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Dna Sequence Data Indicates the Polyphyl Y of the Family Ctenidae (Araneae )
1993. The Journal of Arachnology 21 :194–201 DNA SEQUENCE DATA INDICATES THE POLYPHYL Y OF THE FAMILY CTENIDAE (ARANEAE ) Kathrin C . Huber', Thomas S . Haider2, Manfred W . Miiller2, Bernhard A . Huber' , Rudolf J. Schweyen2, and Friedrich G . Barth' : 'Institut fair Zoologie, Althanstr . 14; 1090 Wien; and 2lnstitut fur Mikrobiologie and Genetik; Dr. Bohrgasse 9 ; 1030 Wien (Vienna), Austria . ABSTRACT. Mitochondrial DNA fragments comprising more than 400 bases of the 16S rDNA from nine spider species have been sequenced: Cupiennius salei, C. getazi, C. coccineus and Phoneutria boliviensis (Ctenidae), Pisaura mirabilis, Dolomedes fimbriatus (Pisauridae), Pardosa agrestis (Lycosidae), Clubiona pallidula (Clubi- onidae) and Ryuthela nishihirai (syn. Heptathela nishihirai; Heptathelidae: Mesothelae). Sequence divergence ranges from 3–4% among Cupiennius species and up to 36% in pairwise comparisons of the more distantly related spider DNAs. Maximally parsimonious gene trees based on these sequences indicate that Phoneutri a and Cupiennius are the most distantly related species of the examined Lycosoidea . The monophyly of the family Ctenidae is therefore doubted ; and a revision of the family, which should include DNA-data, is needed . Cupiennius salei (Ctenidae) is one of the most get a high copy number of the DNA segment of extensively studied species of spiders (see Lach - interest. The PCR depends on the availability of muth et al. 1985). The phylogeny of the Ctenidae , oligonucleotides that specifically bind to the a mainly South and Central American family, i s flanking sequences of this DNA segment. These poorly understood ; and systematists propose oligonucleotides serve as primers for a polymer- highly contradicting views on its classification ization reaction that copies the segment in vitro. -
Prey of the Jumping Spider Phidippus Johnsoni (Araneae : Salticidae)
Jackson, R. R . 1977 . Prey of the jumping spider Phidippus johnsoni (Araneae : Salticidae) . J. Arachnol. 5 :145-149 . PREY OF THE JUMPING SPIDER PHIDIPPUS JOHNSONI (ARANEAE : SALTICIDAE) Robert R. Jackson I Zoology Departmen t University of Californi a Berkeley, California 9472 0 ABSTRACT Field data indicate that P. johnsoni is an euryphagous predator, whose diet includes organisms (aphids, ants, opilionids) sometimes considered distasteful to spiders . Other spiders are preyed upon , including conspecifics. Prey size tends to be one quarter to three quarters the size of the predator . INTRODUCTION Since spiders are probably a dominant group of predators of insects (Bristowe, 1941 ; Riechert, 1974; Turnbull, 1973), there is considerable interest in their feeding ecology . Spiders have usually been considered to be euryphagous predators with a stabilizing , rather than regulative, effect on insect populations (Riechert, 1974) . However, informa- tion concerning the prey taken by particular spider species, in the field, is limited . Field studies by Edgar (1969, 1970), Robinson and Robinson (1970) and Turnbull (1960) are especially noteworthy . During the course of a study of the reproductive biology of Phidippus johnsoni (Peckham and Peckham) (Jackson, 1976), occasionally individuals of this species were found in the field holding prey in their chelicerae . Each prey discovered in this way i s listed in Table 1 . In addition, Ken Evans and Charles Griswold, who were familiar wit h this species, recorded observations of P. johnsoni with prey. (Their data are included in Table 1 .) These data came from a variety of habitats in western North America, most o f which have been described elsewhere (Jackson, 1976) . -
Spindlar Och Lockespindlar I Jordgubbsodlingar I Siidra Sverige SVEN Almquisl`
