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"Encourager Le Commerce Et Répandre Les Lumiʹere" : the Press, the Provinces and the Origins of the Revolution in Fr

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Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 2001 "Encourager le commerce et répandre les Lumiʹere" : the press, the provinces and the origins of the Revolution in France: 1750-1789 Stephen Auerbach Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Auerbach, Stephen, ""Encourager le commerce et répandre les Lumiʹere" : the press, the provinces and the origins of the Revolution in France: 1750-1789" (2001). LSU Doctoral Dissertations. 1042. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations/1042 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized graduate school editor of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please [email protected]. "ENCOURAGER LE COMMERCE ET RÉPANDRE LES LUMIÈRES:" THE PRESS, THE PROVINCES AND THE ORIGINS OF THE REVOLUTION IN FRANCE: 1750-1789 A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Department of History by Stephen Auerbach B.A., University of Michigan, 1991 M.A., University of Chicago, 1993 December 2000 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I have piled up many debts in the course of planning, researching, and writing this dissertation. These are the sorts of debts that can never be repaid, only acknowledged. As the editors of the Journal de Guienne figured out over two hundred years ago, sometimes the only way to repay people for their help and kindness is to put their names in print. What follows, then, is a litany of good deeds, selfless acts, and all of the exceptional people who have helped me at every step of the way with no thoughts of reward or recompense. Please consider this all too brief run-through a down payment on the interest. First and foremost my advisor Dena Goodman has been this projects biggest supporter. She has seen this dissertation through from its bare bones beginning as an independent study paper to the form that it is in today. Whether in Baton Rouge, San Francisco, or Ann Arbor, over wine or beer, Dena has always been there for me with incisive comments, words of encouragement and, in the true spirit of les Lumières, pointed criticism. Whatever merits this dissertation possesses, it is largely on account of her tireless efforts. Louisiana State University provided me with grants and awards that have made my work possible. I would particularly like to thank the Center for French and Francophone Studies for a Summer Research grant, the History department for a T. Harry Williams fellowship, and the Graduate School for a Dissertation Research Fellowship. In addition to its financial support, LSU also provided me with a supportive working environment. In the history department, David Lindenfeld and Christine Kooi have graciously given of their time, and provided insightful comments on this project. ii Charles Shindo and Gaines Foster have gone utterly above and beyond the call of duty in their capacity as Graduate Advisor. They have guided me through the bureaucratic mine fields that have stood between graduation and me. I also owe a debt of gratitude to Kate Jensen for agreeing - way back when - to be my minor field advisor, and for helping me to think clearly about French literature. Her help on this project and her continued friendship are much appreciated. The History department at the University of California, Davis has also been a bastion of support and encouragement. Lucy Barber, Krystyna von Henneberg, Clarence Walker, and Debbie Lyons all made direct and indirect contributions to this dissertation. I appreciate their continued support of my work and their words of encouragement throughout the years. I am particularly gratefully to Ellen Grody and Tim Voight. Both took the time to read and comment on significant portions of my dissertation. Their efforts have improved my work. Michael Lynn and Jane McLeod were also very gracious with their time. Michael helped my thinking about the Musée de Bordeaux, and also aided in my search for information on the elusive Dupont des Jumeaux. Jane McLeod knows more about booksellers and printers in eighteenth-century Bordeaux than anyone else I know. As a result, she had to endure a never-ending stream of emails, which she did with more patience than I deserved. I would also like to thank the many librarians, both in France and the United States, who have helped me with my research. The staff at Michigan State University's special collections library was particularly helpful and provided a friendly environment to do research. In France, I was expecting the worst, but found the new Bibliothèque