DOCSLIB.ORG

MARIANA RAMOS - BIOGRAPHY (Cape Verde)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

MARIANA RAMOS - BIOGRAPHY (Cape Verde) Critics of the press and broadcast medium are unanimous: Mariana Ramos is a solar singer. She probably owes to Senegal, her native country, this enthusiasm and vigor that characterize her. Generous, Mariana is radiant and attracts all the attention once she's on stage. As the show progresses, she inflames her audience and transmits her sacred fire. It is in Cape Verde, the home of her ancestors, she finds her inspiration. She transports us to the frenzied air of the archipelago: the cola sanjõn, the coladeira, the joyous music of the island of São Vicente, Funana and batucu legacy of the slaves of the island of Santiago. At each performance she brings her personal touch. When the Franco-Cape Verdean interprets the traditional mornas, we feel a particular emotion sin her voice. Mariana is a cosmopolitan singer, a symbol of successful intermixing. She lived in Cape Verde in the district of Monte Sossego, raised by her grandmother to whom she dedicated her album "Bibia". She joined her parents who were forced to immigrate to France. Her entire childhood was influenced by both parents. From her mother's side, she inherited her passion for dance that she practices from the age of 7, and from her paternal side, she was seduced by the Cape Verdean rhythms composed by her father, Toy Ramos alias Bibi, guitarist of the famous group "Voz de Cabo Verde". When she came of age, she began performing on stage in a rock band and an orchestra of variety. Later she joined a jazz quintet. At that time Mariana needed to be liberated from her roots. She had a thirst for discovering and interpreting other genres, from Nougaro to Jonasz including Piaf, Ella Fitzgerald, Sarah Vaughan or Rickie Lee Jones. Impregrated with multiple influences, her meeting with Teofilo Chantre and Nazalio Fortes, young Cape Verdean composers, played a prominent role to take her back to her origins. This was an opportunity for her to metamorphose herself and to revive and reveal her true talents. From this moment she began an inevitable accession to fame. After a first album "Di dor em or" released in April 2000, she returned on stage at the New Morning, Bataclan, Café de la Danse, touring Africa, Italy and Greece, sometimes along with Tito Paris, Téofilo Cantor, or opening Souad Massi's concert. Mariana was noticed by writer-director Richard Demarcy to act, to sing and to dance in a play "Oye Luna" with over 600 performances in Europe and Africa. With "Bibia", released in 2004, Mariana offered a hearty CD, the fruit of a combination of talents: Ano Nobo, the poet Manuel de Novas, Teofilo Chantre, the composer of Cesaria Evora, and her father Toy Ramos signing four beautiful compositions filled with "sodade". CONTACTS Booking: Laëtitia Chantrait – [email protected] / Aubin Dohounon – [email protected] Safoul Productions 27ter, rue du Progrès 93107 Montreuil www.safoul-productions.com - Tél. +33(0)1 48 59 36 11 Her third album "Mornador" was followed by a tour which was noticed by the press in France, Belgium, Italy, the Netherlands and Germany. Mariana wrote and composed six titles. The growing audience supported her more than before. SUAVIDANCA – NEW ALBUM In February 2011, Mariana is going to release "SuaviDança", her fourth album with 12 songs. Subtle arrangements emphasize her suave voice with elegance and bring out the rhythms of her Cape Verde. Brass and strings highlight elegantly the compositions of Toy Bibia, Teofilo Chantre and Jorge Humberto. Mariana has composed two songs: "Beleza", funana which is an excerpt from Misa's collection of poetry, and "Nzinga Mbandi" which celebrates the heroine of Angola in a duet with Angelique Kidjo. Eight titles were written by herself. Success does not just happen by chance, because, by returning to her Cape Verdean roots, Mariana betrayed nothing of her cosmopolitan trip. She was enriched by all the influences that have seduced her. Singular and universal, Mariana opens up a beautiful path for the song of her archipelago. Discography: "Di dor em or", Morabeza Records / Dam - April 2000 "Bibia", Doçura / Lusafrica / Harmonia Mundi - May 2004 "Mornador", Casa Verde Productions / Lusafrica / Sony BMG - January 2008 "SuaviDança", Casa Verde Productions / Lusafrica / Sony BMG - February 21, 2011 MAIN SHOWS 2011 Café de la Danse (Paris – march), Bataclan (Paris - may), Quai Branly museum (Paris - may), World Day of Music (Pierrelatte – june), Open air theatre (Pau – juillet), Alcazar (Paris – september), le Trident (Cherbourg – October), Théâtre Lino Ventura (Torcy – novembre), two shows in Algeria (Alger and Bejaia – december) WEB - Internet websites : http://www.safoul-productions.com/en/accueil_en_mariana_ramos.htm http://www.mariana-ramos.com/ - video links: http://www.dailymotion.com/video/xgseb6_couleurs-tropicales-mariana-ramos_music CONTACTS Booking: Laëtitia Chantrait – [email protected] / Aubin Dohounon – [email protected] Safoul Productions 27ter, rue du Progrès 93107 Montreuil www.safoul-productions.com - Tél. +33(0)1 48 59 36 11 .
Recommended publications
  • The Story of Morna: Cape Verde's Music of Displacement and Return

