 with serum testosterone. These findings wetter-adapted ancestral Pliocene forms. on a population of wild ring-tailed lemurs show that leptin links ecology and repro- These predictions are examined with re- (Lemur catta) in the Beza Mahafaly Re- ductive function in natural primate popu- spect to Plio-Pleistocene baboon genera. serve to assess the predictive power of lations. Parapapio, known primarily from the both types of software. Supported by NSF BCS0116465, Pliocene-aged sites of Makapansgat, The results indicate that PVAs can be BNS7703322, and BCS0115993. Sterkfontein and Taung, is widely consid- helpful and accurate in predicting primate ered to be ancestral to other baboon gen- persistence in the wild. Moreover, simu- Habitat structure of a non-forest cor- era. Fossil Papio and Dinopithecus are lating stochastic events, such as drought, ridor used by a group of Tana man- largely known from Pleistocene sites such can provide insight regarding the surviv- gabeys (Cercocebus galeritus). as Swartkrans, while Simopithecus (cf. ability of a population when faced with Theropithecus), deriving from Makapans- AAPA Abstracts 209

gat and Swartkrans, may cross the Plio- and animals consuming C3 grasses. This Seasonality of health measures of Pleistocene boundary. To examine onto- is important for understanding the politi- urban Bhutia women in Sikkim, In- genetic patterns in the data, five dental- cal organization of the area represented dia. based life cycle stages were identified. by this cemetery since the Inca often Means for each life cycle stage per genus moved individuals (called mitimas) from S.R. Williams. Department of Anthropol- were calculated for the nine facial linear previously conquered areas into newly ogy, Northwestern University. distances most frequently preserved conquered territories. If mitimas were across taxa. Shape indices were con- present in the Rimac valley, they do not Health is a construct interpreted on structed for each life cycle stage of each appear to have originated from the high- many levels, including physical, mental genus and then subjected to principal lands. These analyses represent the first and social well-being. Humans are plas- components analysis. In particular, I isotopic investigation of diet within the tic, able to respond both behaviorally and examined the degree to which adults of Rimac valley during the Inca-period and biologically when factors threaten their the Pleistocene forms were similar in provide important data for reconstructing well-being, creating stressors. Seasonal shape to juveniles, but larger in size than social and political organization. changes in climate such as temperature adults, of the Pliocene species. and rainfall may result in significant There is much variation in shape and Dental asymmetry through time in changes in health status. The purpose of size among Plio-Pleistocene baboons. coastal Florida and Georgia popula- this study is to examine the relationship Parapapio is paedomorphic compared to tions. between seasonal climatic variation and all other taxa, but particularly to rela- women’s health in an urban environment. tively prognathic fossil Papio adults. S.E. Williams, M.W. Warren. Department The Bhutia are one of two scheduled While some aspects of muzzle morphology of Anthropology, University of Florida. tribes inhabiting the small state of Sikkim in Dinopithecus and Simopithecus are in the Himalayan Mountains of north- peramorphic compared to Parapapio, the In the last three decades, investigations eastern India. The climate in Sikkim is relatively broad and tall snouts of adult have shown that non-genetic, environ- distinctly seasonal with well-defined pat- Simopithecus distinguish it from other mental factors can adversely affect dental terns of rainfall and temperature. A total taxa. Although an increase in size over growth, resulting in bilateral asymmetry of 238 Bhutia women between the ages of time generally characterizes Plio- in tooth size. Generally, odontometric twenty –five to thirty-five were included Pleistocene baboon genera, Pleistocene studies describe two types of asymmetry: in this study. Survey questionnaires were forms are peramorphic compared to their directional, where crown size is consis- administered and anthropometric and Pliocene counterparts, contradicting tently larger on one side, and fluctuating, physiological data was collected for each Vrba’s hyperpaedomorphosis model. wherein the largest side varies between participant on a seasonal basis. Results of individuals of a given population. These survey questionnaires and physiological Inca-period diet for the central coast two forms of asymmetry have been shown measures show that seasonal patterns in of Peru: A preliminary report on the to vary in magnitude between groups of health status are present in this popula- isotopic analysis of human bone col- the same time period, as well as between tion. Significant seasonal variation lagen from Puruchuco-Huaquerones. groups over time. These differences have (p<0.05) was found in number of health been primarily attributed to non-specific recall items, hemoglobin levels, and sys- J.S. Williams. Department of Archaeology, environmental stressors. Studies have tolic blood pressure but not in C-reactive The University of Calgary. revealed a pattern that indicates asymme- protein or diastolic blood pressure. How- try is greatest in populations with the ever, measures of health status exhibiting Puruchuco-Huaquerones is an Inca- highest incidences of sub-optimal levels of significant seasonal variation did not all period cemetery located near Lima, Peru health and nutrition. These studies sug- follow the same seasonal pattern. in the Rimac river valley. This cemetery gest that modern populations should dis- was excavated from 1999-2001 with the play the least degree of asymmetry. Few Quantitative trait linkage mapping recovery of 1286 burials representing of these studies, however, have examined studies in the Jirels of Nepal. 2200-2400 individuals. Various preserved asymmetry in skeletal populations or have tissues (skin, muscle, tendon, nail, hair, compared diverse populations over time S. Williams-Blangero1, J.L. VandeBerg1, bone and tooth) were sampled to investi- within the same geographic region. B. Towne2, B. Jha3, J. Blangero.1 gate diet and dietary change over an indi- This study examines mesio-distal and 1Southwest Foundation for Biomedical vidual’s lifetime. The purpose of this pa- bucco-lingual diameters in order to quan- Research, 2Wright State University, per is to present preliminary results of the tify asymmetry. Data were collected from 3Tribhuvan University Institute of Medi- stable carbon and nitrogen isotopic analy- skeletal collections at the Florida Museum cine. sis of bone collagen from 53 individuals. of Natural History and Forensic Research The average d13C value is -11.2 +/- 1.3 0/00 Laboratory at the University of Florida, Human isolate populations offer many indicating a diet composed primarily of C4 and include indigenous populations of the advantages for genetic research. Large plants, C4 consuming animals and/or Atlantic coasts of Florida and Georgia pedigrees can be constructed easily in seafood. The average d15N value is 10.8 +/- dating from the late archaic period to a small geographically restricted popula- 1.4 0/00 indicating that the animal compo- forensic sample. Examination of this topic tions with low rates of migration. The nent of the diet did not include high level using materials which represent individu- Jirel population is an ethnic group con- carnivores, offshore/reef fish or sea mam- als existing in the same geographic region sisting of approximately 4200 individuals mals. Based on these results we can pro- over time will assist in further elucidating who are residents of nine villages in the pose that the individuals sampled from the relationship between asymmetry and Jiri region of Nepal. Information collected this cemetery spent at least the last 10-15 stress. through house-to-house surveys enabled years of their life along the coast, since construction of a single pedigree consist- highland diet is generally based primarily ing of 2000 living individuals. The pedi- on C3 resources such as potatoes, yucca gree has been well characterized and 210 AAPA Abstracts

markers at 375 loci spaced evenly across is compared to a bimodal distribution of for Human Genetics and Anthropology, the autosomes have been generated for slope values from a comparative sample. University of Freiburg, Germany. almost all pedigree members as part of an A human reference sample was used as ongoing genome scan. The wealth of ge- a known model of sexual dimorphism to In a recent validation study, Tooth Ce- netic data available for the pedigree has generate a distribution of slope values mentum Annulations (TCA) have proved made it invaluable for research on a broad through resampling. By comparing the to be a reliable method for age estimation range of physiological traits. The initial slope value of the Neandertal samples to (Wittwer-Backofen et al., in press). It work on susceptibility to helminthic infec- this distribution, we predicted the sex of opens the field for paleodemographic ap- tion yielded the localization of the first each cranium. plications in unknown skeletons. A major two genes known to influence susceptibil- problem up to now has been the broad ity to Ascaris lumbricoides as part of the Western research in a non Western confidence intervals in individual age Jiri Helminth Project. The Jiri Growth world: HIV in rural Tanzania. estimations based on morphological Study was recently established to initiate changes during adulthood. This led to age a genetic epidemiological study of growth L.A. Winkler, N. Darity, J. Huff, J. Miley, distributions, which do not show the real and development in a parasitized popula- V. Hess, F. Brebnor. University of Pitts- mortality peaks. The TCA method is ex- tion by generating new morphological burgh. pected to produce more realistic age pat- data to be analyzed in conjunction with terns. the existing genetic data. A newly devel- Medical anthropologists bring valuable The early medieval cemetery of Lauch- oped project will collect phenotypes re- skills to global medicine due to their un- heim was selected as an exemplary case to lated to psychiatric disease in the same derstanding of the important interplay provide TCA data from all adult skeletons pedigree as part of an effort to identify between culture and biology and their with available teeth. The main reasons for genes related to depression and other exposure to non-Western ideology. This the selection of Lauchheim were the large disorders. This paper reviews the studies study examines the incidence and epide- number of individuals (over 1300 graves), that have utilized the single Jirel pedi- miology of HIV in northwestern Tanzania, the well-defined chronology covering the gree, and emphasizes the importance of a rural area where lack of western diag- settlement period, the clear social strati- long-term genetic studies of isolate popu- nostic tools and western technology limit graphy, and the availability of a large lations for elucidating the genetic deter- traditional western analysis of HIV inci- number of anthropological data for all minants of a broad range of normal and dence. This may contribute to the percep- skeletons. disease-related phenotypes. tion of HIV as a disease of urbanization The TCA method has been applied to and displacement. more than 800 skeletons. Major results Are all the Neandertal males really The research team worked with the staff show a clearly defined mortality peak for male? and records of the Karagwe district hospi- males and a broad distribution of mortal- tal and AIDS control program during the ity risks for females, including fertility J.W. Wilson, M.H. Wolpoff. University of summers of 2002-3, examining and com- risks. Of major importance are also the Michigan, Department of Anthropology. paring different programs and measures highest ages at death , as they signifi- of HIV incidence and progression in this cantly influence paleodemographic pa- The European Neandertal sample of area bordering Rwanda, Uganda, and rameters in life tables. Among the oldest complete crania has an unequal sex ratio Burundi in order to assess the demo- individuals are mainly women. with an over-representation of males. It is graphics of HIV here. HIV infection rates The study also represents the basis for a not clear whether more males than fe- are available from hospital testing pro- wider methodological project on the com- males have been discovered thus far, or if grams and range from 16% to 36% over parison of age indicators (see contribution some existing specimens have been incor- the last five years. Due to a number of Weise et al., AAPA annual meeting 2004). rectly classified. In this study, we tested a cultural factors that influence testing, the null hypothesis of same sex for 10 Nean- accuracy of each of the testing programs African Y-chromosome haplotypes dertal crania that were previously classi- varies. However, the upper percentage strongly correlate with linguistic fied as male, female, or uncertain sex, which is based on testing of blood donors groups. based on morphology. is a more accurate indicator of population We used a morphometric statistical tech- incidence than the lower figure (pre- E. Wood1, D. Stover1, C. Ehret2, J. Destro- nique to examine current sex classifica- marital testing). In addition, many HIV+ Bisol3, G. Spedini3, A.S. Santachiara4, H. tion in the European Neandertal fossil individuals who receive treatment here McLeod5, B.I. Strassmann6, H. Soodyall7, sample. are diagnosed symptomatically and are M.F. Hammer1. 1Genomics Analysis & Crania in which 40 of the same meas- not tested for confirmation of HIV status Technology Core (GATC) and Department urements could be obtained were used to for a number of cultural and logistical of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Uni- test our hypothesis. Measurements in- reasons that may contribute to under- versity of Arizona, 2Department of His- cluded those that reflect brain size in or- reporting of HIV. Our analysis indicates tory, University of California, Los Ange- der to add 2 juvenile crania to our sample, that HIV levels are as high in this rural les, 3Deparment of Animal and Human assuming most brain growth had been area as reported in urban areas. Biology, University La Sapienza, Rome, completed by death. Italy, 4Department of Genetics and Micro- We examined the distance of each meas- Tooth cementum annulations in pa- biology, University di Pavia, Pavia, Italy, urement on each Neandertal specimen leodemography – The exemplary case 5Department of Medicine, Washington from a reference cranium and obtained of Lauchheim. University, St. Louis, 6Department of the slope value of the regression line. Pre- Anthropology, University of Michigan, vious research has demonstrated that the U. Wittwer-Backofen1,2, J.W. Vaupel1. Ann Arbor, 7SAMIR, University of Wit- slope of the regression line based on these 1Max-Planck-Institute for Demographic watersand, Johannesburg, South Africa. comparisons provides a successful tool for Research, Rostock, Germany; 2Institute sexing individual samples when this slope AAPA Abstracts 211

