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Conflicts Between Pastoral Communities in East Africa. Case Study of the Pokot and Turkana

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Conflicts Between Pastoral Communities in East Africa. Case Study of the Pokot and Turkana UNIVERSITY OFNAIROBI INSTITUTE OF DIPLOMACY AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES Conflicts between Pastoral Communities in East Africa. Case Study of the Pokot and Turkana SIMON MIIRI GITAU R50/69714/2013 SUPERVISOR: DR. OCHIENG KAMUNDAYI A Project submitted in partial fulfillment of the Degree of Master of Arts in International Studies, Institute of diplomacy and International Studies, University of Nairobi i ii DECLARATION This thesis is my original work and has not been submitted for the award of a Diploma or Degree in any other University Signed…………………………… Date……………………… SIMON MIIRI GITAU This work has been submitted to the Board of Examiners of the University of Nairobi with my approval. Signed……………………………. Date…………………. DR OCHIENG KAMUNDAYI iii DEDICATION To my two sons Brian Gitau and James Ndung’u iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am grateful to the following KWS staff assisted in primary data collection: Joseph Kinyanjui, Warden Nasolot National Park West Pokot County and David Kones Warden South Turkana National Reserve Turkana County. Linda Nafula assisted a lot in organizing the data from questionnaire. Fredrick Lala and Lydiah Kisoyani assisted a lot in logistics of administration of the questionnaires I am finally grateful to my family, my wife and my two sons Brian and James for bearing with me during the period I was away from them v LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ASTU Anti- Stock Theft Unit CAR Central Africa Republic DPC District Peace Committee DPRC District Peace and Reconciliation Committee IGAD Intergovernmental Authority on Development KPR Kenya Police Reserve KVDA Kerio Valley Development Authority KWS Kenya Wildlife Service LPRC Locational Peace and Reconciliation Committe MP Member of Parliament POKATUSA Pokot Karamonja Turkana and Sabei RFID Radio Frequency Identification Device vi LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Systems approach on Turkana and Pokot conflict…………………………………11 Figure 2 Map of the Study Area…………………………………………………………………32 Figure 3 Map showing the conflict Hot spots……………………………………………………66 vii ABSTRACT This study examines the conflicts between pastoral communities in East Africa. It examines the causes and factors that have led to these conflicts. The conflicts between Turkana and Pokot of Turkana county and West Pokot county respectively have been analysed. Primary data was collected through questionnaires administered to both communities. Secondary data was collected from Newspaper reports, Annual reports, Development Plans, Journals and books. Data collected was used to analyse the causes of the conflicts and possible mitigation. The study identified boundary disputes and cattle rustlings as the major causes of the conflicts. The study established that the conflicts date back to 1924 during the colonial era. The respondents of the questionnaires gave suggestion of how the conflicts can be resolved. The study has identified areas where conflicts are serious and hot spots of the conflicts. Most of these are at the border of the two communities. This study recommends a systemic approach to the conflicts due to the fact that there are many actors and the fact that the conflicts extends to neighbouring countries. On top of this there are a number of factors that have led to the conflicts and why they have been sustained. Other recommendations include disarmament, education and provision of alternative sources of income. The study also recommends the involvement of the communities in the county planning and development projects. viii TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION i DEDICATION iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iv LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS v LIST OF FIGURES vi ABSTRACT vii TABLE OF CONTENTS viii CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND INFORMATION 1.1 Problem statement 2 1.2 Objectives of the study 3 1.3 Literature Review 3 1.3.1 Conflicts in Africa. 4 1.3.2 Pastoralists conflict in Africa 5 1.3.3 Pastoral Conflicts in East Africa 6 1.3.4 Conflicts between Turkana and Pokot Communities 7 1.4 Conceptual Framework 9 1.5 Justification of the study 12 1.6 Methodology 13 1.7 Hypothesis 14 1.8 Chapter summary 15 CHAPTER TWO PASTORAL CONFLICTS: CAUSES AND EFFECTS 2.1 Introduction 16 2.1.1 Cattle rustling 21 ix 2.1.2 Factors contributing to cattle rustling 22 2.1.3 Loss of grazing areas 22 2.1.4 Government policies 23 2.1.5 Poverty 23 2.1.6 Proliferation of Automatic Weapons 23 2.1.7 Climate Change 25 2.1.8 Commercialization of cattle raiding 26 2.1.9 Boundary disputes 26 2.2 The Effects of Cattle Raiding Conflict 27 2.3 Tourism 29 CHAPTER THREE POKOT AND TURKANA CONFLICTS 3.1 Introduction 30 3.2 Study Area 30 3.2.1 West Pokot County 30 3.2.2 Turkana County 31 3.2.3 The Turkana 33 3.2.4 