BLS 33, No 1 2007. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/bls.v33i1.3528 (published by the Berkeley Linguistics Society and the Linguistic Society of America)

The Proto-Uto-Aztecan Cultivation Hypothesis: New Linguistic Evidence

University of Arizona

0. Introduction

204 difrasismos

205

1. New Maize Vocabulary in the Northern o-á:xe-y o u -huka hu *su *ka- qa:ö paca:h- ~ apaca:h paca:hil qa:ö a:- ao:lli á:xi- a:-sag: hani woora **sura

hani ha:ni

206

*sunu *hu:nu-isunú-tsunúsunú súnnu sin--i*su so Calamovilfa gigantea GA o-á:xe-y ‘tortilla’ (literally, ‘corn-put.in.mouth-non.possessed.noun.suffix’), KI -huka ‘corn cob, corn stalk’ (?) 5

*sono sonó *sono sonó sonó ‘corn stub- ble’, sonógola sonó sonovoLi-t hona-Li-t *so sona soni soni-p soni-pi soni oni sö:

*paci *paci baci bácia pahcí hací a:-i but note CN in-a:-iwa ‘to plant corn seeds taken from images of the maize gods’*pa:ca pa:cama [TB paca:h- ~ apaca:h ‘to shell it’, paca:hil ‘shelled pine nuts’]

*saki *ha:ki sakt *sak-/saki sagilá sá:ki ahéh sak(:)kí *saki/ Luiseño á:xi- ‘wheat’, a:-sag:

*ora/*ori ona/koná wohna o:lo:- ono-ci onno-cci CO hani woora ‘corncob’qa: :vi(-at) : -vi pi:h *o- -ra/i

207 qa:-

*sura ‘embryo of corn, tender ear of green maize’: EU surát ‘kernel, seed’; NA i:lo:- ‘tender ear of green maize before it solidifies’; HO soona( ‘kernel, edible part of any seed, meat of pinyon nut, embryo of corn, the nutriment of a plant as contrasted with its form’ (proba- bly PUA **sura ‘heart’, attested throughout the family, but shifted to the maize domain at the PUA stage in several languages)

*ku:mi/u ku:m ku:mi-ku kumi-ná/-má gumí kú:me má-h-ki-i- ma-ka ki-mé kimi-in *kuma qumia kumwi Zea mays kumut Amaranthus caudatus k y kó-mi ku-mi-up ku-ma km-wi ku- mu-i-vai-a kukme-p kokoma komo Amaranthus cruentus

*wika *gi:kai *wika wiká/wi:.ká wì:kya TB wi:ginat/ iwi:gin ‘to stir’, given in Hill (2001) may be related not to this word, but to the California word *wi:wi- ‘acorn gruel’

*ca *sa *e:ca e- e- *ya app Chenopodium :ya Northern Paiute masa ‘plant’, given in Hill (2001) is not related to this set.

2. Indirect Evidence for PNUA Cultivation

208 ho:ma u:ma i:ma-

ha:ni haniíbi hani-

ho:ma homop

humáhma-

209

* *

*8 --ne -ne ie-mapa-ru -- ie-tainin :-t -t -góp

*kuma *k *k, *k kl k() x xene k k

*pa *p’

*p’V5 p’ p’ù- p’ a p’ p’ò: p’è: p’:gyá

The incremented -lV- in AZT is a regular feature of this (see correspondence sets in Kroskrity 1993:229-236)

210 *so *sV (p’òn)- i i -(ta) tí: són

*t *t’ou

*t’V2

*k-~k *k

*kV 3

*si:wi *sV9(wV) íw- iwsi si Allium recurvatum t sôl sô:t

*yampa Carum gairdneri nam-p nam *dam

*siko Calochortus sægobe

*siban-pV Chrysothamnus *sV-

pV 3-p Chrysothamnus

211 *t- *t *tV3

*t- *t’V2

*pa:-ta *p

*pV 3

3. The Otomanguean Connection **sunu **sunu

**se(n) **sa(a)ai(n)

Rensch gives no POM glosses; the glosses given here are drawn from the meanings that Rensch gives for cognates in the daughter languages.

212 **sunu **suu- iwi- **sono **so- soso:wik *saki **sa- *sakwa **sawa **saka

**se(n) **se(n)1/2 **sa(a)ai(n) **sa(n) **(n)sa **Ysa

*s *s *k *ku *k

*ku, *k **ku:mi/u *kan- *kahna-qahavi ha:-l qá:nki-

*k **ke **kau **ke **w(y)e7 * ~kwh7 *poe-th *ka

*s ~ *k *k ~ *y ~ *s *y **k ~ **s *se(n) ~*ke *sa(n) *ka *k ~ *s *k

213 *k ~ *s *s *k

4. Conclusion *o:-

214

References

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218