Radiological Emergency Management Glossary
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In0000721 Redistribution of Thermal X-Ray Radiation In
IN0000721 BARC/1999/E/043 CO > O CO to m o>»» REDISTRIBUTION OF THERMAL X-RAY RADIATION IN CAVITIES: VIEW-FACTOR METHOD AND COMPARISON WITH DSN CALCULATIONS by M.K. Srivastava Theoretical Physics Division and Vinod Kumar and S.V.G. Menon Solid State & Spectroscopy Group 31/30 1999 BARC/1999/E/043 GOVERNMENT OF INDIA ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION REDISTRIBUTION OF THERMAL X-RAY RADIATION IN CAVITIES: VIEW-FACTOR METHOD AND COMPARISON WITH DSN CALCULATIONS by M.K. Srivastava Theoretical Physics Division and Vinod Kumar and S.V.G. Menon Solid State & Spectroscopy Group BHABHA ATOMIC RESEARCH CENTRE MUMBAI, INDIA 1999 BARC/199S/E/043 BIBLIOGRAPHIC DESCRIPTION SHEET FOR TECHNICAL REPORT (as per IS : 9400 -1980) 01 Security classification: Unclassified 02 Distribution: External 03 Report status: New 04 Series : BARC External 05 Report type: Technical Report 06 Report No.: BARC/1999/E/043 07 Part No. or Volume No.: 08 Contract No.: 10 Title and subtitle: Redistribution of thermal x-ray radiation in cavities: view factor method and comparison with DSN calculations 11 Collation: 39 p., 9 figs. 13 Project No. : 20 Personal authors): 1) M.K. Srivastava 2) Vinod Kumar, S.V.G. Menon 21 Affiliation of authors): 1) Theoretical Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 2) Solid State and Spectroscopy Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 22 Corporate authors): Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai - 400 085 23 Originating unit: Theoretical Physics Division, BARC, Mumbai 24 Sponsors) Name: Department of Atomic Energy Type: Government Contd... (ii) -l- 30 Date of submission: December 1999 31 Publication/Issuedate: January 2000 40 Publisher/Distributor: Head, Library and Information Services Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 42 Form of distribution: Hard copy 50 Language of text: English 51 Language ofsummary: English 52 No. -
Basics of Radiation Radiation Safety Orientation Open Source Booklet 1 (June 1, 2018)
Basics of Radiation Radiation Safety Orientation Open Source Booklet 1 (June 1, 2018) Before working with radioactive material, it is helpful to recall… Radiation is energy released from a source. • Light is a familiar example of energy traveling some distance from its source. We understand that a light bulb can remain in one place and the light can move toward us to be detected by our eyes. • The Electromagnetic Spectrum is the entire range of wavelengths or frequencies of electromagnetic radiation extending from gamma rays to the longest radio waves and includes visible light. Radioactive materials release energy with enough power to cause ionizations and are on the high end of the electromagnetic spectrum. • Although our bodies cannot sense ionizing radiation, it is helpful to think ionizing radiation behaves similarly to light. o Travels in straight lines with decreasing intensity farther away from the source o May be reflected off certain surfaces (but not all) o Absorbed when interacting with materials You will be using radioactive material that releases energy in the form of ionizing radiation. Knowing about the basics of radiation will help you understand how to work safely with radioactive material. What is “ionizing radiation”? • Ionizing radiation is energy with enough power to remove tightly bound electrons from the orbit of an atom, causing the atom to become charged or ionized. • The charged atoms can damage the internal structures of living cells. The material near the charged atom absorbs the energy causing chemical bonds to break. Are all radioactive materials the same? No, not all radioactive materials are the same. -
Chapter 3 the Mechanisms of Electromagnetic Emissions
BASICS OF RADIO ASTRONOMY Chapter 3 The Mechanisms of Electromagnetic Emissions Objectives: Upon completion of this chapter, you will be able to describe the difference between thermal and non-thermal radiation and give some examples of each. You will be able to distinguish between thermal and non-thermal radiation curves. You will be able to describe the significance of the 21-cm hydrogen line in radio astronomy. If the material in this chapter is unfamiliar to you, do not be discouraged if you don’t understand everything the first time through. Some of these concepts are a little complicated and few non- scientists have much awareness of them. However, having some familiarity with them will make your radio astronomy activities much more interesting and meaningful. What causes electromagnetic radiation to be emitted at different frequencies? Fortunately for us, these frequency differences, along with a few other properties we can observe, give us a lot of information about the source of the radiation, as well as the media through which it has traveled. Electromagnetic radiation is produced by either thermal mechanisms or non-thermal mechanisms. Examples of thermal radiation include • Continuous spectrum emissions related to the temperature of the object or material. • Specific frequency emissions from neutral hydrogen and other atoms and mol- ecules. Examples of non-thermal mechanisms include • Emissions due to synchrotron radiation. • Amplified emissions due to astrophysical masers. Thermal Radiation Did you know that any object that contains any heat energy at all emits radiation? When you’re camping, if you put a large rock in your campfire for a while, then pull it out, the rock will emit the energy it has absorbed as radiation, which you can feel as heat if you hold your hand a few inches away. -
