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Panama Remembers the Day of the Martyrs by Eric Jackson Tion, Many Preferred the Panamanian Choice of Name

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Panama Remembers the Day of the Martyrs by Eric Jackson Tion, Many Preferred the Panamanian Choice of Name JANUARY 1989 FREE BULK RATE U.S. POSTAGE PAID ANN ARBOR, Ml PERMIT NO. 736 ANN ARBOR'S ALTERNATIVE NEWSMONTHLY Panama Remembers the Day of the Martyrs by Eric Jackson tion, many preferred the Panamanian choice of name. Symbols of Sovereignty January9,1989 marks the 25thanniver- On Jan. 10, 1963, Kennedy agreed that sary of a violent confrontation which Pana- Panama's flag would fly alongside the U.S. manians know as the Day of the Martyrs. flag wherever it was flown at non-military Celebrated as the most solemn of Panama's sites in the Canal Zone. Zonians protested holidays, the Day of the Martyrs marks vigorously. A Panama Canal employee, Ger- events in 1964 which left at least seventeen ald Doyle, sued to block the display of Pan- Panamanians and three US. soldiers dead, ama's flag, but the presidential executive or- with hundreds wounded on both sides. der was upheld in the Canal Zone's Federal The Republic of Panama was largely a District Court. creation of the United States. In 1903 it was In Dec, 1963, Canal Zone Gov. Robert a part of Colombia, which had rejected a J. Fleming, Jr. (a major general in the Army U.S. bid to build an interoceanic canal Corps of Engineers, appointed by the presi- through the isthmus. President Theodore dent and under the supervision of the Secre- Roosevelt connived with Phillipc Bunau- tary of the Army), issued a decree limiting Varilla (who owned the rights of a previ- the effect of the executive order. The U.S. ously unsuccessful French attempt to build flag would no longer be flown in front of a canal), and the heads of the principal Pana- schools or atotherlocations, so that the Pana- manian landowning families to foment a manian flag would not be flown either. The "revolution." governor's order infuriated many Zonians, Bunau-Varilla wrote a Panamanian dec- who viewed the failure to fly the U.S. flag as laration of independence in his hote! room a renunciation of U.S. sovereignty over the at New York's Waldorf-Astoria. The U.S.- Canal Zone. owned Panama Railroad shifted its trains so The first Zonian defiance of the new flag that the tiny Colombian garrison in Colon policy was by Canal Zone police officer was immobilized. The U.S.-owned Star and Carlton Bell, who raised the flag at the Herald newspaper bought rum to get the de- Gamboa Civic Memorial. There followed, moralized Colombian soldiers drunk, and over the next few days, a series of flag rais- the U.S. Navy appeared shortly thereafter to ings at Canal Zone Junior College, Balboa protect the new U.S. ally from Colombian and Cristobal High Schools and the Canal reinforcements. Zone elementary schools on the Atlantic side Bunau-Varilla signed a treaty which of the isthmus. gave the U.S. a ten mile wide strip of Pan- A high school student, leader of the flag ama (the Canal Zone) in perpetuity, and the raising at Cristobal High, Connie Lasher, right to intervene in Panamanian affairs. A Panamanian delegation Panama Canal housing was built with servants' quarters attached. succinctly stated the Zonian case to a reporter for Life magazine: arrived in Washington about two hours after the treaty had been In 1964, the standard pay for live-in maid service was room and "We want just the American flag flying—it proves our sovereignty. signed. Though they were shocked at what had been done, Panama board, and S15 per week. The next step, if they have their way, will be just to fly the was forced to accept the unequal treaty. Zonian children went to separate English-speaking schools. Panamanian flag." The U.S. supervised most of Panama's elections before WWI, There were Canal Zone courts and police. A Panamanian accused Gov. Fleming, miscalculating the volatility of the political situ- cultivating a dependent Panamanian political elite. From 1918 to of an offense in the Canal Zone had the right to an interpreter, but ation, left the Canal Zone for Washington on the afternoon of Jan. 1920, U.S. military forces occupied Chiriqui province, adjacent to he or she was tried in English according to U.S. law. The U.S. flag 9, 1964. The Day of the Martyrs unfolded with Lt. Gov. David S. Costa Rica, to protect banana plantations held by the United Fruit was flown at schools and most public buildings. Parker in charge of the Canal Zone. Company. The Zonian gauntlet was picked up by Panamanian high school In 1925, renters in the wretched slums of Panama City went on Prelude to Martyrdom students at the Instituto Nacional, an elite school near the border a general rent strike. The government asked the U.S. Army to inter- In 1959, former Panamanian