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Xenothrix Mcgregori (Xenotrichini, Callicebinae, Pitheciidae), with a Reconsideration of the Aotus Hypothesis 1

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New Craniodental Remains of the Quaternary Jamaican Monkey Xenothrix mcgregori (Xenotrichini, Callicebinae, Pitheciidae), with a Reconsideration of the Aotus Hypothesis 1 Authors: MACPHEE, R.D.E., and HOROVITZ, INÉS Source: American Museum Novitates, 2004(3434) : 1-51 Published By: American Museum of Natural History URL: https://doi.org/10.1206/0003- 0082(2004)434<0001:NCROTQ>2.0.CO;2 BioOne Complete (complete.BioOne.org) is a full-text database of 200 subscribed and open-access titles in the biological, ecological, and environmental sciences published by nonprofit societies, associations, museums, institutions, and presses. Your use of this PDF, the BioOne Complete website, and all posted and associated content indicates your acceptance of BioOne’s Terms of Use, available at www.bioone.org/terms-of-use. Usage of BioOne Complete content is strictly limited to personal, educational, and non - commercial use. Commercial inquiries or rights and permissions requests should be directed to the individual publisher as copyright holder. BioOne sees sustainable scholarly publishing as an inherently collaborative enterprise connecting authors, nonprofit publishers, academic institutions, research libraries, and research funders in the common goal of maximizing access to critical research. Downloaded From: https://bioone.org/journals/American-Museum-Novitates on 01 Apr 2020 Terms of Use: https://bioone.org/terms-of-use Access provided by American Museum of Natural History PUBLISHED BY THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY CENTRAL PARK WEST AT 79TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10024 Number 3434, 51 pp., 17 ®gures, 13 tables May 14, 2004 New Craniodental Remains of the Quaternary Jamaican Monkey Xenothrix mcgregori (Xenotrichini, Callicebinae, Pitheciidae), with a Reconsideration of the Aotus Hypothesis1 R.D.E. MACPHEE2 AND INE S HOROVITZ3 ABSTRACT The Jamaican monkey Xenothrix mcgregori is one of several extinct endemic platyrrhines known from the late Quaternary of the Greater Antilles. Until recently, the hypodigm of Xenothrix was limited to the holotype partial mandible and a handful of tentatively referred postcranial elements. Here we describe several additional fossils attributable to Xenothrix, including the ®rst cranial remains, all of which were recovered in cave deposits in the Jackson's Bay region of southern Jamaica. In addition to a partial face from Lloyd's Cave and a maxillary fragment of a different individual from the same site, the craniodental collection includes two incomplete mandibles with poorly preserved cheekteeth from nearby Skeleton Cave. The new specimens con®rm a distinctive derived feature of Xenothrix, i.e., reduced dental formula in both jaws (2/2 1/1 3/3 2/2). Although no examples of the maxillary canine are yet known, its alveolus is notably small. Similarly, although the upper face of Xenothrix is also unknown, it is clear that the maxillary sinuses were large enough to encroach signi®cantly on the bases of the zygomatic processes. The nasal fossa is also very large and wider than the palate at the latter's widest point. A similar condition is seen in the extinct Cuban monkey Paralouatta varonai. Xenothrix continues to generate disputes among platyrrhine specialists because its unusual 1 Contribution 7 to the series ``Origin of the Antillean Land Mammal Fauna''. 2 Division of Vertebrate Zoology (Mammalogy), American Museum of Natural History. e-mail: macphee@amnh. org 3 Department of Organismal Biology, Ecology and Evolution, University of California, Los Angeles; Research Associate, Department of Vertebrate Paleontology, American Museum of Natural History. e-mail: [email protected] Copyright q American Museum of Natural History 2004 ISSN 0003-0082 Downloaded From: https://bioone.org/journals/American-Museum-Novitates on 01 Apr 2020 Terms of Use: https://bioone.org/terms-of-use Access provided by American Museum of Natural History 2 AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES NO. 3434 combination of apomorphies complicates its systematic placement. Rosenberger's recent ``Aotus hypothesis'' stipulates that Xenothrix is a close relative of the living owl monkey (Aotus) and is not a pitheciid sensu stricto. Two fundamental characters used to support this hypothesisÐhypertrophied orbits and enlarged central incisorsÐcan be shown to be inappli- cable or uninterpretable on the basis of the existing hypodigm of Xenothrix. The new cran- iodental evidence con®rms our earlier cladistic results showing that the Antillean monkeys (Xenothrix mcgregori, Paralouatta varonai, and Antillothrix bernensis) are closely related and that Callicebus is their closest joint extant mainland relative. This may be