DOCSLIB.ORG

10. Value of Linguistic Heritage

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

10. Value of linguistic heritage 10.1. Introductory notes As we shall see in Chapter 11, devoted efforts are being carried out, in many parts of the world, by community members to revitalize (i.e. maintain or revive) their traditional language. Furthermore, a large number of linguists are actively documenting endangered languages and/or assisting language revitalization ac- tivities. What makes them so devoted to these efforts? Are such attempts really important? The answer to these questions lies in the value of linguistic heritage, and this is the theme of the present chapter. The views of people who believe that these efforts are important, are dis- cussed in 10.2. Most of the relevant previous studies only look at the views of "enthusiasts". However, their views are not shared by everyone. Also, there are factors that may hinder their activities. These issues are dealt with in 10.3. Fi- nally, 10.4 considers an issue that often emerges in the discussion of the value of linguistic heritage, viz. the link among language, culture, and identity. Specifi- cally, it addresses itself to the question as to whether a given language is neces- sary for maintaining the ethnic identity in question. 10.2. Concern for language endangerment 10.2.1. Introduction The views of people who are concerned with the current crisis of language en- dangerment may be classified as follows, depending on the type of advocates (Tsunoda 200Id: 8352): (a) Community's views or local views (10.2.2); (b) Outsiders' views or global views; (b-i) Language activists' views (10.2.3), and; (b-ii) Linguists' views (10.2.4). In this context, "community" refers to one whose traditional language is endan- gered or extinct. Strictly speaking, this classification is not clear-cut. Thus, there are people who are at the same time a member of such a community, a language activist, and a linguist. Also, the classification of views presented below is not clear-cut. A given view may be shared by community members, language activists, and linguists, e.g. the view concerning linguistic rights (see 10.2.3). Obviously, the DOI 10.1515/9783110896589.134, ©2017 Tasaku Tsunoda, published by De Gruyter. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 License. 10.2. Concern for language endangerment 135 three groups of views do not contradict one another. Rather, they complement one another and bring the value of linguistic heritage into relief. Perhaps the majority, if not most, of works on language endangerment and revitalization are written by linguists who, like the writer, are not members of the community concerned. It is, however, encouraging to see that this unbal- anced presentation of views is gradually beginning to be recognized, and that an increasing number of community members publish their works, as shown in 10.2.2. 10.2.2. Community's views 10.2.2.1. Overview Many community members wish to keep their language (Pawley 1991: 10). Thus, Veronica Dobson ( 1994: iii), an Arrernte person of Central Australia, says, "I want to make sure that my language doesn't die out". Why do community members want to keep their language? In general, retention of their language - and culture - does not help them, for instance, in the way of economic pros- perity (although it may create employment, say, in tourism and education, e.g. as language teachers - where such opportunities exist). The answer is spiritu- al rather material. Thus, Littlebear (1999: 1) (a Cheyenne person, the USA) states: But why save our languages since they now seem to have no political, economic, or global relevance? That they seem not to have this relevance is exactly the rea- son why we should save our languages because it is the spiritual relevance that is deeply embedded in our own languages that is important. The embeddedness of this spirituality is what makes them relevant to us American Indians. Likewise, Maguire (1991: 94) suggests that the main motivation for the reviv- al of Irish in Belfast (11.5.3) is non-material, not having to do with economic utility. Also, the value of traditional languages is in their integrative, rather than in- strumental or pragmatic, function (cf. Dorian 1978: 608; Rouchdy 1989a: 96; Spolsky 1995: 179). Traditional languages have an integrative function in that they play an important role in maintaining the groups' identity; see 10.2.2.6. In contrast, they have an instrumental function only to the extent that they are useful for purposes such as employment, say, as language teachers. (It should be added, however, that such opportunities are scarce, as far as Australia is concerned.) Similarly, traditional languages may have a symbolic value, as an "ethnic marker", even if they can no