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A Taxonomic Overview of Protozoa of Shkodra Lake, Albania

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A Taxonomic Overview of Protozoa of Shkodra Lake, Albania A Taxonomic Overview of Protozoa of Shkodra Lake, Albania Dr. Violeta Alushi Department of Biology-Chemistry, University of Shkodra “Luigj Gurakuqi”,Shkoder, Albania [email protected] Abstract During the last decade, at the Department of Biology & Chemistry of Shkodra University, the field for studying the protozoa of fresh waters, was opened. Protozoa play an important role in the stability of water ecosystems, particularly through its involvement in the decay of macrophytes, in the decreasing of the level of water saprobia and serving as a link in the transfer of food and energy in food chains of aquatic ecosystems. From the previous studies on Protozoa of Shkodra Lake, we can mention: Alushi (2004, 2005, 2006, 2011) and Alushi & Dhora (2006, 2007, 2008); Rakaj, Alushi & Dhora (2007), Mani (2010), Mani & Dhora (2011) as well as for the species found in the Montenegrin part of the Lake, we mention: Gessner (1934), Nedejlkovic (1959), Milovanovic & Zivkovic (1965), Petkovic St. (1977, 1980, 1981), Petkovic, Sm & Petkovic, St (1984) dhe Nikolic et al. (2001). This study shows the results in terms of the taxonomic aspect of Protozoa of Shkodra Lake, meaning the identification and positioning in the taxonomic system. Water samples for the study of protozoa were taken during the years 2004 – 2011 and from various sampling stations such as from the shore waters, from amidst the submerged aquatic vegetation and from plankton. The identifying issue is closely related with the variety of cultivation methodologies used to identify the potential taxonomic situation of Protozoa of the Lake. For this purpose, we’ve used the cultivation of water samples taken from the Lake in 10 different nutritious terrains. The identification is done with microscope and with the help of the contemporary bibliography. A total of 227 protozoa species of Shkodra Lake are identified and a description of their features is given. Along with 50 species previously identified by foreign scientist, from which 16 of them were also found by us, the total number of Protozoa of Shkodra Lake now is 261. All species are listed in the taxonomic system taken from S. M. Adl et al. 2005, reflecting the latest taxonomic changes. Several stances are held in terms of some taxonomic dilemmas in the amoeba group as well as in some genus and ciliophora species. The largest number of species belongs to the Ciliophora phylum, with 174 species followed by Amoebozoa phylum with 56 species. The classes with the largest number of species are: Oligohymenophorea class with 54 species. The Arcellinida order is represented with 33 species and the Sessilida order with 24 species. We’ve given the bibliography of publications about the protozoa of Shkodra Lake. Generally speaking, the Protozoa of the lakes, rivers, lagoons etc. are little known in Albania. Our study group of the Protozoa has programmed the extension of studies for the protozoa of Albania and the institutionalization of the contribution in Balkan level. Keywords: Protozoa, Shkodra Lake, taxonomic system, identification, description, species Introduction The Propozoa have been the least studied group of living organisms from Shkodra Lake just before the last decade. Consequently, a deep study of them has been considered necessary, especially on their taxonomic aspect. BALWOIS 2012 - Ohrid, Republic of Macedonia - 28 May, 2 June 2012 1 During the last decade, for the first time the new field of study for this group was opened at the Department of Biology of Shkodra University, making it possible to fill the gap between the importance of these organisms and the lack of studies about them. Until now a considerable number of studies are done by some authors of which we can mention the doctorate of V. Alushi (2006), 3 Masters works and the valuable contribution of Prof. Dr. Dhimiter Dhora, who has always encouraged and supported the studies on Protozoa of Shkodra Lake. Protozoa of Shkodra Lake have a high diversity of species and they play an important role at the ecosystem. In this survey, a full list of Protozoa of Shkodra Lake is presented. It has been fulfilled with the data from the latest studies about this group and for the first time it’s given the bibiliography of studies about the Protozoa of the Lake. Material and methods This study is based on all the published literature on the protozoa of the Shkodra Lake, for both the Albanian and Montenegrin part. 100% of the publications given in the bibliography are analysed in details. All species of protozoa are listed according to the taxonomy given by Adl et al 2005, also the synonymy has been eliminated. Most of the publications belong to the author ( Alushi, V) which are