expressed system- atically by placing the three Antillean taxa in Xenotrichini, new tribe, adjacent to Callicebini, their sister-group within subfamily Callicebinae (Pitheciidae). RESUMEN El mono jamaiquino Xenothrix mcgregori es una de las varias especies endeÂmicas de monos platirrinos extintos conocidos del Cuaternario tardõÂo de las Antillas Mayores. Hasta reciente- mente, el hipodigma de Xenothrix estaba limitado al holotipo, que consiste en una mandõÂbula, y a unos pocos elementos postcraneanos tentativamente referidos a esta especie. Describimos aquõ varios restos foÂsiles adicionales atribuibles a Xenothrix incluyendo los primeros restos craneanos, todos los cuales fueron encontrados en depoÂsitos cavernarios en la zona de la bahõÂa de Jackson en el sur de Jamaica. AdemaÂs de un resto facial parcial de la cueva de Lloyd y un fragmento de maxilar de otro individuo de la misma localidad, la coleccioÂn de restos craneodentales incluye dos mandõÂbulas incompletas provenientes de la cueva cercana de Skel- eton, con premolares y molares pobremente preservados. Los especõÂmenes nuevos con®rman un caraÂcter derivado distintivo de Xenothrix, i.e., una foÂrmula dentaria maxilar y mandibular reducida (2/2 1/1 3/3 2/2). A pesar de que no se conoce ninguÂn ejemplar de canino superior, el alveÂolo correspondiente es notablemente pequenÄo. Asimismo, a pesar de que la parte su- perior de la cara no se conoce, esta claro que los senos maxilares eran lo su®cientemente grandes como para invadir las bases de los procesos cigomaÂticos en forma signi®cativa. La fosa nasal era muy grande tambieÂnymaÂs ancha que el paladar en su punto maÂs ancho. Se puede apreciar una condicioÂn similar en el mono cubano extinto Paralouatta varonai. Xenothrix continuÂa generando discusiones entre los especialistas en platirrinos porque su inusual combinacioÂn de apomorfõÂas complica su posicioÂn sistemaÂtica. La ``hipoÂtesis Aotus'' recientemente propuesta por Rosenberger estipula que Xenothrix esta cercanamente empar- entado con el mono almiquõÂ(Aotus)maÂs que un pitecido en sentido estricto. Dos caracteres fundamentales usados para apoyar esta hipoÂtesisÐoÂrbitas hipertro®adas e incisivos centrales grandesÐno se pueden codi®car o no pueden ser interpretados en base al hipodigma existente de Xenothrix. La nueva evidencia craneodental con®rma nuestros resultados cladõÂsticos anter- iores indicando que los monos antillanos (Xenothrix mcgregori, Paralouatta varonai, and Antillothrix bernensis), estaÂn cercanamente emparentados entre sõ y que Callicebus es su par- iente maÂs cercano en tierra ®rme. Esto se puede expresar en forma sistemaÂtica ubicando a los tres taxones antillanos en Xenotrichini, tribu nueva, adyacente a Callicebini, su grupo hermano dentro de la subfamilia Callicebinae (Pitheciidae). INTRODUCTION chine-like dental formula (/2 /1 /3 /2). In their original report, Williams and Koopman Until recently, virtually nothing was (1952) brie¯y noted the existence of poorly known about Xenothrix mcgregori Williams preserved but rather primatelike postcranial and Koopman (1952) beyond the bare facts remains in the same bone collection from that this extinct platyrrhine monkey lived in Long Mile Cave that yielded the type jaw Jamaica during the latest part of the Quater- (for historical details, see MacPhee, 1996). nary and possessed unusual dental features. However, they refrained from describing this For several decades after its initial descrip- material on the ground that its allocation tion, the only item in the Xenothrix hypo- would be uncertain. Forty years later, the digm was the holotype itself, a partial Long Mile postcranials were ®nally de- mandible chie¯y remarkable for its callitri- scribed and mostly allocated to Xenothrix, al- Downloaded From: https://bioone.org/journals/American-Museum-Novitates on 01 Apr 2020 Terms of Use: https://bioone.org/terms-of-use Access provided by American Museum of Natural History 2004 MACPHEE AND HOROVITZ: XENOTHRIX CRANIODENTAL REMAINS 3 Fig. 1. Map of Jamaica and Xenothrix localities: Caves on the eastern ¯ank of Portland Ridge near Jackson's Bay in southern Clarendon Parish have produced several new specimens of Xenothrix mcgre- gori (plans after Fincham, 1997; see also table 1). Three other localities (Long Mile Cave, Sheep Pen, and Coco Ree Cave) elsewhere on the island are also known as ``primate caves'', although Long Mile is the only one that has de®nitely yielded Xenothrix material. though not without a question mark in some place. These specimens are abundantly illus- cases (MacPhee and Fleagle, 1991). trated in ®gures 3±6 and 9±11. In the 1990s, joint expeditions of the Several more recent expeditions to the American Museum of Natural History and Jackson's Bay caves, including those of other Claremont-McKenna College recovered sev- teams, have failed to turn up additional fos- eral cranial and postcranial
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