longer have a communicative value (cf. Edwards 1984: 289). In the words of Velma Hale, a Navajo person (?) of the 136 10. Value of linguistic heritage USA, "English is a tool for survival, not a way of life" (Reyhner and House 1996: 137). The importance of language to community members is expressed in the fol- lowing poem (cited from Thieberger 1995: v) by Mary Duroux, a Yuin person of New South Wales, Australia. This poem eloquently describes the sorrow that has been caused by the loss of her ancestral language. "Lament for a dialect" Dyirringan is lost to the tribes of the Yuin I am filled with remorse and I weep at the ruin Of beautiful words that were softly spoken Now lay in the past all shattered and broken We forgot it somehow when English began The sweet-sounding dialect of Dyirringan If we're to be civilised whom can we blame To have lost you my language is my greatest shame Having looked at a view on linguistic heritage expressed poetically, we shall turn to more concrete and specific arguments on the value of linguistic heritage, expressed by community members. In the following, these arguments are cited verbatim, for this will portray them vividly. A citation of a community member's view is accompanied, where possible, by his/her language group affiliation. It is relevant to mention here that some people in Australia avoid the term "tribe" and use the term "language group" instead (cf. Sutton 1991: 50), in contrast, for ex- ample, with New Zealand, where Maaori people themselves use the term "tribe". 10.2.2.2. Language as a gift from the ancestral beings According to the belief of Aboriginal Australians, people, language, and land are closely connected. Thus, Sutton (1991: 50) states: "It is a general rule in Aboriginal Australia that languages are held to have originated when Dream- ings (Ancestral Beings, totemic heroes) invested the land with meaning and human beings". Rumsey (1993: 200) provides a specific example concerning the Jawoyn language of Northern Territory: "language was directly installed or 'planted' in the landscape by Nabilil 'Crocodile', a Dreamtime creator fig- ure who moved up the Katherine River, establishing sites and leaving names for them in the Jawoyn language". See also Dalton et al. (1995: 84), Evans (2001: 253), Hudson and McConvell (1984: 37), McKay (1996: 226-227), Na- than (1996: 26), and Rumsey (1993: 201-204). According to this belief, people "own" their language (Evans 2001: 253; Nathan 1996: 26). As a consequence, to keep the traditional language "is a sacred duty given to each group by the Cre- ator Dreamings" (Hudson and McConvell 1984: 37). 10.2. Concern for language endangerment 137 Stories of how North American languages were given by Creators are found in Hinton (1994). Native Americans (cited by Yamamoto 2001: 339), too, con- sider it their duty to keep their languages: "If we don't use it, we are not fulfill- ing our responsibility. If we don't give life to it, we are neglecting to perform our duties. Our Creator has created for us the world through language. So, if we don't speak it, there is no world". The belief that people own their language, points to the need to distinguish between "language owners" and "language speakers" (Evans 2001: 251). Thus, many Aboriginal Australians consider they own their ancestral language even if they do not speak it (Amery 1994: 140, 2000: 44; McKay 1996: 101; Nathan 1996: 26, 1999: 1). They are owners, but not users, of their language. In contrast, "another-group language speakers", who speak the language of another group (5.2-[8]), are users, but not owners, of that language. See 11.5.15 for examples of language owners and language users. The conviction of language ownership constitutes a strong motivation for language revival. Language revival will be discussed in Chapter 11. Also, lan- guage ownership needs to be taken into account when choosing a language to revive, as seen in 11.5.15. 10.2.2.3. Language as a connection to the ancestors and land Based on the view expounded above is the view that the language connects the people with their ancestors and land. Thus, Bonnie Deegan, a Jaru person and the former chairperson of Kimberley Language Resource Centre, Western Aus- tralia, states {Keeping Language Strong KLRC Newsletter 1996: 1): "Language is a very big part of the culture of Aboriginal people in the Kimberley. We know who we are by the language we speak. It joins us to our past and our old people, right back to the dreamtime. It ties us to our land, and it makes us proud and strong". Similar views are expressed by Velma Hale (a Navajo person (?), the USA) (Reyhner and House 1996: 134) and by Simon Ortiz, an Acoma person of the USA (Wallace 1996: 105).
Recommended publications
  • Segmental Phonology Darin Howe University of Calgary

