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Bangladesh April CRISIS PROFILE FUND BANGLADESH APRIL. 2019 B NGLADESH HAOR FLASH FLOODING FLASH FLOOD AFFECTED DISTRICTS. APRIL 2017 lash Floods are caused by heavy or excessive rain- O1 HUMANITARIAN & - fall, or upstream flooding, in a short period of time OPERATIONAL CONSTRAINTS over a relatively small area. In flash floods, water Flevels rise and fall rapidly with little or no advance warning. Floods make roads impassable, increase the danger in travelling on Typically, they occur in areas where the upstream basin and crossing rivers, and increase the costs of boat transportation when topography is relatively steep and the concentration time roads cannot be used. This impedes access to key services including of the basin is relatively short, such as the Haor Basin health and education, as well as markets. Assessment of needs and of the northern belt of Bangladesh (Sylhet, Sunamganj, distribution of aid may be difficult due to bad weather conditions, and Moulvibazar, Habiganj, Netrakona, Kishoreganj) (BWDB flooding of infrastructure. Flooding almost confines people to their 2014; WMO 2003). Though, geographically, most of the homes and limits mobility, especially for those with disabilities. Agen- haors are situated across six districts in the North-East of cies are unable to provide aid to all people in need due to the scale and Bangladesh, there are as many as 423 small or large haors frequency of disasters. in Bangladesh. Flash floods are most common from April to July and in September-October (WMO 2003). O2 ANTICIPATED IMPACT Flash flooding inundates the Haor Basin for an average of six months every year. During the monsoon season, the Flash floods are a common incident in the Haor region in the pre-monsoon entire Haor region goes underwater and is transformed period, but poor management of the rivers and embankments and the into floodplains for fresh water fishing. The high season- decline in the navigability of the rivers have worsened the situation over ality of the Haor-based economy forces local people to the years. remain out of work for a considerable period time, and as a result, they suffer from food insecurity. It is the barrier SHELTER AND NFIS to sustainable livelihood development. Shelters/houses in the flash flood prone rural areas are not designed to withstand flash flooding. The flash flooding season begins before The frequently encountered effects of widespread and the monsoon; therefore, people who experience damage to their houses during prolonged flooding and waterlogging are disruption of this time are exposed during the monsoon season unless repairs can be managed traffic movement and normal life; damage of structures quickly. Additionally, embankments have encouraged more people to live in certain & infrastructure; destruction of vegetation and aquatic areas as the land inside is fertile; though this meant people are increasingly living habitats; and loss of income potentials. Such disruption in highly vulnerable areas. can lead the vulnerable population to become even The density of population in the islands of the Haor Basin is high and houses more vulnerable. located on the edge of the islands are continually at risk of inundation and erosion. The Haor Basin is estimated to be sinking at between Families in these homes subsequently face the ongoing risk of being displaced. In 2012, it was estimated that 3,000 shelters were destroyed or partially destroyed as l l l 4 mm and 2.1 cm annually because of the down-thrusting METHODOLOGY a result of the flash flooding (Haor Basin JNA 2012). In case of major inundations, under the Shillong massif. This sinking means that annual This Briefing Note has been produced by Start Fund Bangladesh and most families temporarily migrate to nearby schools often staying for several flooding will become more extensive and will be exacer- has been prepared using an ACAPS approved methodology. The note weeks. They usually face severe food shortages and serious issues related to WASH bated by sea level rise (IFAD 2011). In 2012, an estimated aims to understand the overall flash flood situation in the Haor Basin (Haor Basin JNA 2012). 320,000 people out of 2.4 million were affected and in of Bangladesh; and to inform Start Fund Bangladesh members and relevant stakeholders. The note is based on a review of all secondary need of assistance due to early flash flooding in the Haor data available to analysts by date. The Start Fund Bangladesh thanks HEALTH (JNA SE 2012). all those who have contributed to the note and welcomes additional information that could complement a possible update of this report. As many displaced people resort to living under the open sky for pro- tracted periods, they are especially vulnerable to the spread of diseases. Road-side shelters, or Beribandh, are often unhygienic. The number of people OF HAOR HOUSEHOLDS FUND BANGLADESH SUFFERED FROM B NGLADESH 78.9% HAOR FLASH FLOODING FOOD INSECURITY ACCORDING TO LOCAL NGOS, PRESENT IN THE AFFECTED AREAS, THE MOST AFFECTED