Variation at 48 bi-allelic markers on the enclosures, these species show differences extant and stem hominoids are not shared non-recombining portion of the Y- in the range, timing, and relative speed of derived for this clade; and, (3) the associa- chromosome was surveyed in 1330 males developing their positional behavior rep- tion of these traits with forelimb suspen- from 49 African populations to examine ertoires. Results are discussed in terms of sory locomotion is unlikely. the nature of subdivision and the relation- the eventual locomotor differences of ships among paternal genetics, language adults (a mostly quadrupedal pattern for What's stress got to do with it? The classification, and geographic location. Trachypithecus versus a higher degree of social ecology of immune function. This study revealed 36 haplotypes that suspensory behavior for Pygathrix) social were unevenly distributed across the con- factors affecting locomotor development in C.M. Worthman. Anthropology, Emory tinent. Analysis of Molecular Variance young animals (i.e., play and exploration), University. (AMOVA) detected a high degree of popu- and the implications of these results for lation structure (FST=0.31). The amount ecological resource partitioning of sympat- Recognition of interactions between of among-group variation (FCT) increases ric species (P. nemaeus and T. hatinhen- immune function and psychosocial factors substantially when populations were sis). The applications of these results to has opened a new window onto biosocial grouped by language family (0.23) com- free-ranging conditions are discussed, dynamics in differential well-being. As pared with geographic location (0.07). both the expected modifications in com- anthropologists apply the paradigms of Mantel tests also show a higher correla- plex environments, and especially the psychoneuroimmunology in widely differ- tion between language and genetics conservation impacts for locomotor ontog- ing physical and social ecologies expanded (r=0.41, p<0.000) than between geography eny in increasingly shrinking and anthro- to include the entire lifespan, and subject and genetics (r=-0.02, p>0.10). This pogenically disturbed habitats. empirical models to theoretical treatment strong relationship between linguistic from developmental, adaptationist, and affiliation and paternal genetics remains Character analysis of hominoid trunk comparative perspectives, they inevitably when geography is held constant (r=0.42, and forelimb morphology: synapo- uncover dynamics that challenge estab- p<0.00). An analysis of a subset of lan- morphy or homoplasy? lished views. guage families reveals that the language- These issues are illuminated by data genetics relationship is primarily due to S. Worthington. Dept. of Anthropology, from a population-based longitudinal the inclusion of populations from the Ni- University of Durham. study of the ecology of stress-related im- ger-Congo family. The large effect on the mune function in adolescents of the eleven among-group variation of the E-P1* hap- The extent of homoplasy in the trunk counties of western North Carolina. The lotype data suggests that the spread of and forelimb morphology of the Homi- sample comprises three annual waves of this mutation via the Bantu expansion noidea has long been a subject of conten- data collection from youth initially ages 9, acted to homogenize geographically subdi- tion. This study tests whether characters 11, and 13 years old [n of observations: vided populations. These subdivided from the trunk and forelimb are: (1) 3692]. Household, experiential, and psy- populations likely were the earliest hominoid synapomorphies; (2) hominid chobehavioral assessments were collected speakers of the Niger-Congo, Khoisan, synapomorphies; (3) African ape/human along with fingerprick samples during and Afro-Asiatic language families. synapomorphies; or, (4) homoplasies. Hy- annual in-home interviews. Samples were potheses are evaluated using character assayed for antibodies to Epstein Barr Creating the collection: Ontogeny of state analysis, performed on eight metric virus (EBV), a biomarker for chronic locomotion in Vietnamese colobines. characters, derived from trunk and fore- stress. Predictably, EBV showed strong limb data collected from ten extant an- positive associations with ten of sixteen C. Workman. University of Colorado- thropoid and nine fossil catarrhine gen- previously-identified psychiatric risk fac- Boulder, Department of Anthropology. era. Computer based analyses (MacClade) tors. Both boys and girls living with are used to reconstruct the hypothetical chronic ecologic stressors exhibited ele- The range and timing of pre-adult loco- ancestral conditions of characters on pub- vated EBV, but girls also manifested addi- motor and postural behaviors contribute a lished topologies. Ancestral morphotypes tional effects of domestic dynamics and substantial component to a species growth are then compared with conditions exhib- boys exhibited impact of structural fac- and development. For this reason, studies ited in terminal taxa to determine syn- tors. Less predictably, viral load differed on the ontogeny of locomotion are essen- apomorphy or homoplasy. Results suggest by ethnicity, contributing to apparent tial to understanding the complete profile that four of the eight characters examined persistent population differences in rates of a species, and yet detailed research of are hominoid synapomorphies. Of the of seropositivity established by age 9 the ontogenetic positional behavior for remaining traits, one is an equivocal years. Indeed, rates of seropositivity did monkeys is scarce. This paper presents hominoid or hominid synapomorphy, one not change with age in either population. longitudinal data on the positional behav- is shared derived for hominids, one is a Implications of these data for current ior of red-shanked douc (Pygathrix ne- synapomorphy of the African ape/human models of the developmental ecology of maeus), Delacour’s (Trachypithecus dela- clade and one is not diagnostic for apes at immune function and of psychoneuroim- couri) and Hatinh (Trachypithecus hatin- all. Three traits exhibit homoplasy, in the munology in general will be considered. hensis) langurs. 207 hours of data col- form of convergence or reversal, though Funding: MH65019, MH48485, W.T. lected on young and adult animals (n=31) not between hominoid taxa. It is therefore Grant Foundation. at the Endangered Primate Rescue Center unlikely that hylobatids, pongines or Afri- in Cuc Phuong National Park, Vietnam, can apes/humans evolved these traits Chimpanzee juveniles constrain their during January-March 2002 are supple- independently of each other. Three main mothers’ gregariousness. mented with an additional 116 hours col- conclusions may be drawn from this lected in June-July 2003 on both the same study: (1) there is no homoplasy between R.W. Wrangham, H. Pontzer. Dept. of individuals (including subadults) and new extant hominoid genera in the features Anthropology, Harvard University. animals born since the end of the first examined; (2) some of the characters pre- study (n=35). Although housed in similar viously interpreted as synapomorphic for 212 AAPA Abstracts

Why are mothers less gregarious than weakest tissues on average (not exceeding representation, and (3) the role of butch- other adult chimpanzees? The Scramble 325.0 J m-2). The toughness of plant tis- ery practices in hominid use of the site Competition Hypothesis (Wrangham sues breached by primates in this com- over time. Bone fragments were sorted by 2000) proposes mothers (adult females munity reveals that Chiropotes satanas element and taxonomic category and data with clinging infants) prefer to travel in (2826.0 J m-2) and C. apella (1860.0 J m-2) on surface modification, fragmentation, small parties to avoid the extra travel open the most demanding tissues on aver- and age-at-death were collected. There is costs (time and energy) and increased age. These include the pods of Eperua a remarkable consistency in the dominant scramble competition for food associated grandiflora (5384.0 J m-2) and the pods of represented taxa (Capra sibirica and Cer- with larger groups. To test this hypothe- Dimorphandra conjugata (9953.0 J m-2). vus elaphus) throughout the strata, and sis, we analyzed day ranges from 200 C. olivaceus and A. paniscus breached the taphonomic data indicate that hominids nest-to-nest group follows of chimpanzees weakest tissues on average (not exceeding were the principal generators of the fau- in the Kanyawara community of Kibale 1223.0 J m-2). nal assemblages. Carnivore remains are National Park, Uganda. As expected, day The major subfamilies of New World rare, and the site appears to have been range was significantly correlated with primates appear to have radiated into used as a short-term butchery station. group size for all sex-age classes, suggest- distinct dietary niches early in their evo- Current results of a comprehensive dating ing larger groups do incur greater travel lutionary history. Although these dietary programme (AMS, Th/U, ESR, OSL) are costs. However, mean day range for differences provide useful insight into the also presented. mothers was not significantly less than divergence of platyrrhine subfamilies, the other adult females, and paired compari- findings from this study reveal ecological An odontometric reduction trend sons of first-time mothers reveal no differ- and morphological overlap among more among ancient Maya populations ence between nulliparous and parous con- distantly related species. from northern Belize. ditions for day range or average party Research funded by NSF (#9972603), size. This suggests the presence of a The National Geographic Society (#083- G.D. Wrobel. Dept. of Sociology and An- clinging infant is not the primary factor 0370A-6025525), the Leakey Foundation. thropology, University of Mississippi. affecting grouping behavior. Instead, day range for mothers and adult females was Vertebrate taphonomy and geochro- An odontometric analysis of 361 indi- significantly correlated with the age of nology of Initial Upper Paleolithic viduals from the northern Belize sites of their youngest non-clinging juvenile, and occupation horizons at Obi-Rakhmat Altun Ha, Chau Hiix and Lamanai shows juvenile day range was positively corre- Grotto, Uzbekistan. a significant reduction in the dimensions lated with age. Further, maximum re- of posterior teeth from the Preclassic (400 corded day range was highly correlated P. Wrinn1, A. Krivoshapkin2, A. Derevi- BC) to the Late Postclassic (AD 1500) with age for juveniles, suggesting smaller anko2, U. Islamov3. 1Dept. of Anthropol- period. Comparisons to published data body size may limit their ability to travel ogy, University of Arizona, 2Institute of from the Colonial site of Tipu, Belize long distances. These results suggest Archaeology and Ethnography, Siberian (Jacobi 2000) shows a continuation of this mothers are kept from foraging in large Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, reduction trend. In distance analyses groups in part due to ranging constraints 3Institute of Archaeology, Uzbek Academy comparing the northern Belize group to imposed by their non-clinging offspring. of Sciences. other precolumbian Maya, as well as to a variety of other Amerindian skeletal sam- Food mechanical properties and Uzbekistan has recently attracted atten- ples, contemporaneous groups tended to niche partitioning in a community of tion due to its geographic placement be- cluster together regardless of their geo- Neotropical primates. tween northern and western Eurasia, graphic proximity, suggesting that this B.W. Wright. Department of Anthropology areas where researchers have noted the trend is not unique to the Maya. Other and Center for the Advanced Study of closely timed (ca. 50-40,000 BP) appear- factors potentially contributing to varia- Human Paleobiology, George Washington ance of Levallois-leptolithic Initial Upper tion within and between these groups, University. Paleolithic (IUP) technological entities. such as age and sex, were found to vary The Central Asian “corridor” zone, where substantially, likely as the result of This study compares the mechanical Paleolithic research has been limited, may biocultural and taphonomic differences properties of foods processed by six species shed important light on the adaptations between the groups, as well as interob- of New World monkey in the Iwokrama and spread of hominids bearing IUP tech- server error. Explanations for the reduc- Reserve, Guyana, S.A. These data help to nology. Since 1998, an interdisciplinary tion trend among the Maya include selec- clarify how these primarily frugivorous Russian-Uzbek-American team has con- tion for smaller teeth as the result of their primates presently partition and exploit ducted excavations at Obi-Rakhmat heavy dependence on agriculture, though resources within the same ecological Grotto, northwestern Uzbekistan. Tens of this phenomenon also may be the result of community. Data were collected on foods thousands of stone artifacts, as well as a general reduction in body size noted in processed by Alouatta seniculus, Ateles numerous animal bones and several both ancient and modern groups. The paniscus, Cebus apella, C. olivaceus, Chi- hominid teeth and cranial fragments, results of this study demonstrate that ropotes satanas and Pithecia pithecia with have been recovered from stratified IUP odontometric variation is primarily af- a portable tester designed by Lucas et al. and Levallois-Mousterian contexts. fected by a long-term dental reduction (2001). In this study, we concentrate on the trend rather than patterns of population It was found that A. seniculus (683.0 J faunal and geochronological data gathered interaction and thus these data are not m-2) and C. apella (508.0 J m-2) comminute to date. Taphonomic methods have been appropriate for genetic distance analyses. or macerate the toughest tissues on aver- employed in the analysis of animal bones age. This includes items such as the leaf from Obi-Rakhmat to address (1) the Human chemical communication: lamina of Inga spp. (2034.0 J m-2) and the agencies responsible for accumulating the Should we fearamone? leaf base of Astrocaryum vulgare (6268.0 J bone fragments, (2) the effects of hominid m-2). The pitheciines masticated the foraging strategies on prey taxonomic AAPA Abstracts 213

