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L DE ecfifo gnithgil tnereffid ruof serolpxe siseht sihT siseht serolpxe ruof tnereffid ruoloc dna ycneicfife ygrene rof sehcaorppa rof ygrene ycneicfife dna ruoloc eseh .tneevorp ytilauq u a l i t y i pm r o v eme n t . hT e s e a r e gnithgil ,artceps DEL fo noitazimitpo fo DEL ,artceps gnithgil rm da ietphte-u n tfiorter t gni , taeh-euh sisehtopyh dna trams R kapu jaR ayinaB osla siseht ehT . lortnoc gnithgi l roodni l gnithgi lortnoc . ehT siseht osla DEL fo secnereferp evi tcejbus senimaxe tcejbus evi secnereferp fo DEL setagitsevni ti ,noitidda nI .gnithgil ecfifo .gnithgil nI ,noitidda ti setagitsevni spuorg c inhte eerht fo secnereferp TCC eht TCC secnereferp fo eerht inhte c spuorg E )a A n ,n A ap ruE( naepo , sA i na , dna fA r i )nac f o r DEL .gnithgi l ecfifo l .gnithgi NSI NBS 9-2607-06-259-879 ( p r i n t de ) + SSENISUB + gni thgi l ecfifo DEL fo ecnereferp evi tcejbus dna tnemevorpmi yt i lauq ruoloc dna ycneicfife ygrenE NSI NBS 2-1607-06-259-879 ( dp f ) E MONOC Y L-NSI NSS - L 9971 - 4394 NSI NSS 9971 - 4394 ( p r i n t de ) TRA + NSI NSS 9971 - 2494 ( dp f ) NGISED + HCRA I T TCE ERU ytisrevinU otlaA ytisrevinU gni reenignE laci r tcelE fo loohcS fo tcelE r laci reenignE gni ECNEICS + o aou n n engElc c Ef nm rapeD tnemt fo lE tce r laci reenignE gni dna tamotuA noi T E ONHC L GO Y if.otlaa.www . a a l t o . f i R VOSSORC RE COD T RO A L +jcgaha*GMFTSH9 COD T RO A L SNOITATRESSID SNOITATRESSID otlaA ytisrevinU 6102 Aalto University publication series DOCTORAL DISSERTATIONS 206/2016 Energy efficiency and colour quality improvement and subjective preference of LED office lighting Rupak Raj Baniya A doctoral dissertation completed for the degree of Doctor of Science (Technology) to be defended, with the permission of the Aalto University School of Electrical engineering, at a public examination held at the lecture hall T2 of the school on 11 November 2016 at 12 noon. Aalto University School of Electrical Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering and Automation Lighting Unit Supervising professor Prof. Liisa Halonen, Aalto university, Espoo, Finland Thesis advisors Dr. Eino Tetri, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland Dr. Pramod Bhusal, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland Preliminary examiners Prof. Tran Quoc Khanh, Technical University of Darmstadt, Germany Prof. Sermin Onaygil, Istanbul Technical University, Turkey Opponent Prof. Alexander Rosemann, Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands Aalto University publication series DOCTORAL DISSERTATIONS 206/2016 © Rupak Raj Baniya ISBN 978-952-60-7062-9 (printed) ISBN 978-952-60-7061-2 (pdf) ISSN-L 1799-4934 ISSN 1799-4934 (printed) ISSN 1799-4942 (pdf) http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-952-60-7061-2 Unigrafia Oy Helsinki 2016 Finland Abstract Aalto University, P.O. Box 11000, FI-00076 Aalto www.aalto.fi Author Rupak Raj Baniya Name of the doctoral dissertation Energy efficiency and colour quality improvement and subjective preference of LED office lighting Publisher School of Electrical Engineering Unit Department of Electrical Engineering and Automation Series Aalto University publication series DOCTORAL DISSERTATIONS 206/2016 Field of research Illumination Engineering and Electrical Building Services Manuscript submitted 21 June 2016 Date of the defence 11 November 2016 Permission to publish granted (date) 12 August 2016 Language English Monograph Article dissertation Essay dissertation Abstract The objectives of this thesis were to explore different approaches to improve energy efficiency and colour quality, and to find out the subjective preference of LED office lighting. Four approaches (optimization of LED spectra, lighting retrofitting, hue-heat hypothesis, and smart indoor lighting control) were studied for energy efficiency and colour quality improvement. Two experiments, one in lighting booths and the other in an office room, were conducted to examine subjective preferences. In the optimization of LED spectra, simulation work and subjective preference studies conducted in lighting booths suggested that preferred complex LED spectra (realized with 9 to 11 different types of LEDs) found in previous user acceptance studies can be optimized both for efficiency and cost without sacrificing the colour quality of the light. The lighting retrofitting case study showed that by replacing T8 fluorescent luminaires with LED luminaries, and the LED luminaries with inbuilt control systems, energy savings of up to 38% and 68% respectively, can be achieved with