DOCSLIB.ORG

Downloaded From

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Downloaded From Spaces of insecurity : human agency in violent conflicts in Kenya Witsenburg, K.; Zaal, A.F.M. Citation Witsenburg, K., & Zaal, A. F. M. (2012). Spaces of insecurity : human agency in violent conflicts in Kenya. African Studies Centre, Leiden. Retrieved from https://hdl.handle.net/1887/20295 Version: Not Applicable (or Unknown) License: Downloaded from: https://hdl.handle.net/1887/20295 Note: To cite this publication please use the final published version (if applicable). Spaces of insecurity African Studies Centre African Studies Collection, vol. 45 Spaces of insecurity Human agency in violent conflicts in Kenya Karen Witsenburg & Fred Zaal (editors) Published by: African Studies Centre P.O. Box 9555 2300 RB Leiden The Netherlands [email protected] www.ascleiden.nl Cover design: Heike Slingerland Cover photo: Marsabit, Ola Daba. Refugees in 2007, from the ethnic clashes between Gabra and Borana after the Turbi Massacre, 2005 (Photo: Karen Witsenburg) Printed by Ipskamp Drukkers, Enschede ISSN: 1876-018X ISBN: 978-90-5448-120-1 © Karen Witsenburg & Fred Zaal, 2012 Prologue As I was not involved in the production of this book, I felt honoured when Karen Witsenburg asked me to write a prologue for it. She said she would like me to write one, even if I were too busy to read all of it beforehand. But I felt uncom- fortable with the idea of writing some ritual laudatory remarks about something I had not really read, and so I asked her to send me the whole manuscript. I was immediately captured and read all of it. Often, collected volumes are criticised as being weakly integrated ‘bookbinders’ syntheses’, but this one is a very good book. Being a scientist (although only a social one) with an analytical mind frame, I wanted to find out why I found this book to be good; and, being a stubborn, pe- destrian empiricist, I immediately started counting things. The following num- bers are based on the unfinished draft of the book that I had at my disposal. How many theoretical frameworks are there? Just one! All of the authors ex- amine conditions of security and insecurity in a mosaic of ethnic groups influ- enced by national, regional and global factors. How many epistemologies are employed? Also just one. All authors are mod- erate constructivists. That is, they are realists who take social constructs and their consequences seriously. They expect social constructs to change in response to social forces affecting them but not to change ad hoc and overnight. The authors seem to share this realist or pragmatic mind-set with the pastoralists on whom they are working. Material incentives and disincentives of warlike action play a major role in this volume. Although many anthropologists would rather be cruci- fied than to admit that they have been influenced by rational choice theories, such an influence is clearly present in this book. How many overlapping themes link the single contributions, apart from the general one of insecurity? Prominent themes which are taken up by more than one author and which serve to establish a sort of dialogue among the chapters, include the effects of resource scarcity and resource abundance on the frequency of conflicts and the level of their escalation, the effects of the presence of arms and of unbalanced disarmament, and the workings of cross-cutting ties and dou- ble affiliations. Next, I counted and analysed co-authorship, which is, perhaps, inspired by the now ubiquitous bibliographic analyses of what people like us are doing. Of the ten contributions, two have two authors and one has three. Of these co-authors, one also has an individual contribution, and three others figure as co-authors of more than one chapter. Author credits take the form of permutations of a finite set of names. Taken together, then, the authors of the chapters in this volume are not individuals working alone and celebrating their originality but members of a team of people, who, in addressing a number of issues, divide the labour amongst themselves and complement each other in various ways. Evidence of the close integration of the volume can also be found in the refer- ences. One contribution has ten references to other contributors to this volume, one