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Book IX Composition D DD DD Composition DDDDon.com DDDD Basic Photography in 180 Days Book IX - Composition Editor: Ramon F. aeroramon.com Contents 1 Day 1 1 1.1 Composition (visual arts) ....................................... 1 1.1.1 Elements of design ...................................... 1 1.1.2 Principles of organization ................................... 3 1.1.3 Compositional techniques ................................... 4 1.1.4 Example ............................................ 8 1.1.5 See also ............................................ 9 1.1.6 References .......................................... 9 1.1.7 Further reading ........................................ 9 1.1.8 External links ......................................... 9 1.2 Elements of art ............................................ 9 1.2.1 Form ............................................. 10 1.2.2 Line ............................................. 10 1.2.3 Color ............................................. 10 1.2.4 Space ............................................. 10 1.2.5 Texture ............................................ 10 1.2.6 See also ............................................ 10 1.2.7 References .......................................... 10 1.2.8 External links ......................................... 11 2 Day 2 12 2.1 Visual design elements and principles ................................. 12 2.1.1 Design elements ........................................ 12 2.1.2 Principles of design ...................................... 15 2.1.3 See also ............................................ 18 2.1.4 Notes ............................................. 18 2.1.5 References .......................................... 18 2.1.6 External links ......................................... 18 3 Day 3 20 3.1 Shape ................................................. 20 3.1.1 Classification of simple shapes ................................ 20 3.1.2 Shape in geometry ...................................... 21 i ii CONTENTS 3.1.3 Shape analysis ........................................ 23 3.1.4 Similarity classes ....................................... 23 3.1.5 See also ............................................ 23 3.1.6 References .......................................... 24 3.1.7 External links ......................................... 24 4 Day 4 25 4.1 Color ................................................. 25 4.1.1 Physics of color ....................................... 27 4.1.2 Perception .......................................... 29 4.1.3 Associations ......................................... 33 4.1.4 Spectral colors and color reproduction ............................ 33 4.1.5 Additive coloring ....................................... 35 4.1.6 Subtractive coloring ..................................... 35 4.1.7 Structural color ........................................ 36 4.1.8 Mentions of color in social media .............................. 37 4.1.9 Additional terms ....................................... 37 4.1.10 See also ............................................ 37 4.1.11 References .......................................... 38 4.1.12 External links and sources .................................. 38 5 Day 5 39 5.1 Texture (visual arts) .......................................... 39 5.1.1 Three varieties of texture ................................... 39 5.1.2 Hypertexture ......................................... 40 5.1.3 Examples of physical texture ................................. 40 5.1.4 Examples of visual texture .................................. 41 5.1.5 See also ............................................ 42 5.1.6 Notes ............................................. 42 5.1.7 References .......................................... 42 6 Day 6 43 6.1 Lightness ............................................... 43 6.1.1 Relationship between lightness, value, and relative luminance ................ 43 6.1.2 Other psychological effects .................................. 44 6.1.3 See also ............................................ 45 6.1.4 References .......................................... 45 6.1.5 External links ......................................... 45 7 Day 7 48 7.1 Space ................................................. 48 7.1.1 Philosophy of space ...................................... 48 7.1.2 Mathematics ......................................... 56 CONTENTS iii 7.1.3 Physics ............................................ 56 7.1.4 Spatial measurement ..................................... 58 7.1.5 Geographical space ...................................... 58 7.1.6 In psychology ......................................... 59 7.1.7 See also ............................................ 59 7.1.8 References .......................................... 59 7.1.9 External links ......................................... 60 8 Day 8 61 8.1 Rule of thirds ............................................. 61 8.1.1 Use .............................................. 61 8.1.2 History ............................................ 61 8.1.3 See also ............................................ 64 8.1.4 References .......................................... 65 9 Day 9 66 9.1 Golden ratio .............................................. 66 9.1.1 Calculation .......................................... 67 9.1.2 History ............................................ 69 9.1.3 Applications and observations ................................. 71 9.1.4 Mathematics ......................................... 74 9.1.5 Pyramids ........................................... 80 9.1.6 Disputed observations ..................................... 81 9.1.7 See also ............................................ 81 9.1.8 References and footnotes ................................... 82 9.1.9 Further reading ........................................ 85 9.1.10 External links ......................................... 86 9.2 Rabatment of the rectangle ...................................... 101 9.2.1 Theory ............................................ 101 9.2.2 Practice ............................................ 101 9.2.3 Examples ........................................... 102 9.2.4 References .......................................... 102 9.2.5 External links ......................................... 103 9.3 Headroom (photographic framing) .................................. 103 9.3.1 Examples ........................................... 104 9.3.2 See also ............................................ 104 9.3.3 References .......................................... 104 9.3.4 Further reading ........................................ 105 10 Day 10 106 10.1 Perspective (graphical) ........................................ 106 10.1.1 Overview ........................................... 107 iv CONTENTS 10.1.2 Types of perspective ..................................... 113 10.1.3 Methods of construction ................................... 116 10.1.4 Example ........................................... 116 10.1.5 Limitations .......................................... 117 10.1.6 See also ............................................ 117 10.1.7 Notes ............................................. 118 10.1.8 References .......................................... 118 10.1.9 Further reading ........................................ 119 10.1.10 External links ......................................... 119 11 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses 132 11.1 Text .................................................. 132 11.2 Images ................................................. 139 11.3 Content license ............................................ 145 Chapter 1 Day 1 1.1 Composition (visual arts) In the visual arts, composition is the placement or arrangement of visual elements or ingredients in a work of art, as distinct from the subject. It can also be thought of as the organization of the elements of art according to the principles of art. The composition of a picture is different from its subject, which what is shown, whether a moment from a story, a person or a place. Many subjects, for example Saint George and the Dragon, are often shown in art, but using a great range of compositions, even though the two figures are typically the only ones shown. The term composition means 'putting together' and can apply to any work of art, from music to writing to photography, that is arranged using conscious thought. In the visual arts, composition is often used interchangeably with various terms such as design, form, visual ordering, or formal structure, depending on the context. In graphic design for press and desktop publishing, composition is commonly referred to as page layout. 1.1.1 Elements of design Main article: Elements of art The various visual elements, known as elements of design, formal elements, or elements of art, are the vocabulary with which the visual artist composes. These elements in the overall design usually relate to each other and to the whole art work. The elements of design are: • Line — the visual path that enables the eye to move within the piece • Shape — areas defined by edges within the piece, whether geometric or organic • Colour — hues with their various values and intensities • Texture — surface qualities which translate into tactile illusions • Tone — Shading used to emphasize form • Form — 3-D length, width, or depth • Space — the space taken up by (positive) or in between (negative) objects • Depth — perceived distance from the observer, separated in foreground, background, and optionally middle ground 1 2 CHAPTER 1.
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