Index

abrasion 298, 307, 310, 316 BLDC motor 104, 105, 132, 147, 148, ABS 217 152 AC chopper converter 146 blocking force 262,281 AC motor 93 Bode-diagram 165 AC 146 boost converter 61 AC 141 bootstrap driver 42 AC motor 113, 115, 126, 216 brake 312, 316 achievable accuracy 177 breakdown field 82 active vibration absorber 16 breakdown voltage 24, 36 active-clamping circuit 51 breakthrough voltage 22, 25 adaptive control, AC 4 Bridgman method 278 adaptronics 5, 6 brushes 92,94 air-gap windings 91 Buck-topology 61 AlNiCo magnet 96 amplification system 15 canned motor 128 amplified piezo actuator 266 capacitor 118 analogue 271 capacitor AC motor 120 anti-lock braking system 177, 217 cascade-circuit 113 application areas 20 charge control 270, 277 asynchronous point-to-point controls charge pump 44, 80 206 cheap motors 86 axial piston motor 181 chopper 93, 98 clamping force 262 backdrop 227 class-A amplifier 272 backward shift 92 class-C amplifier 272 Baker clamp 26 classification of drive circuits 38 BCD technology 80 claw-pole construction 152 bell- 97 claw-pole principle 104 bell-type motor 95 claw-pole 128 bending element 264 claw-pole type 131 bi-metallic actuator 234 close-loop position control 114 bimetal effect 320 closed loop control 4, 85, 237 bimetals 6 clutch 312, 317 Bingham body 293, 307 collocation 8 Bingham model 295 commutator 92 bipolar connection 106, 137 compensation filter 11, 13 bipolar power transistors 24 complementary drive stage 39 bipolar transistor 21 compound-wound motor 93 338 Index compressible pressure medium 172 double-acting proportional magnet computer-numeric control 214 167 concentrated windings 91 drive circuit 37 conduction losses 56 driving circuit 64 constant-flux operation 123 DSP blocks 80 contamination 172 duty cycle 46 control circuit 78 dV/ dt limitation 79 control processor 5 dV/dt protection 54 controlled bridge 101 dV/dt-limiting 55 controller 4 dynamic characteristics 31 controlling method 144 dynamic response 185 CoolMOS 77 dynamic vibration absorber 289 CoolMOS-FET 74 coreless motor 97 EC motor 104 cross-section 28, 33 electrically excited DC motor 92 Curie temperature 258, 260, 287 electro-thermal model 58, 60 current gain 25 electrochemical actuator 234, 236 current limitation 79 electrochemical oxygen pump 234 current limitation circuit 54 electrochemical reactions 234 current transformers 53 electrodynamical principle 158 cylindrical-inside-field type 97 electrohydraulic drive 156 electrohydraulic valves 160 electromagnet 138 damper 305, 313 electromagnetic actuator 63 damping rate 186 electromagnetic converter 158 Darlington stage 27 electromagnetic interference 72 DC chopper circuits 60 electromagnetic micromotor 322 DC chopper converter 145 electromechanical converter 158 DC commutator motor 112, 152 electronic commutation 105 DC magnet 139 electronic stability control 218 DC motor 147, 148, 216 electronically driven motors 89 DC switching converters 60 electropneumatic valves 171 DCB-substrate 57 electrorheological effect 292 dead zone 169 electrorheological fluid 6, 292, 293 decoupling capacitor 47 electrorheological vibration absorber degree of irregularity 185 303 device stress 72 electrostatic forces 320 diametral magnetization 95 electrostrictive effect 256,277 dielectric isolation 81 electroviscous effect 292,293 differential transformator sensor 196 Elliptec motor 269 directional valves 171 EMI problems 49 disc motor 110, 137 energy controller 1,233 disc-type motor 90, 95 energy converter 1,233 disk translator 265 energy loss 171 displacement amplification 265 equivalent circuit 262,281,299,311 displacement control 155 ESP 218 dither 164 expansion element 239 DMOS-FET 74, 76 external commutated drive 143 double-acting cylinder 183, 189 external rotor 108 Index 339 external-rotor motor 90, 117 half-wave zero-current converter 74 externally commutated motor 86, 90 Hall element 105, 106, 114 hammering actuator 139 Faulhaber winding 97 handling systems 219 feedback vector 204 health monitoring 8 Ferraris motor 117 heteropolar motor 90 ferrite magnet 95 heteropolar type motor 90 ferrofluids 310 high grade motors 86 field weakening 113 high voltage boosting 65 field-weakening operation 123 high-frequency tool 118 finite-element program 57 high-grade motor 96 five-phase 150 high-side drive 41 flapper-nozzle 161 high-side driver 37 flat rotor 97 HITFET 79 flight simulation 222 homogeneous ER fluids 297, 316 float-zone method 278 homopolar machine 91 floating body sensor 195 hot spots 26 flow amplification 163 