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Building the Burlington Bay Canal: the Staples Thesis and Harbour Development in Upper Canada, 1823-1854

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Building the Burlington Bay Canal: the Staples Thesis and Harbour Development in Upper Canada, 1823-1854 Document generated on 09/28/2021 12:25 a.m. Ontario History Building the Burlington Bay Canal The Staples Thesis and Harbour Development in Upper Canada, 1823-1854 Rod Millard Volume 110, Number 1, Spring 2018 Article abstract This article examines the construction of the Burlington Bay Canal, Upper URI: https://id.erudit.org/iderudit/1044326ar Canada’s first government-financed internal improvement. Designed in 1824 to DOI: https://doi.org/10.7202/1044326ar create an entrance to a natural harbour at the head of Lake Ontario, the canal was an engineering, financial and political fiasco. Using a staples thesis See table of contents approach, this study explores the reasons for the canal’s problem. Publisher(s) The Ontario Historical Society ISSN 0030-2953 (print) 2371-4654 (digital) Explore this journal Cite this article Millard, R. (2018). Building the Burlington Bay Canal: The Staples Thesis and Harbour Development in Upper Canada, 1823-1854. Ontario History, 110(1), 59–87. https://doi.org/10.7202/1044326ar Copyright © The Ontario Historical Society, 2018 This document is protected by copyright law. Use of the services of Érudit (including reproduction) is subject to its terms and conditions, which can be viewed online. https://apropos.erudit.org/en/users/policy-on-use/ This article is disseminated and preserved by Érudit. Érudit is a non-profit inter-university consortium of the Université de Montréal, Université Laval, and the Université du Québec à Montréal. Its mission is to promote and disseminate research. https://www.erudit.org/en/ 59 Building the Burlington Bay Canal The Staples Thesis and Harbour Development in Upper Canada, 1823-1854 by Rod Millard he Burlington Bay Canal was built to provide a harbour at the head of Lake Ontario. De- Abstract Tsigned in 1824 by a British engineer and is article examines the construction of the constructed by an American contractor, Burlington Bay Canal, Upper Canada’s rst goernment-nanced internal improement. the canal cut across Burlington Beach, Designed in 1824 to create an entrance to a a long narrow sandbar separating Lake natural harbour at the head of Lake Ontario, Ontario from Burlington Bay, (renamed the canal was an engineering, nancial and Hamilton Harbour in 1919), to form an political asco. Using a staples thesis approach, entrance to a natural harbour. It was Up- this study explores the reasons for the canal’s problem. per Canada’s rst government-nanced internal improvement, and an important Résumé: Cet article examine la construction du Canal de Burlington Bay, la première amélio- factor in the rise of Hamilton. Together ration interne nancée par le gouvernement du with other lower Great Lakes harbours, Haut-Canada. Conçu en 1824 pour créer une the Burlington Bay Canal was an es- entrée a un port naturel situé à la tête du Lac sential part of the Great Lakes-St. Law- Ontario, ce fut aussi un asco technique, nan- rence transportation system during the cier et politique. En utilisant l’approche de la Staples thesis, cette étude explore les raisons des pre-railway era. By 1959, the canal gave problèmes du canal. Hamilton access to the St. Lawrence Sea- way, the world’s longest navigable inland water-way. During its construction in the problems due to local factors, or external 1820s and ‘30s, however, the Burlington forces, particularly the Imperial trad- Bay Canal was an engineering, nancial, ing system before mid-century? To date, and political asco. It collapsed several there is no scholarly study of the canal’s times, cost more than expected, and gen- construction and historical signicance.1 erated political controversy. Were these e key to understanding Canada’s 1 For the historical importance of ports, see Adrian Jervis, “Introduction,” Port and Harbour En- gineering, edited by Adrian Jervis (Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing Limited, 1998), xiii-xxxiv. e most Ontario History / Volume CX, No. 1 / Spring 2018 inside pages spring 2018.indd 59 2018-02-19 9:26:36 PM 60 ONTARIO HISTORY development, according to Harold In- set by successive heavier and cheaper com- nis, the principal proponent of the staples modities, and determined by geographic thesis, was its peripheral position within factors, such as the St. Lawrence River and Imperial trading systems characterized by the Precambrian formation; by cultural con- siderations, such as the English and French a discrepancy between European metro- languages; by technology, such as the canoe politan centres and the North American and the ra; by business organization, such hinterland. Although Innis did not have as the North West Company and Liverpool a theory, or model of economic growth,2 timber rms; and by political institutions he developed an original interpretation of peculiar to France and England, were poured Canadian history that focused on the in- the rivers of iron and steel in the form of ternational economy centred in