Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves
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Nerve Ultrasound in Dorsal Root Ganglion Disorders: Smaller Nerves Lead to Bigger Insights
Clinical Neurophysiology 130 (2019) 550–551 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Clinical Neurophysiology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/clinph Editorial Nerve ultrasound in dorsal root ganglion disorders: Smaller nerves lead to bigger insights See Article, pages 568–572 After decades of having to make do with electric stimulation representing the fascicles, bundled together in a large outer cable and recording (i.e. nerve conduction studies, electromyography sheath (van Alfen et al., 2018). and evoked potentials), nerve ultrasound now provides the oppor- Next, it is important to realize what the ratio between axon/ tunity to improve neurodiagnostic patient care by deploying a myelin and connective tissue in a given nerve segment is, and powerful tool to detect neuromuscular pathology in an accurate how that ratio changes from the proximal root to the distal end and patient-friendly way (Mah et al., 2018; Walker et al., 2018). branches (Schraut et al., 2016). Connective tissue elements of the Nerve ultrasound is also increasingly providing neurologists and perineurium and epineurium are relatively sparse at the very prox- clinical neurophysiologists with the opportunity to increase their imal root and plexus levels, with an average connective tissue con- insight in the pathophysiology of peripheral nervous system tent of around 25–30%. Ultrasonographically, this means that roots (PNS) pathology. In this issue of Clinical Neurophysiology, Leadbet- will always look rather black in appearance without much dis- ter and coworkers (Leadbetter et al., 2019) describe the results of cernible fascicular architecture, as the sparseness of connective tis- their study on nerve ultrasound for diagnosing sensory neuronopa- sue elements provides relatively few reflectors to create an image thy in spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 and CANVAS syndrome. -
Lecture Notes on Human Anatomy. Part One, Fourth Edition. PUB DATE Sep 89 NOTE 79P.; for Related Documents, See SE 051 219-221
DOCUMENT RESUME ED 315 320 SE 051 218 AUTHOR Conrey, Kathleen TITLE Lecture Notes on Human Anatomy. Part One, Fourth Edition. PUB DATE Sep 89 NOTE 79p.; For related documents, see SE 051 219-221. Black and white illustrations will not reproduce clearly. AVAILABLE FROM Aramaki Design and Publications, 12077 Jefferson Blvd., Culver City, CA 90506 ($7.75). PUB TYPE Guides - Classroom Use - Materials (For Learner) (051) EDRS PRICE MF01 Plus Postage. PC Not Available from EDRS. DESCRIPTORS *Anatomy; *Biological Sciences; *College Science; Higher Education; *Human Body; *Lecture Method; Science Education; Secondary Education; Secondary School Science; Teaching Guides; Teaching Methods ABSTRACT During the process of studying the specific course content of human anatomy, students are being educated to expand their vocabulary, deal successfully with complex tasks, anduse a specific way of thinking. This is the first volume in a set of notes which are designed to accompany a lecture series in human anatomy. This volume Includes discussions of anatomical planes and positions, body cavities, and architecture; studies of the skeleton including bones and joints; studies of the musculature of the body; and studiesof the nervous system including the central, autonomic, motor and sensory systems. (CW) *****1.**k07********Y*******t1.****+***********,****A*******r****** % Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. **************************************************************A**t***** "PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE -
The Sympathetic and the Parasympathetic Nervous System