has nine, others six, four, and three respectively (not even counting citations of other chapters in the volume, which do not show up in the list of references). This is indeed an intensive conversation. Contributors also share some of their reading background. The classical monograph by Peristiany and the more recent one by Bollig are cited in more than one contribution, and some of my own find- ings are taken up by seven contributors. I cannot deny that this flatters me. But the point is, of course, that the authors share a framework of discussion, not that I am part of this framework. To reiterate, this is a good book. I claim, further, to have been able to show why it is a good book, perhaps with the effect of showing others how to proceed with their work, if they strive for similar achievements. What remains to be said is that I wish this book a wide circulation, both in the academic world and in that of politicians, local leaders and peace workers. To solve a problem one needs to understand it, and this book is a significant contribution to the understanding of insecurity. Günther Schlee Halle/Saale, September 2012 Contents Prologue v Maps, figures, tables and photos ix Acknowledgements x 1. SPACES OF INSECURITY 1 Karen Witsenburg & Fred Zaal 2. THE ETHNICIZATION OF TERRITORY: IDENTITY AND SPACE AMONG THE NANDI IN TURBO DIVISION 20 Alice J.C. Kurgat 3. REVENGE, ETHNICITY AND CATTLE RAIDING IN NORTH-WESTERN KENYA 48 Dave Eaton 4. INBETWEEN CATTLE RAIDS AND PEACE MEETINGS: VOICES FROM THE KENYA/UGANDAN BORDER REGION 63 Friederike Mieth 5. IDENTITY STRATEGIES OF THE WESTERN POKOT; EXPLORING THE MEANING OF LIVESTOCK RAIDING 88 Kim C.M. de Vries 6. ETHNIC TENSIONS IN HARSH ENVIRONMENTS: THE GABRA PASTORALISTS AND THEIR NEIGHBOURS IN NORTHERN KENYA 120 Karen Witsenburg 7. NATURAL RESOURCES AND CONFLICTS: THEORETICAL FLAWS AND EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FROM NORTHERN KENYA 141 Wario R. Adano, Ton Dietz & Karen Witsenburg 8. CONFLICTS BETWEEN PASTORALISTS AND FARMERS IN TANA RIVER DISTRICT 167 Pilly Martin vii 9. RESOURCE CONFLICT, GOVERNANCE AND ETHNICITY. LOITA FOREST AND THE FIGHT FOR EXCLUSION 194 Fred Zaal & Wario R. Adano 10. PRECOLONIAL MODELS OF CONFLICT MANAGEMENT IN SOME AFRICAN SOCIETIES 210 Joshua J. Akong’a List of authors 235 viii Maps, figures, tables and photos Maps 4.1 Map showing the area around Kenan 65 5.1 West-Pokot District 92 7.1 Marsabit Mountain and its surrounding areas 144 8.1 Map showing location of study area 170 9.1 Location of Narok District and Loita Forest in Kenya 198 Figures 2.1 Perception of land ownership and access in Turbo 36 6.1 Human population trends in Marsabit District and Marsabit Mountain 121 6.2 Seasonal fluctuations in rainfall and killings, Marsabit District, 2004-2008 124 7.1 Absolute number of armed incidents, people killed, and rainfall figures 154 9.1 Population growth and exponential best-fit trend line in Narok District, 1948-2010 199 9.2 Annual rainfall and three-year moving average trend line in Narok District 200 Tables 6.1 Violence in Marsabit Distruict, 2002-2008 123 7.1 Human population and TLU measures in Marsabit District 148 7.2 Relation coefficient for rain, armed incidents and killings in Marsabit District 155 7.3 Average number of killings in dry, average or wet years 155 7.4 Average number of incidents and deaths in drought and other years 156 7.5 Mean number of incidents and deaths in drought years and years following droughts 156 8.1 Summary of conflict incidents reported in the media 176 8.2 Population of displaced people in Garsen Division, Tana River District 176 Photos 8.1 A burnt house at Tarasaa village 178 8.2 An abandoned manyatta 178 8.3 Abandoned farms overgrown with weeds 178 8.4 Youths wounded in the lower Tana Ngao village 179 8.5 A schoolboy from Golbanti village killed by raiders 179 ix Acknowledgements This publication would not have been possible without the support of a great many people and institutions to whom we are greatly indebted. Part of the field- work for Chapter 6 was made possible by research grants from NWO-Rubicon Award and Max Planck Institute in Halle. We thank Guenther Schlee for all his support and intellectual inspiration. The Department of Geography at the Univer- sity of Amsterdam funded the conference for