    Segmental Phonology Darin Howe University of Calgary

    SEGMENTAL PHONOLOGY DARIN HOWE HOWED UCALGARY.CA UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY DARIN HOWE, 2003 ii Table of contents ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .............................................................................................................................................IV INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET CHART.................................................................................................. V 1. INTRODUCTION ...............................................................................................................................................1 2. INTRASEGMENTAL PHONOLOGY ..................................................................................................................4 2.1. PHONEME INVENTORIES AND FEATURES.......................................................................................................... 4 2.2. ARTICULATOR-FREE FEATURES .....................................................................................................................12 2.2.1. Major class features .................................................................................................................................................12 2.2.1.1. [±consonantal]...........................................................................................................................................12 2.2.1.2. [±sonorant].................................................................................................................................................22 2.2.2. Other articulator-free features..............................................................................................................................27
  • An Introduction to Linguistic Typology

    An Introduction to Linguistic Typology

    An Introduction to Linguistic Typology An Introduction to Linguistic Typology Viveka Velupillai University of Giessen John Benjamins Publishing Company Amsterdam / Philadelphia TM The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of 8 the American National Standard for Information Sciences – Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ansi z39.48-1984. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data An introduction to linguistic typology / Viveka Velupillai. â. p cm. â Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Typology (Linguistics) 2. Linguistic universals. I. Title. P204.V45 â 2012 415--dc23 2012020909 isbn 978 90 272 1198 9 (Hb; alk. paper) isbn 978 90 272 1199 6 (Pb; alk. paper) isbn 978 90 272 7350 5 (Eb) © 2012 – John Benjamins B.V. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by print, photoprint, microfilm, or any other means, without written permission from the publisher. John Benjamins Publishing Company • P.O. Box 36224 • 1020 me Amsterdam • The Netherlands John Benjamins North America • P.O. Box 27519 • Philadelphia PA 19118-0519 • USA V. Velupillai: Introduction to Typology NON-PUBLIC VERSION: PLEASE DO NOT CITE OR DISSEMINATE!! ForFor AlTô VelaVela anchoranchor and and inspiration inspiration 2 Table of contents Acknowledgements xv Abbreviations xvii Abbreviations for sign language names xx Database acronyms xxi Languages cited in chapter 1 xxii 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Fast forward from the past to the present 1 1.2 The purpose of this book 3 1.3 Conventions 5 1.3.1 Some remarks on the languages cited in this book 5 1.3.2 Some remarks on the examples in this book 8 1.4 The structure of this book 10 1.5 Keywords 12 1.6 Exercises 12 Languages cited in chapter 2 14 2.
  • Berkeley Linguistics Society

    Berkeley Linguistics Society

    PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRTY-SECOND ANNUAL MEETING OF THE BERKELEY LINGUISTICS SOCIETY February 10-12, 2006 SPECIAL SESSION on THE LANGUAGES AND LINGUISTICS OF OCEANIA Edited by Zhenya Antić Charles B. Chang Clare S. Sandy Maziar Toosarvandani Berkeley Linguistics Society Berkeley, CA, USA Berkeley Linguistics Society University of California, Berkeley Department of Linguistics 1203 Dwinelle Hall Berkeley, CA 94720-2650 USA All papers copyright © 2012 by the Berkeley Linguistics Society, Inc. All rights reserved. ISSN 0363-2946 LCCN 76-640143 Printed by Sheridan Books 100 N. Staebler Road Ann Arbor, MI 48103 ii TABLE OF CONTENTS A note regarding the contents of this volume ........................................................ iii Foreword ................................................................................................................ iv SPECIAL SESSION Oceania, the Pacific Rim, and the Theory of Linguistic Areas ...............................3 BALTHASAR BICKEL and JOHANNA NICHOLS Australian Complex Predicates ..............................................................................17 CLAIRE BOWERN Composite Tone in Mian Noun-Noun Compounds ...............................................35 SEBASTIAN FEDDEN Reconciling meng- and NP Movement in Indonesian ...........................................47 CATHERINE R. FORTIN The Role of Animacy in Teiwa and Abui (Papuan) ..............................................59 MARIAN KLAMER AND FRANTIŠEK KRATOCHVÍL A Feature Geometry of the Tongan Possessive Paradigm .....................................71
  • An Invitation to Contribute to a Forthcoming Series of Articles on ‘Aboriginal Historiography’

