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A Handbook for the Sheep Clinician 7Th Edition Agnes C A Handbook for the Sheep Clinician 7th Edition Agnes C. Winter and Michael J. Clarkson Elk A Handbook for the Sheep Clinician 7th Edition D FSC MIX Paper Pent reaperraloie mamba FSC CO13604 This page intentionally left blank A Handbook for the Sheep Clinician 7th Edition Agnes C. Winter and Michael J. Clarkson School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, UK www.cabi.org CABI is a trading name of CAB International CABI CABI Nosworthy Way 875 Massachusetts Avenue Wallingford 7th Floor Oxfordshire OX10 8DE Cambridge, MA 02139 UK USA Tel: +44 (0)1491832111 Tel: +1 6173954056 Fax: +44 (0)1491833508 Fax: +1 6173546875 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.cabi.org © CAB International 2012. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronically, mechanically, by photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owners. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Winter, Agnes C. A handbook for the sheep clinician / A.C. Winter and M.J. Clarkson. -- 7th ed. p. ; cm. Clarkson's name appears first on the earlier edition. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-84593-973-1 (hardback : alk. paper) -- ISBN 978-1-84593-974-8 (pbk. : alk. paper) I. Clarkson, M. J. II. Title. [DNLM: 1. Sheep Diseases. 2. Sheep -- physiology. 3. Veterinary Medicine. SF 968] 636.3'089758--dc23 2011034290 ISBN-13: 978 1 84593 973 1 (HB) ISBN-13: 978 1 84593 974 8 (PB) Commissioning editor: Sarah Hulbert Editorial assistant: Alexandra Lainsbury Production editor: Holly Beaumont Typeset by SPi, Pondicherry, India. Printed and bound by CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon, CR0 4YY. Contents About the Authors vii Abbreviations ix Preface xi 1 Production 1 2 Reproduction 9 3 Vaccination 17 4Thin Sheep 23 5 The Pregnant Ewe 35 6The Periparturient Ewe 49 7Newborn Lambs 61 8The Lactating Ewe 75 9Growing Lambs 79 10Sudden Death 89 11Lameness 95 12Skin and Wool 107 13Respiratory Diseases 119 14Neurological Diseases 127 15Eyes, Ears and Nose 139 16Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases 143 17Notifiable Diseases and Diseases Exotic to the UK and Northern Europe 149 18Health Schemes 155 v vi Contents Appendix 1 Clinical Examination 161 Appendix 2 Neurological Examination of Sheep 164 Appendix 3 Checklist for Examination of a Sick Lamb 166 Appendix 4 Professional Development 167 Appendix 5 Revision Problems and Questions 169 Appendix 6 Suggested Answers 175 Index 185 About the Authors Agnes Winter grew up on a small family farm in the Yorkshire Dales. After graduating from Liverpool Veterinary School she worked in mixed practice in north Wales where her inter- est in farm animal work, in particular with sheep, developed further. With her Welsh farmer husband she kept a flock of sheep, including a small flock of pedigree Wensleydales with which she had considerable success in the show ring. After some years she returned to Liverpool Veterinary School to undertake a PhD supervized by her co-author Michael Clarkson. After completion of this she became a lecturer, and later senior lecturer, in sheep health. For the last four years of her academic career she was head of the Clinical Department and, on retiring, was made an Honorary Professor in the University. She remains an active member of the UK Sheep Veterinary Society, of which she was President from 1987-88. She has written five other books on various aspects of sheep health and disease and has received several prestigious awards for her contributions to the sheep industry. Agnes C. Winter BVSc, PhD, DSHP, DipECSRHM, FRAgS, MRCVS Honorary Professor, School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool 2 Fossbridge House, Walmgate, York, YO1 9SY E-mail: [email protected] Michael Clarkson was born in Yorkshire and graduated from Liverpool Veterinary School. He undertook specialist studies in the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine where he taught veterinary parasitology and did research on turkey coccidiosis, cattle trypanosomia- sis, liver fluke infection in cattle and sheep and a number of zoonotic infections, especially hydatid disease. Michael has worked in several countries including Kenya, Zambia, Peru, Chile and Libya. He was appointed Professor of Farm Animal Medicine by Liverpool Veterinary School and studied the epidemiology of a number of important sheep diseases including parasitic gastroenteritis, chlamydial and toxoplasma abortion and fasciolosis and continued his interest in hydatid disease. He taught sheep and cattle medicine and worked on a number of sheep farms developing sheep health programmes. He was appointed Emeritus Professor on his retirement and still undertakes research work at the Veterinary School. He has been a member of the UK Sheep Veterinary Society for many years, edited its