The sympathetic and the parasympathetic nervous system Zsuzsanna Tóth, PhD Institute of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology Semmelweis University The role of the autonomic nervous system Claude Bernard • „milieu intérieur” concept; every organism lives in its internal environment that is constant and independent form the external environment Walter Bradford Cannon homeostasis; • an extension of the “milieu interieur” concept • consistence in an open system requires mechanisms that act to maintain that consistency • steady-state conditions require that any tendency toward change automatically meets with factors that resist that change • regulating systems that determine the homeostatic state : o autonomic nervous system ( sympathetic, parasympathetic, enteral) o endocrine system General structure of the autonomic nervous system craniosacral thoracolumbar Anatomy Neurotransmittersof the gut autonomic nervous system. symp. gangl pregangl. fiber pregangl. postgangl. fiber fiber (PoR) PoR enteral ganglion PoR PoR smooth muscle smooth muscle Kuratani S Development 2009;136:1585-1589 Sympathetic activation: Fight or flight reaction • energy mobilization • preparation for escape, or fight vasoconstriction • generalized Parasympathetic activation: adrenal • energy saving and restoring • „rest and digest” system • more localized vasoconstriction Paravertebral ganglia and the sympathetic chains pars cervicalis superius ganglion medium cervicale stellatum pars vertebrae • from the base of the skull to the caudal end thoracalis thoracalis of the sacrum • paravertebral ganglia (ganglia trunci sympathici) • rami interganglionares pars vertebrae • the two chains fuses at the ganglion impar abdominalis lumbalis sacrum pars pelvina foramen sacralia anteriora ganglion impar Anatomy of the cervical part of the sympathetic trunk superior cervical ganglion • behind the seath of the carotid, fusiform ggl. cervicale superius • IML T1-3 vegetative motoneurons- preganglionic fibers truncus symp. -
Spinal Nerves, Ganglia, and Nerve Plexus Spinal Nerves
Chapter 13 Spinal Nerves, Ganglia, and Nerve Plexus Spinal Nerves Posterior Spinous process of vertebra Posterior root Deep muscles of back Posterior ramus Spinal cord Transverse process of vertebra Posterior root ganglion Spinal nerve Anterior ramus Meningeal branch Communicating rami Anterior root Vertebral body Sympathetic ganglion Anterior General Anatomy of Nerves and Ganglia • Spinal cord communicates with the rest of the body by way of spinal nerves • nerve = a cordlike organ composed of numerous nerve fibers (axons) bound together by connective tissue – mixed nerves contain both afferent (sensory) and efferent (motor) fibers – composed of thousands of fibers carrying currents in opposite directions Anatomy of a Nerve Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Epineurium Perineurium Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Endoneurium Nerve Rootlets fiber Posterior root Fascicle Posterior root ganglion Anterior Blood root vessels Spinal nerve (b) Copyright by R.G. Kessel and R.H. Kardon, Tissues and Organs: A Text-Atlas of Scanning Electron Microscopy, 1979, W.H. Freeman, All rights reserved Blood vessels Fascicle Epineurium Perineurium Unmyelinated nerve fibers Myelinated nerve fibers (a) Endoneurium Myelin General Anatomy of Nerves and Ganglia • nerves of peripheral nervous system are ensheathed in Schwann cells – forms neurilemma and often a myelin sheath around the axon – external to neurilemma, each fiber is surrounded by -
The Peripheral Nervous System
The Peripheral Nervous System Dr. Ali Ebneshahidi Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) – Consists of 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves. – Serves as a critical link between the body and the central nervous system. – peripheral nerves contain an outermost layer of fibrous connective tissue called epineurium which surrounds a thinner layer of fibrous connective tissue called perineurium (surrounds the bundles of nerve or fascicles). Individual nerve fibers within the nerve are surrounded by loose connective tissue called endoneurium. Cranial Nerves Cranial nerves are direct extensions of the brain. Only Nerve I (olfactory) originates from the cerebrum, the remaining 11 pairs originate from the brain stem. Nerve I (Olfactory)- for the sense of smell (sensory). Nerve II (Optic)- for the sense of vision (sensory). Nerve III (Oculomotor)- for controlling muscles and accessory structures of the eyes ( primarily motor). Nerve IV (Trochlear)- for controlling muscles of the eyes (primarily motor). Nerve V (Trigeminal)- for controlling muscles of the eyes, upper and lower jaws and tear glands (mixed). Nerve VI (Abducens)- for controlling muscles that move the eye (primarily motor). Nerve VII (Facial) – for the sense of taste and controlling facial muscles, tear glands and salivary glands (mixed). Nerve VIII (Vestibulocochlear)- for the senses of hearing and equilibrium (sensory). Nerve IX (Glossopharyngeal)- for controlling muscles in the pharynx and to control salivary glands (mixed). Nerve X (Vagus)- for controlling muscles used in speech, swallowing, and the digestive tract, and controls cardiac and smooth muscles (mixed). Nerve XI (Accessory)- for controlling muscles of soft palate, pharynx and larynx (primarily motor). Nerve XII (Hypoglossal) for controlling muscles that move the tongue ( primarily motor). -