Equivalence of Cell Survival Data for Radiation Dose and Thermal
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Institute of Cancer Research Repository Equivalence of cell survival data for radiation dose and thermal dose in ablative treatments: analysis applied to essential tremor thalamotomy by focused ultrasound and gamma knife 1,3 2 4 2 2 2 2,3 1,3 D. Schlesinger , M. Lee , G. ter Haar , B. Sela , M. Eames , J Snell , N. Kassell , J. Sheehan , J. 1 1,5 Larner and J.-F. Aubry 1 Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 2 Focused Ultrasound Surgery Foundation, Charlottesville, VA 3 Department of Neurosurgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 4 Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research:Royal Marsden Hospital, Sutton, Surrey, UK 5 Institut Langevin Ondes et Images, ESPCI ParisTech, CNRS 7587, UMRS 979 INSERM, Paris, France Running title: Thermal dose and radiation dose comparison Corresponding Author’s address: [email protected] Phone: +33 1 80 96 30 40 Fax: +33 1 80 96 33 55 Declaration of interest : Neal Kassell is an InSightec shareholder. Summary: Thermal dose and absorbed radiation dose have been extensively investigated separately over the last decades. The combined effects of heat and ionizing radiation, such as thermal radiosensitization, have also been reported, but the individual modalities have not been compared with each other. In this paper, we propose a comparison of thermal and radiation dose by going back to basics and comparing the cell survival ratios. Abstract: Thermal dose and absorbed radiation dose have historically been difficult to compare because different biological mechanisms are at work. -
MIRD Pamphlet No. 22 - Radiobiology and Dosimetry of Alpha- Particle Emitters for Targeted Radionuclide Therapy
Alpha-Particle Emitter Dosimetry MIRD Pamphlet No. 22 - Radiobiology and Dosimetry of Alpha- Particle Emitters for Targeted Radionuclide Therapy George Sgouros1, John C. Roeske2, Michael R. McDevitt3, Stig Palm4, Barry J. Allen5, Darrell R. Fisher6, A. Bertrand Brill7, Hong Song1, Roger W. Howell8, Gamal Akabani9 1Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore MD 2Radiation Oncology, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood IL 3Medicine and Radiology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York NY 4International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria 5Centre for Experimental Radiation Oncology, St. George Cancer Centre, Kagarah, Australia 6Radioisotopes Program, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland WA 7Department of Radiology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville TN 8Division of Radiation Research, Department of Radiology, New Jersey Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark NJ 9Food and Drug Administration, Rockville MD In collaboration with the SNM MIRD Committee: Wesley E. Bolch, A Bertrand Brill, Darrell R. Fisher, Roger W. Howell, Ruby F. Meredith, George Sgouros (Chairman), Barry W. Wessels, Pat B. Zanzonico Correspondence and reprint requests to: George Sgouros, Ph.D. Department of Radiology and Radiological Science CRB II 4M61 / 1550 Orleans St Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine Baltimore MD 21231 410 614 0116 (voice); 413 487-3753 (FAX) [email protected] (e-mail) - 1 - Alpha-Particle Emitter Dosimetry INDEX A B S T R A C T......................................................................................................................... -
Interim Guidelines for Hospital Response to Mass Casualties from a Radiological Incident December 2003
Interim Guidelines for Hospital Response to Mass Casualties from a Radiological Incident December 2003 Prepared by James M. Smith, Ph.D. Marie A. Spano, M.S. Division of Environmental Hazards and Health Effects, National Center for Environmental Health Summary On September 11, 2001, U.S. symbols of economic growth and military prowess were attacked and thousands of innocent lives were lost. These tragic events exposed our nation’s vulnerability to attack and heightened our awareness of potential threats. Further examination of the capabilities of foreign nations indicate that terrorist groups worldwide have access to information on the development of radiological weapons and the potential to acquire the raw materials necessary to build such weapons. The looming threat of attack has highlighted the vital role that public health agencies play in our nation’s response to terrorist incidents. Such agencies are responsible for detecting what agent was used (chemical, biological, radiological), event surveillance, distribution of necessary medical supplies, assistance with emergency medical response, and treatment guidance. In the event of a terrorist attack involving nuclear or radiological agents, it is one of CDC’s missions to insure that our nation is well prepared to respond. In an effort to fulfill this goal, CDC, in collaboration with representatives of local and state health and radiation protection departments and many medical and radiological professional organizations, has identified practical strategies that hospitals can refer -