Spindlar och lockespindlar i jordgubbsodlingar i siidra Sverige SVEN ALMQUISl` Almquist, S.: Spindlar och lockespindlar ijordgubbsodlingar i sridra Sverige [Spiders and harvestmen in strawberry fields in southern Sweden.l - Ent. Tidskr. 102: 159-162. Lund, Sweden 1981. ISSN 0013-886x. The spider and harvestman fauna of both insecticide sprayed and unsprayed strawberry fields in southern Sweden was determined. Samples, only from the plants, were taken with a sweep net at eight occasions during l0 June to 30 Aug. 1980. Eleven spider families with 42 species and 4 harvestman species were represented. Enoplognatha ovata was the most dominant spider - 56.5 % of the individuals. T'1 % of the individuals belonged to the web builders. The edges of the fields had a great number of animals compared with the central parts. There was a significant drop in spider and harvestman numbers after the spraying with an organophosphate insecticide, fenitrothion. Particularly the immatures showed to be susceptible to the chemical treatment. S. Almquist, Sorlabiicksgotan 45. S-216 2() Malmii, Swetlen. Spindlar utgё r en vasentlig del av led● urSfaunan namndens vlxtskyddslaboratoriunl, Kalinar,av i uppodlade omriden, Da de liksom lockespind― Carl― Axel Gertsson,som jag ar stort tack skyl― lar ar predatorer,kan de ha ett visstinflytande pa dig. skadettursbestindet i odlingarna Det rlnns dar_ 助uren ttngades med siaghiv stalld mOt vatte for publiccrat mcr an hundra unders6kningar av planta,som fё rsiktigt bttdcS in i den och kraft― spindclpopulationerna i olika grё dor runt onl i fullt skakades(Gertsson 1980).Nagra insam_ varlden. I Finland av Raatikainen & Huhta lingar under ener omkring plantorna fё rekom (1968). -
Arachnologische Arachnology
Arachnologische Gesellschaft E u Arachnology 2015 o 24.-28.8.2015 Brno, p Czech Republic e www.european-arachnology.org a n Arachnologische Mitteilungen Arachnology Letters Heft / Volume 51 Karlsruhe, April 2016 ISSN 1018-4171 (Druck), 2199-7233 (Online) www.AraGes.de/aramit Arachnologische Mitteilungen veröffentlichen Arbeiten zur Faunistik, Ökologie und Taxonomie von Spinnentieren (außer Acari). Publi- ziert werden Artikel in Deutsch oder Englisch nach Begutachtung, online und gedruckt. Mitgliedschaft in der Arachnologischen Gesellschaft beinhaltet den Bezug der Hefte. Autoren zahlen keine Druckgebühren. Inhalte werden unter der freien internationalen Lizenz Creative Commons 4.0 veröffentlicht. Arachnology Logo: P. Jäger, K. Rehbinder Letters Publiziert von / Published by is a peer-reviewed, open-access, online and print, rapidly produced journal focusing on faunistics, ecology Arachnologische and taxonomy of Arachnida (excl. Acari). German and English manuscripts are equally welcome. Members Gesellschaft e.V. of Arachnologische Gesellschaft receive the printed issues. There are no page charges. URL: http://www.AraGes.de Arachnology Letters is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Autorenhinweise / Author guidelines www.AraGes.de/aramit/ Schriftleitung / Editors Theo Blick, Senckenberg Research Institute, Senckenberganlage 25, D-60325 Frankfurt/M. and Callistus, Gemeinschaft für Zoologische & Ökologische Untersuchungen, D-95503 Hummeltal; E-Mail: [email protected], [email protected] Sascha -
Spider Community Composition and Structure in a Shrub-Steppe Ecosystem: the Effects of Prey Availability and Shrub Architecture
Utah State University DigitalCommons@USU All Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate Studies 5-2012 Spider Community Composition and Structure In A Shrub-Steppe Ecosystem: The Effects of Prey Availability and Shrub Architecture Lori R. Spears Utah State University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd Part of the Philosophy Commons Recommended Citation Spears, Lori R., "Spider Community Composition and Structure In A Shrub-Steppe Ecosystem: The Effects of Prey Availability and Shrub Architecture" (2012). All Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 1207. