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Stop the War on Children: Protecting Children in 21St Century Conflict

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Stop the War on Children: Protecting Children in 21St Century Conflict STOP THE WAR ON CHILDREN PROTECTING CHILDREN IN 21ST CENTURY CONFLICT Acknowledgements This report was written by George Graham, Mariam Kirollos, Gunvor Knag Fylkesnes, STOP Keyan Salarkia and Nikki Wong from Save the Children. This team was supported in producing the report by James Denselow, THE WAR Ida Haugen-Poljac, Kristoffer Nilsen, Ravi Wickremasinghe and other colleagues across the Save the Children movement ON CHILDREN who provided expert comment and review. We would like to thank the research team from the Peace Research Institute in Oslo (PRIO) for their background report and PROTECTING CHILDREN analysis, ‘Children Affected by Armed IN 21ST CENTURY CONFLICT Conflict, 1990-2017’ – specifically, Gudrun Østby, Siri Aas Rustad, Andreas Foro Tollefsen. In addition, we are grateful to colleagues from Every Casualty Worldwide, Geneva Call, the London School of Economics, Norwegian People’s Aid and The Arsenal Foundation for their contributions. Most important, we would like to thank the children who shared their testimonies, their feelings and their hopes in the report’s foreword and case studies. Names have been changed to protect identities. Save the Children © 2019 Printed by vierC print+mediafabrik GmbH & Co. KG Germany Printed on 100 percent recycled paper Illustrations by Tomas Drefvelin (cover, insides and back) 2 STOP THE WAR ON CHILDREN • A REPORT FROM SAVE THE CHILDREN CONTENTS Children’s foreword 4 Foreword 7 Executive summary 9 Introduction 12 PART I: Children’s exposure to conflict and grave violations 16 A rising tide – children’s increasing exposure to armed conflict 16 The ten worst conflict-affected countries to be a child 18 The six grave violations against children 19 The distinctive ways children are harmed by armed conflict 22 PART 2: The three dimensions of the war on children 28 1 Failing to uphold standards in conflict: the war in Yemen 30 2 Failure to hold perpetrators to account: the Rohingya crisis 32 3 Lack of practical action on the ground: the conflict in South Sudan 33 PART 3: Emerging solutions: ensuring children’s protection in conflict 36 1 Upholding standards of conduct in conflict 36 2 Holding perpetrators to account 40 3 Practical action to protect children on the ground and to support their recovery 44 PART 4: Turning the tide: an international re-commitment to children in conflict 52 Recommendations 54 Endnotes 56 3 LISTEN TO OUR VOICES Before conflict, we had peace. All this is our right. Before conflict, we could be children. School was a place of learning As leaders, you have this duty to fulfil. and development, and where our voices We call on the world’s leaders to ensure were heard. we are able to go to school, play The streets were full of joy and happiness, and feel protected… in every circumstance. where we walked and played. We remember a life without conflict. We ask leaders to change And we know a childhood in peace is possible. weapons for books, bullets for pencils, But today we are paying the price confrontations for games, for adults’ war. cries for smiles, and hatred for love. We are scared. Our playground has been transformed We ask leaders to put a smile Do not into a dangerous place. on every child’s face. We hide under our kitchen table. We ask leaders to turn to peace, silence We hear gunshots, bombs and explosions. to pledge to protect us We are forced to quit school and promise us development. our and leave our home. Many of us have lost our parents, We ask leaders to offer us the opportunities words brothers, sisters and neighbours. that will enable us to become We are forced to work, beg or even kill the best versions of ourselves. and our to survive. We marry as children and give birth Our common future is at risk. dreams. to children. We demand that you act now. We have been tortured, kidnapped, raped and silenced. We feel anger, resentment, and sadness. We go to bed hungry. This message was composed by Some of us never wake up. children from Mali, Sudan, Colombia, Yemen and Syria during consultations carried out Our present and future have been put on hold. by Save the Children in January 2019. Do not silence our words and our dreams. Listen to what we have to say. Listen to our opinions. We want the war to stop – we don’t want to hear a single shot. Let’s make the past the bridge to our future. We have big dreams for ourselves and our countries. We imagine our countries in peace, where we are put at the heart of all decisions – because we are our countries’ present and future. Even during war, we dream of a country where all children can walk safely in their neighborhood, and go to a school free from violence. A place with cinemas and parks – and electricity, so we can watch TV. All this should be not only in our dreams, but in reality. PHOTO: MOHAMMED AWADH / SAVE THE CHILDREN 4 STOP THE WAR ON CHILDREN • A REPORT FROM SAVE THE CHILDREN Yemen: Eight-year-old Razan seriously injured her eye when she was hit by shrapnel during an airstrike in Hodeidah. Save the Children referred Razan to a specialist hospital for emer- gency surgery and is providing psychosocial support to help her begin to come to terms with her experiences. 