General Terms for Radiation Studies: Dose Reconstruction Epidemiology Risk Assessment 1999
General Terms for Radiation Studies: Dose Reconstruction Epidemiology Risk Assessment 1999 Absorbed dose (A measure of potential damage to tissue): The Bias In epidemiology, this term does not refer to an opinion or amount of energy deposited by ionizing radiation in a unit mass point of view. Bias is the result of some systematic flaw in the of tissue. Expressed in units of joule per kilogram (J/kg), which design of a study, the collection of data, or in the analysis of is given the special name Agray@ (Gy). The traditional unit of data. Bias is not a chance occurrence. absorbed dose is the rad (100 rad equal 1 Gy). Biological plausibility When study results are credible and Alpha particle (ionizing radiation): A particle emitted from the believable in terms of current scientific biological knowledge. nucleus of some radioactive atoms when they decay. An alpha Birth defect An abnormality of structure, function or body particle is essentially a helium atom nucleus. It generally carries metabolism present at birth that may result in a physical and (or) more energy than gamma or beta radiation, and deposits that mental disability or is fatal. energy very quickly while passing through tissue. Alpha particles cannot penetrate the outer, dead layer of skin. Cancer A collective term for malignant tumors. (See “tumor,” Therefore, they do not cause damage to living tissue when and “malignant”). outside the body. When inhaled or ingested, however, alpha particles are especially damaging because they transfer relatively Carcinogen An agent or substance that can cause cancer. large amounts of ionizing energy to living cells. -
Radiation Glossary
Radiation Glossary Activity The rate of disintegration (transformation) or decay of radioactive material. The units of activity are Curie (Ci) and the Becquerel (Bq). Agreement State Any state with which the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission has entered into an effective agreement under subsection 274b. of the Atomic Energy Act of 1954, as amended. Under the agreement, the state regulates the use of by-product, source, and small quantities of special nuclear material within said state. Airborne Radioactive Material Radioactive material dispersed in the air in the form of dusts, fumes, particulates, mists, vapors, or gases. ALARA Acronym for "As Low As Reasonably Achievable". Making every reasonable effort to maintain exposures to ionizing radiation as far below the dose limits as practical, consistent with the purpose for which the licensed activity is undertaken. It takes into account the state of technology, the economics of improvements in relation to state of technology, the economics of improvements in relation to benefits to the public health and safety, societal and socioeconomic considerations, and in relation to utilization of radioactive materials and licensed materials in the public interest. Alpha Particle A positively charged particle ejected spontaneously from the nuclei of some radioactive elements. It is identical to a helium nucleus, with a mass number of 4 and a charge of +2. Annual Limit on Intake (ALI) Annual intake of a given radionuclide by "Reference Man" which would result in either a committed effective dose equivalent of 5 rems or a committed dose equivalent of 50 rems to an organ or tissue. Attenuation The process by which radiation is reduced in intensity when passing through some material. -
Attenuation of Radiation
Attenuation of Radiation by Dr. James E. Parks Department of Physics and Astronomy 401 Nielsen Physics Building The University of Tennessee Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-1200 Copyright © March, 2001 by James Edgar Parks* *All rights are reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the author. Objectives The objectives of this experiment are: (1) to study the interaction of radiation with matter, (2) to study how charged particles interact with materials, (3) to study the 3 primary ways that gamma rays interact with matter, (4) to learn how materials are effective in shielding radiation, (5) to learn some radiation terms and parameters that affect the stopping power of radiation, and (6) to measure radiation attenuation coefficients for beta particles and gamma rays. Theory There are two primary types of radiation that originate from the nucleus of the atom, and these are charged particles and gamma rays. Charged particles from radioactive sources consist primarily of alpha particles and beta particles. Alpha particles are doubly charged helium nuclei, and beta particles are negatively charged electrons. Alpha particles are emitted with a specific kinetic energy, but beta particles have a distribution of energies. The energy available for the creation of a beta particle is shared between the beta particle and a neutrino particle created simultaneously. Neutrinos are massless particles that interact with matter with a very low probability. Alpha and beta particles interact with matter by their charges interacting with the outer electrons of atoms making up the material. -