the book in Nairobi, where the foundation for the book was established. We thank Gert van der Meer and Ton Dietz for their support. Dick Foeken and Mieke Zwart from the African Studies Centre were invaluable for the finalisation of this publication. A great thanks to you all. x 1 Spaces of insecurity Karen Witsenburg & Fred Zaal “If men define situations as real, they are real in their consequences” (W.I. Thomas & D.S. Thomas 1928) Introduction The question why people use violence against each other in certain situations is interesting and urgent. This book is the outcome of a seminar held in Nairobi in 2007 where we questioned the rationale behind conflicts in rural Kenya. At the time, most contributions were characterized by the concern that many main- stream explanations of violent conflicts do not suffice in understanding the prob- lems between ethnic groups in the modern Kenyan state. Not much later, the elections in Kenya were held, and violence broke out, to the shock of a great many people.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Report of the Truth, Justice and Reconciliation Commission
    REPORT OF THE TRUTH, JUSTICE AND RECONCILIATION COMMISSION The Government should immediately carry out counselling services, especially to those who lost their entire families to avoid mental breakdown. It is not too late to counsel the victims because they have not undergone any counselling at all. The community also seeks an apology from the Government, the reason being that the Government was supposed to protect its citizens yet it allowed its security forces to violently attack them and, therefore, perpetrated gross violation of their rights. Anybody who has been My recommendation to this Government is that it should involved in the killing address the question of equality in this country. We do of Kenyans, no matter not want to feel as if we do not belong to this country. We what position he holds, demand to be treated the same just like any other Kenyan in should not be given any any part of this country. We demand for equal treatment. responsibility. Volume IV KENYA REPORT OF THE TRUTH, JUSTICE AND RECONCILIATION COMMISSION Volume IV © Truth, Justice and Reconciliation Commission, 2013 This publication is available as a pdf on the website of the Truth, Justice and Reconciliation Commission (and upon its dissolution, on the website of its successor in law). It may be copied and distributed, in its entirety, as long as it is attributed to the Truth, Justice and Reconciliation Commission and used for noncommercial educational or public policy purposes. Photographs may not be used separately from the publication. Published by Truth Justice and Reconciliation Commission (TJRC), Kenya ISBN: 978-9966-1730-3-4 Design & Layout by Noel Creative Media Limited, Nairobi, Kenya His Excellency President of the Republic of Kenya Nairobi 3 May 2013 LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL By Gazette Notice No.
    [Show full text]
  • The Evolution of Mumias Settlement Into an Urban Centre to Circa 1940 Godwin Rapando Murunga
    The evolution of Mumias settlement into an urban centre to circa 1940 Godwin Rapando Murunga To cite this version: Godwin Rapando Murunga. The evolution of Mumias settlement into an urban centre to circa 1940. Geography. 1998. dumas-01302363 HAL Id: dumas-01302363 https://dumas.ccsd.cnrs.fr/dumas-01302363 Submitted on 14 Apr 2016 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. THE EVOLUTION OF MUMIAS SETTLEMENT INTO AN URBAN CENTRE TO CIRCA 1940 BY GODWIN RAPANDO MURUNGA A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE MASTER OF ARTS DEGREE AT KENYATTA UNIVERSITY IFRA 111111111111111111111111111111111111 1 IFRA001481 No. d'inventaire Date te0 Cote August 1998 .1 •MS,Har,f..42G. , , (1. R Y 001 l°\1)..j9". E DECLARATION This thesis is my original work, and to the best of my knowlehe, has not been submitted for a degree in any university. GODWIN RAPANDO MURUNGA This thesis has been submitted with my approval as a University supervisor. .4010 PROF.ERIC MASINDE ASEKA iii DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to my wife Carolyne Temoi Rapando and to my sons Tony Wangatia Rapando and Claude Manya Rapando for their patience and constant understanding during the long years of working.