5 Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) : With her mum, Lisa fled 30 km by foot. She wasn't able to bring anything, like many of the families, they left in a rush. 6 STOP THE WAR ON CHILDREN • A REPORT FROM SAVE THE CHILDREN FOREWORD The nature of conflict has changed, putting take to ensure that children are protected. children in the frontline in new and terrible Our humanity demands that we act, and ways. Wars are lasting longer. They are our future depends on it. If these children more likely to be fought in urban areas are left behind, we cannot fulfil the prom- amongst civilian populations leading to ise of the Sustainable Development Goals deaths and life-changing injuries, and laying and lay the foundations for a peaceful and waste to the infrastructure needed to guar- prosperous society. A society where we can antee access to food and water. Attacks guarantee survival, protection and hope for on schools and hospitals are up. The denial all children. of humanitarian aid is used as yet another In our centenary year, we are more weapon of war. The international rules and inspired and energised than ever by the basic standards of conduct that exist to tireless commitment and example set by our protect civilians in conflict are being flouted founder, Eglantyne Jebb. Just a few years with impunity. after she founded Save the Children in 1919, Children are disproportionately suffer- Eglantyne presented a Declaration of the ing the consequences of these brutal trends; Rights of the Child to lead- almost one fifth of children worldwide are now ers from around the world living in areas affected by armed conflict. calling on them to remem- We are seeing more children facing unim- ber the ‘forgotten’ children. The suffering aginable mental and physical trauma; more This declaration laid the children going hungry; more children falling foundations for what would of millions victim to preventable diseases; more children later become the 1989 UN out of school; more children at risk of sexual Convention on the Rights of of children violence and recruitment by armed groups; the Child, a landmark human and more children trapped on the frontline rights treaty. should never without access to humanitarian aid. This reminds us that It should shame us all that last year saw the suffering of millions of be accepted the number of recorded grave violations children should never be against children in conflict rise yet again. We accepted as inevitable, and it as inevitable. are living in the age of a war on children. reminds us of what is possible I have seen the impact of conflict on Yem- at this critical moment. There en’s children. The hospital waiting rooms is still hope for children living in conflict were full of sick, starving children; so weak today, but this will require concerted action they didn’t even have the energy to cry. The from governments and non-state actors. tragedy of Yemen’s suffering – as in conflicts We can and must stop the children of across the world – is that it is manmade. today from becoming the forgotten genera- Save the Children is working to help tions of tomorrow. children living in conflict across the world including in Yemen, Syria, Somalia, South Sudan, the Democratic Republic of Congo Helle Thorning-Schmidt PHOTO: JOAN MARIE DEL MUNDO / SAVE THE CHILDREN and Myanmar, but the causes and impact of Chief Executive, these grave violations cannot be confronted Save the Children International by aid agencies like us alone. This is why we are calling on all leaders to stop the war on children. This report sets out an international plan of action, which will make a real difference for these children. We outline three main areas for action including upholding stand- ards of conduct in conflict, holding perpe- trators to account, and investing in helping children recover from the physical and psy- chological wounds of war. In each area, we are proposing practical recommendations that both state and non-state actors can 7 8 STOP THE WAR ON CHILDREN • A REPORT FROM SAVE THE CHILDREN EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ‘Every war is a war against children.’ armed conflicts, there is often no longer a clearly demarcated battlefield: children’s One hundred years on, those words of Save homes and schools are the battlefield.
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