UPAZILAS ARE: KEY CHARACTERISTICS KISHOREGANJ SUNAMGANJ SYLHET NETRAKONA HABIGANJ MOULVIBAZAR KEY INDICATORS HABIGANJ KISHOREGANJ MOULVIBAZAR NETRAKONA SUNAMGANJ SYLHET Itna Sunamganj Balaganj Khaliajury Baniachong Borlekha Population density/km² 667 950 625 707 549 732 (2011) Mithamoin Sadar Osmaninagar Mohanganj Bajukar Rajnagar Austagram Shalla Beanibazar Madan Female population 1,050,742 1,479,665 974,334 1,118,336 1,231,862 1,706,334 Karimganj Dirai Biswanath Kendua Male population 1,013,713 1,432,242 1,010,442 944,728 1,111,306 1,236,106 Jamalganj Companiganj Atpara Dakkin Fenchuganj Barhatta % Average source of 20 16 21 20 21 20 drinking water tube well Sunamganj Golapganj Kalmakanda (2011) Bishwamvarpur Gowainghat % Average non-sanitary 86.89 93.34 69.93 90.93 87.83 62.57 Dowarabazar Jainatapur toilet facilities (2011) Dharmapasha Kanaighat Chhatak Sylhet Sadar % Severely underweight 37.85 41.42 33.78 43.26 47.01 31.83 children (2016) Jagannathpur Zakiganj Thahirpur South Surma % Disability rates 1.47 1.58 1.51 1.48 1.54 1.39 Sources: National statistical systems, Global Population Statistics, UNFPA country profiles, Population Stats, CIA World Factbook, WHO country statistics, World Bank Databank. suffering acute watery diarrhea is likely to increase. Prominent causes of death the harvest and exacerbate food insecurity locally, and nationally as a big portion PROTECTION and injury are electrocutions from power lines, collapsing walls, and snakebites, of the rice of national requirement have been fulfilled from the crops of Northern and drowning. Bangladesh. As the food supply declines, markets face disruption. Subsequently, Children are vulnerable to exploitation, abuse and violation as they livelihoods are also disrupted, as there is a loss of income opportunities. Inunda- are often found taking shelter with strangers, or found separated or Health risks also are associated with the evacuation of patients, loss of health tion can also cause loss or damage of stored foods (rice, pulse, wheat etc.). unaccompanied. In the event of flooding, the affected population often shelters on workers, and loss of health infrastructure including essential drugs and supplies. higher ground or an embankment to wait until floodwaters recede. Children in these In the mediumterm, infected wounds, complications of injury, poisoning, poor The Haor is subject to sudden flash floods before the main monsoon season and situations are extremely vulnerable and are less likely to receive assistance than mental health, communicable diseases, and starvation are indirect effects of farmers say that they lose their rice crop in one year out of four. This risk of total children in flood shelters are, as they are harder to identify and harder to reach. This flooding. In the long-term, chronic disease, disability, poor mental health, and loss means it is unwise to invest in high levels of inputs. Early flash flooding can have also creates dangerous situations for children, as they are at risk of falling in the water poverty-related diseases including malnutrition are the potential legacy (NIH a devastating impact in the Haor, as there is only one Boro crop planted annually when living on narrow strips of land (Plan International 14/08/2017; WHO 2011). 2010). Post disaster outbreaks can be triggered by damaged water and sanitation (Haor Basin JNA 2012). systems. Diarrhoea, ARI, and skin-eye-ear infections are common health risks. Damage to power sources and loss of electricity raise protection issues, particularly Non-availability of transportation in an around flood affected areas and disrup- for women and children, who risk being exploited in poorly lit areas. Women and girls WASH tion of communication services seriously hinders women’s abilities to access often avoid using latrines, as they do not feel safe using non-gender specific facilities. health facilities for deliveries, post disaster. Toilets are often washed away in the torrent of water. Loss of latrines As a result, they often resort to open defecation near their shelters, or control their may result in open defecation; individuals using unimproved sanitation food and water intake in order to avoid having to use unsegregated WASH facilities; The adverse human health consequences of flooding are complex, far-reaching methods are at higher risk of health issues. The risk of disease is aggravated in this raises further health concerns. and difficult to attribute to the flood event itself. During the 2007 floods in -Bang densely populated areas (WASH Cluster Technical Working Group 01/10/2017). The ladesh, more patients than ever before attended the ICDDR,B health center in water becomes polluted as it mixes with solid waste, clinical waste, silt, contami- Dhaka for treatments of waterborne diseases. Most of the patients lived in LIVELIHOODS nants, domestic wastes, and other human activities that increase the risk of water- Dhaka city. The center identified Dhaka’s continued population growth, which borne diseases.
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