C. J. Wysocki. Monell Chemical Senses biting performance of the masticatory ing the peak of estradiol level, suggesting Center. apparatus. We performed in situ tests of that ovarian steroids modulate sexual mechanical properties of individual plant behavior during the fertile phase of the In the academic and biomedical commu- parts using a portable tester and recorded estrous cycle. Females also were found to nities, mention of human pheromones maximum jaw gapes and bite forces on frequently solicit matings during preg- brings forth mixed reactions. To some the anesthetized animals. nancy. Most of those solicitations were concept is foreign to the extreme. Argu- The lemur species primarily fed on two accepted by the alpha male and resulted ments akin to the following can be heard: bamboo species during this season. H. in copulations. During pregnancy, how- Microsmatic humans have advanced well simus concentrated on the culm pith and ever, there was no significant relationship beyond reliance upon chemical communi- mature leaves of the giant bamboo, Ca- between sexual solicitation and urinary cation for social order. Insects, yes, that’s thariostachys madagascariensis, whereas estradiol. In the Sichuan golden monkey, where it all began; vertebrates, including H. aureus and H. griseus relied on branch sexual behavior and estradiol production some mammals, yes, because chemicals shoots and young leaf bases of giant bam- are decoupled during different parts of the have been identified for pigs, mice and boo and a bamboo liana, Cephalostachyum reproductive cycle. Additional relation- elephants; but not for humans. Further- cf. perrieri. Giant bamboo culm was the ships between social interactions, domi- more (the argument continues), humans hardest, toughest, and stiffest food eaten. nance, sexual behavior and endocrine do not have a functioning vomeronasal Jaw gape did not limit access to culm pith function are discussed. organ (VNO) and a VNO is necessary to since H. simus first punctured the culm detect pheromones (a non sequitur). Oth- with an upper canine or lower premolar “Race” and anthropology’s public ers embrace the concept to the extreme rather than biting it between the jaws. face: Carleton S. Coon and the segre- and the identification of VNO receptor Once the outer surface was penetrated, H. gationists. genes in the human genome has lead oth- simus then proceeded to strip the culm. ers to argue that since humans have in- Toughness values of culm sheathe and K.A. Yelvington. Department of Anthro- tact V1R-like receptor genes, they must pith were much lower in peeling and tear- pology, University of South Florida. use them to detect pheromones. ing than in cutting tests. Mechanical In another area, especially on the Inter- property and bite force data suggest that This paper traces the involvement of net, hawkers of “human pheromones” try both H. simus and H. aureus can generate noted physical anthropologist Carleton S. to bring in big bucks. Herein may be the sufficient bite forces to penetrate and strip Coon (1904-1981) with groups and per- foundation for reasons why some in the giant bamboo culm. The observation that sonages seeking scientific justification for academic and biomedical communities H. aureus does not feed on culm pith can- overturning the U.S. Supreme Court’s reject human pheromones. Many have not be explained by inadequate mastica- 1954 Brown v. Topeka ruling that out- been misinformed about the true nature of tory performance abilities alone. Sup- lawed segregated schools. Segregationists, pheromones. ported by National Geographic Society including Coon’s distant cousin Carleton This presentation will A) define the and Zoological Society of San Diego. Putnam (1901-1998), academics, and various types of pheromones; B) discuss members of the all-white Citizens’ Coun- how pheromones function; C) explore the Does estradiol modulate sexual solici- cils which were active in the U.S. South, evidence for human responses to phero- tations in the female Sichuan Golden called upon Coon’s work in their propa- mones; D) introduce candidate human Monkey (Rhinopithecus roxellana)? ganda efforts and in their legal maneuver- pheromones; E) briefly review the sensors ings to have Brown overturned, such as in in the nose that can detect pheromones, C. Yan1, Z. Jiang2. 1Department of An- Stell v. Savannah-Chatham County Board including those found in humans; F) argue thropology, University of Illinois at Ur- of Education (1963). In his book The ori- that no single detection system is devoted bana-Champaign, 2 Institute of Zoology, gin of races (1962), Coon argued that to pheromones; and G) discuss the rela- Chinese Academy of Sciences. Homo erectus, already divided into five tionship between human pheromones and geographic races or subspecies, evolved the VNO. Studies of the relationship between sex- into Homo sapiens “not once but five ual behavior and reproductive endocrinol- times, as each subspecies, living in its own Food properties and jaw performance ogy in females offer critical insight into territory, passed a critical threshold from in three sympatric species of Ha- questions of sexual selection, mate choice, a more brutal to a more sapient state” (p. palemur in Ranomafana National and female reproductive strategies in 657), with the ancestors of modern-day Park, Madagascar. primates. In this research we examine the whites passing this threshold hundreds of relationship between sexual solicitations thousands of years sooner than the ances- N. Yamashita1, C.J. Vinyard2, C.L. Tan3. 1 and urinary estradiol in female Sichuan tors of blacks; for Coon, this was signifi- Dept. Cell & Neurobiology, University of golden monkeys (Rhinopithecus roxellana) cant because it meant whites and their Southern California, 2 Dept. Anatomy, living under semi-wild conditions at the ancestors were more culturally evolved NEOUCOM, 3 Center for Reproduction of Shanghai Wild Animal Park, China. than other “races.” Coon denied links to Endangered Species, Zoological Society of Data on the frequency of sexual solicita- Putnam and others — he stormed out of San Diego. tions and urinary samples were collected the 1962 AAPA meeting, which he pre- on four adult females during two mating sided over as president, to protest the The feeding behaviors of three sympatric seasons. Urinary estradiol levels were accusations. However, as this paper species of bamboo lemurs, Hapalemur determined using radioimmunoassay shows, using Coon’s correspondence now simus, H. aureus, and H. g .griseus, were methods. Our results indicate that during located in the National Anthropological studied during the austral winter (June- the estrus cycle, solicitation frequency Archives, Smithsonian Institution, Coon August). We hypothesized that interspeci- varied systematically with changes in aided if not encouraged the segregation- fic feeding specializations on different estradiol level (One-Way ANOVA, ists. bamboo parts were related to interactions F125=18.519, p<0.001). The frequency of between mechanical food properties and female solicitations rose to a peak follow- 214 AAPA Abstracts

The functional correlates and conse- phylogenetic distance, adult morphologi- In this study, we present a reconstruc- quences of Neandertal pelvic mor- cal distance (D2), and/or function methodology that tries to eliminate phology. tional/postcranial similarity (e.g., quadru- most of the distortion in the endocast. The pedalism vs. suspensory). X,Y,Z coordi- cast from the original endocast or the J.W. Young. Stony Brook University, In- nates of twenty five landmarks were ob- mold from the original cranial fragment is terdepartmental Doctoral Program in tained for the following taxa: Pan troglo- dissected into segments, which are either Anthropological Sciences. dytes, Pan paniscus, Gorilla gorilla, Pongo minimally or not distorted. The detached pygmaeus, Symphalangus syndactylus, segments are then reassembled, based on The Neandertal pelvis has long been Hylobates sp., Macaca sp., Papio sp., Cer- their anatomical relationships and mor- acknowledged to exhibit a number of un- cocebus albigena, Cercopithecus aethiops, phological contours to rebuild a complete usual features, including an anteriorly Presbytis cristatus, Nasalis larvatus, endocast. This dissection-reassembly re- ‘shifted’ pelvic inlet and retroverted Colobus guereza, Ateles sp., Alouatta sp., construction procedure is called the "Dis- acetabula. The latter feature would force Lagothrix lagothrica, and Saimiri sciureus section Method"(DM). the foot into an abducted position if not (Total Sample N=1173). Patterns of The endocasts of A. afarensis, AL 444-2, counteracted by lower limb torsion with growth were compared by performing a A. africanus Type II, Type III, and Stw opposite rotatory effects. Furthermore, principal components analysis on pairs of 505 are good examples in applying the lack of such structural compensation can taxa and examining variation significantly DM. In A.L. 444-2, several endocast ver- result in a reduced range of motion at the associated with log centroid size. Eigen- sions were reconstructed with the DM, hip and even osteoarthritis. This study vectors from taxon-specific covari- including complete and hemi-endocast investigates the degree to which lower ance/variance matrices were also used to reconstructions with minimum and limb structural compensation might have calculate an allometric similarity matrix. maximum capacity to provide a range of taken place among Neandertals. Hypotheses of pattern similarity were estimates (range:513-587 ml; best esti- Pelves, femora, and tibiae were meas- assessed using a matrix correlation fol- mate:550 ml). In Type II, Type III, and ured in a modern human sample of Inuit lowed by a Mantel's test, as well as cluster Stw 505, the best estimates were 457, 286, and Euro-American males and a Neander- analysis. and 550-560 ml respectively. tal sample combining elements from sev- Results from these analyses indicate The DM in endocast reconstruction is eral individuals. Using three-dimensional that the scapulae of quadrupedal primates meant to test and supplement computer- coordinates obtained with a Microscribe undergo much less shape change during based reconstructions. In some cases, digitizer, six pelvic, femoral and tibial size ontogeny compared to suspensory pri- such as Stw 505, the DM may help to cor- and shape variables were computed. mates, although overall change is similar. rect portions of reconstruction not imme- Inuit pelves exhibit a more anteriorly Suspensory primates exhibit pronounced diately apparent on computer generated placed pelvic inlet and greater acetabular changes in the shape and size of the ac- scans. retroversion than Euro-American pelves romion and coracoid not found in quadru- (p < .05), indicating that the former are pedal primates. Allometric similarity is Relative bone strength in the upper morphologically more similar to Neander- significantly correlated with phylogenetic and lower limbs of a Predynastic tals. Results concerning structural inter- distance (r=-0.315, p=0.008), functional Egyptian population. actions within the lower limb are incon- similarity (r=0.302, p=0.004), postcranial clusive. Among the modern human sam- similarity (r=-0.348, p=-0.014), and adult M. Zabecki1, M. C. O’Neill2, C. B. Ruff2. ple, no consistent correlations exist be- morphological distance (r=-0.471, 1Department of Anthropology, University tween any of the elements. Although the p=0.001). These results suggest conver- of Arkansas. 2Center for Functional Anat- Neandertal pelvis shows significantly gence in suspensory scapular form is asso- omy and Evolution, Johns Hopkins Uni- greater acetabular retroversion than mod- ciated with convergence in pattern of versity School of Medicine. ern human pelves (p = .022), Neandertal growth, and is partially due to a similar femoral and tibial torsion angles fell extended period of acromial growth. Measures of relative bone strength have within the range of the modern human been used profitably to differentiate hu- sample. These results might suggest that Dissection method in brain endocast man populations based on activity levels Neandertals walked differently from mod- reconstruction. and subsistence strategies. While a num- ern humans. However, given the compos- ber of studies have examined secular ite nature of the Neandertal sample, such M.S. Yuan1, R.L. Holloway2. 1School of trends in Egyptian stature, little attention conclusions must be viewed with caution Dental and Oral Surgery & Department of has been paid to differences in bone until a more complete postcranial skeleton Anatomy and Cell Biology, Columbia Uni- strength. The present study assesses so- can be found. versity, 2Department of Anthropology, cial class, sex and population level differ- Columbia University. ences in bone strength in the upper and A comparative three-dimensional lower limbs of a sample of Predynastic geometric morphometric study of Brain endocast reconstructions are often Egyptians from the site of Hierakonpolis, growth and similarity in the primate based on the cast molded from the inter- Egypt. scapula. nal table of the cranium or the fragments 98 individuals were compared with pre- of such. If minimally distorted, the recon- industrial Amerindian and early indus- N.M. Young. Department of Anthropology, structed endocast provides the most accu- trial East African population samples. Harvard University. rate assessment of endocranial capacity Body mass was estimated using several and morphological features present on the regression equations. Cross-sectional This study compares patterns of growth original portions. Severely distorted or geometric properties at 40% of humeral in the primate scapula using a geometric damaged endocasts question the accuracy length from the distal end and at femoral morphometric methodology, and tests of the reconstruction, as these often re- midshaft were collected using latex cast whether multivariate allometric vector quire further adjustments in producing molds combined with biplanar radio- similarity is significantly correlated with the final object for measurements. graphs. Bone strength was evaluated in AAPA Abstracts 215