    An Invitation to Contribute to a Forthcoming Series of Articles on ‘Aboriginal Historiography’

    An invitation to contribute to a forthcoming series of articles on ‘Aboriginal historiography’ The Editorial Board of Aboriginal History intends publishing a series of articles on the broad theme of ‘Aboriginal historiography’, beginning with Volume 27 (2003). Current debates on the stolen generations, Indigenous labour relations, reconcilia- tion and whether or not ‘genocide’ is an appropriate concept to employ in Australia have led to public discussion of contested approaches to historical interpretation. The Board wishes to encourage a deeper exploration of these historiographical concerns, and that of other historiographical issues. The Editorial Board invites contributions of articles to this Aboriginal historiogra- phy series. Suggested topics are set out below. The list is not exhaustive. Intending contributors should contact the Editor, Ingereth Macfarlane or Deputy Editor, Ian Howie-Willis at Aboriginal History, History, School of Humanities, Austral- ian National University, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia. Email addresses: [email protected] or [email protected]. Suggested topics • Definitions: What is ‘Aboriginal history’ — something unique, a subset of Aus- tralian history, or of the history of indigenous peoples generally, or of colonial and post-colonial societies? • Is it possible to produce a typology of ‘schools’ of Aboriginal historiography? If so, what would it be, and which historians could be assigned to its various types? Such a typology would consider certain ‘-isms’ and Aboriginal histori- ography: for instance, what have been the perspectives of classical empiricism, neo-Marxism, post-modernism, neo-conservatism etc on Aboriginal History? • An early dominance of anthropology and anthropologists, seen for instance in the 1964 Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies Act, which defined ‘Aborig- inal Studies’ as ‘anthropological research’.
  • A Linguistic Bibliography of Aboriginal Australia and the Torres Strait Islands

    A Linguistic Bibliography of Aboriginal Australia and the Torres Strait Islands

    OZBIB: a linguistic bibliography of Aboriginal Australia and the Torres Strait Islands Dedicated to speakers of the languages of Aboriginal Australia and the Torres Strait Islands and al/ who work to preserve these languages Carrington, L. and Triffitt, G. OZBIB: A linguistic bibliography of Aboriginal Australia and the Torres Strait Islands. D-92, x + 292 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1999. DOI:10.15144/PL-D92.cover ©1999 Pacific Linguistics and/or the author(s). Online edition licensed 2015 CC BY-SA 4.0, with permission of PL. A sealang.net/CRCL initiative. PACIFIC LINGUISTICS FOUNDING EDITOR: Stephen A. Wurm EDITORIAL BOARD: Malcolm D. Ross and Darrell T. Tryon (Managing Editors), John Bowden, Thomas E. Dutton, Andrew K. Pawley Pacific Linguistics is a publisher specialising in linguistic descriptions, dictionaries, atlases and other material on languages of the Pacific, the Philippines, Indonesia and Southeast Asia. The authors and editors of Pacific Linguistics publications are drawn from a wide range of institutions around the world. Pacific Linguistics is associated with the Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies at The Australian NatIonal University. Pacific Linguistics was established in 1963 through an initial grant from the Hunter Douglas Fund. It is a non-profit-making body financed largely from the sales of its books to libraries and individuals throughout the world, with some assistance from the School. The Editorial Board of Pacific Linguistics is made up of the academic staff of the School's Department of Linguistics. The Board also appoints a body of editorial advisors drawn from the international community of linguists.
  • Ngûrrahmalkwonawoniyan1

