Jose Eduardo Kahale O Cinema Ensaio De Chris Marker: Narrativas Intertextuais Niterói 2013

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Jose Eduardo Kahale O Cinema Ensaio De Chris Marker: Narrativas Intertextuais Niterói 2013 UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL FLUMINENSE INSTITUTO DE ARTES E COMUNICAÇÃO SOCIAL PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM COMUNICAÇÃO SOCIAL ESTUDOS DE CINEMA E AUDIOVISUAL JOSE EDUARDO KAHALE O CINEMA ENSAIO DE CHRIS MARKER: NARRATIVAS INTERTEXTUAIS NITERÓI 2013 JOSÉ EDUARDO KAHALE O CINEMA ENSAIO DE CHRIS MARKER: NARRATIVAS INTERTEXTUAIS Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Comunicação da Universidade Federal Fluminense, como requisito para obtenção do título de Mestre. Orientador: Prof. Dr. João Luiz Vieira Niterói Agosto//2013 ii K12 Kahale, José Eduardo. O cinema ensaio de Chris Marker: narrativas intertextuais / José Eduardo Kahale. – 2013. 193 f. ; il. Orientador: João Luiz Vieira. Dissertação (Mestrado em Comunicação) – Universidade Federal Fluminense, Instituto de Arte e Comunicação Social, 2013. Bibliografia: f. 181-186. 1. Cinema. 2. Ensaio. 3. Intertextualidade. 4. Level five (Filme). 5. Elegia a Alexandre (Filme). I. Vieira, João Luiz. II. Universidade Federal Fluminense. Instituto de Arte e Comunicação Social. III. Título. CDD 791.43 iii JOSÉ EDUARDO KAHALE O CINEMA ENSAIO DE CHRIS MARKER: NARRATIVAS INTERTEXTUAIS Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós- Graduação em Comunicação da Universidade Federal Fluminense, como requisito para obtenção do título de Mestre. Niterói, 2 de agosto de 2013 BANCA EXAMINADORA _____________________________________________ Prof. Dr. João Luiz Vieira – ORIENTADOR - UFF ______________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Cezar Migliorin –UFF ______________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Luiz Augusto de Rezende - UFRJ ___________________________________________ Prof. Dr. José Carlos Monteiro dos Santos – professor convidado - UFF Niterói, RJ 2013 iv Para minha esposa Claudine e minha filha Satya por todo amor, apoio e carinho que compartilhamos todos os dias de nossas vidas, e que me dão a força, a coragem e a alegria de viver na minha eterna busca pela felicidade e o autoconhecimento. v AGRADECIMENTOS Agradeço ao professor João Luiz Vieira, que diante de tantos compromissos, aceitou me orientar neste percurso. Além de sua orientação, pude contar com sua amizade, experiência e estímulo para superar minhas dificuldades e ampliar meus horizontes além de nossa pesquisa. Agradeço por sua orientação em todos os sentido mas, principalmente, por ter me mantido motivado e um apaixonado pelo cinema por todo este tempo. A confiança e liberdade de trabalho depositadas em nossa relação foram fundamentais para que eu alcançasse os meus objetivos neste mestrado. Bon courage. Meu obrigado, com muito carinho, ao professor José Carlos Monteiro, meu primeiro mestre e conselheiro, parceiro de todas a horas e quem primeiro me apresentou Chris Marker. Com seu estilo inigualável, um exímio na arte da escrita, Monteiro estará sempre no lugar máximo de minha referência na busca por uma melhor qualidade de textos. Em especial, devo agradecer ao professor Monteiro a rigorosa revisão de minha dissertação tanto quanto aos aspectos ortográficos como aqueles relacionados ao rigor da escrita acadêmica. À todos os professores do Programa de Pós-graduação em Comunicação da UFF, em especial a professora Simone Sá, e aos professores Fernando Morais, João Luiz Vieira, Tunico Amâncio, Benjamin Picado e Antonio Junior, agradeço pela dedicação durante as disciplinas ministradas que me apoiaram no desenvolvimento desta pesquisa. Agradeço à professora Consuelo Lins do Programa de Pós-graduação da Escola de Comunicação da UFRJ por ter proporcionado a realização do curso do professor Antonio Weinrichter sobre Cinema ensaio e Found Footage, elevando consideravelmente o nível e o acesso as informações necessárias a minha pesquisa. Nesse sentido, agradeço ao próprio professor Antonio Weinrichter, pelo excelente curso ministrado na UFRJ, como também pela inestimável disponibilidade para avaliar meu trabalho. Mesmo após seu curso, o professor Antonio sempre manteve a porta aberta para trocarmos informações e aconselhamentos. vi Agradeço à todos os colegas de turma que compartilharam comigo as aulas e os dramas na realização do mestrado. Agradeço a todos os alunos da graduação do curso de cinema da UFF que tive a grata oportunidade de acompanhar como professor durante meu estágio docência. Junto a eles, pude colocar as principais questões de minha pesquisa e aproveitar para desenvolver novas linhas de raciocínio. Em especial, agradeço a minha amiga cinéfila e aluna ouvinte, Marcia Magda. Agradeço por sua amizade e por ter sido uma ouvinte tão atenta a minhas dúvidas. À Tatiana Monassa, aluna de pós-graduação em cinema na Universidade de Paris III, que me recebeu tão