realized during the last decade. Most of protozoa species are found by us. Our study for the identification of protozoa of Shkodra Lake is done during different periods of time, from 2003 – 2011 and the water samples are taken in 11 stations. The stations represent different habitats of shores, submers vegetation and plankton. The selection of sampling stations is done by considering the Lake seasonal developments and the influence of various ecological factors. The stations are: S 1 - Zogaj, shore: S 2 - Zogaj, in open waters, 200 - 400m away from the shore; S 3 - Shiroka, shore, S 4 - Shiroka, among macrophytes. S 5 - Gril, among macrophytes. S 6 - Kamicë, shore. S 7 - Kamicë, among macrophytes. S 8 - Kamicë, 600-800 m from the shore, in open waters. S 9 – Shegan’s Spring, S 10 – Shegan’s Spring, shore, S 11 – Shegan’s Spring, among macrophytes. The stations are given in Fig 1. Sampling is done mainly based on the methods provided by Magazzu (1978). Different techniques were used to cultivate the samples from the Lake in order to identify species potencially present in the Lake. The species found in the cultures are identified 6 – 7 times during a period of three months after their cultivation. The study was made through a detailed microscope observation, identification is based mainly on Streble & Krauter (2002), Lee et al (2000), Foissner et al (1999), Kumar, A. & Dalby, A. P., (1998), Smirnov, A & Brown, S (2004). 10 9 11 6 8 7 5 2 1 4 3 Fig. 1. Protozoa sampling points of Shkodra Lake BALWOIS 2012 - Ohrid, Republic of Macedonia - 28 May, 2 June 2012 2 Results and discussion 1- Bibliography of Publications of Shkodra Lake Protozoa In the bibliography titles treating Protozoa of Shkodra Lake are listed 34 publications. All publications are listed in the end of the article. As it’s shown from Fig. 1, 11, publications are done before 2003, with 23 publications being done after 2003. Fig. 2 shows that 68% of publications are done by Albanian authors and 32% by others. Fig. 3 shows the number of species found by us and by foreign authors and the total number of the protozoa of Shkodra Lake. Fig. 1. Number of publications before and after 2003 Fig. 2. Number of publications done by Albanian authors and by others BALWOIS 2012 - Ohrid, Republic of Macedonia - 28 May, 2 June 2012 3 Fig. 3. Total number of protozoa species, those found by us and by others 2. The list of Protozoa of Shkodra Lake All Protozoa species are listed in the following. Fig 4 shows that the Ciliophora are represented with the highest number of species, 174 of them, followed by Amoebozoa with 61 species. Fig. 4. Number of Protozoa species Fig. 5 shows the number of species of Amoboezoa; Arcellinida has the largest number of species (33 of them). BALWOIS 2012 - Ohrid, Republic of Macedonia - 28 May, 2 June 2012 4 Fig. 5. Number of species for Amoboezoa Fig. 6 shows the number of species of Ciliophora. Oligohymenophorea is represented with the largest number of species, 54 of them Fig 6. The number of species for Ciliophora List of Shkodra Lake Protozoa PROTISTA AMOEBOZOA Tubulinea Tubulinida Amoeba BORY DE ST. VINCENT,1822 Amoeba gorgonia PENARD 1902 Amoeba proteus (PALLAS,1766) Amoeba hylobates PENARD,1902 Trichamoeba FROMENTEL,1874 Trichamoeba villosa WALLICH,1863 Trichamoeba clava SCHAEFER, 1926 Trichamoeba pilosa (CASH, 1904) Trichamoeba sp. BALWOIS 2012 - Ohrid, Republic of Macedonia - 28 May, 2 June 2012 5 Polychaos SCHAEFER, 1926 Polychaos fasciculatum (PENARD, 1902) Metachaos SCHAEFER, 1926 Metachaos laureata PENARD, 1902 Metachaos gratum SCHAEFFER, 1926 Dinamoeba LEIDY, 1874 Dinamoeba mirabilis LEIDY,1874 Testacealobosia Arcellinida Penardochlamus DEFLANDRE, 1953 Penardochlamus arcelloides (PENARD, 1904) Pyxidicula EHRENBERG, 1838 Pyxidicula operculata (AGARDH, 1827) Arcella EHRENBERG, 1832 Arcella gibbosa PENARD, 1890 Arcella vulgaris EHRENBERG, 1830 Arcella discoides EHRENBERG, 1843 Arcella dentata EHRENBERG, 1830 Arcella haemisphaerica PERTY, 1852 Arcella megastoma PENARD 1902 Arcella conica (PLAYFAIR, 1917) Difflugia LECLERC, 1815 Difflugia lobostoma LEIDY 1879 Difflugia pyriformis PERTY, 1849 Difflugia acuminata EHRENBERG, 1838 Difflugia corona WALLICH, 1864 Difflugia limnetica LEVANDER, 1900 Difflugia leidyi WAILES, 1913 Difflugia pyriformis bryophila PENARD, 1902 Difflugia urceolata CARTER, 1864 Difflugia elegans PENARD, 1890 Centropyxis STEIN, 1857 Centropyxis aculeata (EHRENBERG, 1830) Centropyxis ecornis (EHRENBERG, 1841) Centropyxis hemisphaerica (BERNARD, 1879) Centropyxis arcelloides PENARD, 1902 Paraquadrula DEFLANDRE, 1932 Paraquadrula irregularis DEFLANDRE, 1932 Lesqueruesia SCHLUMBERGER, 1845 Lesqueruesia spiralis (EHRENBERG, 1840) Lesqueruesia modesta RHUMBLER, 1896 Hyalosphenia STEIN, 1859 Hyalosphenia papilio LEIDY, 1875 Hyalosphenia elegans LEIDY, 1879 Heleopera LEIDY, 1879 Heleopera sp. aff. sphagni
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