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Berlin-2 17 06 22-Handout.Ppt [Kompatibilitätsmodus] 25.06.2017 Malformations Important fetal teratogenic virus infections in different species: Feline panleukopenia virus cat cerebellar hypoplasia, hydranencephaly Introduction to Neuropathology – Part II Classical swine fever virus pig dysmyelinogenesis, cerebellar hypoplasia Bovine virus diarrhea virus calf, lamb hydrocephalus. cerebellar hypo- and aplasia, prosencephaly, hypomyelination, porencephaly Malformations Akabane, Cache valley, calf, lamb hydranencephaly, Prof. Dr. W. Baumgärtner and Dr. P. Wohlsein Schmallenberg virus arthrogryposis, Department of Pathology cerebellar hypoplasia, University of Veterinary Medicine porencephaly Hannover, Germany Neurological disease spectrum in dogs Malformations Important fetal teratogenic virus infections in different species: Canine parvovirus dog cerebellar hypoplasia, dysplasia Bluetongue virus lamb, calf hydranencephaly Chuzan virus calf hydranencephaly, cerebellar hypoplasia Aino virus calf arthrogryposis, hydranencephaly, Introduction cerebellar hypoplasia Malformations Border disease virus lamb porencephaly, hypomyelination Wesselsbron virus calf hydranencephaly, Fluehmann et al., 2006; J Small Anim Pract; mod. porencephaly Malformations Malformations ! frequent disorder in domestic animals (5% neonatal death) ! grossly or only microscopically visible Categories of CNS developmental defects: ! defects of neural tube closure Etiology: ! defects of forebrain induction ! primary: spontaneous or hereditary (point gene mutations, ! neuronal migration disorders and sulcation defects chromosomal abnormalities) ! disorders of proliferation and size ! secondary: infectious, toxic, physical, metabolic causes ! encephaloclastic defects ! in most cases no correlation with the causative agent ! congenital hydrocephalus and cysts possible (too long time period between impact [early ! cerebellar and spinal malformations and middle gestation period] and assessment of the disorder [peri-/postnatal period]) Malformations Malformations ! lesions with similar morphology may be caused by different noxes Species-specific characteristics: Different morphological and functional maturity of the CNS at the time of birth!! 1 25.06.2017 Neural tube closure defects Disorders of proliferation and size ! anencephaly (complete lack of brain development) ! megalencephaly (↔ megalocephaly = enlargement ! cranium bifidum with meningocele of the head) ! cranium bifidum with meningoencephalocele ! microencephaly ! exencephaly Malformations Malformations Defects of forebrain induction Encephaloclastic defects ! holoprosencephaly (failure of cerebral hemisphere Porencephaly: development) ! single, cystic fluid-filled cavity ! cerebral aplasia ! in the wall of cerebral hemispheres ! agenesis of corpus callosum (in conjunction with other malformations) Etiology: ! Orthobunya-viruses (Akabane, Schmallenberg-virus) ! Border disease ! sway back with in utero copper deficiency Malformations Malformations Neuronal migration disorders/sulcation defects Schmallenberg virus (SBV) ! macro-/microgyria ! lissencephaly (agyria) [normal in rodents and rabbits] ! pachygyria (few, but widened gyri) ! polymicrogyria (excessive cortical folding) SBV in Europe Malformations Malformations 2 25.06.2017 Schmallenberg virus (SBV) Schmallenberg virus (SBV) Cerebellar hypoplasia Hydranencephaly Porencephaly Internal Torticollis hydrocephalus Lordosis Micromyelia Kyphosis only cattle Scoliosis sheep, goats, calves Brachygnathia inferior Malformations Malformations Arthrogryposis Inflammation and SBV protein in the CNS Herder et al., 2013 Schmallenberg virus (SBV) Schmallenberg virus (SBV) SBV-Pathology in offspring ! malformations similar to Akabane virus ! arthrogryposis/Hydranencephaly-Syndrome ! multicystic encephalopathy ! meningoencephalomyelitis = rare event in naturally SBV-infected animals ! SBV-antigen associated with inflammation and malformation in the CNS ! Por-, and hydranencephaly probably virus-induced Malformations Malformations micromyelia Schmallenberg virus (SBV) Encephaloclastic defects Hydranencephaly: ! total or subtotal destruction of cerebral hemispheres ! CSF-filled meninges ! brain stem and hippocampus normal ! particularly in calves and lambs Herder et al., 2013 Etiology: ! Orthobunya-viruses (Akabane, Schmallenberg-virus, Cache valley virus, Aino virus) ! Bluetongue-virus Malformations Malformations ! Rift Valley Fever-virus ! Wesselsbron-Disease-virus ! Pestiviruses (CSF, BVD, BD) ! Chuzan virus (Orbivirus) ! feline parvovirus Brain regions with inflammation Malformations related to inflammation 3 25.06.2017 Cerebellar and spinal malformations Spinal malformations ! cerebellar agenesis (Simmental calves!) Spina bifida: ! cerebellar vermal agenesis Absence of one or more segments of the