    The Story of Morna: Cape Verde's Music of Displacement and Return

    _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ The story of morna: Cape Verde’s music of displacement and return How a music shaped by slavery, epidemics, famine and mass migration travelled the world, narrating stories of suffering and resistance. A violinist known as Nhô Raul performs with other morna musicians in the Cape Verdean Island of Brava By Beatriz Ramalho da Silva 23 May 2021 Mariana dos Santos was 18 years old when she left her home in Cape Verde, the archipelago of volcanic islands off the coast of West Africa, for neighbouring São Tomé and Principe. It was 1954, and she had been given a contract to work picking coffee, coconut and cocoa at a plantation. She joined the thousands of Cape Verdeans leaving the country to work as labourers in other Portuguese colonies – something promoted by the colonial authorities as a way of alleviating demographic pressure on the islands and filling labour gaps abroad. “I felt like it was time, I was grown up enough and I had to go look for a better life,” the now 85-year-old tells Al Jazeera. 2 On the day Mariana was set to leave, her boyfriend João accompanied her to the port with his guitar. He serenaded her until she boarded the ship. “Who showed you / That far away path? / The path / to São Tomé. / Sodade, sodade, / Sodade / …” he sang. “If you write me, / I will write you / if you forget me, / I will forget you…” The song, Sodade, was written down with some modifications by a local salesman, Armando Zeferino Soares. Years later, it would become one of the world’s most famous mornas, a Cape Verdean musical practice believed to date back to the 18th century.
  • Nr Kat EAN Code Artist Title Nośnik Liczba Nośników Data Premiery Repertoire 19075816441 190758164410 '77 Bright Gloom Vinyl

    Nr Kat EAN Code Artist Title Nośnik Liczba Nośników Data Premiery Repertoire 19075816441 190758164410 '77 Bright Gloom Vinyl

    nr kat EAN code artist title nośnik liczba nośników data premiery repertoire 19075816441 190758164410 '77 Bright Gloom Vinyl Longplay 33 1/3 2 2018-04-27 HEAVYMETAL/HARDROCK 19075816432 190758164328 '77 Bright Gloom CD Longplay 1 2018-04-27 HEAVYMETAL/HARDROCK 9985848 5051099858480 '77 Nothing's Gonna Stop Us CD Longplay 1 2015-10-30 HEAVYMETAL/HARDROCK 88697636262 886976362621 *NSYNC The Collection CD Longplay 1 2010-02-01 POP 88875025882 888750258823 *NSYNC The Essential *NSYNC CD Longplay 2 2014-11-11 POP 19075906532 190759065327 00 Fleming, John & Aly & Fila Future Sound of Egypt 550 CD Longplay 2 2018-11-09 DISCO/DANCE 88875143462 888751434622 12 Cellisten der Berliner Philharmoniker, Die Hora Cero CD Longplay 1 2016-06-10 CLASSICAL 88697919802 886979198029 2CELLOS 2CELLOS CD Longplay 1 2011-07-04 CLASSICAL 88843087812 888430878129 2CELLOS Celloverse CD Longplay 1 2015-01-27 CLASSICAL 88875052342 888750523426 2CELLOS Celloverse CD Longplay 2 2015-01-27 CLASSICAL 88725409442 887254094425 2CELLOS In2ition CD Longplay 1 2013-01-08 CLASSICAL 19075869722 190758697222 2CELLOS Let There Be Cello CD Longplay 1 2018-10-19 CLASSICAL 88883745419 888837454193 2CELLOS Live at Arena Zagreb DVD Video Longplay 1 2013-11-05 CLASSICAL 88985349122 889853491223 2CELLOS Score CD Longplay 1 2017-03-17 CLASSICAL 88985461102 889854611026 2CELLOS Score (Deluxe Edition) CD Longplay 2 2017-08-25 CLASSICAL 19075818232 190758182322 4 Times Baroque Caught in Italian Virtuosity CD Longplay 1 2018-03-09 CLASSICAL 88985330932 889853309320 9ELECTRIC The Damaged Ones
  • Literatura E Mu Sica E Mu Sica E Literatura Em Cabo Verde: Um Olhar Sobre Cesa Ria E Vora E Dina Salu Stio