    [Show full text]
  • The Kenyan British Colonial Experience
    Peace and Conflict Studies Volume 25 Number 1 Decolonizing Through a Peace and Article 2 Conflict Studies Lens 5-2018 Modus Operandi of Oppressing the “Savages”: The Kenyan British Colonial Experience Peter Karari [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://nsuworks.nova.edu/pcs Part of the Peace and Conflict Studies Commons Recommended Citation Karari, Peter (2018) "Modus Operandi of Oppressing the “Savages”: The Kenyan British Colonial Experience," Peace and Conflict Studies: Vol. 25 : No. 1 , Article 2. DOI: 10.46743/1082-7307/2018.1436 Available at: https://nsuworks.nova.edu/pcs/vol25/iss1/2 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Peace & Conflict Studies at NSUWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Peace and Conflict Studies by an authorized editor of NSUWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Modus Operandi of Oppressing the “Savages”: The Kenyan British Colonial Experience Abstract Colonialism can be traced back to the dawn of the “age of discovery” that was pioneered by the Portuguese and the Spanish empires in the 15th century. It was not until the 1870s that “New Imperialism” characterized by the ideology of European expansionism envisioned acquiring new territories overseas. The Berlin Conference of 1884-1885 prepared the ground for the direct rule and occupation of Africa by European powers. In 1895, Kenya became part of the British East Africa Protectorate. From 1920, the British colonized Kenya until her independence in 1963. As in many other former British colonies around the world, most conspicuous and appalling was the modus operandi that was employed to colonize the targeted territories.
    [Show full text]
  • Cartography and the Conception, Conquest and Control of Eastern Africa, 1844-1914
    Delineating Dominion: Cartography and the Conception, Conquest and Control of Eastern Africa, 1844-1914 DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Robert H. Clemm Graduate Program in History The Ohio State University 2012 Dissertation Committee: John F. Guilmartin, Advisor Alan Beyerchen Ousman Kobo Copyright by Robert H Clemm 2012 Abstract This dissertation documents the ways in which cartography was used during the Scramble for Africa to conceptualize, conquer and administer newly-won European colonies. By comparing the actions of two colonial powers, Germany and Britain, this study exposes how cartography was a constant in the colonial process. Using a three-tiered model of “gazes” (Discoverer, Despot, and Developer) maps are analyzed to show both the different purposes they were used for as well as the common appropriative power of the map. In doing so this study traces how cartography facilitated the colonial process of empire building from the beginnings of exploration to the administration of the colonies of German and British East Africa. During the period of exploration maps served to make the territory of Africa, previously unknown, legible to European audiences. Under the gaze of the Despot the map was used to legitimize the conquest of territory and add a permanence to the European colonies. Lastly, maps aided the capitalist development of the colonies as they were harnessed to make the land, and people, “useful.” Of special highlight is the ways in which maps were used in a similar manner by both private and state entities, suggesting a common understanding of the power of the map.
    [Show full text]
  • Making the Loyalist Bargain: Surrender, Amnesty and Impunity in Kenya's Decolonization, 1952–63
    Original citation: Anderson, David M.. (2017) Making the Loyalist bargain : surrender, amnesty and impunity in Kenya's decolonization, 1952–63. The International History Review, 39 (1). pp. 48-70. Permanent WRAP URL: http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/86182 Copyright and reuse: The Warwick Research Archive Portal (WRAP) makes this work of researchers of the University of Warwick available open access under the following conditions. This article is made available under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC BY 4.0) and may be reused according to the conditions of the license. For more details see: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ A note on versions: The version presented in WRAP is the published version, or, version of record, and may be cited as it appears here. For more information, please contact the WRAP Team at: [email protected] warwick.ac.uk/lib-publications The International History Review ISSN: 0707-5332 (Print) 1949-6540 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/rinh20 Making the Loyalist Bargain: Surrender, Amnesty and Impunity in Kenya's Decolonization, 1952–63 David M. Anderson To cite this article: David M. Anderson (2017) Making the Loyalist Bargain: Surrender, Amnesty and Impunity in Kenya's Decolonization, 1952–63, The International History Review, 39:1, 48-70, DOI: 10.1080/07075332.2016.1230769 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07075332.2016.1230769 © 2016 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group Published online: 19 Sep 2016. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 452 View related articles View Crossmark data Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=rinh20 Download by: [137.205.202.97] Date: 27 February 2017, At: 03:26 THE INTERNATIONAL HISTORY REVIEW, 2017 VOL.