PN1 (Midha) Microanatomy of Peripheral Nerves-Part1.Pdf
Peripheral Nerve Basics • Consist of processes of cell bodies found in the DRG, anterior horn, and autonomic ganglia • Organized by several distinct connective tissue layers – the epineurium, perineurium, and endoneurium • Vascular supply provided by the vasa nervorum Peripheral Nerve Basics • Neuronal processes bound into fascicles by perineurium • Fascicles bound into nerves by epineurium • Endoneurium is a division of the perineurium which form thin layers of connective tissue surrounding neuronal fibers in a fascicle Sural nerve in cross-section Epineurium • Loose areolar tissue with sparse, longitudinally-oriented collagen fibers • Some elastic fibers where epineurium abuts perineurium • Able to accommodate a significant amount of nerve stretching and movement • Increases in thickness where nerves cross joints • Constitutes an increasing proportion of nerves as they increase in size • Epineurial fat helps cushion nerves from compressive injury • Decreased epineurial fat found in patients with diabetes Perineurium • Cellular component composed of laminated fibroblasts of up to 15 layers in thickness which are bounded by a basal lamina • Semi-permeable: inner lamellae have tight junctions, providing a barrier to intercellular transport of macromolecules – Tight junctions can be loosened with topical anaesthetics and with osmotic change Perineurium • Exhibits a slightly positive internal pressure – Fascicular contents herniate upon perineurial injury • Under tension longitudinally – Nerve segment shortens upon transection – may complicate surgical repair as nerve can be stretched only approximately 10% before being inhibited by collagen Endoneurium • Intrafascicular connective tissue consisting of a collagenous matrix in the interstitial space • Develops into partitions of dense connective tissue between diverging fascicles and eventually becomes perineurium when the fascicles separate • Collagen fibers are longitudinally-oriented and run along nerve fibers and capillaries. -
The Anatomic Basis of Vertebrogenic Pain and the Autonomic Syndrome Associated with Lumbar Disk Extrusion
219 The Anatomic Basis of Vertebrogenic Pain and the Autonomic Syndrome Associated with Lumbar Disk Extrusion 1 2 John R. Jinkins • Extruded lumbar intervertebral disks traditionally have been classified as posterior or Anthony R. Whittemore 1 central in location. A retrospective review of 250 MR imaging examinations of the lumbar William G. Bradley1 spine that used mid- and high-field imagers revealed 145 positive studies, which included a significant number of extrusions extending anteriorly. With the lateral margin of the neural foramen/pedicle as the boundary, 29.2% of peripheral disk extrusions were anterior and 56.4% were posterior. In addition, a prevalence of 14.4% was found for central disk extrusions, in which there was a rupture of disk material into or through the vertebral body itself. The clinical state of neurogenic spinal radiculopathy accom panying posterior disk extrusion has been well defined; however, uncomplicated anterior and central disk extrusions also may be associated with a definite clinical syndrome. The vertebrogenic symptom complex includes (1) local and referred pain and (2) autonomic reflex dysfunction within the lumbosacral zones of Head. Generalized alter ations in viscerosomatic tone potentially may also be observed. The anatomic basis for the mediation of clinical signs and symptoms generated within the disk and paradiskal structures rests with afferent sensory fibers from two primary sources: (1) posterolateral neural branches emanating from the ventral ramus of the somatic spinal root and (2) neural rami projecting directly to the paravertebral autonomic neural plexus. Thus, conscious perception and unconscious effects originating in the vertebral column, although complex, have definite pathways represented in this dual peripheral innervation associated with intimately related andfor parallel central ramifications. -
The Autonomic Nervous System of Selachians. by John Z