dorsal arch: ! Spina bifida aperta ! granule cell hypoplasia or aplasia associated with myelodysplasia ! cerebellar hypoplasia and dysplasia ! Spina bifida occulta ! cerebellar hypoplasia and hypomyelination Additional malformations: Etiology: ! Myeloschisis (dysraphia): incomplete closure of neural tube infectious causes ! Perosomus elumbis (partial spinal agenesis) ! virus infections ! Meningocele ! Meningomyelocele Malformations non-infectious causes: Malformations ! Diplomyelia, Diastematomyelia ! Hereditary/genetic disorder (autosomal-recessive; e.g. horse, cattle, dog) ! toxic (e.g. organophosphate in pregnant sows) Cerebellar and spinal malformations Cerebro-spinal malformations Dandy-Walker syndrome ! rare midline defect of the cerebellum Congenital tremor in piglets ! foal, calf, lamb Type A: Myelin deficiency ! etiology: unknown AI Classical swine fever virus ! diagnostic trias: agenesis of cerebellar vermis AII Infectious – recently unknown, PCV2? cystic dilatation of fourth ventricle AIII Landrace/Landrace crossbred, Plp gene, X-linked recessive enlargement of caudal fossa AIV British saddleback breed, hypomyelination, autosomal recessive Occasionally concurrent polygyria, hydrocephalus AV Intoxication (trichlorfon) Type B: No myelin loss, idiopathic, lacks structural or neurochemical defects Malformations Malformations New AII-type! Atypical pestivirus Cerebellar and spinal malformations Hydrocephalus Arnold Chiari syndrome Hydrocephalus (H.): ! calf, dog Accumulation of CSF in the head as a result of a ! shallow caudal fossa disturbance of CSF secretion, circulation or absorption ! elongation of the cerebellar vermis and the medulla ! their combined displacement into the cervical spinal canal Communicating hydrocephalus (H. communicans): ! in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels often combined with free passage of CSF from ventricles into subarachnoidal syringomyelia space (normal pressure hydrocephalus); usually bilateral and symmetric dilatation of the ventricular system without any detectable macro- or microscopic lesions Malformations Malformations Occurrence: ! toy breeds (Yorkshire terrier Chiahuahua etc.) ! brachycephalic breeds (Boxer) 4 25.06.2017 Hydrocephalus Hydro- and syringomyelia Non-communicating hydrocephalus: Hydromyelia: result of partial or complete obstruction of CSF flow at any ! congenital or acquired of several critical stricture points within the intraventricular ! focal or diffuse dilatation of central canal pathways or in the subarachnoidal space ! may be associated with hydrocephalus Critical points: Syringomyelia: ! interventricular foramina between the lateral and III. ! congenital or acquired ventricle (Foramina Monroi) ! cystic, fluid-filled tubular cavity with spinal cord ! mesencephalic aqueduct extending over several segments ! lateral foramina of the IV. ventricle (Foramen of Luschka) ! commonly associated wth neural tube defects ! median foramen of the IV. ventricle (Foramen of Magendii) Malformations Malformations ! acquired associated with hydromyelia and ependymal ! fusion of the mesencephalic colliculi rupture (Cavalier King Charles with Arnold-Chiari syndrome ! extraventricular: arachnoidal villi Syringobulbia: Causes: ! Fluid-filled slit-like cavity in the medulla oblongata Teratogenic noxes (e.g. viruses, protozoa) Hydrocephalus Hydro- and syringomyelia Pathogenesis of non-communicating hydrocephalus: Depending on time, site and degree of obstruction in the fetus " variable degree and manifestation of congenital hydrocephalus: ! fetal manifestation (" dystocia due to macrocephaly) ! postfetal manifestation (already closed bone sutures) ! Hydrocephalus internus (ventricular lumina; Malformations ventriculomegaly) Malformations ! Hydrocephalus externus (arachnoidal space) Schematic diagram of syringomyelia Wünschmann et al., 1997 Hydrocephalus Cysts in the CNS Acquired hydrocephalus: Cystic space-occupying lesion in the CNS: post natal non-communicating hydrocephalus ! often intra-spinal and extraneural (H. aresorptivus) ! different topography and histogenetic origin ! acquired or congenital Causes: Neoplasms, inflammation (leukoencephalitis, ependymitis, Types: ! chorioiditis, meningitis) ependymal cyst (extremely rare in animals) ! arachnoidal diverticulum/cyst Hydrocephalus ex vacuo: ! synovial cyst (synovial membrane of intervertebral joints) = compensatory hydrocephalus ! ganglion cyst (periarticular tissue of intervertebral joints) ! epidermoid cyst (inclusion of epithelial tissue elements) Malformations ! congenital or post natal communicating hydrocephalus Malformations ! primary loss of neuroparenchyma (e.g. age-related) and ! dermoid cyst/sinus (insufficient separation of ectoderm secondary distension of of the ventricle and neural tube) ! discal cyst (in connection
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