Country Technical Note on Indigenous Peoples’ Issues Republic of Kenya Country Technical Notes on Indigenous Peoples‘ Issues The Republic of Kenya Submitted by: IWGIA April 2012 Disclaimer The opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD). The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IFAD concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The designations ‗developed‘ and ‗developing‘ countries are intended for statistical convenience and do not necessarily express a judgment about the stage reached by a particular country or area in the development process. All rights reserved Table of Contents Country Technical Note on Indigenous Peoples‘ Issues- The Republic of Kenya ......... 1 Summary .................................................................................................................... 1 1. The indigenous peoples of Kenya ......................................................................... 2 1.1 The national context ................................................................................................. 2 1.2 Terminology ............................................................................................................ 4 1.3 The indigenous peoples of Kenya ............................................................................... 5 2. Socio-economic profile ....................................................................................... 11 2.1 Land Rights ........................................................................................................... 12 2.2 Climate change ...................................................................................................... 16 2.3 Economic poverty .................................................................................................. 17 2.4 Health and education .............................................................................................. 19 2.5 Human and fundamental rights ................................................................................ 21 2.6 The situation of indigenous women .......................................................................... 23 2.7 Political and other participation ................................................................................ 25 3. Laws of Kenya and indigenous peoples .............................................................. 27 3.1 The Constitution and indigenous peoples................................................................... 27 3.2. Other relevant legislation and policies ...................................................................... 28 4. International and regional human rights treaties and instruments .................... 29 4.1 International human rights treaties .......................................................................... 30 4.2 Regional human rights instruments .......................................................................... 30 4.3 Other relevant regional instruments ......................................................................... 30 5. National and grassroots organizations ............................................................... 31 5.1 Governmental Human Rights Institutions .................................................................. 31 5.2 National and local non-governmental organizations .................................................... 31 6. IFAD projects and operations in Kenya .............................................................. 32 7. International organizations ................................................................................ 34 7.1 UN agencies .......................................................................................................... 34 7.2 Bilateral international and regional development agencies ........................................... 34 7.3 International financial institutions ............................................................................ 35 7.4 International NGOs ................................................................................................ 35 8. Opportunities and challenges ............................................................................. 35 9. Bibliography and websites ................................................................................. 37 Annexes ................................................................................................................... 44 Annex 1. Maps ............................................................................................................ 44 Annex 2. Indigenous Hunter-Gatherers .......................................................................... 48 Annex 3. Indigenous Pastoralists ................................................................................... 55 Annex 4. Socio-economic indicators ............................................................................... 72 Annex 5. Relevant Constitutional provisions and other legislation ...................................... 78 Annex 6. List of international and regional human rights and other legal instruments ........... 85 Annex 7. World Bank projects in Kenya .......................................................................... 87 Acronyms and Abbreviations ACHPR African Commission on Human and Peoples‘ Rights ASAL Arid and Semi-Arid Lands AU African Union AWF African Wildlife Fund CBO Community Based Organization CELEP Coalition of European Lobbies for Eastern African Pastoralism CFA Community Forest Association CPS Country Partnership Strategy (World Bank) COSOP Country Strategic Opportunities Paper (IFAD) FAO Food and Agricultural Organization FBO Faith Based Organization FGM Female Genital Mutilation GDP Gross Domestic Product GEF Global Environment Facility GIZ German Agency for Technical Cooperation (formerly GEZ) GoK Government of Kenya HDI Human Development Index HIV/AIDS Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome IADC Integrated Agriculture Development Consult IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and Development ID Identity (Card) IDA International Development Association IDP Internally Displaced Persons IEA Institute of Economic Affairs IEBC Independent Electoral Boundaries Commission IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development IGAD Intergovernmental Authority on Development ILO International Labor Organization IMF International Monetary Fund IMLU Independent Medico-Legal Unit IPP Indigenous Peoples Plan IPPF Indigenous Peoples Plan Framework IWGIA International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs KADU Kenya African Democratic Union KANU Kenya African National Union KHRC Kenya Human Rights Commission KJAS Kenya Joint Assistance Strategy KNBS Kenya National Bureau of Statistics KNCHR Kenya National Commission on Human Rights LAPSSET Lamu Port and Southern Sudan Ethiopia Transport Corridor LPI Livestock Production Initiative MoE Ministry of Education MoH Ministry of Health MoMS Ministry of Medical Services MP Member of Parliament MTP Mid-Term Plan NACONEK National Commission for Nomadic Education in Kenya NCIC National Cohesion and Integration Commission NFD Northern Frontier District NGO Non-Governmental Organization NLP National Land Policy OAU Organization of African Unity OCHA Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs ODA Official Development Assistance ODM Orange Democratic Movement OHCHR The Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights OP Operational Policy OPEC Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries PNU Party of National Union PPG Pastoralist Parliamentary Group TJRC Truth, Justice and Reconciliation Commission TNC The Nature Conservancy UNDAF UN Development Assistance Framework UNDP UN Development Programme UNDRIP UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples UNESCO UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization UPR Universal Periodic Review WB World Bank WBG World Bank Group WHO World Health Organization WISP World Initiative for Sustainable Pastoralism WWF World Wildlife Fund Country Technical Note on Indigenous Peoples‘ Issues The Republic of Kenya Summary The Republic of Kenya has a multi-ethnic population, among which more than 25 communities identify as indigenous. The concept of indigenous peoples is not recognized in Kenya but the government acknowledges the existence of ―marginalized communities‖ and the new 2010 Constitution identifies these in terms very similar to the language used in the UNDRIP. These communities include hunter-gatherers and pastoralists. Both communities experience economic marginalization and socio-political exclusion in a state dominated by the interests of larger agricultural groups. Most hunter-gatherer communities live in the forested areas of the Highlands and the coast or near rivers and lakes. This is where they used to hunt (and/or fish) and gather honey and other forest products. Despite administrative efforts to assimilate them within larger ethnic groups, they have to a large extent kept their distinct identity and culture. The pastoralist groups are found on the arid and semi-arid lands (ASALs), which constitute 84% of the country‘s area. They are diverse in terms of size, culture and identity. However, they also share several features: their capacity to adapt and