María Archimbal El Fenóme

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María Archimbal El Fenóme TESIS MA.AA – MAESTRÍA ARGENTINO-ALEMANA EN “INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS/NEGOCIOS INTERNACIONALES” Carrera binacional entre la Universidad de Ciencias Empresariales y Sociales (UCES), Buenos Aires, Argentina y la Universidad de Ciencias Aplicadas Mainz (HS Mainz), Alemania Tutora de tesis: María Archimbal Título: El fenómeno de las concentraciones empresariales dentro de la industria de transporte aéreo. Un estudio de caso: la fusión entre LAN Airlines S.A. y TAM Linhas Aéreas Presentado por: Lana Feldmann Pres. E. José Uriburu 1689, Depto. 1 1114 Ciudad de Buenos Aires Número de Matrícula: 66566 (UCES); 908592 (HS Mainz) Fecha de Entrega: 17 de noviembre 2014 II Declaración Jurada Yo, Lana Feldmann, estudiante de la Universidad de Ciencias Aplicadas de Mainz y la Universidad de Ciencias Empresariales y Sociales de Buenos Aires, declaro bajo juramento y consciente de las responsabilidades penales de este acto, que soy la autora intelectual del proyecto titulado: „El fenómeno de las concentraciones empresariales dentro de la industria de transporte aéreo. Un estudio de caso: la fusión entre LAN Airlines S.A. y TAM Linhas Aéreas”, por lo que libero a las universidades de cualquier responsabilidad en caso de que mi declaración sea falsa. Buenos Aires, el día 17 de Noviembre 2014 ______________________________ Lana Feldmann III ÍNDICE GENERAL Índice de abreviaciones ................................................................................................. VI Índice de figuras .........................................................................................................VIII Índice de tablas ............................................................................................................... X 1 Introducción a la temática ......................................................................................... 1 1.1 Planteo del problema ............................................................................................ 2 1.2 Justificación .......................................................................................................... 5 1.3 Objetivos del trabajo ............................................................................................. 6 1.4 Procedimiento ....................................................................................................... 7 2 Metodología de estudio .............................................................................................. 8 2.1 Unidades de análisis ............................................................................................ 10 2.2 Técnicas e instrumentos ...................................................................................... 12 2.3 Estrategia de validación del estudio. ................................................................... 12 3 Marco conceptual ..................................................................................................... 14 3.1 Marco teórico sobre la formación de uniones empresariales .............................. 14 3.1.1 Criterios de diferenciación de uniones empresariales .............................. 14 3.1.1.1 Tipos de integración en las fases de producción ......................... 16 3.1.1.2 Diferenciación por el grado de intensidad de la integración y duración de relaciones empresarial ....................... 17 3.1.2 Motivos y objetivos por los que se forman uniones empresariales .......... 19 3.1.2.1 Efectos desencadenantes externos en materia de uniones empresariales ............................................................................... 20 3.1.2.2 Efectos desencadenantes internos en materia de uniones empresariales ............................................................................... 21 3.1.3 Formas de uniones empresariales ............................................................. 24 3.1.3.1 Concentraciones empresariales ................................................... 25 3.1.3.1.1 Participaciones ........................................................... 25 IV 3.1.3.1.2 Adquisiciones ............................................................. 26 3.1.3.1.3 Fusiones ................................................................ 26 3.1.4 Particularidades de concentraciones transnacionales ............................... 28 3.1.5 Limitaciones de las concentraciones en materia de libre competencia .............................................................................................. 30 3.2 Principios fundamentales del tráfico aéreo y la industria relacionada ................ 31 3.2.1 Delimitación de definiciones .................................................................... 31 3.2.2 Términos específicos e indicadores económicos para medir el tráfico aéreo .............................................................................................. 32 3.2.3 Sistematización del tráfico aéreo .............................................................. 36 3.2.4 Significado económico del tráfico aéreo .................................................. 42 3.2.5 Desafíos de competitividad para compañías aéreas dentro de la industria aérea ........................................................................................... 45 4 Análisis de la industria aérea .................................................................................. 49 4.1 Liberalización del mercado tráfico aéreo ............................................................ 49 4.2 Impactos sobre la demanda del tráfico aéreo ...................................................... 52 4.3 Distribución y potencias crecientes del mercado ................................................ 55 4.4 Enfoque regional: el mercado latinoamericano .................................................. 58 4.5 Interdependencia entre concentraciones empresariales y desarrollo económico ........................................................................................................... 60 4.6 Estrategias de crecimiento externo mediante la integración horizontal de compañías aéreas ............................................................................................ 64 4.6.1 Participaciones .......................................................................................... 66 4.6.2 Adquisiciones ........................................................................................... 70 4.6.3 Fusiones .................................................................................................... 73 5 Cuestiones de investigación ..................................................................................... 80 6 Análisis de caso ......................................................................................................... 81 6.1 Situación previa a la fusión - LAN Airlines ....................................................... 81 V 6.2 Situación previa a la fusión - TAM Linhas Aéreas ............................................ 87 6.3 Motivos de la fusión ........................................................................................... 92 6.4 El proceso y los desafíos durante el transcurso de la fusión ............................... 95 6.5 Valuación de la nueva entidad LATAM - Análisis de la fusión ......................... 99 6.6 Validación de los datos de investigación del presente caso de estudio ............ 107 6.7 Resultados consolidados del estudio de caso .................................................... 113 7 Conclusión y perspectivas al futuro ...................................................................... 119 Bibliografía .................................................................................................................. 123 Anexos .......................................................................................................................... 143 VI ÍNDICE DE ABREVIACIONES 2Q Segundo trimestre A Adquisición Aires Aerovías de Integración Regional AKO Asientos por kilómetro ofertados ALCA Área de Libre Comercio de las Américas ASA Air Service Agreements BA British Airways BID Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo BMI British Midland Airways BRICS Brasil, Rusia, India, China, Sudáfrica CADE Conselho Administrativo de Defesa Econômica CE Comunidad Europea CO Continental Airlines E Elasticidad de los precios en la demanda EBIT Earnings before interest and tax (inglés) EEUU Estados Unidos F Fusión F&A Fusiones y adquisiciones FODA Fortaleza, Oportunidad, Debilidad, Amenaza IAG International Airlines Group IATA Asociación Internacional de Transporte Aéreo VII IB Iberia Airlines ICN International Competition Network IED Inversión extranjera directa IMAA Institute of Merger, Acquisitions and Alliances Ladeco Línea Aérea de Cobre LAN LAN Airlines LATAM LATAM Airlines m$ Millones de dólares estadounidenses m€ Millones de Euros n/a No disponible OACI Organización de Aviación Civil Internacional OCDE Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económico OMC Organización Mundial de Comercio P Participación p. ej. Por ejemplo PIB Producto Interno Bruto PKT Pasajeros por kilómetro transportado TAM Taxi Aéreo Marilia – TAM Linhas Aéreas TDLC Tribunal de Defensa de La Libre Competencia UA United Airlines UAII Utilidad antes de intereses e impuestos UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development WKO Wirtschaftskammer Österreich VIII ÍNDICE DE FIGURAS Página Figura 1 Estrategias de crecimiento y desarrollo de la empresa 15 Figura 2 Tipos de integración mediante el ejemplo de una aerolínea 17 Figura 3 Relación entre el grado de intensidad, la duración
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