    Ngûrrahmalkwonawoniyan1

    ING ISraThEmNalkwona HwoEnRiyE r 1 nLgû an » NICHOLAS EVANS In the Dalabon language of Arnhem Land, which evinced great interest in language in the noun root malk can mean ‘place, country’, all its forms, leading to such ‘monuments to but also ‘season, weather’ as well as ‘place in the human intellect’ as the initiation language a system’, e.g. one’s ‘skin’ in the overarching Damin on Mornington Island that I will say system of kin relations, or the point on a net more about below. But, in contrast to our where the support sticks are fixed. The verb neighbour Aotearoa, these languages are all but root wonan basically means ‘hear, listen’ but is invisible, and inaudible, in the public sphere. regularly extended to other types of non-visual We are at last witnessing long-overdue moves perception, such as smelling, and to thought and to introduce the study of indigenous languages consideration more generally. Combined with into schools, though the states doing this — malk, it means ‘think about where to go, consider New South Wales leading the charge — are, what to do next’. The generous polysynthetic paradoxically, among those in which the effects nature of Dalabon — where polysynthetic denotes of centuries of linguistic dispossession have a type of language which can combine many taken the heaviest toll. elements together into a single verbal word to A common objection to the introduction express what would take a sentence in English — of indigenous languages in schools is their gives us the word ngûrrahmalkwonawoniyan. purported lack of utility — wouldn’t it be more I have chosen it to introduce this essay because useful to study Chinese, Japanese, Spanish etc.? of its ambiguity between ‘let’s listen, let’s attend These objections are simplistic.
  • AIATSIS Lan Ngua Ge T Hesaurus

    AIATSIS Lan Ngua Ge T Hesaurus

    AIATSIS Language Thesauurus November 2017 About AIATSIS – www.aiatsis.gov.au The Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies (AIATSIS) is the world’s leading research, collecting and publishing organisation in Australian Indigenous studies. We are a network of council and committees, members, staff and other stakeholders working in partnership with Indigenous Australians to carry out activities that acknowledge, affirm and raise awareness of Australian Indigenous cultures and histories, in all their richness and diversity. AIATSIS develops, maintains and preserves well documented archives and collections and by maximising access to these, particularly by Indigenous peoples, in keeping with appropriate cultural and ethical practices. AIATSIS Thesaurus - Copyright Statement "This work is copyright. You may download, display, print and reproduce this material in unaltered form only (retaining this notice) for your personal, non-commercial use within your organisation. All other rights are reserved. Requests and inquiries concerning reproduction and rights should be addressed to The Library Director, The Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies, GPO Box 553, Canberra ACT 2601." AIATSIS Language Thesaurus Introduction The AIATSIS thesauri have been made available to assist libraries, keeping places and Indigenous knowledge centres in indexing / cataloguing their collections using the most appropriate terms. This is also in accord with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Library and Information Research Network (ATSILIRN) Protocols - http://aiatsis.gov.au/atsilirn/protocols.php Protocol 4.1 states: “Develop, implement and use a national thesaurus for describing documentation relating to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples and issues” We trust that the AIATSIS Thesauri will serve to assist in this task.
  • Aboriginal Linguistics 1 (1988) 91-110 Barry J

    Aboriginal Linguistics 1 (1988) 91-110 Barry J

    Aboriginal Linguistics 1 edited by Nicholas Evans & Steve Johnson 1988 Aboriginal Linguistics 1 (1988) 91-110 Barry J. Blake Arguments for Pama-Nyungan as a genetic subgroup, with particular reference to initial laminalization � Nicholas Evans <.03: University of Melbourne 1. PAMA-NYUNGAN - SUBGROUP OR RESIDUE? Blake's paper in this volume is a landmark in Australian historical linguistics. The redefined Pama-Nyungan that emerges is a much more promising candidate for a genuine mid-level genetic subgroup, clearly distinct from typological and areal groupings. Compared to previous classifications, it clarifies the difference between a genetic classification and a typological classification into prefixing and non­ prefixing - Of, more ac�urately, into head-marking and dependent-marking (Nichols 1986), which allows us to include the suffixing BarJdy languages such as Jingili with the prefixing languages in a single typological grouping. On the -1----- new classification, although most Pama-Nyungan languages are dependent­ z------- ___ marking, and most non-Pama-Nyungan languages are head-marking, we have exceptions in both directions. Yanyuwa is a head-marking, prefixing Pama­ Nyungan language, and Ojinang is becoming one as it develops subject and object proclitics to the verb (Waters 1984). On the other hand, the Tangkic languages are dependent-marking, suffixing non-Pama-Nyungan languages (cf Evans 1985). Typological characteristics are at least as diffusable in Australia as they <= are elsewhere (e.g. Heath 1978a), and a genetic group whose boundaries CI .... coincide with a typological group must necessarily be somewhat suspect. '"Q) c.... The fact that both tlle redefined Pama-Nyungan and Blake's 'northern' group "'0 ...
  • Qt61z81220.Pdf