The Autonomic Nervous System of Selachians. By John Z. Young, B.A. With 28 Text-figures. CONTENTS. I. INTRODUCTION ......... 571 II. MATERIAL AND METHODS 572 III. ANATOMY AND HISTOLOGY OF THE SYMPATHETIC SYSTEM . 575 1. Nature of the Rami Communicantes .... 575 2. Anterior Eami Communicantes and Sympathetic Ganglia 581 3. Anatomy of the Sympathetic System in the Trunk . 581 4. Sympathetic System and Suprarenals in the Kidney Kegion 586 5. Sympathetic System in the Tail ..... 589 6. Autonomic Fibres in Spinal Dorsal Roots . 593 7. Cytology of the Sympathetic Ganglia .... 593 8. Relation of the Sympathetic Cells to the Suprarenal Tissue 598 9. Post-Branchial Plexus 600 IV. INNERVATION OF THE VISCERA 603 1. Nerves of the Alimentary Canal ..... 603 2. Innervation of the Urinogenital System . 609 3. Cardiac Nerves 610 V. CRANIAL AUTONOMIC SYSTEM 610 1. Autonomic Fibres in Branchial Nerves . 610 2. Profundus and Ciliary Nerves ..... 614 VI. PHYLOGENETIC HISTORY OF THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM 617 VII. SUMMARY. 621 VIII. BIBLIOGRAPHY 623 I. INTRODUCTION. THE only complete account of the sympathetic nervous system of Selachians is that of Chevrel published in 1887. Since that date several papers have appeared dealing with special points of structure or function, such as those of Bottazzi (1902), Muller and Liljestrand (1918), and Lutz (1981), on the innerva- tion of the viscera; of Diamare (1901) on the histology; and of NO. 300 o o 572 JOHN Z. YOUNG Hoffmann (1900), Miiller (1920), and others, on the development. No attempt has yet been made to investigate the autonomic nervous system of these fish from the general standpoint intro- duced by Langley (1921) and Gaskell (1915); this the present study attempts to do. -
Modulatory Roles of ATP and Adenosine in Cholinergic Neuromuscular Transmission
International Journal of Molecular Sciences Review Modulatory Roles of ATP and Adenosine in Cholinergic Neuromuscular Transmission Ayrat U. Ziganshin 1,* , Adel E. Khairullin 2, Charles H. V. Hoyle 1 and Sergey N. Grishin 3 1 Department of Pharmacology, Kazan State Medical University, 49 Butlerov Street, 420012 Kazan, Russia; [email protected] 2 Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory and Clinical Diagnostics, Kazan State Medical University, 49 Butlerov Street, 420012 Kazan, Russia; [email protected] 3 Department of Medical and Biological Physics with Computer Science and Medical Equipment, Kazan State Medical University, 49 Butlerov Street, 420012 Kazan, Russia; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +7-843-236-0512 Received: 30 June 2020; Accepted: 1 September 2020; Published: 3 September 2020 Abstract: A review of the data on the modulatory action of adenosine 5’-triphosphate (ATP), the main co-transmitter with acetylcholine, and adenosine, the final ATP metabolite in the synaptic cleft, on neuromuscular transmission is presented. The effects of these endogenous modulators on pre- and post-synaptic processes are discussed. The contribution of purines to the processes of quantal and non- quantal secretion of acetylcholine into the synaptic cleft, as well as the influence of the postsynaptic effects of ATP and adenosine on the functioning of cholinergic receptors, are evaluated. As usual, the P2-receptor-mediated influence is minimal under physiological conditions, but it becomes very important in some pathophysiological situations such as hypothermia, stress, or ischemia. There are some data demonstrating the same in neuromuscular transmission. It is suggested that the role of endogenous purines is primarily to provide a safety factor for the efficiency of cholinergic neuromuscular transmission. -
Nomina Histologica Veterinaria, First Edition
NOMINA HISTOLOGICA VETERINARIA Submitted by the International Committee on Veterinary Histological Nomenclature (ICVHN) to the World Association of Veterinary Anatomists Published on the website of the World Association of Veterinary Anatomists www.wava-amav.org 2017 CONTENTS Introduction i Principles of term construction in N.H.V. iii Cytologia – Cytology 1 Textus epithelialis – Epithelial tissue 10 Textus connectivus – Connective tissue 13 Sanguis et Lympha – Blood and Lymph 17 Textus muscularis – Muscle tissue 19 Textus nervosus – Nerve tissue 20 Splanchnologia – Viscera 23 Systema digestorium – Digestive system 24 Systema respiratorium – Respiratory system 32 Systema urinarium – Urinary system 35 Organa genitalia masculina – Male genital system 38 Organa genitalia feminina – Female genital system 42 Systema endocrinum – Endocrine system 45 Systema cardiovasculare et