iii Nationale a very agreeable place to do research. The staff there was first-rate and knew exactly what I was looking for even if I didn’t. The Bibliothèque municipale, Archives municipale, and Archives départmentales in Bordeaux all proved to be excellent and fruitful places to work and conduct research. I also need to thank the many people who helped me maintain a balanced perspective while completing my dissertation. In Bordeaux, Charles Knippenberg, Paul Craig, and Dick Turpin provided me with much needed shelter, succor and libation. I owe a special word of thanks to Paul Craig, who never failed to remind me that there is a time to work and a time to play. Tracey Metry, Paul Griffith and Helen Bunch all generously opened their homes to me in Michigan, and shared many bottles of wine while I conducted research at MSU. Thanks also to Tom Waits for his unfailing spiritual advice and guidance. On a personal note, I would like to thank my parents for their love and support over the long haul, and for never ceasing to pose that immortal question: when are you going to be finished? Some questioned the sanity of bringing Sage and Denver to France but it ended up being one of the sanest decisions I ever made. Because of them I spent more time in the Bois de Vincennes, on top the Dune du Pyla, and on the beaches of Arcachon then I otherwise might have. I also learned that the gendarmes weren’t joking about bringing dogs into Père-Lachaise. Finally, to Dort, without whom nothing is possible. If I ever doubted, questioned, or forgot that, I was certainly reminded of it during this long process that spanned years and continents. Dort was there every step of the way. This dissertation is dedicated to Dort, Sage, and Denver: my three favorite allies. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ……………………………………………………. ii ABSTRACT ……………………………………………………………………. vii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ………………………………………………… 1 Marxist Interpretations and 1960s Revisionism ………………... 4 Furet, de Tocqueville, and the ‘Poliical Turn’ ………………… 8 Political Culture of the Old Regime ……………………………. 9 Habermas and the Transformation of the Public Sphere …….… 19 2 TOUT CE QUI PEUT RENDRE LE PARTICULIER PLUS INSTRUIT, OU PLUS HEUREUX OU PLUS RICHE: THE PROVINCIAL AFFICHES IN EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY FRANCE ..…………………………………….…………………… 29 The Origins of the Provincial Press in France, 1631-1750 …….. 32 1749-59: The Provincial Affiches are Born .. …………………... 38 The Growth of the Provincial Press: An Urban Network is Formed …………………………………………………………. 43 The Founding Editors of the Provincial Affiches ………….…… 49 The Readers of the Affiches ……………………………….…… 55 The Making of a Provincial Newspaper: Form, Layout, and Assembly …………………………………………………….… 61 3 FACILITER TOUTE ESPECE DE VENTE ET D'ACHATS: THE COMMERCIAL CONTENT OF THE AFFICHES ………… 71 Advertisements …………………………………………………. 75 Commercial News and Information ……………………………. 99 Conclusion……………………………………………………… 103 4 LES JOURNAUX SONT FAITS POUR RÉPANDRE LES LUMIERES DU SIECLE: CULTURE AND POLITICS IN THE AFFICHES …………………………….…………………………... 104 Community News ……………………………………………… 115 Politics and the Provincial Press …………………………….…. 119 The Affiches and the Political Crises of 1787-89 ………….… 130 Conclusion ……………………………………………………... 137 5 LES AFFICHES DE BORDEAUX: FRANCE'S SECOND CITY GETS ITS FIRST NEWSPAPER …………………………………. 139 Bordeaux in the Eighteenth Century ……………………….…... 140 The Labottière Brothers ………………………………………... 170 v The Affiches de Bordeaux: Format and Content………………... 175 New Forms of Publicity………………………………………… 211 Conclusion……………………………………………………… 223 6 THE JOURNAL DE GUIENNE, THE MUSEE DE BORDEAUX, AND THE END OF THE OLD REGIME, 1784-1791………….… 227 Dupont des Jumeaux …………………………………………… 228 The Journal de Guienne …………………………………….….. 234 Musée de Bordeaux …………………………………………….. 282 Conclusion ……………………………………………………... 292 7 CONCLUSION ……………………………………….…………… 295 REFERENCES …………………………………………………………………. 311 APPENDIX ………………………………………………………………….…. 328 VITA …………………………………………………………………………… 333 vi ABSTRACT This dissertation examines the political, intellectual, and cultural significance of France's provincial newspaper press, called affiches, published between 1750-1789. Combining the histories of the press, provincial life, and the public sphere, this dissertation explores the ways in which the affiches became an indispensable part of local economic, cultural, and intellectual life while at the same time articulated a world view that was antithetical to the tenets of monarchical absolutism. The first part of the dissertation focuses on the origins, form and contents
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