    Qt61z81220.Pdf

    UC Irvine Structure and Dynamics Title KV(Ŋ)KV -Kinship Terms in the Australian Aboriginal Languages:First Part:Kaka 'Mother's Brother' Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/61z81220 Journal Structure and Dynamics, 9(2) Author Matthey de l'Etang, Alain Publication Date 2016 DOI 10.5070/SD992032331 License https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ 4.0 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California KV(Ŋ)KV- KINSHIP TERMS IN THE AUSTRALIAN ABORIGINAL LANGUAGES FIRST PART: KAKA ‘MOTHER’S BROTHER’ Alain Matthey de l’Etang Association d’études linguistiques et anthropologiques préhistoriques Paris FRANCE Association for the Study of Language in Prehistory Cambridge, Massachusetts USA [email protected] Here, I report the pervasive distribution in numerous Aboriginal language groups all over Australia, of kinship terms with similar phonetic shapes and meanings, such as kaka MB, FZH, EF. It is argued that this distribution is consistent with the antiquity of this term in the language families in which it is found. Further, its pervasive presence in non-Pama-Nyungan (non-PNy) as well as in Pama-Nyun- gan (PNy) languages, is consistent with inheritance from a higher taxonomic lev- el, possibly Proto-Australian, and beyond, and even possibly from the proto-lan- guage spoken by the first modern men who colonized Sahul. Likewise, the as- sumed existence of Kariera-like terminologies in the higher nodes in the Aus- tralian language phylum is consistent with the claim that the Proto-Australian kinship system was Kariera-like. Abbreviations: P ‘parent,’ G ‘grand,’ M ‘mother,’ F ‘father,’ Z ‘sister,’ B ‘brother,’ U ‘uncle,’ A ‘aunt,’ E ‘spouse,’ e/y ‘elder/younger,’ W ‘wife,’ H ‘husband,’ C ‘child,’ S ‘son,’ D ‘daughter,’ Sib ‘sibling.’ Other relationships are obtained by combination of these primary symbols: MB ‘mother’s brother,’ FZ ‘father’s sister,’ etc.
  • 0 Clicks Paper

    0 Clicks Paper

    * Pulmonic venting and the typology of click nasality Wm. G. Bennett University of Calgary & Rhodes University [email protected] Abstract A cross-linguistic survey of several dozen languages with clicks reveals an unexpected generalization: every language with clicks has nasal clicks. Moreover, some languages have only nasal clicks, and others require clicks to be nasal in certain contexts. Taken together, these point to an implicational universal: oral clicks imply nasal clicks. The explanation offered here is that nasal clicks are not truly [+nasal]; rather, they are clicks with a pulmonic airstream, which can be maintained only by venting excess pulmonic airflow through the nasal cavity. Given this assumption, the observed typology of oral and nasal click distribution can be derived from the relative markedness of non-pulmonic segments more generally, using a simple set of OT constraints. 1. Introduction 1.1 A curious universal of click nasality In most languages that use clicks as consonants, nasality plays a contrastive role. Some examples are given in (1).1 The Zulu examples in (1a) illustrate a contrast between voiced oral clicks and voiced nasal clicks, across three different types of clicks (distinguished by the place of the front constriction). The !Xóõ forms in (1b) illustrate nasality distinctions cutting across three laryngeal configurations within a single click type (palatal). Oral ~ nasal contrasts are found with voiceless clicks, with aspirated clicks, and with voiced clicks. (1) Examples of nasality distinctions in clicks a. Zulu (Doke 1926) Oral Nasal Dental gǀaja ‘cover the breasts’ nǀaja ‘cloud over’ Alveolar gǃaɓa ‘mark the face’ nǃaɓa ‘forbid’ Lateral gǁanǁa ‘mix milk’ nǁanǁa ‘coax’ * This paper has benefitted greatly from suggestions from, and discussions with, numerous individuals whose contributions are not explicitly cited in the references.
  • 1 CURRICULUM VITAE NAME: Kenneth Locke Hale DATE OF

