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Review of Related Literature REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE Sarkar J.N. (1984) This is not a full picture. One author concludes that except for Chandragupta Maurya, Tughlaq and Shah Jahan, Indian wars were mainly defensive Kulke, H. and Rothermund, D. (1998) presents the various stages of the indigenous evolution of the Indus civilisation can be documented by an analysis of four sites which have been excavated in more recent years: Mehrgarh, Amri, Kalibangan, Lothal. These four sites reflect the sequence of the four important phases in the protohistory of the northwestern region of the Indian subcontinent. The sequence begins with the transition of nomadic herdsmen to settled agriculturists in eastern Baluchistan, continues with the growth of large villages in the Indus valley and the rise of towns, leads to the emergence of the great cities and, finally, ends with their decline. The first stage is exemplified by Mehrgarh in Baluchistan, the second by Amri in the southern Indus valley and the third and fourth by Kalibangan in Rajasthan and by Lothal in Gujarat. Prasad, S.N (2002) From the chronology of important events from 300 bcto ad 1267, as it relates to south India, the Cholas had two tenures: the first from 300 bcto ad 740—Cholas of Cholamandalam (Coromandal coast); and the second from ad 850 to ad 1267 as Imperial Cholas of Tanjore S.N. Prasad describes the period ad 100 to the fourteenth century: ‗In the melting pot were Satavahana, Chera, Chola, Pandya, Chalukya, Pallava, Rashtrakuta and other lesser dynasties and their rulers. The Chalukyas, the Pallavas, the Rastrakutas, the Cholas and Pandyas waged wars with each other.‘9 In his historical analysis, S.N. Prasad shows that the Imperial Cholas (ad 885–ad 1251) showed strategic perception and planning when faced with the Pandayas and Sri Lankan resurgence in the south, and the Chalukya threat from the north. Chattopadhyaya,P. (2002), ‗In the melting pot were Satavahana, Chera, Chola, Pandya, Chalukya, Pallava, Rashtrakuta and other lesser dynasties and their rulers. The Chalukyas, the Pallavas, the Rastrakutas, the Cholas and Pandyas waged wars with each other Gupta, S (2003) in her book among the architectural features three reliefs carved out on the cave walls are considered to be rominent. One is of Vishnu reclining on the seven hooded serpent, Adisesha, another of Durga, the main deity of the cave temple slaying the buffalo headed demon Mahishasura, and the third sanctum also has a sculpture of Vishnu Singh, U. (2008).Upinder Singh‘s account indicates that major sources of information on the political history of the time are exaggerated laudatory poems and Tamil–Brahmi inscriptions; the emblems of power being the tiger for the Cholas, bow for the Cheras, and fish for the Pandyas Gautam, P. K. (2008) The article addresses the deficit in the indigenous, rich historical knowledge of south India. It does this by examining the military and political activities of the Cholas to understand the employment of various supplementary strategies. The article deals with the engagements and battles of the Cholas with other kingdoms of south India, and ‗externally‘ with Sri Lanka. It begins with an exposition of various types of alliances that were an integral part of the military strategy of the time. It also seeks to historically contextualize modern diplomatic developments and explains some issues of indigenous historical knowledge of that period that are of relevance even in the twenty-first century: continued phenomenon of changing alliance system in politics; idea of India as a civilization; composition of the army; and the falsehood of the uncontested theory of the Indian defeat syndrome. Parekh, B (2008)Regional identities and histories play an important role in our understanding of India. Bhiku Parekh eloquently explains that strong regional loyalties nurture national loyalty. One does not need to stop being a proud Bengali or a proud Kashmiri in order to be a proud Indian Burjor, A . (2010), the Pallavas belonged to the ancient Naga people who themselves were composed of a primitive Negri, an element of Australisian and the later mixed race. To start with they lived in the Tondaimandalam districts around Madras. Later, they conquered Tanjore and Trichinopoly districts. The Pallavas recruited their troops from the martial tribute of pallis of Kurumbas. Heras. H.SJ (2010) described that the Pallavas were the hereditary enemies of Tamil Kings. Even now the term pallava means a rogue in Tamil language; and a section of the Pallavas who settled in the Chola and pandya countries came to be known as kallar or thieves. All these people doubtless belong to a Naga race. Prasad, D. (2010) mentioned that the cult of Lord Vishnu and Lord Shiva became important during the period of Pallava dynasty and Kanchipuram became an important pilgrim center for the Hindu devotees. Kanchipuram, the capital of the Pallavas, also became an important center of Tamil and Sanskrit studies. Kangle, R.P. (2010).In Kautilya‘s explanation, troop composition consists of various classes: maulabala(standing army); bhrtabala(recruited locally for particular occasion); srenibala(band of soldiers from guilds, mercenaries); mitrabala. (troops of the ally); amitrabala(enemy troops); and atavibala(forest tribes such as Sabaras, Pulindas and others). Thapliyal, U.P.