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A Practically Developed Approach to Evaluate Sonic Interfaces of Autonomous Cars A practically developed approach to evaluate sonic interfaces of autonomous cars Mattias Hedman Industrial Design Engineering, master's level 2020 Luleå University of Technology Department of Business Administration, Technology and Social Sciences A practically developed approach to evaluate sonic interfaces of autonomous cars Mattias Hedman 2019 Supervisor: André Liem & Jörgen Normark Examinator: Åsa Wikberg-Nilsson Reviewer: Lars Eklöf Industrial design engineering Luleå University of Technology ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I want to thank André and Jörgen, my supervisors, for telling me it was good enough when I did not see it and for helping me to strive for more when I could not. I also want to thank my external supervisor at RISE, Johan for support and a great teacher. I have learned so much. A special thanks to Åsa, my examiner, for always being supportive and somehow always finding the time to help me find the positive aspects about what I do. Finally, this thesis would not have been possible without my friends, my father, my mother, my brothers and sister, my extended family and my wonderful partner. Thank you all. Luleå, Sweden Mattias Hedman ABSTRACT This thesis was a part of the SIIC-project (Sonic Interaction in Intelligent Cars) initiated by FFI (Fordonsstrategisk forskning och innovation), consulted by Volvo, Pole Position Production and Research Institutes of Sweden. The SIIC-project was about exploring sonic tools to affect the experience of self-driving cars. Sonic tools is implemented practically as sonic interfaces. Because of its visionary character, it was key to establish a foundation regarding future relevant information, user problems and user scenarios. The ideation process generated three conceptual sonic interfaces that accommodated three found user problems; Motion sickness, Informational overload and Low trust towards self-driving cars. One of these concept was made a functioning prototype implemented in video of relevant user scenarios. Carefully chosen metrics (Self- Assessment Manikin-, Van der Laan’s Acceptance- and Likert-scales) were assembled into an evaluation method. The method, together with the vide prototype, was then implemented in study with 30 participant, providing analytical material to finally review the metrics of the eval- uation method. The Self-Assessment Manikin and Van der Laan’s Acceptance scale were thought to highly contribute to the evaluation of participants experience of the interface. The Likert scales were less contributing, either deemed to be poorly implemented or simply not suiting for the cause. Main indications shows sonic interfaces seems to be capable of increasing a sense of trust towards the self-driving car and this capability seems to be evaluable. KEYWORDS Industrial design engineering, Interaction design, Sonic interaction design, Autonomous cars, Trust, Evaluation method, Empricial study. TABLE OF CONTENT 1 INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................................1 1.1 Background..............................................................................................................2 1.2 Stakeholders.............................................................................................................4 1.3 Objectives & Aims ...................................................................................................5 1.4 Research Questions .................................................................................................5 1.5 Project scope ...........................................................................................................6 1.6 Thesis Outlines ........................................................................................................7 2 CONTEXTUAL RESEARCH.......................................................................................8 2.1 Future analysis ........................................................................................................9 2.2 Competitor product analysis..................................................................................10 2.3 Mind map...............................................................................................................12 3 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK..............................................................................14 3.1 Industrial Design Engineering ..............................................................................15 3.2 Human Factors......................................................................................................16 3.3 Interaction Design .................................................................................................17 3.4 Sonic Interaction Design .......................................................................................19 4 METHODOLOGY.......................................................................................................22 4.1 Process...................................................................................................................23 4.2 Planning.................................................................................................................24 4.3 Contextual research...............................................................................................25 4.4 Ideation..................................................................................................................27 4.5 Prototyping ............................................................................................................30 4.6 Methodology discussion ........................................................................................37 5 RESULTS ......................................................................................................................39 5.1 Ideation results ......................................................................................................40 5.2 Prototype results ....................................................................................................45 5.3 Result conclusion...................................................................................................50 6 CONCLUSION.............................................................................................................52 7 DISCUSSION ...............................................................................................................55 8 REFERENCES .............................................................................................................58 9 APPENDIX ...................................................................................................................61 TABLE OF FIGURES Figure 1. Defined system of informational interfaces. Illustration: Mattias Hedman Figure 2. Interface of a remote control. Rendering: Mattias Hedman Figure 3. Defined system of sonic interfaces for self-driving cars. Illustration: Mattias Hedman Figure 4. Current spatial standard for cars. Illustration: Mattias Hedman Figure 5. Main companies of the future analysis; Waymo and Tesla Collage: Mattias Hedman Figure 6. Collage: Sonic interfaces of cars. Collage: Mattias Hedman Figure 7. “Data-Driven DJ” by Ben Foo. Illustration: Ben Foo Figure 8. Mind map of informational elements of the car experience. Illustration: Mattias Hedman Figure 9. Key aspects an industrial design engineer must consider. Illustration: Mattias Hedman Figure 10. Theoretical key factors for establishing trust in HMI Illustration: Mattias Hedman Figure 11. Design process with four phases Illustration: Mattias Hedman Figure 12. Theoretical key factors for establishing trust in HMI Illustration: Mattias Hedman Figure 13. Affinity diagram bundles ideas. Illustration: Mattias Hedman Figure 14. Information design in relation to the interface system. Illustration: Mattias Hedman Figure 15. Morphologic chart to ideate trust enhancing interfaces. Illustration: Mattias Hedman Figure 16. Video recording set-up Photo Mattias Hedman Figure 17. SAM - Two 9-point pictorial scales for valence and arousal. Illustration: Mattias Hedman Figure 18. Chosen structure of the Van der Laan’s Acceptance scale. Illustration: Mattias Hedman Figure 19. The scores then becomes coordinates in an ‘Acceptance’ plot. Illustration: Mattias Hedman Figure 20. A five point Likert scale Illustration: Mattias Hedman Figure 21. Age distribution of study participants Illustration: Mattias Hedman Figure 22. Gender distribution of study participants Illustration: Mattias Hedman Figure 23. The study set-up Illustration: Mattias Hedman Figure 24. The equation for calculating change in SAM response Illustration: Mattias Hedman Figure 25. Established informaion design. Illustration: Mattias Hedman Figure 26. Established personas Illustration: Mattias Hedman Figure 27. Established customer journey Illustration: Mattias Hedman Figure 28. Motion sickness concept Illustration: Mattias Hedman Figure 29. The information design has been managed using reduction andIllustration: Mattias Hedman separation. Illustration: Mattias Hedman Figure 30. Screenshots from the prototype video Illustration: Mattias Hedman Figure 31. Overview of method protocol Illustration: Mattias Hedman Figure 32. Bubble diagrams for all SAM responses Illustration: Mattias Hedman Figure 33. Calculated change in valence and arousal for each event. Illustration: Mattias Hedman Figure 34. Scatter plot of usability and satisfaction scores Illustration: Mattias Hedman Figure 35. Histogram of average and median Likert
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