    [Show full text]
  • Making Peace Under the Mango Tree a Study on the Role of Local Institutions in Conflicts Over Natural Resources in Tana Delta, Kenya
    Making peace under the mango tree A study on the role of local institutions in conflicts over natural resources in Tana Delta, Kenya By Joris Cuppen s0613851 Master Thesis Human Geography Globalisation, Migration and Development Supervisor: Marcel Rutten October 2013 Radboud University Nijmegen ii Abstract In this research, conflicts over natural resources in the Tana Delta and the role of local institutions are central, with a special emphasis on the 2012/2013 clashes. In this region, conflicts between the two dominant ethnic groups, the Orma (who are predominantly herders) and the Pokomo (predominantly farmers), are common. Three types of institutions are involved with conflict management and natural resource management, namely the local administration, village elders, and peace committees. As for other regions in Kenya, the authority of elders has diminished in the past decades, whereas the local administration lacks the authority and capacity to govern the region. Therefore, peace committees can play a vital role in conflict management and natural resource management. The main natural resources which are contested in the Tana delta, are water, pasture, and farmland. Although peace committees seem fairly effective with managing cross-communal conflicts and preventing any further escalation, conflict prevention needs further priority. Cross- communal agreements to manage natural resources have been less and less the case, which is one of the main factors causing conflicts. Engagement of communities in making these agreements should be one of the priorities in the post-clashes Tana delta. As for the 2012/2013 clashes, it is likely that outside interference, either prior or during the conflict, has caused the escalation of violence, which has led to the loss of almost 200 human lives, probably because of a favourable outcome of the elections held in March 2013.
    [Show full text]
  • Systems of Conversational Interaction: a Study of Three East African Tribes
    SYSTEMS OF CONVERSATIONAL INTERACTION: A STUDY OF THREE EAST AFRICAN TRIBES A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA By Chet A {Creider IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY June, 1973 University ot NAIROBI Library 0549611 2 UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI INST. OF AFRICAN STUDIES LIBRARY. Acknowledgement s It is a pleasure to acknowledge the institutional and individual support which was received in connection with this research. The financial support which made the project pos­ sible was provided under a National Institute of General Medical Sciences Graduate Training Grant No. GM 0116U and a National Science Foundation Grant No. 2790. In Kenya I was affiliated with the Institute of African Studies of the Uni­ versity of Nairobi and there received much assistance at a number of points in my work. 0 I am indebted to my adviser, Dr. H. B. Sarles, for supportive trust over an extended period of time, for advice at numerous junctures and most importantly for having ensured that I was properly equipped, both intellectually and in terms of technical skills, to undertake a project such as this. I am grateful to Dr. A. N. Tucker for encouragement when I still felt very much in the dark as I attempted to understand the Kipsigis language and for freely sharing with me his vast knowledge of Luo and Kalenjin. For patiently spending hours learning the intricacies of phonetic transcriptions, making transcriptions of the video­ taped conversations, and going over the forms of their lan­ guages with me again and again I would like to thank W.