foreign minister Aquilino Boyd led between Panama City and the Canal Zone. Led by 17-year-old vene. The rent strike was suppressed; some 25 Panamanians died. demonstrations in which Panama's flag was planted in the Canal Guillermo Guevara Paz, about 200 students from the institute In 1936, the canal treaty was revised in keeping with Franklin Zone. Several demonstrators were beaten by Canal Zone police and marched to Balboa High School, carrying their school's Panama- D. Roosevelt's "good neighbor policy." The U.S. right to intervene U.S. soldiers. An angry crowd marched on the U.S. embassy where nian flag. In 1947, students from the Instituto Nacional had carried was renounced, but rights to the canal "in perpetuity" remained. they were dispersed by Panama's Guardia Nacional (at that time the that particular flag in the demonstrations demanding the withdrawal The canal treaty was again revised in 1955, with an increase in combined Panamanian army and police force). of U.S. military bases. They intended to raise the Panamanian flag rents paid to Panama, U.S. commitments to buy more supplies from President Eisenhower began discussions with the Panamanian where the Zonians had raised theirs. They also carried a sign pro- Panamanian suppliers, and a prohibition against Panamanians shop- government over the flag issue, and agreed to fly Panama's flag at claiming Panama's sovereignty in the Canal Zone. ping in Canal Zone stores. The latter was a concession demanded one site in the zone. These talks, and continued Panamanian de- The Panamanian students were met by Canal Zone police and by Panamanian merchants who objected to the competition. The "in mands for sovereignty over the Canal Zone, continued under the a crowd of Zonian students and adults. After hurried negotiations perpetuity" clause remained. Kennedy administration. between the Panamanians and the police, a small group was allowed While the exclusion of Panamanians from Canal Zone commis- In 1962, the Thatcher Ferry Bridge was opened over the canal to approach the flag pole, while the main group was kept back. saries was perceived as a gain by Panama's elite, U.S. citizens in to replace ferry boat service. The bridge and the ferry were named A half-dozen of the Panamanians approached the flag pole. The the Canal Zone ("Zonians") generally viewed it with approval as for a Kentucky congressman. The bridge dedication was to be the Zonians surrounded the flag pole and sang the Star Spangled Ban- a form of segregation. Over the decades the Zonians formed a occasion for a speech on changing Panama-U.S. relations by Under- ner. The Panamanians were driven back by the Zonian civilians and colonial society, separate from and hostile to, both the Panamani- secretary of Stale George W. Ball. police. In the scuffle, the Panamian flag was torn. ans and the West Indians. Panamanian demonstrators disrupted the ceremonies, demand- There are sharply conflicting claims about how the flag was tom. The Canal Zone commissaries, like virtually all other businesses ing that the structure be named the "Bridge of the Americas." Most Canal Zone police captain Gaddis Wall, who was in charge of the in the Canal Zone, were run by the Panama Canal Company, a U.S. demonstrators chanted slogans, while others climbed the bridge police at the scene, denies any U.S. culpability. Cananza, the government-owned corporation. Canal Zone housing was rented superstructure to hang banners and remove the U.S. name signs. The Panamanian flag bearer, said, "They started shoving us and trying from the company, illnesses were treated in company hospitals, and demonstrators rushed the speakers' podium, forcing Ball, Panama- to wrest the flag from us, all the while insulting us. A policeman Zonians could (and many did) conduct all of the business of day- nian President Roberto Chiari and other dignitaries to flee. wielded his club which ripped the flag. The captain tried to take us to-day life without leaving the Canal Zone or dealing with Pana- The bridge which reunites the land masses of North and South where the others (Panamanian students) were. On the way through manian businesses. America, divided by the canal, is today r.a.ned the Bridge of the the mob, many hands pulled and tore our flag." Almost all Zonians had Panamanian or West Indian maids. Americas. While most Zonians were aghast about the demonstra- (see PANAMA, page 6} 2—AGENDA-JANUARY 1989 The Detroit incinerator is being built by the same company, Combustion Engineering, which built and has established a disastrous safety record at FERMI I nuclear plant in Monroe, Michigan. The The Refuse Imbroglio Second of a Series Detroit incinerator would have the absolute mini- SMERA Wrong on DNR mum environmental protection devices (electro- ENVIRONMENTAL LETTER Last month AGENDA published an article static precipitation).
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