(2010)the fourth point of relevance of traditional historical knowledge is how a general self-defeating discourse has flourished. Many Indian historians have been very negative and pessimistic about the Indian defeat syndrome. Here, mostly invaders from outside are mentioned in north of India Chakrabarti, D. K.(2010), With an attack on Bengal, the Cholas exceeded the geographical limits of the movements which even otherwise were impressive—from Cape Comorin to Gulbarga on one hand, and the Vengi–Kalinga territory on the other, and this in addition to their Sri Lankan, Maldivian and South East Asian conquests Hirsh, M (2011) described that Pallava dynasty emerged and owed its origin to a Chola prince and the Naga princess of Manipallavamanis land near Ceylon. According to this theory, the son born out of the wedlock was made the king of Tondaimandalam by his father, and the dynasty was so named after his mother's home land. Cadambi . M. (2011) argues that the Pallavas are mentioned as Tondaiyar in the literature of the Sangam era and that they were descended from the Naga chieftains but owed allegiance to the Satavahana kings. But this theory, too, is doubtful because of their continual fight with the Cholas and their striking northern character as compared to the Cholas. Iyengar,R. (2011) described that the temples became not the only places of worship, but they became important cultural and administrative centers where festivals were held and people also gathered in the temples to solve local problems, as the temples governed large areas of land and the people thereof. Krishnaswami A. (2012), the Pallavas were a branch of the Pahleves of Parthians is the opinion of some scholars, like father Heras; but there is no positive evidence for the Phalava migration into the south. That Pallavas were an indigenous dynasty which rose to power after the dismemberment of the Andhra empire, is another thesis. Probably their leaders gathered around themselves the Kurumbas, the Moravars, the killers and other predatory tribes in order to form one great community. Ganguly O.C. (2012) argues that the Pallavas were a branch of the Brahmin dynasty of the Vekatakas. Except for their early copper-plate charters which are in Prakrit. All the other epigraphich records are in Sanskrit. Hiuen -Tsang says that their language and literature differed very slightly from that of northern India. The Talagunda inscription, however. States that the Pallavas were Kshatriyas. Kamble, M.T. (2012) in this paper concentrates on the mosques (masjids) of the period of the AdilShahis, one of the Muslim dynasties which had Turkish origin that ruled Karnataka along with the other parts of the Deccan. A Mosque is primarily a religious building for the performance of the daily prayers for five times, one of the five pillars of Islam. It is thus, the most important building for Muslims. Mosques in Karnataka have a long history and tradition. The AdilShahis constructed mosques in Maharastra, Andra Pradesh and other parts of Karnataka State. Karnataka ―the priceless gift of indulgent nature‖ is a unique blend of glorious past and rich present, situated on the lower West Coast of South India. Rajmohan, R (2012)In the case of Sri Lanka, there exist two quasi-historical, religious stories of glory and trauma taught by the Buddhist order. This is part of school curriculum. The other story is of Sinhala King, Dutthagamani (161–137 bc). The Tamils invaded Sri Lanka between 177–155 bc. The young Sinhala prince was born to Queen Viharadevi who groomed her son to destroy the Cholas. Prior to seeking battle with Cholas, there were family feuds where the prince defeated his brother, Tissa. But the most important event of that era still dominant in current public memory in Sri Lanka is his defeat of 32 Tamil kings and the final defeat of Chola Tamil King, Elara, who ruled Anuradhapura for 40 years Chakravarti, R.(2013) argues that the Chola army was not unified or well organized. It was more of a militia. There is a lot of weight in the argument that the Cholas undertook maritime expeditions to South East Asia not for short-term plunder motive, but with a long-range view of minimizing the role of Srivijaya as the intermediary between the Cholas and the Sung Dynasty in China K.K. Nair’s(2013) new book, By Sweat and Sword: Trade, Diplomacy and War in Kerala through the Ages (2013), is a good step in this direction.
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