The Pokot 34 3.3 Findings of the study 35 3.3.1 Incidents from the Annual Reports 35 3.3.2 Incidents from Kainuk Police Station Reports 35 3.3.3 Incidents from Newspapers 38 3.3.4 Findings from the questionnaires 39 3.3.5 Main causes of cattle raiding 40 x CHAPTER FOUR CRITICAL ANALYSIS 4.1 Introduction 63 4.2 Conflict history 63 4.3 Conflicts areas 63 4.4 Cattle raids and their causes 67 4.5 Age and cattle raids 68 4.6 Cattle rustling and Season 68 4.7 Cattle rustling and tribe 69 4.8 Weapons used during raids 70 4.9 Conflict Mitigation Measures 71 4.9.1 Disarmament 73 4.10 Conclusion 74 CHAPTER FIVE CONCLUSION AND RECCOMENDATION 5.4 Recommendations 77 5.2.2 Boundary dispute 78 5.2.3 Disarmament 78 5.2.3 Providing alternative economic livelihoods 79 5.2.4 Identification and Traceabilty of livestock 80 5.2.5 Communities empowerment 80 REFERENCES 82 xi xii xiii CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND INFORMATION This chapter deals with background information on the Pokot and Turkana conflicts which have been there for quite a long time. The literature on conflicts among pastoralist in Africa, East Africa, Kenya and the Pokots and Turkanas is discussed. The methods used in this study are highlighted and the conceptual framework used in this study have been discussed. This chapter also highlights the objectives of the study as well as the hypothesis Conflict between the Pokot and the Turkana Communities was first reported at the beginning of the 20th Century. This has continued until currently with no long lasting solution to the frequent animosity between the communities. The Turkana and Pokot are both Nilotes native to the Turkana county (Bordering Uganda from western side, Sudan and Ethiopia from North) and West Pokot county Kenya. These two communities also live in Uganda. Livestock is an important aspect of both Turkana and Pokot Culture. Goats, camels, donkeys and zebu are the primary herd stock utilized by the Turkana people. The Pokot are mostly cattle herders/farmers, but about a quarter are cultivators, mostly growing corn. In these society, livestock functions not only as a milk, meat, blood producer, but as form of currency used for bride-price negotiations and dowries. Due to their nomadic life, adopted by these two communities they interact with each other throughout their history. Social customs of neighbors is thus incorporated into their way of life thus influencing each other’s lifestyle. xiv Both societies are governed through a series of age grades, and membership to any specific group would be determined by the age at which a member would go through their initiation into that group or society. Young people are allowed for matrimonial binds once the initiation has been completed as well as begin taking part in the local economic functions. There are close bonds formed within the initiation groups that are functional in future political ties as they move through the ranks of the tribal structure. However, the measure of wealth among the two communities is determined by the number of cows one owns. Cows are used for barter, and exchange, which further goes into "bride wealth". A man is permitted to take more than one wife, as long as he has enough cows to offer her family in exchange for her hand in marriage. Hence livestock are highly valued by these communities. These two communities are armed with sophisticated arms and ammunition to guard their livestock and themselves from any threats. Besides, themselves also share common border and resources which place them in constant conflicts with each other. Frequent fight and cattle wrestling is a common thing among these two communities. There are many factors that instigate the conflicts between these two communities among them being culture influence, lifestyle, resource scarcity, boundary issues, and possession of illegal arms among others. However, there is need to understand which is the core factor of conflict. 1..1 Problem statement The cattle raiding conflict has been a long-standing one between Pokots and Turkanas. Annual reports for these areas indicate cattle rustling incidents as early as 1924. Many people have lost xv lives and livestock and the effects have been tremendous. In the past these conflicts were due to cultural factors and unlike its present they were less bloody. It involved the use of less lethal weaponry and it was engrained in culture as a rite of passage to adulthood and stealing livestock for paying for dowry. With the passage of time political, economic, social and technological dimensions these conflicts have changed and with them more parties are now involved. This study seeks to investigate the main causes of the conflicts between the two communities and to recommend possible ways of resolving the conflicts. 1.2 Objectives of the study i) To analyse the causes of conflicts between the Turkanas and the Pokots ii) To examine the impacts of these conflicts iii) To assess approaches used to resolve the conflicts and why they have not succeeded iv) To suggest possible strategies to resolve the conflicts.
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