terms of cortical areas (CA) and polar Early Dynastic Nile Valley samples (espe- A.N. Zenin. Institute of Archaeology and section moduli (Zp), standardized over cially in cranial vault shape and height), Ethnography, Siberian Branch, Russian body mass and/or bone length. Differences and thus show that this sample cannot be Academy of Sciences, between the three populations and be- considered to be a typical Egyptian series. tween the sexes were tested using t tests, This research was funded by the Well- Almost a century of Paleolithic research ANOVAs and post-hoc comparisons. come Trust (Bioarchaeology Panel), Dur- within the vast territory of Central Asia Within the Egyptian sample, differences ham University (Addison-Wheeler Fellow- has identified sites that span the Lower to in CA and Zp were significant between the ship) and by University of Southampton. Upper Paleolithic. Most of the best- sexes (p<0.01, t test), but not between the studied and some of the only chronometri- working and elite social classes. There Placental adaptation to chronic hy- cally dated sites are located within the were no significant differences between poxia (high altitude residence) and Afghan-Tajik depression and along the the three populations in femoral midshaft pregnancy outcome. western horn of the Tien Shan Mountains, strength in either sex. However, there in the countries of Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, were significant differences in upper limb S. Zamudio, N.P. Illsley. New Jersey and southern Kazakhstan. In comparison Zp within females, with the Egyptian Medical School. to the other Central Asian republics, the sample having the relatively weakest Paleolithic of Kyrgyzstan is relatively humeri (p<0.001, Tukey HSD). These Pregnancy at high altitude (HA >2700 unknown. Moreover, stratified localities results suggest a similar level of locomotor m) is associated with reduced birth weight in the arid zone of Central Asia are excep- activity between the groups, but with a and an increased incidence of pregnancy tional. New data from the Kapchikai possibly increased sexual division of labor complications. Since not all babies are open-air workshop site, southern Kyr- at Hierakonpolis. small, nor all pregnancies complicated, we gyzstan, are presented in the context of an tested the hypothesis that hypoxia- ongoing research program on the Paleo- Intra-population and temporal varia- inducible membrane transport proteins, lithic of Kyrgyzstan. Levallois point cores tion in ancient Egyptian crania. especially those related to nutrition, are and Middle Paleolithic artifacts have been increased in HA placentas, and that such recovered from stratified deposits extend- S.R. Zakrzewski. Department of Archae- changes may help to regulate fetal ing at least 1.3 m. in depth. These discov- ology, University of Southampton, UK. growth. The hypothesis was prompted by eries, in the context of research along data from a number of cell systems indi- Lake Issyk-Kul to the north, mark the The level of morphological variation cating that hypoxia increases membrane beginning of a revision to conceptions of within a population is the result of factors glucose transporters and decreases amino hominid occupation in the region. such as population expansion and move- acid transporters. ment. Traditionally Egyptologists have Syncytial microvillous (MVM, maternal Skeletal and dental development in considered ancient Egypt to have a homo- facing) and basal membrane (BM, fetal wild chimpanzees from Tai National geneous population, with state formation facing) fractions were isolated from nor- Forest, Ivory Coast and Gombe Re- occurring as a result of local processes mal term placentas of women residing at serve, Tanzania. without influence from migration. This 1600 m or 3100 m. Expression of MVM paper tests this hypothesis by investigat- and BM GLUT-1 glucose transporter, the A. Zihlman1, D. Bolter1, C. Boesch2. ing the extent of biological relationships ATA2 isoform of the system A amino acid 1Anthropology Department, University of within a series of temporally successive transporter, transferrin receptor (TfR), California, Santa Cruz, 2Max Planck In- Egyptian skeletal samples. Previous stud- and erythropoietin receptor (EPO-R) were stitute for Evolutionary Anthropology, ies have compared biological relationships evaluated by immunoblotting and densi- Leipzig. between Egyptians and other populations, tometry. mostly using the Howells global cranial GLUT-1 expression was reduced in the The skeleto-dental remains of immature data set. In the current study, by contrast, BM but not MVM of HA placentas, and wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) from the biological relationships within a series correlated positively with birth weight. Tai National Forest and Gombe Stream of temporally-successive cranial samples ATA2 was reduced and EPO-R elevated in were investigated for species and popula- are assessed. both MVM and BM at HA. Microvillous tion patterns of growth. Twenty individu- The data consist of 55 cranio-facial vari- but not BM TfR expression was reduced at als (16 Tai, 4 Gombe) constitute the sam- ables from 418 adult Egyptian individu- HA. In contrast to the hypothesis, nutri- ple of known chronological age, sex, and als, from six periods, ranging in date from ent transporters were down-regulated in life history. Each was assessed for stages c. 5000 to 1200 BC. These were compared the HA placentas, consistent with growth of dental eruption, epiphyseal union, limb with the 111 Late Period crania (c. 600- restriction and smaller fetal size. Such bone lengths and cranial capacities. Data 350 BC) from the Howells sample. Princi- data are consistent with multiple regula- were compared with published research pal Component and Canonical Discrimi- tory pathways controlling the expression on captive chimpanzees. nant Function Analyses were undertaken, and function of nutrient transporters, Results demonstrate that the two wild on both pooled and single sex samples. some of which can clearly over-ride the populations grow similarly to each other, The results suggest a level of local popu- stimulus provided by hypoxia and poten- whereas captive populations have acceler- lation continuity exists within the earlier tially contribute to regulation of fetal ated physical development. Epiphyseal Egyptian populations, but that this was in growth in an oxygen poor environment. closures of hip, knee, elbow and shoulder association with some change in popula- Support: Am. Heart Assoc., NIH DK55369 occur approximately two years earlier in tion structure, reflecting small-scale im- captive chimpanzees. For dental develop- migration and admixture with new The Paleolithic of southern Kyr- ment, the wild chimpanzees are at the groups. Most dramatically, the results gyzstan: New discoveries and revi- late end of the captive age range or out- also indicate that the Egyptian series sion. side the range. For example, female M2s from Howells global data set are morpho- in captivity erupt through the gingiva logically distinct from the Predynastic and around 5.4-6.3 years, but in the wild, 216 AAPA Abstracts

eruption through the alveolar bone is namics of Neanderthal cranial base flex- around 8.3 years. The cranial capacity for ion in comparison to modern humans. primates reaches about 90-95% of the Within this differential developmental adult mean at M1 eruption (Smith 1989), framework, however, the Dederiyeh 1 and which implies that captive chimpanzees 2 specimens exhibit considerable varia- that are on a faster dental development tion. For example, Dederiyeh 2 is more track complete brain growth earlier than advanced than Dederiyeh 1 with respect their wild cohorts. In all populations, fe- to dental eruption, but less advanced with males mature physically before males. respect to development of cranial bones. The wild pattern represents the normal Moreover, significant differences exist mode of chimpanzee growth. These find- between these individuals in relative sizes ings suggest a re-evaluation of age esti- of cranial vault bones. To interpret these mates of fossil immatures based on a cap- results in a wider evolutionary- tive chimpanzee model, which may under- developmental context, ontogenetic differ- estimate the chronological age of extinct ences and commonalities between Nean- individuals. derthals and modern humans are compared with new findings on the chimp- New data on early developmental bonobo developmental dichotomy. differences between Neanderthals and modern humans. A new method to quantify the 3D morphology of bone surfaces, with C.P.E. Zollikofer1, M. S. Ponce de León1, application to muscle enthesis rugos- O. Kondo2, H. Ishida3, Y. Dodo4, H. Su- ity. zuki5, Y. Kobayashi6, K. Tsuchiya7, T. Akazawa8. 1Anthropological Institute and A.C. Zumwalt. Center for Functional MultiMedia Lab/Dept. of Information Anatomy & Evolution, Johns Hopkins Technology, University of Zurich, 2Dept. of University. Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, 3Dept. of The morphology of muscle attachment Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University sites may provide valuable insight into in of the Ryukyus, 4Dept Anatomy and An- vivo muscle use of ancient populations. In thropology, Graduate School of Medicine, the past, studies of attachment site mor- Tohoku University, 5Dept. of Precision phology have relied upon linear measure- Engineering, School of Engineering, Uni- ments of size and semi-quantitative as- versity of Tokyo, 6Dept. of Anatomy, Na- sessments of rugosity. While informative, tional Defense Medical College, 7Dept. of these methods do not assess variations in Radiology, Kyorin University School of the complex 3D morphology of attachment Medicine, 8International Research Center sites in a repeatable, objective way. for Japanese Studies. A muscle’s in vivo activity may theoretically increase the surface area, volume Neanderthals assume a key role in the and rugosity of the bone to which it at- analysis of the developmental background taches. This paper presents a new of hominid phylogenetic diversification, method to test this theory that quantifies since an important sample of both imma- the 3D morphology of muscle and tendon ture and adult fossil specimens is avail- attachment sites. This technique is vali- able. Until recently, however, the earliest dated with an error study and demon- phases of Neanderthal postnatal develop- strated in a study of seven muscle at- ment have been only sparsely docu- tachment sites in exercised and sedentary mented. – The cave site of Dederiyeh, sheep. The attachment sites were Northern Syria, has yielded two well- scanned with a high-resolution laser preserved immature Neanderthal skele- scanner. The volume and 3D/2D surface tons with estimated dental ages around area ratios of these scans were quantified two years. These specimens yield new using ArcView GIS 3.3 (ESRI). Addition- comparative data on developmental dif- ally, the rugosity of the attachment sites ferences between Neanderthals and mod- were quantified via fractal analysis of ern humans and on early developmental profiles extracted from the laser scans at variation within Neanderthals. regular intervals along the primary ana- Computerized reconstruction of the tomical axes of the attachment sites. Fi- skulls and subsequent landmark-based nally, the rate of bone growth at each of analysis of three-dimensional cranioman- these attachment sites was quantified to dibular shape confirms earlier evidence correlate external morphological features that, at the age of two years, Neander- with the underlying histological processes. thals already had developed their taxon- These methods provide a new objective, specific morphology. The preserved basi- repeatable way to assess the functional cranial anatomy of Dederiyeh1 permits significance of muscle and tendon attach- first insights into the developmental dy- ment sites. Author/Session Index 217