    Literatura E Mu Sica E Mu Sica E Literatura Em Cabo Verde: Um Olhar Sobre Cesa Ria E Vora E Dina Salu Stio

    LITERATURA E MU SICA E MU SICA E LITERATURA EM CABO VERDE: UM OLHAR SOBRE CESA RIA E VORA E DINA SALU STIO LITERATURE IS MUSIC AND MUSIC IS LITERATURE IN CAPE VERDE: A LOOK AT CESA RIA E VORA AND DINA SALU STIO agosto de 2019 agosto – Denise Lima Santiago Figueiredo1 v.2, nº.22 nº.22 v.2, 2 – Maristela Rodrigues Lopes 3 2019 2019 Maria Mirtis Caser - 4456 4456 - RESUMO: Em Cabo Verde, a literatura e a música constituem importantes manifestações na construção identitária do arquipélago. As artes, literária e musical, encontram em Dina Salústio e em Cesária Évora, respectivamente, duas vozes que não só elevam a cultura do país, mas ISSN: 2179 ISSN: também representam o sentimento de pertencimento e a força da mulher. Tendo isso em conta, – este artigo discute a produção dessas duas mulheres, a partir do contexto cabo-verdiano, tendo em vista o diálogo entre literatura e música. Para tanto, em termos teóricos, recorre a REVELL REVELL pesquisadores como Simone Caputo Gomes (2008, 2010, 2013), Franz Fanon (2008), Paul Giroy (2001), Conceição Evaristo (2018), e, em termos de análise, considera o fazer musical de Cesária Évora e Mornas eram as noites, de Dina Salústio. O resultado dessa análise evidencia a importância da produção de Évora e Salústio como expressão da cultura cabo-verdiana e como espaço de vivência das subjetividades. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Cabo Verde; Literatura e música; Cesária Évora; Dina Salústio. 1 Mestre em Letras: Linguagens e Representações pela Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz – Brasil. Doutoranda em Letras na Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo – Brasil.
  • Katalog Sony Music 16.04.2020.Xlsx

    Katalog Sony Music 16.04.2020.Xlsx

    nr kat EAN code artist title nośnik liczba nośników data premiery repertoire 19075816432190758164328'77 Bright Gloom CD Longplay 1 2018-04-27 HEAVYMETAL/HARDROCK 19075816441190758164410'77 Bright Gloom Vinyl Longplay 33 1/3 2 2018-04-27 HEAVYMETAL/HARDROCK 88697636262886976362621*NSYNC The Collection CD Longplay 1 2010-02-01 POP 88875025882888750258823*NSYNC The Essential *NSYNC CD Longplay 2 2014-11-11 POP 1907590653219075906532700 Fleming, John & Aly & Fila Future Sound of Egypt 550 CD Longplay 2 2018-11-09 DISCO/DANCE 8887514346288875143462212 Cellisten der Berliner Philharmoniker, Die Hora Cero CD Longplay 1 2016-06-10 CLASSICAL 1907592212219075922122821 Savage i am > i was CD Longplay 1 2019-01-11 RAP/HIPHOP 1907592212119075922121121 Savage i am > i was Vinyl Longplay 33 1/3 2 2019-03-01 RAP/HIPHOP 886979198028869791980292CELLOS 2CELLOS CD Longplay 1 2011-07-04 CLASSICAL 888430878128884308781292CELLOS Celloverse CD Longplay 1 2015-01-27 CLASSICAL 888750523428887505234262CELLOS Celloverse CD Longplay 2 2015-01-27 CLASSICAL 887254094428872540944252CELLOS In2ition CD Longplay 1 2013-01-08 CLASSICAL 190758697221907586972222CELLOS Let There Be Cello CD Longplay 1 2018-10-19 CLASSICAL 888837454198888374541932CELLOS Live at Arena Zagreb DVD Video Longplay 1 2013-11-05 CLASSICAL 889853491228898534912232CELLOS Score CD Longplay 1 2017-03-17 CLASSICAL 889854611028898546110262CELLOS Score (Deluxe Edition) CD Longplay 2 2017-08-25 CLASSICAL 190759538011907595380123TEETH METAWAR Vinyl Longplay 33 1/3 2 2019-07-05 HEAVYMETAL/HARDROCK 190759537921907595379233TEETH
  • 歌謡モルナにおけるcretcheu とamor の意味変容 the Transition of The

