BLS 33, No 1 2007. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/bls.v33i1.3528 (published by the Berkeley Linguistics Society and the Linguistic Society of America) The Proto-Uto-Aztecan Cultivation Hypothesis: New Linguistic Evidence University of Arizona 0. Introduction 204 difrasismos 205 1. New Maize Vocabulary in the Northern Languages o-á:xe-y o u -huka hu *su *ka- qa:ö paca:h- ~ apaca:h paca:hil qa:ö a:- ao:lli á:xi- a:-sag: hani woora **sura hani ha:ni 206 *sunu *hu:nu-isunú-tsunúsunú súnnu sin--i*su so Calamovilfa gigantea GA o-á:xe-y ‘tortilla’ (literally, ‘corn-put.in.mouth-non.possessed.noun.suffix’), KI -huka ‘corn cob, corn stalk’ (?) 5 *sono sonó *sono sonó sonó ‘corn stub- ble’, sonógola sonó sonovoLi-t hona-Li-t *so sona soni soni-p soni-pi soni oni sö: *paci *paci baci bácia pahcí hací a:-i but note CN in-a:-iwa ‘to plant corn seeds taken from images of the maize gods’*pa:ca pa:cama [TB paca:h- ~ apaca:h ‘to shell it’, paca:hil ‘shelled pine nuts’] *saki *ha:ki sakt *sak-/saki sagilá sá:ki ahéh sak(:)kí *saki/ Luiseño á:xi- ‘wheat’, a:-sag: *ora/*ori ona/koná wohna o:lo:- ono-ci onno-cci CO hani woora ‘corncob’qa: :vi(-at) : -vi pi:h *o- -ra/i 207 qa:- *sura ‘embryo of corn, tender ear of green maize’: EU surát ‘kernel, seed’; NA i:lo:- ‘tender ear of green maize before it solidifies’; HO soona( ‘kernel, edible part of any seed, meat of pinyon nut, embryo of corn, the nutriment of a plant as contrasted with its form’ (proba- bly PUA **sura ‘heart’, attested throughout the family, but shifted to the maize domain at the PUA stage in several languages) *ku:mi/u ku:m ku:mi-ku kumi-ná/-má gumí kú:me má-h-ki-i- ma-ka ki-mé kimi-in *kuma qumia kumwi Zea mays kumut Amaranthus caudatus k y kó-mi ku-mi-up ku-ma km-wi ku- mu-i-vai-a kukme-p kokoma komo Amaranthus cruentus *wika *gi:kai *wika wiká/wi:.ká wì:kya TB wi:ginat/ iwi:gin ‘to stir’, given in Hill (2001) may be related not to this word, but to the California word *wi:wi- ‘acorn gruel’ *ca *sa *e:ca e- e- *ya app Chenopodium :ya Northern Paiute masa ‘plant’, given in Hill (2001) is not related to this set. 2. Indirect Evidence for PNUA Cultivation 208 ho:ma u:ma i:ma- ha:ni haniíbi hani- ho:ma homop humáhma- 209 * * *8 --ne -ne ie-mapa-ru -- ie-tainin :-t -t -góp *kuma *k *k, *k kl k() x xene k k *pa *p’ *p’V5 p’ p’ù- p’ a p’ p’ò: p’è: p’:gyá The incremented -lV- in AZT is a regular feature of this language (see correspondence sets in Kroskrity 1993:229-236) 210 *so *sV (p’òn)- i i -(ta) tí: són *t *t’ou *t’V2 *k-~k *k *kV 3 *si:wi *sV9(wV) íw- iwsi si Allium recurvatum t sôl sô:t *yampa Carum gairdneri nam-p nam *dam *siko Calochortus sægobe *siban-pV Chrysothamnus *sV- pV 3-p Chrysothamnus 211 *t- *t *tV3 *t- *t’V2 *pa:-ta *p *pV 3 3. The Otomanguean Connection .