Proceedings for 25 years, and was President of the Society from 1986-87. vii viii About the Authors Michael J. Clarkson BSc, PhD, DVSc, DSHP, MRCVS Emeritus Professor, School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool Leahurst Campus, Neston, CH64 7TE E-mail: [email protected] Agnes Winter and Michael Clarkson were the first two Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons Diplomates in Sheep Health and Production and the first two RCVS-recognized sheep specialists. Abbreviations AADs Amino-acetonitrile derivatives AGID Agar gel immunodiffusion test AHVLA Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency AI Artificial insemination BDV Border disease virus BLUP Best linear unbiased prediction BOHB Betahydroxybutyrate BSE Bovine spongiform encephalopathy BTV Bluetongue virus BVA British Veterinary Association BVDV Bovine virus diarrhea virus BZ Benzimidazole CAE Caprine arthritis encephalitis CaMD Calcium borogluconate, magnesium and dextrose CAP Common Agricultural Policy CCN Cerebrocortical necrosis CF Complement-fixing CK Creatine kinase CLA Caseous lymphadenitis CNS Central nervous system CODD Contagious ovine digital dermatitis CP Crude protein CS Condition score CSF Cerebrospinal fluid D value Digestibility value DET Dry ewe therapy DM Dry matter EAE Enzootic abortion of ewes EBLEX English Beef and Lamb Executive EBV Estimated breeding value ELISA Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ix x Abbreviations EM Electron microscope/microscopy EU European Union FMD Foot and mouth disease FRFootrot GGT Gammaglutamyl transferase GSHPx Glutathione peroxidase ID Interdigital dermatitis IM Intramuscular IV Intravenous LA Long acting LM Levamisole and morantel (drugs) MAP Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis ME Metabolizable energy MJ Megajoule ML Macrocyclic lactones MLC Meat and Livestock Commission MOET Multiple ovulation embryo transfer MRI Magnetic resonance imaging MV Maedi visna NADIS National Animal Disease Information Service NSA National Sheep Association NSAID Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug NSP National Scrapie Plan OP organophosphate OPA Ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma PCV Packed cell volume PGE Parasitic gastroenteritis PI3 Parainfluenza virus type 3 PME Post-mortem examination PMSG Pregnant mare's serum gonadotrophin PrP Prion protein PT Pregnancy toxaemia RCVS The Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons SAC Scottish Agricultural College SAHPS Animal Health Planning System SC Subcutaneous SCOPS Sustainable Control of Parasites of Sheep SFP Single Farm Payment SP Synthetic pyrethroid SPA Sheep pulmonary adenomatosis SVS Sheep Veterinary Society TB Tuberculosis TBF Tick-borne fever TSE Transmissible spongiform encephalopathy VLA Veterinary Laboratories Agency (now AHVLA having merged with Animal Health) VMD Veterinary Medicines Directorate Preface The original idea for this book was to produce a concise practical clinical guide to the diagnosis, epidemiology, treatment and control of the common conditions affecting sheep in the UK and an early version appeared in1983.It was first used for teaching veterinary stu- dents at the Liverpool Veterinary School but we were encouraged when a number of veteri- nary surgeons and sheep farmers indicated that they found it helpful and it became well known as the 'Green Book'. The last edition was published in 1997 by the Liverpool University Press, although the document has been updated internally every couple of years since then. The present book has been considerably extended both in the information given on the main conditions and in the geographical range covered. Although the emphasis remains on the common conditions affecting sheep in the UK, we have considered their importance in the countries of northern and southern Europe and elsewhere including Australasia and other southern hemisphere countries and in North America. We have not discussed the conditions of sheep maintained for milk production, however, since that is a specialized area mostly outside our experience. The emphasis has continued to be on the practical clinical aspects of sheep medicine, concentrating on common and important aspects. No attempt has been made to cover more unusual or obscure conditions. Knowledge of the details of pathology and the organisms involved has been assumed or can be sought elsewhere. Where specific drugs are referred to we have used the generic name; availability and legislative aspects of use refer to UK conditions and may vary in other countries. We hope that this book will prove a useful practical handbook for dealing with the com- mon conditions of sheep, both as individuals and in flocks and will be helpful to veterinary students and practitioners and also to farmers and agricultural students and advisors. We are grateful to
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