Personal Preparedness Guide Radiological: Nuclear Explosion
PERSONAL PREPAREDNESS GUIDE RADIOLOGICAL: NUCLEAR EXPLOSION What It Is: Nuclear explosions occur when two subcritical masses of highly processed radioactive material are thrust together suddenly, triggering a violent chain reaction and release of energy. Nuclear weapons are designed to cause catastrophic damage to people, buildings and the environment. Special highly guarded materials and expertise are required to construct and detonate a nuclear weapon. Damage from nuclear weapons fall into several categories. The explosion itself can demolish buildings and structures over a large area. The extent of the damage depends on the power of the bomb. Once the bomb explodes, it releases a fireball. This form of radiation can melt and burn some objects and skin, but clothing and opaque objects can provide some protection. However, the heat from thermal radiation is also the source of most of the post-blast fires. The intense heat of the fire causes an updraft, pulling oxygen in, making it difficult to breathe in the surrounding area. One of the unique effects of a nuclear blast is the electromagnetic pulse, which also emanates from the center of the blast. It disables all electrical devices in its path, rendering anything with a computer chip essentially dead. This poses an escape problem; newer cars with chips would not be able to start. Perhaps the most widely known effect of a nuclear attack is the fallout. When the bomb or missile explodes near the earth's surface, it pulls soil and water into a mushroom cloud, contaminating it with radiation. This matter settles back to the ground generally within a day and can be spread over a wider area by wind. -
Radiation Safety
RADIATION SAFETY FOR LABORATORY WORKERS RADIATION SAFETY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH, SAFETY AND RISK MANAGEMENT UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN-MILWAUKEE P.O. BOX 413 LAPHAM HALL, ROOM B10 MILWAUKEE, WISCONSIN 53201 (414) 229-4275 SEPTEMBER 1997 (REVISED FROM JANUARY 1995 EDITION) CHAPTER 1 RADIATION AND RADIOISOTOPES Radiation is simply the movement of energy through space or another media in the form of waves, particles, or rays. Radioactivity is the name given to the natural breakup of atoms which spontaneously emit particles or gamma/X energies following unstable atomic configuration of the nucleus, electron capture or spontaneous fission. ATOMIC STRUCTURE The universe is filled with matter composed of elements and compounds. Elements are substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical processes (e.g., oxygen) while compounds consist of two or more elements chemically linked in definite proportions. Water, a compound, consists of two hydrogen and one oxygen atom as shown in its formula H2O. While it may appear that the atom is the basic building block of nature, the atom itself is composed of three smaller, more fundamental particles called protons, neutrons and electrons. The proton (p) is a positively charged particle with a magnitude one charge unit (1.602 x 10-19 coulomb) and a mass of approximately one atomic mass unit (1 amu = 1.66x10-24 gram). The electron (e-) is a negatively charged particle and has the same magnitude charge (1.602 x 10-19 coulomb) as the proton. The electron has a negligible mass of only 1/1840 atomic mass units. The neutron, (n) is an uncharged particle that is often thought of as a combination of a proton and an electron because it is electrically neutral and has a mass of approximately one atomic mass unit. -
Advanced Waste Heat Recovery Technology by Thermo-Rradiative
Nuclear and Emerging Technologies for Space Knoxville, TN, April 6 – April 9, 2020, available online at https://nets2020.ornl.gov ADVANCED WASTE HEAT RECOVERY TECHNOLOGY BY THERMO-RADIATIVE CELL FOR NUCLEAR SPACE POWER APPLICATIONS Jianjian Wang1*, Chien-Hua Chen1, Richard Bonner1, and William G. Anderson1 1Advanced Cooling Technologies, Inc., Lancaster, PA 17603 *[email protected] 717-490-2387 In order to satisfy the long-lasting and high However, the bulk production of Pu-238 in the US energy/power density requirements for NASA deep space was stopped in 1988. Although DOE is expected to be exploration missions, Pu-238 has been identified as one able to produce 1.5 kg Pu-238 per year by 2026 for of the most suitable radioisotope fuels for GPHS modules NASA, there are still many uncertainties, and DOE is since the 1960s. The availability of Pu-238 is currently facing many challenges to meet this production goal. In extremely limited. The limited availability suggests that addition, due to the highly technical nature of the Pu-238 efficiently using the heat generated by the GPHS is very production process and the long time required (~2 years) important and critical for NASA space applications. for technical staff training, the unit price of Pu-238 is very However, the efficiency of the most widely used high, ~$8 million per kilogram [2,3]. NASA’s budget can radioisotope thermoelectric generators is only about 6- only support one radioisotope power system (RPS) 8%, which means that a significant amount of energy is mission every 4 years [3].