HY motor 134 flow mode 298, 310 hybrid amplifier 271, 272 flow sensor 195 hybrid stepper motor 133, 150 flow valves 171 hybrid 127 flow-signal function 163 hydraulic drive 112 fluidic microsystem 332 hydraulic motor 216 fluidpower actuator 155 hysteresis 4, 164,174,241,252,273, force compensation 16 308 four-pulse connection 107 hysteresis motor 126, 130, 131 four-quadrant circuit 145 hysteresis operators 12 four-quadrant mode 146 hysteretic effects 11 four-quadrant operation 61, 111 hysteretic nonlinearities 10 fractional-horsepower motor 85 FRED diodes 24 frequency converter 147 ideal power 20 frequency response 163 IGBT 21,33 frequency spectrum 212 inchworm motor 267 frequency variation 122 induction sensor 195 fuel cells 234 inductive sensor 196 full-step mode 134 injector 275 full-wave converter 74 intelligent actuator 8, 10 interference suppression 102 galvanic isolation 48 intermediate-rotor motor 90 gate charge 31, 56 intermediate-rotor type 97 gate losses 56 intermediate-stator motor 90 gate-source overvoltage 52 internal rotor 108 gear-pump 195 internal-rotor motor 90, 117 gripper system 326 inverse filter 9 inverse piezoelectric effect 254, 259 H-bridge 146 ironless rotor 112 half-controlled bridge 145 ISO 5599 179 half-step mode 134 isolated gate drive 38, 45 340 Index jet pipe 161 microdrive 322 Joule effect 277 microelectromechanical systems junction isolated smart-power (MEMS) 5 technology 81 microelectronics 6, 321 junction temperature 55, 57, 82 micromachining 321 junction-FET 76 micromirror 328 micromotor 109, 322 laminar translator 264 micropump 331 lap windings 96 microscanner 328 lead-zirconium-titanate (PZT) 256 microsensor 6 level shifting stage 44 microsystem technology (MST) 5, 333 lifting 62 microvalve 330 LIGA technology 321 Miller plateau 31 limited-angle rotary actuator 186 moonie transducer 266 line-commutated converter 145, 146 MOSFET 21 linear BLDC motor 111 motion simulator 223 linear direct drive 111 motor mount 319 90, 137, 159 moving coil 97, 158 load pressure 185 moving magnet 140 load stiffness 164 multi-loop controls 200 logic-level interfacing 80 multifunctional elements 6 longitudinal effect 255, 259, 261 multilayer ceramics 258, 276 loop amplification 208 multilayer stack 276 loop control chain 3 multiple chip mounting 78 low-pressure accumulator 217 multiple-stage control valve 168 low-side drive 39 low-side driver 37 nano-sized MR fluid 309 natural angular frequency 185, 186, magnetic field curve 92 199 magnetic incremental encoder 105 N dFeB magnet 96 magnetic shape memory 243 Nitinol 244 magnetorheological effect 307 nominal flow 179 magnetorheological fluid 6, 306 nominal width 179 magnetostrictive actuator 8, 234, 277 non-punch-through 33 magnetostrictive constant 279 magnetostrictive effect 277 ohmic region 29 main stage 165 olenoid valves 175 man-machine interface (MMI) 3 OmniFET 79 Matteucci effect 279 on-resistance 30 Maxon winding 97 one-pulse connection 107 mechatronics 5 one-quadrant amplifier 300 membrane cylinder 189 one-way memory effect 242, 245 membrane motor 188 open loop amplification 199 memory-programmable control 214 open-loop control 85, 125 Merril motor 127 operator 8 metal hydride actuator 240 optical incremental encoder 105 microactuator 234, 260, 320 optical sensor 196 microchopper 329 opto-couplers 48, 271 microcontroller cores 80 output characteristic 29, 35 Index 341 overload protection 52, 79 8-10 overvoltage protection 49, 79 power switching devices 20 power-MOSFET 28 pancake motor 90,97 power-MOSFET technologies 75 parallel bimorph 265 PPT 1-controller 212 parasitic capacitances 31 PPT-controller 200 parasitic components 29 pre-magnetization 283, 285 Paschen effect 321 pressure amplification 164 path control 207 pressure control 211 penny motor 324 pressure control valves 171 permanent-magnet DC motor 94 pressure drops 175 permanent-magnet motor 126 pressure oscillation 212 permanent-magnet stepper motor 133 pressure-signal function 163 phase displacement 118 process computer 5 phase-angle control 103, 122, 146 propagation delay 49 PI-controller 212 proportional magnet 158 PID-controller 197 proportional valves 157, 160 piezo actuator 234 protection circuits 49 piezo constant 261 protection functions 80, 82 piezo effect 320 pryoelectricity 259 piezo pilot stage 180 pulsating-current motor 99 piezoceramic 257 pulse-width modulation 103, 176, 301 piezoelectric actuator 4, 8, 15, 159, punch-through 33 254 push-pull stage 40 piezoelectric charge constant 258 PWM 103,147 piezoelectric effect 254 