    歌謡モルナにおけるcretcheu とamor の意味変容 the Transition of The

    国際言語文化第 3 号（2017 年 3 月） ḷㅴࣔࣝࢼ࡟࠾ࡅࡿCretcheu ࡜Amor ࡢព࿡ኚᐜ The Transition of the Significance of Cretcheu and Amor in Morna 㟷ᮌᩗ せ᪨ The singer Cesária Évora is famous for having spread Cabo Verdean culture to the world by singing morna and coladeira. The former is a musical genre at the core of the cultural identity of Cabo Verde, while the latter, a rhythmical dancing music, is a tradition of the northern islands of the country. The expression of love, cretcheu and amor in Cabo Verdean Creole, is prominent in the lyrics of morna. Both terms certainly bear a special and profound significance for the people of Cabo Verde who experienced a massive emigration in the past. The present research is a study of the lyrics of morna in the period of Cesária Évora (end of the twentieth century) and the present (beginning of the twenty-first century) to examine the significance of cretcheu and amor expressed in her albums and also in the daily life of the people of Cabo Verde. The expression of cretcheu VLJQLILHV³EHORYHG´ and amor has a sensHRI³ORYH´ H.g. love a person, with love, etc.). The author shows that, while cretcheu had multiple and complex meanings in morna in every period, from the end of the nineteenth century to the beginning of the twentieth century, it only has a single meaning LQ&HViULD¶VVRQJV7UDQVPLWWLQJWKHW\SLFDOVHQWLPHQWLQmorna and coladeira was a way of inheriting the culture of Cabo Verde. ࣮࣮࠙࢟࣡ࢻࠚࢭࢨࣜ࢔࣭࢚ࣦ࢛ࣛࠊḷㅴࣔࣝࢼࠊほග࣭ၟᴗࠊᩥ໬⥅ᢎࠊamorࠊcretcheu ࣮࣭ࣦ࢙࢝࣎ࣝࢹࡢ㡢ᴦᩥ໬ ࣮࣭ࣦ࢙࢝࣎ࣝࢹࡣ㡢ᴦᩥ໬ࡀ㠀ᖖ࡟㇏࠿࡞ᅜ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬௒᪥㸪኱ໃࡢほගᐈࡀ㉱ࡃሙᡤ࡛࠶ ࡾ㸪࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃ࡛ࡣ࠸ࢃࡺࡿࠕࣜࢰ࣮ࢺᆅࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚▱ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬࡜ࡾࢃࡅ㸪ࢧࣝᓥ࡜࣎࢔࣭ ࣦ࢕ࢫࢱᓥࡢ◁὾ࡸࢧࣥࢺ࣭࢔ࣥࢱࢗࣥᓥࡢⓏᒣ㸪ࡑࡋ࡚ࢧ࣭ࣦࣥ࢕ࢭࣥࢸᓥࡢ㡢ᴦᩥ໬ࢆほ ග┠ⓗ࡜ࡍࡿேࡀከ࠸(1).
  • Cesária Évora (27.8.1941-17.12.2011)

    Cesária Évora (27.8.1941-17.12.2011)

