Federal University of Parana Lukas Ruthes Gonçalves
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FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF PARANA LUKAS RUTHES GONÇALVES THE LEGAL PROTECTION OF CREATIVE WORKS MADE BY ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE APPLICATIONS IN BRAZIL CURITIBA 2019 Lukas Ruthes Gonçalves THE LEGAL PROTECTION OF CREATIVE WORKS MADE BY ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE APPLICATIONS IN BRAZIL Thesis presented to the Graduate Program in Law, School of Law, Legal Sciences Sector, Federal University of Paraná as a partial requirement to obtain the title of Master in Law. Area of concentration: Social Relations Law. Research line: Law, Guardianship and Effectiveness. Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Marcos Wachowicz. Curitiba 2019 “Intelligence is whatever machines haven’t done yet”. Larry Tesler “AI is whatever hasn’t been done before”. Douglas Hofstadter ABSTRACT Computer programs made with Artificial Intelligence (AI) technology have already evolved to the point of being able to produce complex works, even if compared to those produced by humans. However, the current Brazilian legal literature fails to deal with the manner in which works created by AI applications should be protected. These, when not a direct result of their basic programming, begin to reveal signs of creativity. The objective of this work, therefore, is to verify how the legal protection of these assets would be given in Brazilian soil. To this end, the definition of Artificial Intelligence is presented, as well as the definition of creative work, author and holder for copyright law. Next, an analysis of these concepts is made based on the paradigm of the Information Society of Castells. In the same way, the legislative process of the copyright legislation in force in the country is analyzed, seeking its motivation. Finally, based on the concept of the work of the German jurist Eugen Ulmer, it is verified whether the Brazilian legislation could protect works created by these computer programs. As a result, the technology and the law would be incompatible, since they are based on different paradigms. While the former seeks the greater dissemination of information, the latter seeks its control. In conclusion, two ways of protecting this type of work are proposed, considering the national legislation in force, given the absence of any prospect of legislative change in the short and medium terms. The first admits that the work produced by an AI application could be protected by national copyright legislation. The second, on the other hand, rules out this possibility. Keywords: Copyright; Artificial Intelligence; Information Society; Computer Program; Legislative Process; Creative Work. LIST OF GRAPHS AND TABLES GRAPH 1 - The Number of Transistors in Integrated Circuit Chips (1971-2016)..................41 TABLE 1 - Comparison between bills………………………………………………….…... 91 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ABC: Brazilian Cinematographic Association ABCA: Brazilian Association of Composers and Authors ABEM: Brazilian Association of Music Editors ABPC: Brazilian Association of Film Producers AGI: Artificial General Intelligence AI: Artificial Intelligence ASSESPRO: Association of Brazilian Software and Computer Services Companies CCTCI: Committee on Science and Technology, Communication and Informatics (of the Brazilian Chamber of Deputies) CDA: Copyright Coordination Department (of the Brazilian Ministry of Culture) CDPA: Copyright, Designs and Patents Act CERN: European Council for Nuclear Research CNDA: National Copyright Council CNI: National Confederation of Industry ECAD: Central Office of Collection and Distribution EU: European Union GATT: General Agreements on Tariffs and Trade GNMT: Google Neural Machine Translation HTML: Hyper Text Markup Language HTTP: Hyper Text Transfer Protocol IDC: International Data Corporation INPI: National Institute of Industrial Property IoT: Internet of Things IPO: Intellectual Property Rights Office MinC: Ministry of Culture MPA: Motion Picture Association PL: Bill of Law SADEMBRA: Brazilian Musical Execution Rights Administration Society SBACEM: Brazilian Society of Authors, Composers and Music Editors SBAT: Brazilian Society of Theatrical Authors SICAM: Independent Society of Musical Composers and Authors TRIPs: Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (agreement) UBC: Brazilian Union of Composers UN: United Nations Organization USA: United States of America USPTO: United States Patent and Trademark Office WCT: Wipo Copyright Treaty WIPO: World Intellectual Property Organization WPPT: Wipo Performances and Phonograms Treaty WTO: World Trade Organisation TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................... 10 1 FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS ABOUT CREATIVE WORKS AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ............................................................................. 13 1.1 Creativity and authorship in accordance with the fundamental copyright law ........... 13 1.1.1 The basic copyright legislation for the theme: The Berne Convention ....................... 14 1.1.2 The concept of creative work according to the Berne Convention.............................. 18 1.1.3 Who owns the creative work according to the Berne Convention .............................. 21 1.2 What Artificial Intelligence is and how it works ......................................................... 25 1.2.1 Demystifying the concept of Artificial Intelligence .................................................... 25 1.2.2 The evolution of the uses of Artificial Intelligence applications ................................. 29 1.2.3 The types of Artificial Intelligence applications existing in the XXI century ............. 33 1.3 The fundamental components of an Artificial Intelligence application ...................... 36 1.3.1 The Algorithm ............................................................................................................. 37 1.3.2 The Hardware .............................................................................................................. 40 1.3.3 Data and Information ................................................................................................... 43 2 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE THEORY OF CASTELLS AND THE ORIGINS OF CURRENT BRAZILIAN LEGISLATION ON THE SUBJECT ................................................................................................... 49 2.1 Artificial Intelligence in the context of the Information Society ................................. 50 2.1.1 The Information Society according to the theory of Castells ...................................... 50 2.1.2 Information in the Information Society ....................................................................... 54 2.1.3 Artificial Intelligence and its parallels with the Information Society .......................... 57 2.2 The International Legislation applicable to Artificial Intelligence and its adoption in Brazil ....................................................................................................................................... 58 2.2.1 The option for the Copyright Regime in the Treatment of Computer Programs Applications ................................................................................................................. 59 2.2.2 The first international treaty to mention software: The TRIPs Agreement ................. 62 2.2.3 External pressure on Brazil for the protection of computer programs and the adoption of international treaties on the subject in Brazil .......................................................... 65 2.3 The legislative process of existing Brazilian laws on the protection of computer programs ...................................................................................................................... 69 2.3.1 The Brazilian context and the pressure groups active during the legislative process of laws 9.609/98 and 9.610/98 ......................................................................................... 69 2.3.2 Law 5.988/73 and the Bills for its reform .................................................................... 73 2.3.3 The main points from the approval of Laws 9.609/98 and 9.610/98 ........................... 78 3 THE TUTELAGE OF WORKS MADE BY ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN BRAZIL ...................................................................................................................... 83 3.1 Work, Authorship and Ownership according to Laws 9.609/98 and 9.610/98 ........... 84 3.1.1 Creative work in accordance with laws 9.609/98 and 9.610/98 .................................. 84 3.1.2 The authorship of creative works according to Brazilian laws .................................... 88 3.1.3 Ownership of creative works in Brazil ........................................................................ 92 3.2 The work of an Artificial Intelligence application for the current Brazilian law ........ 97 3.2.1 The possibility of an Artificial Intelligence application of being creative .................. 97 3.2.2 The possibility of an Artificial Intelligence application of having an intellectual expression .................................................................................................................. 101 3.2.3 The compatibility between the operation of an Artificial Intelligence application and the Brazilian copyright laws ...................................................................................... 104 3.3 Proposed solutions for the legal protection of creative works made by Artificial Intelligence applications ..........................................................................................