LUÍZA BEATRIZ AMORIM MELO ALVIM a Música Clássica

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LUÍZA BEATRIZ AMORIM MELO ALVIM a Música Clássica LUÍZA BEATRIZ AMORIM MELO ALVIM A música clássica preexistente no cinema de diretores da Nouvelle Vague – anos 50 e 60 Tese submetida ao Programa de Pós- Graduação em Música do Centro de Letras e Artes da UNIRIO, como requisito parcial para obtenção do grau de Doutor, sob a orientação do Professor Dr. Paulo Pinheiro. Rio de Janeiro 2017 “ “ “ AVANT-PROPOS: um aviso ao leitor A função desse item, que não se esperaria numa tese de doutorado, é informar ao leitor o caráter também incomum da pertinência institucional dessa pesquisa, que surgiu como um projeto de pós-doutorado (apresentado a diversos departamentos de Música e de Comunicação/Cinema), foi aprovado em 2013 como projeto de doutorado em Música na seleção do Programa de Pós-graduação em Música da Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO) e é nessa forma, de tese, que pode ser lido aqui. A pesquisa tem uma relação de continuidade com o primeiro doutorado da autora, defendido na Escola de Comunicação (ECO) da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) em 2013 e publicado na forma de livro, A música no cinema de Robert Bresson, em maio de 2017. Para completar o rol de estranhezas, fui aprovada com um projeto que incluía esta pesquisa para o pós-doutorado em Música, na mesma UNIRIO, em setembro de 2013, porém, tive bolsa apenas por seis meses. Sem possibilidade de bolsa para um segundo doutorado, tive que buscar outras formas de sobrevivência e inserção acadêmica, tal como foi o período em que fui professora substituta na ECO-UFRJ em 2014-2015 e, finalmente, com o início de novo pós-doutorado em Música no final de 2015, agora no Programa de Pós-graduação em Música (PPGM) da UFRJ. Esta tese, que já estava em andamento, representa a primeira parte desse segundo pós-doutorado. Portanto, além de ser uma continuidade da pesquisa anterior sobre a música no cinema moderno francês, essa tese é principalmente fruto de uma dor: a dor da impossibilidade de inserção acadêmica, a dor da não legitimação pelos pares de um trabalho e dedicação de anos, a dor da falta de sentido para a vida de uma pesquisadora sem vínculo acadêmico permanente. Uma dor imensa, que está em plano bem distinto daquele das dificuldades inerentes e comuns a qualquer pesquisa e que atinge o âmago do que sou ou do que posso ser. E que traz consigo a dúvida de se estar ou não no caminho certo, além da necessidade constante de se reinventar para sobreviver para alguém que já passou da idade, num mundo fascinado pela juventude e que não admite desvios de caminho. Um erro pode ser irreversível. Assim foi o meu caminho acadêmico, uma sequência de erros absurdos. Espero que o atual trajeto não tenha sido mais um. “ AGRADECIMENTOS À banca da seleção de doutorado do PPGM da UNIRIO de 2013, que me trouxe um pouco de luz depois de meses de desemprego, decepções em concursos e falta de vínculo acadêmico. A Paulo Pinheiro, por ter concordado com a orientação dessa pesquisa e a Marcos Vieira Lucas, que aceitou substituir o Paulo (em pós-doutorado na França) durante a banca de qualificação. Um agradecimento especial à professora Carole Gubernikoff, que assumiu a orientação nos momentos finais da pesquisa. Mais uma vez, a Carole Gubernikoff, cujos cursos representaram quase a totalidade de tudo o que fiz no PPGM da UNIRIO e que me ensinaram tantas novas coisas no campo da Música. Igualmente, a Silvio Mehry pelo curso de Musicologia I. Aos membros integrantes das bancas de Ensaio I, da qualificação e da defesa (Carole Gubernikoff, Marcelo Carneiro, João Luiz Vieira, Fernando Morais da Costa e Daniel Quaranta) pelos comentários e observações. Aos meus alunos de turmas de graduação e pós-graduação do Instituto Villa-Lobos (UNIRIO), ECO-UFRJ, PPGM-UNIRIO e PPGM-UFRJ por todas as suas contribuições, algumas delas citadas ao longo desse trabalho. Aos integrantes do Seminário Temático de Teoria e Estética do Som no Audiovisual da Sociedade Brasileira de Estudos de Cinema e Audiovisual (SOCINE), cujos trabalhos e observações foram de grande importância para o que desenvolvi nesses anos. Nesse sentido, agradeço também aos participantes das duas edições (2016 e 2017) da Jornada Interdisciplinar de Som e Música no Audiovisual (JISMA), concebidas por mim e nas quais contei com a ajuda essencial de Joice Scavone e sua equipe, além de Alexandre Brasil, Rodolfo Caesar, Analu Cunha, PPGM-UFRJ, Cinemateca do MAM-Rio e Fórum de Ciência e Cultura da UFRJ (na pessoa de Caio César Loures). A Jean-Pierre Berthomé, por ter me cedido gentilmente uma cópia do filme La mère et l´enfant, de Jacques Demy, sem a qual teria que contar apenas com as anotações feitas durante visionamento do filme em mesa-enroladeira do Centre National de Cinématographie (CNC), na periferia de Paris. Agradeço igualmente ao CNC. À Société des Auteurs, Compositeurs et Éditeurs de Musique (SACEM), na pessoa de Nathalie Jaouen. À existência da Internet e da cultura do compartilhamento, sem as quais não seria possível a realização da maior parte do mapeamento de filmes (alguns inacessíveis em qualquer outro lugar) de minha própria casa no Brasil. “ Às secretarias do PPGM-UNIRIO e PPGM-UFRJ. Um agradecimento especial ao meu supervisor de pós-doutorado na UFRJ, Rodolfo Caesar, e ao coordenador do PPGM-UFRJ, Pauxy Gentil-Nunes. Sem a confiança no meu trabalho e na minha capacidade e sem a batalha pela bolsa de pós-doutorado CAPES por parte deles, a continuação da pesquisa não seria possível. Dedico essa tese a vocês. À CAPES, pela bolsa PNPD que me permitiu uma maior dedicação a essa pesquisa. Aos meus pais e a Plinio Bariviera. “ RESUMO Nessa pesquisa, partimos de uma observação de Michel Chion (1995) sobre a grande quantidade de música preexistente do repertório clássico (no sentido de “música de concerto” e não só do período clássico) em filmes de autor dos anos 50 e 60 e, focando em diretores que foram considerados da Nouvelle Vague francesa, buscamos provar essa afirmativa, além de identificarmos os modos de utilização de tais peças. Optamos por um corpus envolvendo não só o período cronológico restrito da Nouvelle Vague, mas sim as décadas de 50 e 60, analisando tanto cinco diretores do grupo dos Cahiers du Cinéma (Jean-Luc Godard, François Truffaut, Claude Chabrol, Éric Rohmer e Jacques Rivette), quanto a assim chamada “Margem Esquerda” (Agnès Varda, Alain Resnais e Chris Marker), incluindo também Jacques Demy. Foram, ao todo, 121 filmes, entre longas, médias e curtas-metragens, ficcionais e documentários, estando peças preexistentes clássicas presentes em 50 deles. Um dos procedimentos mais empregados foi a repetição de trechos em diversos momentos do filme com, eventualmente, o retorno da mesma música em filmes distintos do mesmo diretor, tal como ocorre com frequência em obras de Godard. Também o uso de música diegética oriunda principalmente de discos de vinil, mas também de rádio, televisão e performances musicais foi encontrado em grande parte desses 50 filmes, servindo, muitas vezes, para a caracterização dos personagens. Palavras-chave: música no cinema; música preexistente; Nouvelle Vague; repetição. “ ABSTRACT In this research, we took as a starting point Michel Chion (1995)´s consideration about the big amount of preexisting pieces of classical repertoire (in the sense of art music, not only restrained to the classical period) in author films of the fifties and the sixties. By focusing in directors who were considered as part of the French New Wave, we proceeded to prove that statement, as well as to recognize the ways of employment of those pieces. We opted for a corpus involving not only the limited chronological period of the New Wave, but also the whole decades of the 1950s and 1960s, analyzing five of the Cahiers du Cinéma directors (Jean-Luc Godard, François Truffaut, Claude Chabrol, Éric Rohmer and Jacques Rivette), as well the so-called Left Bank (Agnès Varda, Alain Resnais and Chris Marker), including also Jacques Demy. We had, then, a total of 121 films, including shorts and long-feature films, fiction and documentaries, in which we observed the presence of preexisting classical music in 50 of them. One of the most employed procedures was the repetition of extracts in many moments of the film, with, eventually, the return of the same musical piece in another film of the same director, which occurs frequently in films by Godard. Moreover the utilization of diegetic music coming mostly from vinyl records, but also from the radio, television of musical performances was also found in a big part of those 50 films, being useful many times in the construction of the characters. Keywords: music in cinema; preexisting music; Nouvelle Vague; repetition. “ LISTA DE ILUSTRAÇÕES Figura 1: Godard e o Quarteto op.132 de Beethoven em O signo do leão ............................. 44 Figura 2: A imagem de Beethoven em Made in USA ............................................................. 46 Figura 3: Primeira frase do tema A do Rondó Leichte Kaprice de Beethoven........................ 59 Figura 4: Compassos 187-190 da 6a variação do 4o movimento do Quarteto n.14 op.131..... 61 Figura 5: Compassos 17-27 da Grande Fuga op.133 de Beethoven ...................................... 63 Figura 6: Compassos 21-25 do 2o movimento do Quarteto op.59 n.3 de Beethoven ............. 66 Figura 7: Compassos 1-15 do 1o movimento do Quarteto op.59 n.1 de Beethoven ............... 67 Figura 8: Compassos 1-6 do 1o movimento do Quarteto op.135 de Beethoven ..................... 69 Figura 9: Análise de Pankhurst (2008) da primeira frase da Sonata op.14 n.1 de Beethoven..74 Figura 10a: Compassos 148 - 154 (codetta) e 155-162 (coda) da Sonata op.14 n.1 .............. 74 Figura 10b: análise do Vordergrund dos compassos 148-153 da figura 10a..........................
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