Postimerkit Merisotataidon Dokumentteina

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Postimerkit Merisotataidon Dokumentteina Maanpuolustuskorkeakoulu Julkaisusarja 1: Tutkimuksia no. 1 POSTIMERKIT MERISOTATAIDON DOKUMENTTEINA Britannian ja Saksan laivastojen varustelu maailmansotien välisenä aikana Kai Varsio MAANPUOLUSTUSKORKEAKOULU JULKAISUSARJA 1: TUTKIMUKSIA NO. 1 NATIONAL DEFENCE UNIVERSITY SERIES 1: RESEARCH PUBLICATIONS NO. 1 POSTIMERKIT MERISOTATAIDON DOKUMENTTEINA Britannian ja Saksan laivastojen varustelu maailmansotien välisenä aikana KAI VARSIO MAANPUOLUSTUSKORKEAKOULU HELSINKI 2015 Kai Varsio: Postimerkit merisotataidon dokumentteina Maanpuolustuskorkeakoulu Julkaisusarja 1: Tutkimuksia no. 1 Väitöskirja / National Defence University Series 1: Research Publications No. 1 Doctoral dissertation Tekijä: Kommodori (evp) Kai Varsio Ohjaava professori: Professori, kenraalimajuri (evp) Vesa Tynkkynen Maanpuolustuskorkeakoulu Esitarkastajat: Professori, eversti Pasi Kesseli Maanpuolustuskorkeakoulu Dosentti Raino Heino Helsingin yliopisto Vastaväittäjät: Professori, eversti Pasi Kesseli Maanpuolustuskorkeakoulu Filosofian maisteri, RDP Jussi Tuori Tiivistelmän käännös: Annastiina Reims © Tekijä & Maanpuolustuskorkeakoulu Uusimmat julkaisut pdf-muodossa: http://www.doria.fi/handle/10024/73990 ISBN 978-951-25-2665-9 (nid./koko teos) ISBN 978-951-25-2666-6 (PDF/koko teos) ISBN 978-951-25-2667-3 (nid./tekstiosio) ISBN 978-951-25-2669-7 (PDF/tekstiosio) ISSN 2342-9992 (painettu) ISSN 2343-0001 (verkkojulkaisu) Maanpuolustuskorkeakoulu National Defence University Juvenes Print Tampere 2015 TIIVISTELMÄ erisodassa tapahtunut muutos – erityisesti konevoiman syrjäyttäessä pur- jeet ja raudan korvatessa puumateriaalin 1800-luvun loppupuolella – Mjohti nykypäivänäkin merkittäviin merisodan teoreettisiin tarkasteluihin. Teorioihin pohjautuneet merisotataidon yleisperiaatteet saivat ensimmäisen maail- mansodan aikana käytännön testauksensa. Voittajat ja häviäjät analysoivat taistelut sekä maailmalla vallinneen ripeän teknisen kehityksen, minkä seurauksena laivasto- jen varustelu kiihtyi uudestaan valtapolitiikan tueksi. Maailmansotien välisenä aika- na pyrittiin kansainvälisin sopimuksin säätelemään suurten laivastojen, kuten Bri- tannian, Ranskan, Italian, Japanin ja Yhdysvaltojen varustelukilpailua. Versaillesin rauhansopimus rajoitti samanaikaisesti Saksan merivoimien kokoa. Tässä työssä tut- kitaan Britannian ja Saksan merivoimien varustelua ja merisotataidon kehittymistä maailmansotien välisenä aikana. Merisotataidon kehittymisen tarkastelu tapahtuu postimerkkien avulla. Postimerkki syntyi Englannissa vuonna 1840 ja sen käyttö yleistyi ympäri maailman lähes samanaikaisesti konevoimaa käyttäneiden laivojen kanssa. Posti- merkkien kuva-aiheet olivat aluksi valtioiden päämiehiä, heraldiikkaa, maisemia tai abstrakteja aiheita. Vasta 1900-luvun alkupuolella kuva-aiheina saattoi olla lähes mitä vain, myös sotalaivojen kuvia. Postimerkkikokoelmastani erottuu tutkimusai- heeseen 335 merkkiä. Britannian ja Saksan kansallisarkistojen alkuperäis-lähteiden ja tutkimuskirjallisuuden dokumenttianalyysiin perustuvaa merisotataidon moninais- ta kehitystä verrataan tutkimuksessani postimerkkien kuva-aiheisiin ja niiden yksi- tyiskohtiin 3 300 kertaa. Tällä menettelyllä pyrin selvittämään voiko postimerkkejä käyttää ja pitää merisotaidon kehityksen kattavina dokumentteina. Postimerkeissä satunnaisiksi jääneet virheet tai propaganda eivät vähennä merisotataidon kehityksen kuvaamisen dokumenttiarvoa. Postimerkkien sotalaivoihin liittyvät kuvat kattavat muutamaa laivaluokkaa lukuunottamatta molempien maiden kaikki taistelualuslajit- ja luokat. Postimerkeistä voidaan nähdä vanhat sotalaivat, niiden peruskorjaukset ja uudet luokat lentotuki- aluksista sukellusveneisiin. Alusten kuvat voidaan liittää Britannian kansainyhteisön muuttuneisiin strategisiin ja taktisiin tavoitteisiin niin Atlantilla kuin Kaukoidässä. Saksan merivoimien nousu Versaillesin rauhanehtojen rajoituksista ja lopulta pyr- kimys Britannian kauppamerenkulun tuhoajaksi välittyy myös postimerkeistä. Ylei- nen sotatekninen kehitys, lentoneiden tulo merisotanäyttämölle ja aikanaan kansain- välisten tonnistorajoitusten poistuminen näkyvät postimerkeissä. Koko postimerkin historian aikana vuoteen 2012 mennessä purjeettomien, nykyaikaisten sotalaivojen kuvia on julkaistu noin 3 350 postimerkillä, jotka on koottu Maailman suurin laivas- to-osasto -postimerkkikokoelmaani noin 35 vuoden aikana. i ABSTRACT he change in naval warfare, brought on by engine power replacing sails and iron replacing wood in the late 19th century, led to new theoretical observa- Ttions in naval warfare that are current also today. The basic principles of the naval art of war based on those observations were put to the test during World War I. Both the victors and losers analysed the