carinhosamente em Paris, indicando “o caminho das pedras” na pesquisa junto a Cinemateca Francesa e no Centro George Pompidou, o meu muito obrigado. Agradeço à receptibilidade da Cinemateca Francesa e do Centro George Pompidou por disponibilizarem todo o acervo de filmes, livros e revistas sobre Chris Marker. Sem este apoio não seria possível o acesso a boa parte dos filmes e dos documentos mais raros sobre Marker. Meu muito obrigado à Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) e ao Programa de Restruturação e Interiorização das Universidades Federais pela concessão da bolsa de estudo de mestrado. Um agradecimento muito especial e afetuoso aos meus grandes amigos Mário Pícoli e Maria Alice que disponibilizaram sua casa em Cabo Frio no momento mais crítico da dissertação. Ela permitiu isolar-me dos problemas e concentrar-me exclusivamente na leitura dos textos e na escrita dos capítulos. À minha amiga Lucia Figueiredo que me apoiou, por pura amizade, esclarecendo as dúvidas que tive em relação ao idioma francês. E, especialmente, agradeço à minha esposa Claudine, minha melhor amiga, companheira de toda minha vida por longos vinte e cinco anos. Por todo apoio, estímulo e compreensão e que tanto insistiu e me encorajou para que eu fizesse este mestrado. Enfim, sou grato a nossa pequena Satya pela verdade e afeto que alimentam e inspiram minhas emoções. vii [...] où peut-être la flèche arrivera au bout de sa course... mais là, ça n’a plus aucune importance. Tout est dans le geste du tireur. La flèche n’a pas plus de but que n’en a la vie: ce qui compte c’est la politesse envers l’arc. Le dépays, Chris Marker 8 SUMÁRIO LISTA DE ILUSTRAÇÕES ........................................................................................ 9 RESUMO E ABSTRACT .............................................................................................. 10 INTRODUÇÃO .............................................................................................................. 12 Objetivos, Justificativas e hipóteses ........................................................................... 16 Descrição do capítulos ................................................................................................ 17 1- O CINEMA ENSAIO – QUANDO TRANSGREDIR É CRIAR .......................... 22 1.1- O filme-ensaio: uma ideia antiga, um conceito novo e controverso .................... 22 1.2- Entre a literatura, o documentário, o cinema de arte e o experimental ................. 30 1.3- A herança filosófica e literária do”filme-ensaio”.................................................... 33 1.4- Uma breve história do cinema-ensaio.................................................................... 42 2- A PRODUÇÃO CULTURAL E INTERTEXTUALIDADE ......................... 53 2.1- Dialogismo e polifonia ......................................................................................... 54 2.2- Intertextualidade .................................................................................................... 56 2.3- Transtextualidade .................................................................................................. 60 2.4- Transtextualidade na obra de Marker .................................................................... 62 3- O CINEMA ENSAIO DE CHRIS MARKER: POLIFONIA E DIÁLOGOS ...... 64 3.1- Uma questão de método ..................................................................................... 64 3.2- Do contexto ao texto. Erudição, arte e luta: uma mistura explosiva.................. 66 3.3- Do texto ao cinema: a cinematografia ensaística de Marker e seus principais diálogos intertextuais.. 75 3.3.1- Chris Marker e a Nouvelle vague ................................................................. 75 3.3.2- A arquitextualidade da forma ensaio ............................................................ 79 3.3.3- A questão das várias vozes do autor ............................................................ 80 3.3.4- O Ás da montagem e um novo paradigma ns função de imagens fixas nas narrativas cinematográficas........................................................................... 84 3.3.5- O cinématogramme ....................................................................................... 88 3.3.6- Um homem marcado por uma imagem-texto de infância ........................... 98 3.3.7- Henri Michaux, mais que uma referência, uma influência pessoal ............. 105 3.3.8- Epígrafes e citações ..................................................................................... 109 3.3.9- O trabalho com material de arquivo ............................................................ 112 4- LEVEL FIVE (1996)..................................................................................................... 116 4.1- A intertextualidade entre Le dépays (1982), Sans Soleil (1982) e Level Five(1996) ..............................
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