PWM servo-amplifier 93 piezoelectric elements 6 PZT 256 piezoelectric polymers 259 piezoelectric stack 275 quasi-resonant converters 72 piezoresistive sensor 194 quiescent flow function 163 pilot control 166 pilot stage 161 radial magnetization 95 piston motor 181, 188 radial piston motor 181 plunger electromagnet 144 radio disturbance 92 PM motor 134 rare-earth magnet 96 pneumatic gripper 220 real-time system 5 polarization 257 reciprocal piezoelectric effect 254 pole shoe 96 reconstruction filter 11, 13 porous metal 140 rectifier 93 portable appliances 101 reduction gear 324 positioning system 238, 265, 273, 325 relaxor 277 positive overlap 169 126, 131 potentiometer sensor 196 resistance control 155 power amplifier 1, 270, 285, 299, 313 resistance-start motor 120 power circuit 19 reverse recovery current 83 power controller 76, 82 revolving field 118 power converter 122 rhombic winding 97 power diode 22 rodless cylinder 189, 220 power dissipation 56, 57 rotary motor 181 342 Index rotary valve 172 smart discretes 78 rotatory speed 184 smart power IC 80 rotor position encoder 104 smart structures 6 round-frame-type motor 108 smart-power devices 74 running capacitor 120 SmCo 96 snap-off 23 safe operating area diagram 56 snubber circuit 36 saturation 25 solenoid 140 saturation voltage 34 solenoid actuator 139 Schottky diode 23 solid-state reaction 235 secondary breakdown 26 sonar system 288 secondary control 157 speed enhancement circuits 49 secondary-controlled hydraulic motor speed regulation 98 226 split-phase motor 124 sedimentation 297, 306, 307, 310, 316 squeeze mode 298, 310 self-clocked motor 92 squirrel-cage winding 117, 127, 132 self-commutated drive 143 stack transducer 274 self-commutated motors 86 stack translator 260, 263 self-heating effect 58, 59 stage mover 227 self-isolation 81 standardization 85 self-sensing 243 standardized nominal flow 179 self-sensing actuator 6, 8, 10, 12, 13 starting capacitor 120 sense-MOSFET 53 state controller 203 sensorless control 105 static response characteristics 186 series bimorph 265 status feedback 79 series wound motor 93 steady valve 161 servo drive 111 step response 163, 165 servo valves 161 stepper motor 104, 132, 149, 152 shade-pole motor 124 stick friction and leakage 208 shape memory alloys 241 super-smart-power devices 76 shape memory effect 241, 320, 326 superelasticity 242, 251 shape memory elements 6 surface micromachining 321 shape-memory actuator 234 swinging magnet 139 shear effect 265, 277 swinging- magnet 142 shear element 265 switched reluctance motor 115 shear mode 298, 310 switching amplifier 271, 272, 285, 300 shunt resistor 52 switching integrator 206 shunt-wound motor 93 switching losses 56 silicon carbide 82 synchronized induction motor 128 simulation 15, 58 synchronous motor 125 single-acting cylinder 183, 189 single-loop control 199 tacho-generator 105, 147 single-phase (induction) motor 115 tail current 35 single-phase motor 118 tandem master brake cylinder 217 single-phase stepper motor 138 tapped field winding 102 single-phase synchronous machine 149 TCS 218 six-pulse connection 107 temp-FET 79 skew winding 97 temperature coefficient 28 slotless windings 91 temperature distribution 58 Index 343

Terfenol-D 278 two-quadrant amplifier 300 theater hydraulics 227 two-quadrant converters 62 thermal conductivity 83 two-way effect 247, 248, 250 thermal impedance 57, 59 two-way memory effect 242, 245 thermal management 55 thermo-bimetal 252, 265 ultra sound sensor 195, 196 thermo-chemical actuator 239 268 third brush 98 uncontrolled bridge 101 three-phase drive 113 unconventional actuator 233 three-pulse connection 107 unipolar connection 106, 137 throttling losses 157 94, 101, 146 thyristor 20, 36 TOPFET 79 valve actuators 62 torque 184 vane motor 186 torque-motor 159 variable reluctance stepper motor 133 totem-pole 41 variable resistors 162 traction control system 218 vibration absorbers 14, 303 transformation temperature 241, 245 vibrator 139, 142 transformer-coupled gate drive 45 voice-coil drive 151 translatory motor 183 voice-coil motor 111, 144 transversal effect 255, 259, 264 voltage control 270,271,277 trench-FET 74, 76 voltage slew rate 54 turbine sensor 195 VR motor 134 turn-off 26 turn-off behavior 22 wave windings 96 turn-off losses 34 waved-formed coil 110 turn-on behavior 22,31,32,35 wheel brakes 217 turn-on resistance 77 windings 91 turning magnet 139 worm motor 284 turning piston motor 188 two-pulse bridge 101 zero overlap 165 two-pulse connection 107 zero-current converters 72