battles, and the analysis together with the rapid technological advances led to a new naval arms race to support different coun- tries' power politics. Between the World Wars, there was an attempt to regulate the arms race between large navies, such as Great Britain, France, Italy, Japan and the United States, with international treaties. At the same time, the treaty of Versailles dictated and restricted the size of the German Navy. This paper studies the equip- ment and development of naval art of war of the German Navy and the British Royal Navy between the World Wars. The development of the art of naval warfare is ob- served through postage stamps. The postage stamp was born in England in 1840 and its use in the world be- came more widespread almost simultaneously with the use of engine powered ships. At first, the themes in the stamps were heads of state, heraldry, landscapes or ab- stract. Only in the beginning of the 1900s did the themes begin to reflect a variety of topics, including warships. During the time of the postage stamp, by 2012 over 3,350 stamps depicting modern warships without sail power have been published. 335 stamps out of the stamps in the collection portray the topics of this research. In the research, by analysing and comparing the original sources in the German and British national archives the varied development of the art of naval warfare is com- pared with the themes and details of the postage stamps over 3,300 times. The objec- tive of this method is to find out if postage stamps can be used and viewed as docu- ments throughly covering the developments of the art of naval warfare. Random er- rors or propaganda in the stamps do not lessen the documentation value of describ- ing the development of the art of naval warfare. The array of pictures of military vessels in the stamps covers all of the combat vessel types and classes of both countries, with a few exceptions. In the stamps you can see the old warships, their overhauls and new classes of vessels from aircraft carriers to submarines. The pictures of the vessels can be tied to the changed strate- gic and tactical goals of the British Commonwealth, both in the Atlantic and the Far East. The rise of the German Navy, first away from the restrictions of the Treaty of Versailles and finally becoming the destroyer of British commercial shipping is also visible in the stamps. General development of military technology, entry of aircraft in the stage of naval warfare and in time the removal of restrictions of tonnage is, likewise, reflected in the stamps. All the stamps have been gathered into my postage stamp collection Maailman suurin laivasto-osasto (The world's largest armada) over a period of approximately 35 years. ii ESIPUHE esällä 1982 sain edesmenneen isäni Osmo Varsion ja isoisäni Ernst Vinquistin kadonneiksi luullut postimerkkikokoelmat 30-vuotis- Kpäivälahjakseni. Nämä kansiot vaikuttivat ratkaisevasti suuntautumi- seeni filateelisen tutkimuksen pariin eikä vaikutus näytä laantuvan. Myös urani meriupseerina on merkittävältä osaltaan Merisotakoulun merikadettikurssilta 14 valmistuneen isäni ansiota. Postimerkkeilyni sai jo varhain uuden suunnan me- riupseerin ammatistani, mikä johti erikoistumiseen sotalaivoja maailmanlaajui- sesti kuvaavien postimerkkien keräilyyn. Omistan tämän väitöstutkimukseni isä- ni muistolle. Tutkimustyöni aloitus Maanpuolustuskorkeakoulussa oli professori Martti Turtolan ymmärtäväisyyden ja kauaskatseisuuden ansiota. Ratkaisevan neuvon aiheeni rajaukseen antoi professori Jari Leskinen. Heille lämpimät kiitokset. Kii- tän myös työni ohjaajaa, Maanpuolustuskorkeakoulun Sotataidon laitoksen pro- fessori Vesa Tynkkystä. Hänen ohjauksensa ja ymmärryksensä sotahistorian ja postimerkkien mahdollisesta yhteensovittamisessa oli oleellista työni etenemisel- le. Lisäksi Tynkkysen johtamat lukuisat seminaarit ja opiskelutovereiden näke- mykset ovat ohjanneet ajatteluani ja ymmärrystäni historiantutkimuksen piirissä. Kiitän myös professori Pasi Kesseliä hänen sotataidon professorina antamastaan opastuksesta sotataidon teoreettiseen tarkasteluun. Kiitän lisäksi häntä ja dosentti Raino Heinoa esitarkastajina heidän rakentavista, tarkkasilmäisistä ja työtä edis- täneistä korjausesityksistään. Idea väitöskirjan tekemisestä kuuluu yksinomaan ystävälleni ja kalakaveril- leni, dosentti Maunu Nissiselle, jonka sinnikäs vaatimus tutkimusesityksen teke- misestä syksyllä 2009 johonkin yliopistoon tai korkeakouluun johti tähän työhön. Tutkimustyöni saksankielisen lähdeaineiston käytön mahdollisti kommodori Matti Mäkisen kärsivällinen ja pyyteetön käännöstyö ja apu Saksan kansallisar- kistossa ja Suomen kirjastoissa. Kiitän LAPE-postimerkkiliikkeen Tom Peltosta, joka on ollut tukenani postimerkkeihin liittyvissä asioissa vuosikymmeniä ja myös tutkimustyöni aikana.
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