lymphaticum [Angiologia] – Cardiovascular and lymphatic system 47 Systema nervosum – Nervous system 52 Receptores sensorii et Organa sensuum – Sensory receptors and Sense organs 58 Integumentum – Integument 64 INTRODUCTION The preparations leading to the publication of the present first edition of the Nomina Histologica Veterinaria has a long history spanning more than 50 years. Under the auspices of the World Association of Veterinary Anatomists (W.A.V.A.), the International Committee on Veterinary Anatomical Nomenclature (I.C.V.A.N.) appointed in Giessen, 1965, a Subcommittee on Histology and Embryology which started a working relation with the Subcommittee on Histology of the former International Anatomical Nomenclature Committee. In Mexico City, 1971, this Subcommittee presented a document entitled Nomina Histologica Veterinaria: A Working Draft as a basis for the continued work of the newly-appointed Subcommittee on Histological Nomenclature. This resulted in the editing of the Nomina Histologica Veterinaria: A Working Draft II (Toulouse, 1974), followed by preparations for publication of a Nomina Histologica Veterinaria. -
The Coolest Innovation in Pain Management
A NEW WAY TO FREEZE OUT Provides Temporary POST-OPERATIVE PAIN. Post-Operative Pain Relief Cryo Nerve Block (cryoNB) harnesses the power of cryotherapy to provide a new form of temporary pain relief for patients who undergo certain invasive cardiac or thoracic surgical procedures. This technology uses a unique freezing method to temporarily block pain signals from nerves in the affected area, providing an effect that’s similar to a local anesthetic. ATRICURE, INC. Indications for Use: AtriCure’s cryoICE� cryoSPHERE™ cryoablation probes are sterile, single use devices 7555 Innovation Way intended for use in blocking pain by temporarily ablating Mason, Ohio 45040 peripheral nerves. The Coolest Innovation +1 (513) 755-4100 Please review the Instructions for Use for a complete +1 (888) 347-6403 listing of contraindications, warnings, precautions and potential adverse events prior to using these devices. in Pain Management. Customer Service / Product Inquiries Rx Only. Phone: +1 (866) 349-2342 Fax: +1 (513) 755-4567 PM-US-0017A-0920-G HOW cryoNB WORKS. 2 / STOPPING THE PAIN SIGNALS A NEW APPLICATION FOR Freezing blocks pain signals, which originate from a structure within the A PROVEN TECHNOLOGY. 1 / FREEZING THE NERVE nerve called the axon. The axons subsequently degenerate while leaving the A surgical probe delivers extremely cold temperature to nerve tissue in the tubule structures (epineurium, perineurium, endoneurium) intact for the Cryotherapy was originally developed as a treatment for cardiac nerves around the surgical incision. axons to regenerate within. arrhythmias. AtriCure consulted with leading pain management experts to develop new techniques for applying cryoNB to nerves, specifically in order to block pain. -
GROSS ANATOMY Lecture Syllabus 2008
GROSS ANATOMY Lecture Syllabus 2008 ANAT 6010 - Gross Anatomy Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy University of Utah School of Medicine David A. Morton K. Bo Foreman Kurt H. Albertine Andrew S. Weyrich Kimberly Moyle 1 GROSS ANATOMY (ANAT 6010) ORIENTATION, FALL 2008 Welcome to Human Gross Anatomy! Course Director David A. Morton, Ph.D. Offi ce: 223 Health Professions Education Building; Phone: 581-3385; Email: [email protected] Faculty • Kurt H. Albertine, Ph.D., (Assistant Dean for Faculty Administration) ([email protected]) • K. Bo Foreman, PT, Ph.D, (Gross and Neuro Anatomy Course Director in Dept. of Physical Therapy) (bo. [email protected]) • David A. Morton, Ph.D. (Gross Anatomy Course Director, School of Medicine) ([email protected]. edu) • Andrew S. Weyrich, Ph.D. (Professor of Human Molecular Biology and Genetics) (andrew.weyrich@hmbg. utah.edu) • Kerry D. Peterson, L.F.P. (Body Donor Program Director) Cadaver Laboratory staff Jordan Barker, Blake Dowdle, Christine Eckel, MS (Ph.D.), Nick Gibbons, Richard Homer, Heather Homer, Nick Livdahl, Kim Moyle, Neal Tolley, MS, Rick Webster Course Objectives The study of anatomy is akin to the study of language. Literally thousands of new words will be taught through- out the course. Success in anatomy comes from knowing the terminology, the three-dimensional visualization of the structure(s) and using that knowledge in solving problems. The discipline of anatomy is usually studied in a dual approach: • Regional approach - description of structures regionally