    [Show full text]
  • The Inside by Linked to Politicians – Including a Way Through Murder, Drug and Hu- in Government Institutions
    SPECIAL REPORT The NEW LAW SEALS LOOPHOLES IN ELECTORAL PROCESS — Pages 14 & 19 SUPPLEMENT LEnhancingink governance for all THE PARTNERSHIP FOR PEACE PROJECT FUNDED BY THE EU NOVEMBER 2011 Issue No. 085 Kshs 40/= — Pages 15 - 18 Kenya risks being InsIde Is Bungoma ready for self a captured state government? By THE LINK WRITER —Pg. 4 ENYANS are seen to have a “business-as-usual” approach President Kibaki Kto corruption, but a new re- orders ministers port published by the International Peace Institute shows that our ex- to revive KPCU treme tolerance to impunity is having —Pg. 9 devastating consequences and is, in fact, undermining the State’s legiti- macy. Kibunjia assures Endemic corruption and powerful transna- Kenyans election tional criminal networks have entrenched state violence institutions and eroded public confidence in them, says the report by International Peace —Pg. 13 Institute. Peter Gastrow, the author of the report titled “Termites at Work: Transnational Or- State changes ganised Crime and State Erosion in Kenya” says that rampant corruption within the Police tact in race Force, the Judiciary and other State institu- against Aids tions has allowed criminals to penetrate politi- cal institutions. —Pg. 23 Powerful criminal networks with links to Parliament currently pose a big threat to the creation of laws, policies and regulations Bee keeping in that could help curb money laundering and Mwingi faces drug trafficking. Governments that lack the capacity or the political will to counter such imminent collapse penetration, he says, run the risk of becoming “captured states” – that is, states whose gov- —Pg. 27 ernment structures have become captives of Prof.
    [Show full text]
  • Kcse History Pp1 Revision
    [email protected] HISTORY KCSE PP1 REVISION 1995-2018 QUESTIONS &ANSWERS (FOR MORE SIMPLIFIED E-RESOURCES) (CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657) 311/1 HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT Paper 1 Oct./Nov. 1996 2 ½ hours SECTION A (25 Mks) Answer all the questions in this section in the spaces provided Give two functions of the council of elders among the Akamba during the pre –colonial period. (2mks) State two factors which made it possible for the Arab traders to come to the Kenya coast before 1500. (2mks) Identify one contribution of John Krapf to the spread of Christianity in Kenya during the nineteenth century. (2mks) FOR MORE SIMPLIFIED E-RESOURCES CONTACT 0705525657 1 [email protected] Name the company which administered Kenya on behalf of the British government up to 1895 (1mks) Identify two factors which enabled the white settlers to establish farms in the Kenya Highlands during the colonial period. (2mks) Give two factors which led to the establishment of urban centres in Kenya during the colonial period. (2mks) State two objectives of the Kikuyu Central Association (KCA) Identify two ways in which the trade union movement contributed to the struggle for independence in Kenya. State two results of the development of railway transport in Kenya during the colonial period. (2mks) Name two African nationalist parties whose leaders attended the Lancaster House Conference. (2mks) Give two reasons why the District Focus for Rural Development was established in Kenya. (2mks) FOR MORE SIMPLIFIED E-RESOURCES CONTACT 0705525657 2 [email protected] Name two parastatal organizations in Kenya that fall under the ministry of Transport and Communication.
    [Show full text]
  • TJRC Report (Newspaper Supplement)
    Seattle University School of Law Seattle University School of Law Digital Commons The Truth, Justice and Reconciliation I. Core TJRC Related Documents Commission of Kenya 5-26-2013 Final Report - TJRC Report (Newspaper Supplement) Truth, Justice, and Reconciliation Commission Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.law.seattleu.edu/tjrc-core Recommended Citation Truth, Justice, and Reconciliation Commission, "Final Report - TJRC Report (Newspaper Supplement)" (2013). I. Core TJRC Related Documents. 1. https://digitalcommons.law.seattleu.edu/tjrc-core/1 This Report is brought to you for free and open access by the The Truth, Justice and Reconciliation Commission of Kenya at Seattle University School of Law Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in I. Core TJRC Related Documents by an authorized administrator of Seattle University School of Law Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. May 26, 2013 / Standard ON SUNDAY ADVERTISER’S ANNOUNCEMENT / Page XX TRUTH, JUSTICE AND RECONCILIATION COMMISSION Promoting Peace, Justice, National Unity, Dignity, Healing and Reconciliation Among The People of Kenya REPORT OF THE TRUTH, JUSTICE AND RECONCILIATION COMMISSION ABRIDGED VERSION INTRODUCTION Research and investigations: taking exercise and public hearings to accommodate persons with the Commission established an Investigation Department whih disabilities. The experiences of PWDs are reflected across the The Truth, Justice and Reconciliation Commission (TJRC or the was responsible for identifying and interviewing witnesses whose various Chapters of this Volume. Commission) was established in the wake of the tragic events of individual stories would contribute to the historical narrative the 2007/2008 Post-Election Violence (PEV). of gross violations of human rights in the country.