Europe. steamships and railways which hardened He assumed that new countries develop into modern capitalism. Improved trans- portation, increasing specialization in Great in relation to older ones. Noting Cana- Britain, the spread of machine industry in da’s dependence on trade, he stated that relation to coal and iron, and migration “Canada has never been self-sucient, of population to urban centres involved and her existence has depended primarily imports of wheat, live-stock, and dairy prod- on trade with other countries.”3 European ucts from North America for foodstus, cot- demand for staple commodities initiated ton from the United States and wool from this trade; British industry later sustained Australia for clothing, timber from Canada it. Innis explained the dynamics of this and New Brunswick for housing, and raw materials for manufacturing, and exports process in the following passage: of manufactured products. Steamships and Into the molds of the commercial period, railways lowered costs of transportation and comprehensive study of a Canadian port is Christopher Andreae’s, “Evolution of the Port of uebec, 1858-1936” (Ph.D. diss., e University of Western Ontario, 2005). Hamilton Harbour’s maritime his- tory was chronicled by Ivan S. Brookes, Hamilton Harbour, 1826-1901 (2001) chapter 1 <http://www. aritimehistoryohegreatlakes.ca.documentsbrookes/>Nancy Bouchier and Ken Cruikshank examine the social and environmental history of Hamilton Harbour in e People and the Port: A Social and Eniron- mental History of Hamilton Harbour (Vancouver and Toronto: UBC Press, 2016). For two recent studies of the St. Lawrence Seaway, see Ronald Stagg, e Golden Dream: A History of the St. Lawrence Seaway (Toronto: Dundurn Press, 2010) and Daniel Macfarlane, Negotiating a River: Canada, the US, and the Creation of the St. Lawrence Seaway (Vancouver and Toronto: UBC Press, 2014). e reference to the Seaway’s length is from p. 17. 2 Methodologically, Mel Watkins writes, “Innis’ staple approach was more technological history writ large than a theory of economic growth in the conventional sense.” M.H. Watkins, “A Staple eory of Economic Growth,” in Approaches to Canadian Economic History, edited by W.T. Easterbrook and M.H. Watkins (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1967), 50. Stating that the staple thesis cannot be proven right or wrong, H.G.J. Aitken prefers the term ‘staples approach,’ because it “suggests not a series of testable propositions but a frame of reference, a point of view, a perspective, a way of seeing the data....” H.G.J. Ait- ken, “Myth and Measurement: e Innis Tradition in Economic History,” in Canadian Economic History: Classic and Contemporary Approaches, edited by M.H. Watkins and H.M. Grant (Ottawa: Carleton Uni- versity Press, 1993), 41. On this point, see Robin Neill, A New eory of Value: e Canadian Economics of H.A. Innis (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1972), 56. 3 Harold A. Innis, “e Teaching of Economic History in Canada,” in Essays in Canadian Economic History, edited by Mary Q. Innis (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1956), 11. inside pages spring 2018.indd 60 2018-02-19 9:26:36 PM building the burlington bay canal 61 hastened the shi to imports of bulky, low to European manufactured goods and value, and perishable commodities from brought North American staples into the 4 more adjacent regions.... European market. “Cheap water trans- e nature and timing of British de- portation from Europe to North Ameri- mand for staples, facilitated by the right ca,” he argued, “stimulated commerce and geographical, technological, and social brought ‘improvement and cultivation of conditions, explained Canadian eco- the country.’”6 nomic development. Technology, especially transporta- Innis considered the possibility that tion technology, was central to Innis’s vi- colonial agriculture and the ood of cheap sion. It was the medium through which staples into Europe from abroad, not Eu- British demand was realized. By 1929, he ropean demand, drove economic growth. had worked out a coherent interpretation In his seminal article, “Signicant Factors of Canadian economic development that, in Canadian Economic Development,” as his biographer Alexander John Watson however, he rejected this idea by attack- notes, “revolved more around transporta- ing Adam Smith’s conclusion that the im- tion systems than around staples.”7 provement of the country preceded that ere has been some confusion about of cities. uoting Smith, Innis wrote: Innis’s interpretation. Douglas McCalla, “[T]hrough the greater part of Europe for example, writes: the commerce and manufactures of cities, ere is, however, a growing body of litera- instead of being the eect, have been the ture that questions the utility of this type cause and occasion of the improvement of [staples] model, which in Canada is based 5 particularly on Harold Innis’ arguments on and cultivation of the country....” In- staple products and export-led growth, in ex- nis cites Smith to show that cheap water plaining actual economic development in the transportation opened North America past in regions such as Upper Canada....8 4 Harold A.
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