    CESÁRIA ÉVORA (27.8.1941-17.12.2011) DE DIVA OP BLOTE VOETEN IS NIET MEER Tekst: Rik van Boeckel voor Cultuurpodium.nl Zaterdag 17 december 2011 is Cesária Évora, de diva op blote voeten, op 70-jarige leeftijd overleden in een ziekenhuis op São Vicente, het Kaapverdische eiland waar ze altijd gewoond heeft. Hoewel ze wegens haar zwakke gezondheid haar tournee afgelopen najaar heeft moeten annuleren, kwam haar dood toch onverwacht. Ze bracht 12 albums uit. Mei 2009 interviewde ik haar telefonisch voor Jazz Magazine. Haar optreden eind augustus dat jaar in De Melkweg was haar laatste optreden in Nederland. Het was bijzonder om te zien hoe Cesária zonder enige communicatie met het publiek met nummers als Sodade en Terezinha datzelfde publiek in de Rabozaal van de Melkweg wist te betoveren. Ze kreeg al tijdens haar opkomst een staande ovatie. Het onderstaande artikel is een enigszins aangepaste weergave van het artikel dat in 2009 in Jazz Magazine verscheen. Haar laatste album Nha Sentimiento moest toen nog verschijnen, over dat album is nog informatie toegevoegd. Cesária Évora heeft de Kaapverdische morna wereldberoemd gemaakt. Eind jaren ’50 zong ze in de café s van Mindelo, de hoofdstad van het Kaapverdische eiland São Vicente. Internationaal brak ze pas door begin jaren ‘90 nadat José da Silva, nu eigenaar van Lusafrica, haar had horen zingen in een restaurant in Lissabon. Ondanks haar wereldwijde succes heeft ze haar eenvoud weten te behouden. Ze stond bekend als de diva op blote voeten omdat ze altijd zo optrad. Met haar diepe altstem heeft ze de wereld prachtige morna’s en coladeira’s geschonken.
  • La Diva Aux Pieds Nus À Ibn Khaldoun

    La Diva Aux Pieds Nus À Ibn Khaldoun

    Culture / Culture Césaria Evora en concert à Alger La diva aux pieds nus à Ibn Khaldoun En 2000 déjà, la Victoire de la musique récompensait Césaria Evora meilleur album world de l’année. En 2004, la chanteuse capverdienne décroche le prix Grammy, une consécration qui venait marquer un parcours pas toujours facile. Et, pourtant, rien ne prédestinait la petite fille aux pieds nus de Sao Vincent, son île natale, à une carrière musicale internationale : 9 albums à l’étranger, 6 compilations et une très riche avenue scénique. Après avoir sillonné les scènes du monde, la diva aux pieds nus animera demain soir un concert à Alger à la salle Ibn Khaldoun, à partir de 21 heures. Césaria Evora foule le sol algérien pour un concert inédit. Née le 27 août 1944 à Mindelo, petite ville commerçante de Sao Vicente, l'une des îles du Cap-Vert. À l'âge de 7 ans, son père musicien violoniste disparaît prématurément, terrassé par l'alcool. La petite Césaria est alors confiée aux soins d’un orphelinat, sa mère ne pouvant subvenir à ses besoins. Et c’est là où Césaria apprend à chanter dans une chorale qu'elle quitte à l'âge de 13 ans. 3 ans plus tard, elle fait la rencontre d'Eduardo, son premier grand amour, un marin qui, après Gregorio Gonsalves, lui apprend l'art précieux de l'interprétation des coladeras et des mornas anciennes. C'est à cette époque qu'elle entreprend la “tournée” des bars de la ville, au fameux Calypso, et Café royal de l'avenue de Lisbonne.
  • Frequentemente, Os Álbuns Póstumos De Temas Inéditos São Percepcionados Como Se De Jóias Raras E Inesperadas Ou Tesouros Sobreviventes, Se Tratasse

    Frequentemente, Os Álbuns Póstumos De Temas Inéditos São Percepcionados Como Se De Jóias Raras E Inesperadas Ou Tesouros Sobreviventes, Se Tratasse