Author/Session Index

A Auerbach, Benjamin M., 4 Bernstein, Robin M., 18 Avants, Brian B., 25 Best, Lyle, 24 Abernethy, Kate A., 3 Ayres, Josè M., 10 Betsinger, T.K., 33 Abrams, Elizabeth T., 17, 22 Aziz, Fachroel, 16 Bezanson, Michelle F., 15 Ackermann, Rebecca Rogers, 10 Bhatavadekar, Neel B., 23 Adachi, Noboru, 3 B Bhatnagar, Kunwar P, 35 Adair, Linda S., 22, 36 Bigham, Abigail W., 12, 19 Adams, Justin W., 21 Baab, Karen L., 21 Biglari, Fereydon, 21 Adler, Alma J., 7 Baba, Hisao, 16 Binkley, Teresa L., 24 Adler, Louis M., 14 Bailey, Shara E., 30 Black, Michael T., 23 Aerts, Peter, 5, 15, 21 Bailey, Stephen M., 38 Blackburn Wittman, Anna G., Agarwal, Sabrina C., 23 Baker, Brenda J., 33 21 Agus, Mr., 16 Baker, Erich J., 34 Blakey, Michael L., 33 Ahlström, Torbjorn P., 14 Baker, Lori E., 34 Blangero, John, 24 Ahumada, Jorge , 15 Ball, Kevin A., 23 Blaylock, Sarah, 7 Aiello, Leslie, 38 Banks, Matthew A., 15 Blell, Mwenza, 29 Akazawa, Takeru, 21, 30 Banks, Samantha J., 15 Bloch, Jonathan I., 8, 18 Albert, A. Midori, 34 Barash, Alon, 34 Blomquist, Gregory, 31 Aldridge, Kristina, 25 Barbujani, Guido, 19 Blue, Kathleen T., 8 Alger, Jackeline, 17 Barger, Nicole L., 9 Blumenfeld, Jodi, 38 Allen, John S., 25 Barr, Christina S., 2 Boaz, Noel T., 16 Allen, Stephanie, 33 Barrickman, Nancy, 21 Bobbert, Maarten F., 21 Allman, John, 9, 35 Barrie, Michael, 10 Bobe, Rene, 21 Almasy, Laura, 24 Bartelink, Eric J., 4 Bocherens, Herve, 4 Alport, Laura J., 35 Barton, Robert A., 35 Boesch, Christophe, 6, 10, 13 Alvarez, Christine E., 27 Barwani, Sulayma Al, 24 Bogard, James S., 16 Amarasiriwardena, Dulasiri, 33 Bastian, Meredith L., 10 Boinski, Sue, 13 Ambadar, Zara, 9 Bastir, Markus , 5, 30 Boldsen, Jesper, 38 Amelie, M., 16 Battaggia, Cinzia, 3, 19 Bolnick, Deborah A., 19 Anderson, Kermyt G., 1 Bayoumi, Riad, 24 Bolter, Debra, 10 Anemone, Robert L., 8 Beall, Cynthia M., 3 Bolter, Debra R., 10 Anestis, Stephanie F., 13 Beauchesne, Patrick, 23 Bonar, Chris J., 35 Angata, Takashi, 3 Beck, Jeanne, 3 Bondioli, Luca, 27 Antón, Susan, 16 Beggs, William, 12 Bookstein, Fred L., 5, 8, 10, 11, Anzenberger, Gustl, 31 Begun, David R., 5, 8 30, 32 Aranda, Jennifer, 1 Behrensmeyer, Anna K., 21 Borgerhoff Mulder, Monique, 22 Arbuthnot, Erik, 34 Bell, Lynne S., 27 Borke, Jim, 23 Armelagos, George J., 4, 26 Bellisari, Anna, 10 Borries, Carola, 10, 31 Arnedo, Luisa, 15 Bello, Silvia M., 37 Boschi, Ilaria, 3, 19 Aronsen, Gary P., 31 Bence-Viola, Thomas , 21 Boubli, Jean Phillipe, 31 Arredi, Barbara, 3 Bender, Patrick K., 3, 12 Boughner, Julia C., 27 Arriaza, Bernardo T., 34 Benefit, Brenda R., 8 Bowers, Evelyn J., 5 Arrigo-Nelson, Summer J., 15 Benes, Shannon, 32 Boyd, C. Clifford, 26 Arya, Rector, 24 Benn Torres, Jada P., 3 Boyd, Donna C., 26 Ascunce, Marina S., 3, 19 Bennike, Pia, 37 Boyer, Doug M., 18 Brace, C. Loring, 20 Athreya, Sheela, 16 Bentley, Gillian R., 38 Atsalis, Sylvia, 15 Beranek, Katherine A., 15 Brandon, Carla A., 3 Atzeva, Madeliene, 10 Berger, Lee R., 21 Bravo, Susana P., 15 Aubin, Mary M., 33 Bernhard, Markus, 32 Brebnor, Faith, 1 218 Author/Session Index

Brenton, Barrett P., 4 Choudhury, Osul, 38 de Ruiter, Darryl J., 11, 21 Brett, Frederick, 10 Christensen, Angi M., 34 de Vries, Bert, 26 Bribiescas, Richard G., 36 Churchill, Steve, 21 Dean, Brian J., 27 Brickley, Megan B., 14 Ciochon, Russell L., 8, 16 Dean, M. Christopher, 7, 27 Brindle, Eleanor, 1 Clapp, Amanda G., 15 Deane, Andrew S., 8 Brion, Jean Pierre, 25 Clark, Geoffrey A, 21 DeCaro, Jason A., 1 Broadfield, Douglas C., 25 Clarke, Margaret R., 15 Dechow, Paul C., 23, 32 Brockman, Diane K., 15 Clegg, Margaret, 30 Decker, Summer J., 34 Broehm, Cory J., 1 Clifford, Stephen L., 3 Deka, Ranjan, 24 Brown, Daniel E., 1 Cocca, Maggie A., 3 DeLeon, Valerie Burke, 37 Brown, Milton R., 24 Coe, Christopher L., 17 Delgado, Mercedes, 1 Bruss, Joel, 25 Cogswell, Frank B., 17 Delson, Eric, 18, 21, 32 Brutsaert, Tom D., 38 Cohn, Jeffrey F., 9 Demel, Scott J., 14 Buckberry, Jo L., 37, 38 Coia, Valentina, 3, 19 Demerath, Ellen W., 24 Buckley, Hallie R., 14 Colantonio, Sonia E., 1 Demes, Brigitte, 6 Bulygina, Ekaterina, 38 Colardelle, Renèe, 4 Dennis, John C., 35 Burkley, Benjamin M., 9, 19 Colbert, Matthew W., 18, 25 Deppe, Anja M., 15 Burnett, Scott E., 1 Cole, Shelley A., 24 Derby, Abigail, 10 Burney, David A., 18 Cole III, Theodore M., 5, 21 Derevianko, Anatoly P., 20, 21 Burney, Lida, 18 Coleman, Mark N., 35 DeSantis, Lydia A., 28 Burrell, Andrew S., 2 Collard, Mark, 8, 15, 21 Destro-Bisol, Giovanni, 3, 19 Burrows, Anne M. , 10, 35 Collins, Matthew, 11 Devereux, Richard, 24 Burton, Portia, 33 Colvard, Michael D., 14 Devlin, Maureen J., 23 Buschang, Peter, 34 Comas, David, 3 Devor, Eric J., 2 Bush, Eliot C., 35 Comuzzie, Anthony G., 24, 36 Di Fiore, Anthony, 15 Butler, B., 11 Conroy, Glenn C., 11 Diego, Vincent P., 24 Buxhoeveden, Daniel P., 9 Constantino, Paul J., 21 DiGangi, Elizabeth A., 3 Byock, Jesse, 33 Cooke, Catherine A., 15 Digby, Leslie J., 15 Byron, Craig D, 23 Cope, Janet M., 14 Dirks, Wendy, 8, 10 Copes, Lynn E., 25 Disotell, Todd R., 2, 3 C Coppa, Alfredo, 7, 27 Djubiantono, Tony, 16 Cordero, Robin, 23 Dobson, Seth D. , 6 Cabanis, Emmanuel, 25 Cox, Laura A., 24 Dodo, Yukio, 21, 30 Cai, Guowen, 24 Cox, Margaret C., 27 Dolphin, Alexis E., 1 Calafell, Francesc, 3, 19 Crain, Christopher R., 1 Domett, Kate M., 27 Caldwell, Elizabeth F., 1 Crawford, Tafline C., 11 Dominy, Nathaniel J., 35 Campbell, Benjamin C., 36 Cucina, Andrea, 1, 7, 26 Donoghue, Helen D., 33 Cantalupo, Claudio, 25 Cunningham, Deborah L., 5, 21 Doppler, Stephanie , 38 Carey, K. Dee, 1 Cuozzo, Frank P., 10, 32 Doran, Diane M., 6 Curo, Manuel C., 33 Drought, Heather, 18 Carlson, Kristian J., 6 Carrasco, Alicia, 1 Curtis, Janene M., 4 DuBois, Catherine, 1 Carter, Jennifer R., 27 Czarnecki, Jill, 12 Dudar, J. Christopher, 1 Cartmill, Matt, 6 Czerwinski, Stefan A., 24 Dufour, Darna L., 36 Casanova, Manuel F, 9 Duggirala, Ravindranath, 24 Case, D. Troy, 1 D Duncan, William N., 34 Caspari, Rachel, 11, 30 Dunsworth, Holly M. , 21 Cawthon, Richard, 2 Daegling, David J., 10, 23, 26 Dupras, Tosha L., 1 Centurion, Jorge C., 33 Damasio, Hanna, 25 Duray, Stephen M., 34 Chalise, Mukhesh K., 31 Daneshvari, Shamsi, 23 Durband, Arthur C., 16, 30 Chambers, Erica N., 26 Danforth, Marie, 33 Duren, Dana L., 10, 24 Dvoskin, Rachel L., 2 Chatterjee, Helen J., 10 D'Août, Kristiaan, 5, 15, 21 Chatterton, Robert T., 38 Dar, Gali, 14 Dyle, Bennett, 24 Chenery, Carolyn A., 7 Darity, Nathan, 1 Cherryson, Annia K., 34 Das, Jayanta, 15 E Chiang, Fang-Yi, 11 Davis, Candace A., 8 Chikisheva, Tatiana , 20 de la Rasilla, Marco, 30 Eckhardt, Robert B., 21 Author/Session Index 219