improvement of lighting quality and user satisfaction. The experiment conducted to test the hue-heat hypothesis using different correlated colour temperatures (CCTs) of white light did not provide support for the existence of a general correlation between CCT and thermal sensation or thermal comfort and indicated that people felt thermally more comfortable in an indoor workplace at the CCT of 4000 K than at the CCT of 2700 K or 6200 K. A methodology to incorporate data from lighting studies relating colour quality to comfort and productivity to the building automation system has been proposed and demonstrated. The subjective preferences in terms of illuminance and CCT and the CCT preference of three ethnic groups (Asian, European, and African) for LED office lighting were investigated in an office room. Nine different lighting situations (combining 300 lx, 500 lx, and 750 lx with 3000 K, 4000 K, and 5000 K) were compared. The combination of 750 lx with 4000 K was statistically significantly preferred over the other combinations for LED office lighting. It was also found that the CCT of 4000 K was preferred over the CCT of 3000 K for office lighting at 300 lx, 500 lx, and 750 lx. The results indicated that the impression of brightness, the feeling of stimulation, and the impression of spaciousness in office room increases with increased CCT. The study also showed that for office lighting the European group prefer the CCT of 4000 K, and with the Asian and African groups the preference between 4000 K and 5000 K depends upon illuminance levels. Keywords light emitting diode, energy efficiency, colour quality, lighting preference, correlated colour temperature, office lighting ISBN (printed) 978-952-60-7062-9 ISBN (pdf) 978-952-60-7061-2 ISSN-L 1799-4934 ISSN (printed) 1799-4934 ISSN (pdf) 1799-4942 Location of publisher Helsinki Location of printing Helsinki Year 2016 Pages 124 urn http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-952-60-7061-2 Preface The research work in this thesis was carried out at the Lighting Unit, Aalto University School of Electrical Engineering. A Part of the work was carried out in the project “Solid State Lighting for Europe (SSL4EU)” funded by the European Commission in the Seventh Framework Programme. Another part of the work was supported by the project “RYM Indoor Environment” funded by the Finnish Funding Agency for Technology and Innovation (TEKES), Aalto University and several Finnish companies. The work was also partly carried out in the projects “Energy Efficiency with Nanotechnology (EffiNano)” and ”Light Energy” funded by Aalto University Energy Efficiency Research Programme. I acknowledge and thank all of the institutions for their support. I would also like to thank the Aalto ELEC Doctoral School for funding my doctoral studies for the duration of 2 years. I like to sincerely thank my supervisor, Professor Liisa Halonen, for believing in me and giving me opportunity to join in the Lighting Unit for my doctoral studies. I would like to express deepest appreciation to her for all of her help, support, advice, guidance and encouragement throughout the years that I have been working at the Lighting Unit. I would like to express my gratitude to my advisors Dr. Eino Tetri and Dr. Pramod Bhusal for their guidance, constructive criticism and encouragement that has helped me grow as a scientist. I would like to thank the preliminary examiners of this thesis, Professor Tran Quoc Khanh from Technical University of Darmstadt, Germany and Professor Sermin Onaygil from Istanbul Technical University, Turkey for their observations and comments on this thesis. I would also like to thank Professor Alexander Rosemann from Eindhoven University of Technology, the Netherlands for accepting to be my opponent. I am also grateful to Dr. Marjukka Puolakka, Dr. Rajendra Dangol, M.Sc. (Tech.) Jukka Virtanen, M.Sc. (Tech.) Marta Gavioli, Dipl-Ing (FH) Alexander Wilm and Dipl-Phys Elmar Baur for their cooperation in publications which have been included in this thesis. I would like to thank Dr. Mikko Hyvärinen, Dr. Mohammad Shahidul Islam, Dr. Paulo Pinho and M.Sc. (Tech.) Mikko Maksimainen, Leena Väisänen, Esa Kurhinen for their help, discussion and giving their time when needed. I would also like to thank all of my colleagues at the lighting Unit for the positive working atmosphere. My heartfelt gratitude go out to my family: To my parents, who have dedicated their life for me and made me what I am today---thank you for your 5 unconditional love, support and all the sacrifices you have made for me.
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