    [Show full text]
  • Debating on Success of the Kenya Counter Insurgency on the Shifta War: Between Double Success and Little Consolation
    International Affairs and Global Strategy www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-574X (Paper) ISSN 2224-8951 (Online) DOI: 10.7176/IAGS Vol.71, 2019 Debating on Success of the Kenya Counter Insurgency on the Shifta War: Between Double Success and Little Consolation Xavier F. Ichani 1* Reuben M. Matheka 2 Halkano A. Wario 2 1.Kenyatta University, Department of International Relations, Conflict and Strategic Studies 2.Egerton University, Department of Philosophy, History and Religion Abstract Military operations are undertaken to attain specific political and military objectives. However, what amounts to success in military operations remains unclear. Traditionally, operation success was narrowly defined in terms of objectives of the intervention. To ‘end human suffering’, ‘regime change,’ ‘capture a city,’ and ‘rescue captured troops.’ Modern definition of military success is human centric, based on tenets of just war principle of ‘do- more-good than harm.’ In this regards, operation success is achieved when and if in the intervention some people who would have died if no military assistance was granted, fail to die because the military intervened. Further, the restorative justice approach evaluates success of military operation in terms of state ability to repair harm committed by the military in the course of the war. The assumption is that military operations result in human rights violation. Using critical discourse analysis, this article interrogates the success of Kenya’s political and military objectives in the Shifta war against the four possible outcomes in war. First diplomatic and military success. Second, diplomatic and military failure. Third, diplomatic failure but military success and fourth, diplomatic success with military failure.
    [Show full text]
  • World Bank Document
    Public Disclosure Authorized THE GOVERNMENT OF KENYA MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT, WATER AND NATURAL RESOURCES KENYA WATER SECURITY AND CLIMATE RESILIENCE PROGRAM (KWSCRP) Public Disclosure Authorized FINAL VULNERABLE AND MARGINALISED GROUPS FRAMEWORK (VMGF) Public Disclosure Authorized (P117635) April 7th 2015 Prepared by: Tito Kodiaga and Lazarus Kubasu Nolasco Senior Environmental Specialist and Senior Social Specialist Project Management Unit Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project (KWSCRP) Public Disclosure Authorized Nairobi, Kenya. Page | 1 KWSCRP Vulnerable and Marginalized Groups Framework - VMGF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS APL Adaptable Program Loan ASAL Arid and Semi-Arid Lands AWSB Athi Water Services Board CDA Coast Development Authority CDD Community Driven Development CoK Constitution of Kenya CPS Country Partnership Strategy CAADP Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Program CSO Civil society organizations CWSB Coast Water Services Board DSS Decision Support System EAs Environmental Assessments EA Executing Agency EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EMCA Environmental Management and Coordination Act EMP Environmental Management Plan ESIA Environmental and Social Impact Assessment ESMF Environmental and Social Management Framework ESMP Environmental and Social Management Plan FPIC Free, prior and informed consultation FS Feasibility Study GDP Gross Domestic Product GIS Geographic Information System GIZ German Agency for International GOK Government of Kenya GRM Grievance Redress Mechanism GRC Grievance Redress
    [Show full text]