Edgar, Heather, 27 G H Edwards, Jamie, 26 Egi, Naoko, 8 Gagnon, Celeste M., 14 Hadley, Craig A., 22 Ehmke, Erin E., 13 Galik, Karol, 21 Haeusler, Martin, 11 Ehret, Christopher, 19 Gallagher, Andrew, 30 Hagen, Edward H., 5 Elam, James M., 16 Gamboa, Alfredo, 38 Hakeem, Atiya, 9 Ellison, Peter T., 36 Gampe, Jutta, 38 Halberstein, Robert A. , 28 Elton, Sarah, 10 Ganzhorn, J.U., 31 Halcrow, Sian E., 1 Eng, Jacqueline T., 33 Gao, Feng, 8 Hall, Roberta L., 38 Engel, Kerstin , 7 Garber, Paul A., 10, 15, 31 Hames, Willis E., 16 England, Barry G., 17, 22 Gardner, Janet C. , 21 Hamilton, Michelle D. , 33 Ensminger, Amanda L., 31 Garey, James, 3 Hammer, Michael F., 12, 19 Erhart, Elizabeth M., 15 Garner, Brooke A., 21 Hamrick, Mark W., 6, 23 Erlandson, Jon M., 33 Gayheart, Tracy A., 1 Hancock, Angela M., 2 Erwin, Joe, 25 Gee, James C., 25 Hanihara, Tsunehiko, 20, 21 Eshleman, Jason A., 3 Gentz, Fred, 12 Hanna, Jandy B., 6 Etler, Dennis A., 16 Gibson, Mhairi A., 36, 38 Haradon, Catherine M., 21 Everson, Phillip M., 1 Gil, Adolfo A., 26 Harcourt-Smith, William E.H., Gilad, Yoav, 35 18, 21 F Gilbert, Christopher C., 32 Harmon, Elizabeth, 21 Gilissen, Emmanuel P., 25 Harper, Margaret S., 2 Fabsitz, Richard R., 24 Gladyshev, Sergei A., 20 Harper, Nathan Kayne, 3 Falk, Dean, 11 Glantz, Michelle M., 20 Harris, Edward F., 27 Falk, Nicole L, 1, 33 Glotzer, L. Daniel, 25, 26 Harris, Tara R., 15 Faraldo, Monica, 37 Godfrey, Laurie R., 18, 32 Hartman, Conor D., 21 Farley, Sarah A., 2 Goff, Alaina, 34 Harvati, Katerina, 10, 21, 30 Fashing, Maria T., 27 Goff, M. Lee, 34 Harvey, Craig, 34 Fashing, Peter J., 15 Gokcumen, Omer, 3 Hassan, Mohammed O., 24 Fayek, Mostafa, 4 Goldman, David, 2 Hasson, Esteban, 3 Fedigan, Linda M., 13 Gommery, Dominique, 21 Hatch, Andrea, 26 Feng, X., 16 Gonder, Mary K., 3, 19 Havill, Lorena M., 24, 26 Ferrell, Rebecca J., 27 González-Martín, Antonio, 23 Hawks, John , 30 Ferreyra, Maria del Carmen, 1 González-José, Rolando , 23, 38 Hayden, Brittany, 26 Field, Michelle Y., 15 Gonzalez-Oliver, Angelica, 3 Hazel, Mary-Ashley, 21 Fish, Krista D., 10, 15, 32 Goodman, Alan H., 1, 33 Heesy, Christopher P., 35 FitzGerald, Charles, 27 Goodreau, Steven M., 3 Heffner, Henry E., 35 FitzGerald, Charles M., 21 Gordon, Adam D., 18 Heffner, Rickye S., 35 Fix, Alan G., 3 Gordon, Christopher , 23 Heiple, Kingsbury G., 5 Fleschner, Kristin A., 21 Göring, Harald, 24 Helm, Asa, 14 Flinn, Mark V., 17, 28, 38 Gossett, Sarah E., 33 Hemphill, Brian E., 7, 20 Foose, Adrienne L., 34 Gould, Lisa, 15 Hepburn, Anthony C., 38 Ford, Susan M., 10 Gray, Heather L., 34 Hernández, Miquel, 23 Forman-Hoffman, Valerie L., 30 Gray, Peter B., 36 Herrscher, Estelle, 4 Fortea, Javier , 30 Gray, Rebecca, 19 Hershkovitz, Israel, 14, 34 Franciscus, Robert G., 30 Greiner, Thomas M., 23 Hess, Valerie, 1 Franklin, Daniel, 26 Grennan, Kay S., 3, 12 Hewitt, Barbara R., 27 Franz, Theresa M., 5, 6 Griffin, Nicole L., 26 Heydari, Saman , 21 Fraver, Jessica , 15 Grimes, Michael, 1 Higley, J. Dee, 2 Freed, Ben Z., 15 Grupe, Gisela, 38 Hill, Molly K., 7 Freedman, Leonard, 26 Guatelli-Steinberg, Debbie J., Hillson, Simon, 21 Friday, Adrian E., 32 27 Hilton, Charles E., 21, 33 Friedlaender, Jonathan S., 12 Guenther, Detlef, 21 Himmelgreen, David A., 29, 33 Frisancho, A. Roberto, 29 Guihard-Costa, Anne-Marie, 25 Hirakawa, T., 23 Frost, Stephen R., 18, 30, 32 Gunnell, Gregg, 18 Hirasaki, Eishi, 10 Fuentes, Agustin, 15 Gunz, Philipp, 5, 8, 11, 21, 30, Hirbo, Jibril B., 3, 19 Fuster, Vicente, 1 32 Hiss, Yehuda, 34 220 Author/Session Index

Hlusko, Leslea J., 5, 24 Jasienska, Grazyna, 36 Klempner, Cara S., 29 Hochman, Jordana, 38 Jeffries, Teresa E., 7 Knabl, Alexander, 34 Hodax, John, 3 Jenkinson, Christopher P., 24 Knight, Alec, 3 Hof, Patrick R., 25 Jennings, Julia A., 26 Knott, Cheryl D., 36 Hogue, Aaron S., 7 Jernvall, Jukka, 31 Knusel, Christopher J., 23, 38 Hojo, Teruyuki , 27 Jha, Bharat, 24 Kobayashi, Y., 30 Holck, Per, 33 Jiang, Zhigang, 13 Koenig, Andreas, 10, 31 Holden, Anne D., 26 Jobin, Matthew J., 3 Kohrt, Brandon A., 28 Holl, Augustin F.C., 26 Johns, Rachel W., 15 Koki, George, 12 Holloway, Ralph L., 25 Johnson-Fulton, Susanna, 31 Kondo, Osamu, 21, 30 Holmes, Kathryn M., 11 Johnston, Cheryl A., 37 Konigsberg, Lyle, 34 Holt, Brigitte M., 23 Johnston, Susan L., 1 Kono, Reiko T., 16 Holton, Nathan E., 30 Johnstone, Rufus A., 32 Kovacik, Mary E., 26 Hopkins, William , 25 Jolly, Clifford J., 2, 10 Krakauer, Elissa B., 15 Hopwood, David E., 21 Jones, Joseph L, 33 Kramer, Andrew, 16 Hotz, Gerhard, 38 Jordan, Fiona M., 38 Kramer, Patricia A., 1, 21 Howard, Amy, 14 Judd, Amy E., 8 Krasinski, Katie E., 2 Howard, Barbara V., 24 Jungers, Willam L., 8, 18, 32 Kravchenko, Ivan I., 26 Howells, Michaela E., 15 Juyal, Sanjiv , 26 Kraynik, Sally E., 1 Hruschka, Daniel J., 28 Kreetiyutanont, Kitti, 10 Hrvoj-Mihic, Branka, 21 K Kremer, Erik P., 8 Hu, Xsiao, 38 Krigbaum, John S., 16, 26 Huck, Mathias, 7 Kaas, Jon H., 35 Krivoshapkin, Andrei I., 20 Huff, Jessica, 1 Kaifu, Yosuke, 16 Kriwinsky, Rachel, 15 Humphrey, Louise T., 7 Kalua, Erin A.K., 1 Kroman, Anne M., 26 Hunley, Keith L., 19 Kamilar, Jason M., 10 Krovitz, Gail E., 18, 21 Hunt, Jessica H., 37 Kamwendo, Deborah D., 22 Kuemin Drews, Nicole J., 33, 37 Hunt, Kevin D., 6 Karafet, Tatiana M., 12, 19 Kuhar, Christopher W., 15 Hurtado, A. Magdalena, 17 Katzenberg, M. Anne, 4 Kullmer, Ottmar, 7, 21 Hutchinson, Dale L., 26 Kauffman, Laurie M., 13 Kumakura, Hiroo, 10 Kaufman, Jason A., 25 Kuperavage, Adam J., 21 I Kawano, Mayumi, 20 Kuykendall, Kevin L., 11 Kay, Richard F., 18, 25 Kuzara, Jennifer L., 17 Iba-Zizen, Marie-Thèrëse, 25 Kelley, Jay, 8 Kuzawa, Christopher W., 36 Illsley, Nicholas P., 22 Kelly, Jennifer A., 4, 33 Kwiek, Jesse, 17 Indriati, Etty, 16 Kemkes-Grottenthaler, Ariane, Ingmanson, Ellen J., 13 38 L Inman, Joelle, 26 Kemp, Brian M., 2 Irish, Joel D., 26, 27 Kenney, Elizabeth, 1 Lai, Luca, 4 Irwin, Mitchell T., 15 Ketcham, Richard A., 10, 23 Laitman, Jeffrey T., 25 Isbell, Lynne A., 31 Kidder, James H., 30 Lambert, Joanna E., 31 Ishida, Hajime, 20, 21, 30 Killoran, Peter E. , 14 Lampl, Michelle, 22 Islamov, Utkur I., 20 Kim, Johann, 21 Landis, Emily K., 1 Ives, Rachel, 14 Kimbel, William H., 21 Lanehart, Rheta E., 33 Kimmerle, Erin H., 34 Langdon, John H., 4 J King, Kathryn A., 23 Larney, Eileen, 10 King, Mindi, 14 Larsen, Clark S., 7, 38 Jablonski, Nina G., 10 King, Stephen J., 31 Larson, Susan G., 8 Jack, Katharine M., 13 Kingan, Sarah B., 19 Lascano, Javier, 1 Jackson, Daniel, 38 Kingston, John D., 4, 26 Laston, Sandra, 24 Jackson, Fatimah, 3 Kioukis, Georgia, 21 Latchaw, Megan R., 33 Jacob, Teuku, 16 Kirk, Edward C., 35 Latham, Alf G., 11 Jacobi, Keith P., 33 Kirkbride, Melissa L., 10 Latimer, Bruce, 26 Jacofsky, Marc C., 1 Kitchen, Andrew, 19 Latkoczy, Christopher, 21 James, Gary D., 1 Kiyamu, Melisa, 38 Lauwers, Dries, 15 James, Mark, 17 Klaus, Haagen D., 33 Lawati, Jawad Al, 24 Author/Session Index 221