    1 CURRICULUM VITAE NAME: Kenneth Locke Hale DATE OF

    CURRICULUM VITAE NAME: Kenneth Locke Hale DATE OF BIRTH: August 15, 1934 PLACE OF BIRTH: Evanston, Illinois MARRIED: April 9, l955 to Sara Whitaker Hale CHILDREN: (1) Whitaker Locke Hale, born July 1, 1957 (2) Ian Christopher Hale, adopted June 22, 1963 (3) Caleb Perkins Hale, born January 9, 1970 (4) Welcome Ezra Hale, born January 9, 1970 SCHOOLING: (1) University of Arizona, 1952-55; B.A. in Anthropology (2) Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, 1955-56; M.A. in Linguistics (thesis: Class II Prefixes in Navajo); l957-58: Ph.D. in Linguistics granted June, l959 (dissertation: A Papago Grammar) (3) University of New Mexico, Albuquerque entitled : (1) University of New Mexico: part-time field work with speakers of Jemez during the academic year 1956-57 (2) Indiana University Field Station at Flagstaff, Arizona: field work with speakers of Papago during the summers of 1957 and 1958 (with grants from the Indiana University Graduate School) (3) University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales (with a grant from the National Science Foundation): two years' field work on aboriginal languages in northern and central Australia, February 1959 to February 1961 (4) American Philosophical Society: a study of intralanguage variability within Pima-Papago, April-May 1961 (5) University of Illinois (as director of a field station for graduate students in Anthropology, in Mexico): research on Nahuatl as spoken near Tepoztlan, Morelos, summer 1962 (6) University of Illinois (with a grant from the National Science Foundation): research on the classification of aboriginal languages of Australia, summer 1963 (7) University of Illinois (with a grant from the University of Illinois Research Board): research, with Mr.
  • Language Endangerment and Language Revitalization

    Language Endangerment and Language Revitalization

    Language Endangerment and Language Revitalization W DE G Language Endangerment and Language Revitalization An Introduction by Tasaku Tsunoda Mouton de Gruyter Berlin · New York An electronic version of this book is freely available, thanks to the support of libra- ries working with Knowledge Unlatched. KU is a collaborative initiative designed to make high quality books Open Access. More information about the initiative can be found at www.knowledgeunlatched.org An electronic version of this book is freely available, thanks to the support of libra- ries working with Knowledge Unlatched. KU is a collaborative initiative designed to make high quality books Open Access. More information about the initiative can be found at www.knowledgeunlatched.org ISBN 978-3-11-021808-4 e-ISBN (PDF) 978-3-11-021809-1 e-ISBN (EPUB) 978-3-11-021806-2 ISSN 0179-0986 e-ISSN 0179-3256 ISBN 978-3-11-021808-4 e-ISBN (PDF) 978-3-11-021809-1 e-ISBN (EPUB) 978-3-11-021806-2 ISSNThis work0179-0986 is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 License, e-ISSNas of February 0179-3256 23, 2017. For details go to http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A CIP catalog record for this book has been applied for at the Library of Congress. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 License, asBibliografische of February 23, Information 2017. For details der Deutschen go to http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/. Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliogra- Libraryfie; detaillierte of Congress bibliografische Cataloging-in-Publication Daten sind im Internet Data über Ahttp://dnb.dnb.de CIP catalog record abrufbar.