    Frequentemente, os álbuns póstumos de temas inéditos são percepcionados como se de jóias raras e inesperadas ou tesouros sobreviventes, se tratasse. Mas o facto de “Mãe Carinhosa”, décimo segundo álbum de estúdio de Cesaria Evora, ter sido lançado um ano depois da sua morte, em breve será esquecido. Nele, a cantora cabo-verdiana traz-nos clássicos do repertório do arquipélago, assim como, novos temas - mornas comoventes e coladeiras elegantes - espreitando a América Latina e a atmosfera intemporal dos piano-bar em todos os portos do mundo. “Mãe Carinhosa” é como um último mimo que Cesaria nos deixa, após uma carreira internacional algo milagrosa. Antes de Cesaria, tinha de se ser geógrafo, navegador ou cabo- verdiano, para saber onde ficava Cabo Verde,…o arquipélago em tempos colonizado por portugueses, algumas centenas de quilómetros ao largo do Senegal. Em 1986, Cesaria tinha 45 anos e ainda cantava por algumas notas amarrotadas nos bares do Mindelo em Cabo Verde. No ano seguinte, já em Lisboa, José da Silva, francês de origem cabo-verdiana, encontrou-a a cantar num restaurante cabo-verdiano da cidade e identificando de imediato as suas potencialidades, propôs-lhe ser seu produtor. Cesaria lentamente dominou o panorama musical do Ocidente. O seu primeiro feito foi o de conquistar o público francês. O grande avanço acontece em 1992, com “Sodade” e “Angola”, os dois "hits" do seu álbum “Miss Perfumado”. Agora a estrela de Cesaria estava em forte ascensão. Ela cantou por todo o mundo. A sua irresistível voz conquistou corações em toda a parte. Era o início de um conto de fadas único na história da música popular - que duraria quase 20 anos.
  • Revista Papers 32

    Revista Papers 32

    publicació de la lliga dels drets dels pobles núm. 32/2005 Monogràfic: ÀFRICA es la cooperación con Àfrica un camino para la paz? Jean Pierre Malé/ África, el continente incómodo / medicaments que no curen / lligams familiars en l’entorn urbà i rural de Costa d’Ivori / Costa d’Ivori: el teixit social es mobilitza malgrat el conflicte / la música del continent oblidat / una pinzellada al cinema africà actual LLIGA DELS DRETS SumariSumari DELS POBLES Des de la junta... 2 Isidre Carné Opinió Es la cooperación con África Des de la junta un camino para la paz? 3 Jean Pierre Malé Retalls de Premsa 6 Isabel Ruíz Història Àfrica, el continente incómodo 7 José Maria Perceval Cooperació Medicaments que no curen 12 Campanya medicaments que no curen Opinió Lligams familiars en l’entorn urbà La majoria de catalans tenen una imatge de l’À- i rural de Costa d’Ivori 14 frica associada a la conflictivitat: guerres, corrup- Maite Vila ció, fam, sida, mortalitat infantil, analfabetisme... Opinió És cert que els mitjans de comunicació contribuei- Costa d’Ivori: el teixit social es mobilitza malgrat el conflicte 16 xen força a transmetre aquesta visió exclusiva- N’Guessan Yao ment negativa, però les ONG també en som res- Música ponsables en part. Massa sovint hem accentuat, a fi La música del continent oblidat 18 i efecte de despertar les consciències dels nostres Carme Ferrer conciutadans, els trets més problemàtics. Ja va sent Cinema hora que rebutgem aquest clixé i presentem una Una pinzellada al cinema africà actual 20 Àfrica viva, rica en la seva diversitat lingüística, Isabel Ruíz cultural, social, econòmica, artística, musical, etc.
  • Singing All the Way to the Bank

    Singing All the Way to the Bank

    Singing all the Way to the Bank: The Case for Economic Development through Music in Cape Verde By Samer Y. Saab Johns Hopkins University – SAIS Economic Development of Africa Professor Geoffrey Mwau Spring 2005 Table of Contents Introduction................................................................................................................................3 I. Background....................................................................................................................4 1. Brief History......................................................................................................4 2. Cape Verde Today: Development Indicators.....................................................5 3. Cape Verde: A Cultural Identity........................................................................8 4. Globalization: Challenges and Opportunities Ahead.........................................8 II. Economic Development and Culture...........................................................................10 1. Two Views (or more) on Cultural Development .............................................10 2. Why Cultural Economic Development Makes Sense......................................11 3. Case Studies.....................................................................................................16 Senegal.............................................................................................................16 Austin, Texas ...................................................................................................18