Lawler, Richard R., 15 MacPherson, James, 38 Meador, Lindsay, 15 Le Huray, Jonathan D., 26 Macpherson, Pamela M., 7 Mehta, Nishi, 3 Lee, Elisa T., 24 MacRaild, Donald, 38 Meindl, Richard S., 1, 6, 21 Lee, Sang-Hee, 11, 30 Madrigal, Lorena, 1, 3, 29 Melo, Leonardo C.O., 32 Lee-Thorp, Julia, 11 Maes, Kenneth C., 26 Mendes, Sergio L., 31 Lehman, Shawn M., 6 Maestripieri, Dario, 13 Merriwether, D. Andrew, 3, 12, Leigh, Steven R., 9, 18 Maga, Murat, 10 19 Lemelin, Pierre, 6, 8, 10 Mahaney, Michael C., 5, 24, 26 Meshnick, Steven R., 17, 22 Leonard, William R., 36 Malacara, A., 29 Meyer, Marc, 38 Leone, David V., 38 Malhi, Ripan S., 3 Mgone, Charles, 12 Leoni, Marco, 13 Malit, Nasser, 21 Michelle, Selbie, 23 Leon-Velarde, Fabiola, 38 Manley-Buser, Katherine A., 26 Milanich, Jerald T., 4, 26 Leroy, Karelle, 25 Mann, Alan , 30 Miley, Jessica, 1 Leslie, Erin R., 32 Manni, Franz, 7 Miller, Elizabeth A., 34 Leslie, Paul W., 36 Mansell, Eugenia Brown, 1 Miller, Elizabeth M., 36 Levin, N., 11 Marazita, Mary L., 3 Miller, Ellen, 18 Lewis, Jason E., 25, 26 Marchant, Linda F., 10, 31 Miller, Rebecca C., 1 Lewis, Patrick J., 21 Marchi, Damiano, 26 Miller, Steven F., 8 Lewis, Rebecca J., 13 Marcus, Leslie F., 32 Millette, James B., 15 Lewton, Kristi L., 1 Margulis, Sue, 15 Millis, Meredith P., 2 Li, Tianyuan, 16 Marinescu, Ruxandra, 26 Milne, Nick, 26 Liao, M., 16 Marks, Murray K., 26, 33 Milner, Dan, 17 Lieverse, Angela R., 33 Marlowe, Frank W., 36 Minton, Charles E., 26 Lisker, Ruben, 29 Martel, Stacie S., 34 Mitani, John C., 13 Littleton, Judith H., 32 Martin, Debra L., 14, 26 Mitchell, Terry R.T., 18 Liu, Wu, 8 Martin, Lawrence B., 32 Mitteroecker, Philipp, 5, 8, 11, Liu, You-e, 3 Martin, Lisa J., 24 21, 30, 32 Lockwood, Charles A., 21 MartÌnez-AbadÌas, Neus, 23 Miyazawa, Marcela, 19 Long, Jeffrey C., 19 MartÌnez-Maza, Cayetana, 30 Mobasher, Zahra, 12, 19 Lopez, Jeffery, 29 Martorell, Reynaldo, 29 Moffat-Wilson, Kristin A., 2 Lordkipanidze, David, 21 Marvin, Julie E., 10 Molto, J. Eldon, 1 Lorenz, Joseph G., 3, 12 Marx, Preston A., 3 Monge, Janet M., 25, 26 Loubert, Peter V., 26 Masterson, Thomas J., 26 Monteiro da Cruz, Maria A.O., Loudon, James E. , 15 Matarazzo, Stacey A., 21 32 Lovejoy, C. Owen, 5, 6, 21 Maureille, Bruno, 30 Morgan, Bethan J., 10 Lu, Zune, 16 Mayer, Laura, 19 Morrison, Edward E., 35 Lubach, Gabriele R., 17 Mayes, Arion T., 37 Mortensen, Holly M., 19 Lucas, Peter W., 7, 32, 35 Mays, Simon, 14 Mosher, M.J., 36 Lucci, Michaela, 7 McCallister, Kelly A., 34 Mountain, Joanna L, 3, 19 Luecke, LeAndra G., 15 McCausland-Gaines, Julia B., Mourthe, Italo, 31 Lukas, Kristen E., 15 21 Muchlinski, Magdalena N., 10 Lunn, Peter G., 17 McClelland, John A., 27 Mudry, Marta D., 3 Lycett, Stephen J., 21 McCollum, Melanie A., 6, 21 Muehlenbein, Michael P., 17, 36 Lynch, Elizabeth, 8 McCrossin, Monte L., 8 Muldoon, Kathleen M., 10 Lynch, John M., 21 McDade, Thomas W., 17 Mulhern, Dawn M., 33 McFarland, Robin K., 10 Muller, Jennifer L., 4 M McGarvey, Stephen T., 17, 24 Muller, Martin N., 13 McGrath, Stacy E., 19 Mulligan, Connie J., 3, 9, 19 Macaluso, Jr., P. James, 21 McGraw, W. Scott, 10, 15 Murray, Jeffrey C., 3 Macchiarelli, Roberto, 27 McGrew, William C., 10, 31 Mutchinick, O., 29 McHenry, Henry M., 11 Mutschler, Thomas, 15 MacCluer, Jean W., 24 Mace, Ruth H., 36, 38 McKee, Jeffrey K., 11 Mwapasa, Victor, 17, 22 Macintosh, W.C., 11 McKenna, James J., 1 McKeon, Martha C., 15 Mack, Mark , 33 N MacKinnon, Katherine C., 15 McLeod, Howard, 19 McNulty, Kieran P., 30 MacLatchy, Laura M., 18 Nakatsukasa, Masato, 8, 23 222 Author/Session Index

Napolitano, Dora, 38 Pawley, Andrew, 12 Ratteree, Kathleen, 10 Narasaki, Shuichiro, 16 Pearson, Osbjorn M., 23, 37 Ravosa, Matthew J., 18 Nargolwalla, Mariam C., 5 Pechenkina, Ekaterina A., 1, 28 Reddy, David P., 32 Nash, Leanne T., 15 Pennington, Catherine, 6 Reed, David M., 3 Natarajan, Sridhar, 34 Pestle, William J., 14 Reed, L. Ian, 9 Nautiyal, Vinod, 26 Pfeifer, Lisa A., 2 Reid, Donald J., 8, 10, 27 Nava, Alessia, 27 Phillips, Delisa L., 10 Reiter, Christian, 34 Nawrocki, Stephen P., 4 Phillips-Conroy, Jane E., 10 Renne, P., 11 Neff, Hector, 26 Pickford, Martin, 21 Reno, Philip L., 6, 21 Neiswanger, Katherine, 3 Pilbrow, Varsha C., 5 Resendez, Andres, 2 Nelson, Sherry V., 18 Pilkington, Maya M., 12, 19 Rhodes, Jill A. , 23 Nepomnaschy, Pablo A., 22 Piperata, Barbara A., 36 Rice, Jennifer L.Z., 1 Neubauer, Simon, 21, 30 Plavcan, J. Michael, 10, 11, 32 Rice, Karen, 1 Nevgloski, Jr., Alexander J., 21 Plochocki, Jeffrey H., 23 Richmond, Brian, 6, 23, 26, 32 Newell, Elizabeth A. , 27 Pochron, Sharon T., 13, 31 Rightmire, G. Philip, 16 Newman, Timothy K., 2 Podzuweit, Doris, 31 Ritzman, Terrence B., 20 Niccolaisen, Nicola M., 1 Polanski, Joshua M., 8 Rivera-Ch, Maria, 38 Nichols-Bown, Kimberly A., 10 Polet, Caroline, 4 Robb, Caroline J., 21 Nieto, Mario E., 15 Pollack, David, 14 Robinson, Alexandra M., 10 Nikolei, Julia, 31 Ponce de León, Marcia S., 30 Robinson, Chris A., 10 Nisbett, Richard A., 34 Pontzer, Herman, 5, 31 Robledo, Renato, 12 Nishida, Toshisada, 6 Possamai, Carla de Borba, 31 Robling, Alex, 4 Norton, Heather L., 12 Potter, Amiee B., 2 Robson Brown, Kate , 11 Nosaka, Rebecca, 7 Potts, Dan D., 14 Roche, Alex F., 24 Nuger, Rachel L., 21 Potts, Kevin B., 15 Rogers, Alan, 2 Nunez-de la Mora, Alejandra, 38 Potts, Richard, 11 Rogers, Jeffrey, 2, 24, 26 Nunn, Charles, 17 Powell, Joseph F., 37 Rolian, Campbell, 1 Nyberg, Colleen H., 28 Powell, Kweli B., 2 Romero-Daza, Nancy Y., 29 Nystrom, Kenneth C., 34 Preuss, Todd M., 35 Rompis, Aida, 15 Prince, Debra, 38 Roney, James R., 13 O Privat, Karen, 26 Rosas, Antonio, 5, 30 Prizer, Kaethin, 33 Rosenberg, Karen R., 16, 22 O'Connell, Peter , 24 Prohaska, Thomas, 21 Rosenman, Burt A., 5 O'Connell, Tamsin, 26 Pruetz, Jill D., 15, 31 Ross, Ann H., 26 O'Connor, Kathleen A., 1 Pucciarelli, Hèctor, 23, 38 Ross, Callum F., 32 Olejniczak, Anthony J., 8, 32 Putra, Arta, 15 Ross, Malcolm, 12 O'Neill, Matthew C., 6, 26 Rossie, James B., 18, 25 Organ, Jason M., 7 Q Roustaei, Koroosh, 21 Osipova, Ludmilla P., 3, 19 Rowe, Timothy B., 18, 25 Ostner, Julia, 31 Quade, J., 11 Rubinstein, Samara, 3 Otarola, Flory, 29 Quinn, Elizabeth A., 4 Ruff, Christopher B., 4, 11, 23, Overdorff, Deborah J., 10, 15, 35 26 Ruiz, Ernesto, 29 R Ruvolo, Maryellen, 2 P Ryan, Timothy M., 10, 18 Raaum, Ryan L., 2 Paciulli, Lisa M., 31 Raguet-Schofield, Melissa L., 9 Paine, Robert R., 4, 27, 34 Raharison, Jean-Luc, 15 S Pandit, Sagar, 13 Raichlen, David A., 6 Panter-Brick, Catherine, 17 Ramakrishnan, Uma, 3, 19 Saari, Kristen M., 3 Pany, Doris E., 26 Ramirez, E., 29 Said, Hasen, 21 Parga, Joyce A., 10 Ramirez Rozzi, Fernando V., 8, Sallenave, Ana, 15 Parks, John S., 24 23, 25, 38 Salter-Pedersen, Ellen, 14 Parr, William, 10 Ranciaro, Alessia, 1, 17 Salzano, Francisco M., 29 Parra, Esteban J., 38 Rankin-Hill, Lesley M., 33 Samonds, Karen E., 15 Patel, Biren A., 21 Rapoff, Andrew J, 23, 26 Sandrock, Oliver, 21 Patil, Crystal L., 22 Rasoazanabary, Emilienne, 15 Santachiara, A. Silvana , 19 Author/Session Index 223

Sardi, Marina, 23, 38 Sherry, Stephen T., 19 Stevens, Lauren S., 6 Sargis, Eric J., 18 Sherwood, Chet C., 25 Stevens, Nancy J., 10 Sarringhaus, Lauren A., 10 Sherwood, Richard J. , 10 Stevenson, Joan C., 1 Sarton-Miller, Isabelle, 1, 21 Shigehara, Nobuo, 8 Stewart, Caro-Beth, 2 Saunders, Shelley R., 14, 23 Shimada, Izumi, 3 Stock, Jay T., 10, 26 Sauther, Michelle L., 10, 15, 32 Shinoda, Ken-ichi, 3 Stock, Stuart R., 18 Schaefer, Katrin, 10, 11, 21, 32 Shook, Beth A.S., 19 Stoinski, Tara S., 15 Schanfield, Moses, 12 Shriver, Mark D., 12, 38 Stojanowski, Christopher M., 37 Scheinfeldt, Laura, 12 Shultz, Suzanne, 15 Stone, Anne C., 3 Schenker, Natalie, 9 Sierra Sosa, Thelma, 1 Stone, Pamela K., 1 Schmidt, Christopher W., 7 Siervogel, Roger M., 24 Stoner, Gerald, 12 Schmidt, Karen L., 9 Sievert, Lynnette Leidy, 1 Stover, Daryn A. , 19 Schmidt, Peter R., 19 Silcox, Mary T., 8, 18 Strait, David S., 32 Schmidt-Schultz, Tyede H., 2, Silverman, Nicole, 6 Strassmann, Beverly I. , 19, 36 14 Simons, Elwyn L., 8, 18, 35 Strier, Karen B., 31 Schmitt, Daniel, 6, 26 Simpson, Scott W., 11 Strkalj, Goran, 21 Schoenemann, P. Thomas, 25, Sithaldeen, Riashna , 10 Stump, David P., 10 26, 38 Skinner, Matthew, 6 Stumpf, Rebecca M., 13 Scholz, Melanie, 21 Slice, Dennis E., 10 Suarhta, I. Nyoman, 15 Schoonaert, Kirsten , 15 Smart, J., 37 Suchey, Judy M., 34 Schrein, Caitlin M., 8 Smay, Diana B., 14 Summerhayes, Glenn Reginald, Schrenk, Friedemann, 7, 32 Smith, David G., 2, 3 12 Schroeder, Kari Britt, 3 Smith, Douglas, 23 Suomi, Stephen J., 2 Schuelke, Oliver, 31 Smith, Heather F., 8 Supardi Noor, Nur, 35 Schultheis, Gerald, 21 Smith, Lydia, 12 Susman, Randall L., 5 Schultz, John J., 34 Smith, Malcolm T., 38 Sussman, Robert W., 15 Schultz, Michael, 2, 14 Smith, Sarah J., 15 Sutherland, Michael R. , 32 Schurr, Theodore G. , 3, 12, 19 Smith, Shelley L., 34 Suzuki, Hiromasa, 30 Schwarcz, Henry P., 4 Smith, Tanya M., 32 Sweitzer, Wilson D., 26 Schwartz, Gary T., 18 Smith, Timothy D., 10, 35 Sylvester, Adam D., 6 Schweich, Marianne, 38 Solounias, Nikos, 32 Schwindt, Dylan M., 10, 15 Soma, I. Gede, 15 T Sciulli, Paul, 27 Soodyall, Himla , 19 Scott, Nicole M., 3 Sorensen, Mark V., 36 Tague, Robert G., 37 Scott, Robert S., 5 Sousa, Marissa, 10 Takai, Masanaru, 8 Seger, Jon, 2 Specker, Bonny L., 24 Talarico, Lindsay , 26 Seguchi, Noriko, 20 Spedini, Gabriella, 3, 19 Tan, Chia L., 32 Seidler, Horst, 11, 20, 21, 32, 34 Spehar, Stephanie, 15 Tappen, Neil C., 1 Seiffert, Erik R., 18 Spencer, Mark A., 32 Tarazona-Santos, Eduardo, 1, Semaw, S., 11 Spigelman, Mark, 33 17, 19 Semendeferi, Katerina, 9 Spitsyn, Victor A. , 36 Tarskaia, Larissa A., 19 Semprebon, Gina M., 32 Sponheimer, Matt, 11 Tatar, Marc, 1 Senegas, Frank , 21 Spoor, Fred, 18 Tayles, Nancy, 27 Senut, Brigitte, 21 Sprague, David S., 31 Taylor, Andrea B., 32 Serrat, Maria A., 6 Stanford, Craig B., 5 Taylor, Linda L., 37 Severson, John , 15 Stark, Anna, 15 Teaford, Mark F., 7 Shabel, Alan B., 21 Steadman, Dawnie Wolfe, 26 Teegen, Wolf R., 27 Shackelford, Laura L., 20 Steckel, Richard H., 28 Teelen, Simone, 31 Shaffer, Christopher A., 15 Stefan, Vincent H., 38 Teffer, Kate, 9 Shea, Brian T., 32 Stefanacci, Lisa, 9 Tefft, Harold A.T., 1 Sheehan, Michael J., 25 Steininger, Christine M., 21 Teschler-Nicola, Maria , 21, 30, Sheldrick, Peter, 1 Steiper, Michael E., 2 34 Shell-Duncan, Bettina, 17 Stern, Michael P., 24 Tetreault, Nicole, 9 Shelnut, Nicole R., 26 Stern, Jr., Jack T., 8 Thampy, Gayatri S., 15 Sheridan, Susan Guise, 26 Sterner, Kirstin N., 2 Thomas, Mark G., 1 Sherry, Diana, 36 Stevens, Alexander M., 15 Thompson, Amanda L., 22 224 Author/Session Index

Thompson, Françoise, 12 Vargiu, Rita , 7 Wetherington, Hattie B., 3 Thompson, Jennifer L., 34 Varki, Ajit, 3 Wheeler, Brandon C., 21 Throckmorton, Gaylord S., 34 Varney, Tamara L., 26 Whitcome, Katherine K., 22 Thune, Inger, 36 Vasey, Natalie, 18 White, Christine D., 4 Tiesler, Vera, 1, 26 Vaupel, James W., 4, 38 White, Jessica L., 10 Tillquist, Christopher , 14 Vega, Maribel, 29 White, Lee J.T., 3 Ting, Nelson C., 18 Vereecke, Evie E., 5 White, P. Scott, 2 Tishkoff, Sarah A., 1, 2, 3, 17, 19 Verginelli, Fabio, 3, 19 Whitelaw, Dana, 15 Tocheri, Matthew W., 1 Verrelli, Brian C., 2, 17 Whitham, Jessica C., 13 Tornow, Matthew A., 8 Vigilant, Linda, 31 Whittemore, Alice, 3 Torres-Rouff, Christina, 33 Vinyard, Christopher J., 32 Whitten, Patricia L., 10, 15 Tosi, Anthony J., 2 Vinyard, Patricia S., 11 Wickings, E. Jean, 3 Toussaint, Michel, 4 Viola, Bence, 20 Widyastuti, Sri, 15 Towne, Bradford, 24 Viola, T. Bence, 21 Wieczkowski, Julie, 15 Trautmann, Iris, 34 Vishnyatsky, Leonid, 20 Wilder, Jason A., 19 Treil, Jacques, 21 Volpe, Lane E., 1 Williams, Frank L., 8 Trevathan, Wenda R., 22 von Cramon-Taubadel, Noreen, Williams, Jocelyn S., 4 Trinkaus, Erik, 23 1 Williams, Shanna E., 1 Tsubamoto, Takehisa, 8 von Hunnius, Tanya E., 14 Williams, Sharon R., 28 Tsuchiya, K., 30 Vosbikian, Andrea, 3 Williams-Blangero, Sarah, 24 Tun, Soe Thura, 8 Vradenburg, Joe, 1 Wilson, Jason W., 30 Tung, Tiffiny A., 37 Winham, Donna M., 1 Turner, Bethany L., 26 W Winkler, Linda A., 1 Turner, Trudy R., 10 Winnor, Kristin, 15 Turner II, C.G., 7 Wakebe, Tetsuaki, 21 Winzen, Olaf, 7 Tveskov, Mark, 33 Wahl, J., 38 Wittwer-Backofen, Ursula, 4, 38 Twist, Kathleen M., 26 Walker, Alan C., 18 Wolfe, Linda D., 21 Tykot, Robert H., 1, 4, 26, 33 Walker, Phillip L., 26, 33 Wolff, Mark, 32 Tyler, Erica, 26 Walker, Suzanne E., 15 Wolpoff, Milford H., 30 Wandia, Nengah, 15 Wood, Bernard A., 6, 21 U Wang, Qian, 21, 23 Wood, Elizabeth T., 12, 19 Wang, Youping, 16 Woodward, Scot P., 23 Ulevitch, David, 15 Ward, Carol V., 5, 11, 23, 26 Workman, Catherine C., 15 Ulhaas, Lilian , 7 Ward, Duncan, 15 Worthington, Steven, 8 Ullinger, Jaime M., 26 Warren, Michael W., 1, 34 Worthman, Carol M., 1, 17, 28 Underdown, Simon , 21 Waters, Andrea L., 4 Wrangham, Richard W., 31, 36 Ungar, Peter S., 11 Watkins, Bradley T., 8 Wright, Barth W., 31 Unteregger, Christine, 10 Watt, M.E., 7 Wright, Patricia C., 13, 15, 31 Urbanek, Christoph, 21 Watts, David P., 13 Wrinn, Patrick J., 20 Wrobel, Gabriel D., 27, 33 Urbani, Bernardo, 15 Weale, Michael E., 1 Webber, Colin, 23 Wysocki, Charles J., 35

V Weber, Gerhard W., 5, 8, 21, 30 Wedel, Vicki L., 33 X Vahdatinasab, Hamed, 21 Weeks, Daniel, 24 Valenca-Montenegro, Monica Weeks, Robert A., 16 Xu, Juiping, 38 M., 32 Weinand, Daniel C., 16 Valentin, Frèdèrique, 4 Weinberg, Seth M., 3 Y Valentin, Sylvere C.M., 34 Weise, Svenja, 38 Valle, Yumma M., 32 Weisensee, Katherine E., 26 Yahyaee, Sayeed Al, 24 Van Arsdale, Adam P., 38 Weiss, Elizabeth, 14 Yamanaka, Atsushi, 6 Van der Molen, Silvina, 23 Weiss, Kenneth M., 24 Yamashita, Nayuta, 32 Van Gerven, Dennis P., 26 Weitzel, Misty A., 34 Yan, Caie, 13 Van Rinsvelt, Henri A., 26 Welty, Thomas K., 24 Yang, Dongya, 14 van Schaik, Carel P., 13 Wescott, Daniel J., 5 Yelvington, Kevin A., 3 VandeBerg, John L., 24 Westaway, Michael C., 30 Young, J. W., 30 Vandermeersch, Bernard, 30 Weston, Eleanor M., 32 Young, Nathan M., 6 Author/Session Index 225

Young, Truman P., 31 Yu, Jack, 23 Yuan, Michael S., 25

Zabecki, Melissa , 26 Zakrzewski, Sonia R., 37 Zamudio, Stacy, 22 Zenin, Anatoly N., 20 Zhadanov, Sergey I., 3, 19 Zhang, Lei, 2 Zheng, Liang, 8 Zihlman, Adrienne L., 10 Zollikofer, Christoph P.E., 30 Zumwalt, Ann C., 4 Zunino, Gabriel, 3