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/1207 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Studies at DigitalCommons@USU. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@USU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. SPIDER COMMUNITY COMPOSITION AND STRUCTURE IN A SHRUB-STEPPE ECOSYSTEM: THE EFFECTS OF PREY AVAILABILITY AND SHRUB ARCHITECTURE by Lori R. Spears A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in Ecology Approved: ___________________________ ___________________________ James A. MacMahon Edward W. Evans Major Professor Committee Member ___________________________ ___________________________ S.K. Morgan Ernest Ethan P. White Committee Member Committee Member ___________________________ ___________________________ Eugene W. Schupp Mark R. McLellan Committee Member Vice President for Research and Dean of the School of Graduate Studies UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY Logan, Utah 2012 ii Copyright © Lori R. Spears 2012 All Rights Reserved iii ABSTRACT Spider Community Composition and Structure in a Shrub-Steppe Ecosystem: The Effects of Prey Availability and Shrub Architecture by Lori R. -
Drapetisca Socialis (Araneae: Linyphiidae): Web Reduction - Ethological and Morphological Adaptations
Eur. J. Entomol. 92: 553-563, 1995 ISSN121O-5759 Drapetisca socialis (Araneae: Linyphiidae): Web reduction - ethological and morphological adaptations KARIN SCHUTT Zoologisches Institut der UniversitiH. KieL Okologie, OlshausenstraBe 40, 0-24098 Kie1, Germany Linyphiidae, web reduction, prey capture, morphology, spinnerets Abstract. The linyphiid spider Drapetisca soda/is (Sundevall, 1832) attaches a specialized web vertically to tree trunks: A small sheet is surrounded by signal threads that inform the spider about passing arthro pods. Field observations of prey composition revealed the importance of Collembola, especially Smin thuridae, as prey items. As can be seen from video recordings, D. soda lis catches prey by a special technique, which is also employed outside the web. The spider moves carefully over its victim, which is grasped from above by means of modified chelicerae and pedipalps. They carry a setal trap, that is unique among linyphiid spiders (in spiders in general?). The tarsi of Drapetisca legs do not have adhesive hairs, thus not being specially adapted to seize prey. The development of triads (the spigots involved in the pro duction of gluey capture threads) was examined in six linyphiid spiders: In three of them, including D. so cia/is, the triads are reduced to some extent, which leads to the conclusion that gluey capture threads do not play an important role in the capture of prey in Linyphiidae. INTRODUCTION . The web of money spiders (Linyphiidae) consists of a horizontal, often vaulted and un evenly meshed sheet. An extended tangle of stopping-threads is elevated above it. The spi der hangs horizontally, ventral side up, underneath the sheet which is held taut by scaffolding-threads (Hopfmann, 1935). -
2010 Rust and Vetter. Influence of Spider Silk on Refugia Preferences of the Recluse Spiders Loxosceles
HOUSEHOLD AND STRUCTURAL INSECTS Influence of Spider Silk on Refugia Preferences of the Recluse Spiders Loxosceles reclusa and Loxosceles laeta (Araneae: Sicariidae) 1 RICHARD S. VETTER AND MICHAEL K. RUST Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521 J. Econ. Entomol. 103(3): 808Ð815 (2010); DOI: 10.1603/EC09419 ABSTRACT In a previous experimental study, recluse spiders Loxosceles reclusa Gertsch and Mulaik and Loxosceles laeta (Nicolet) (Araneae: Sicariidae) preferred small cardboard refugia covered with conspeciÞc silk compared with never-occupied refugia. Herein, we investigated some factors that might be responsible for this preference using similar cardboard refugia. When the two Loxosceles species were given choices between refugia previously occupied by their own and by the congeneric species, neither showed a species-speciÞc preference; however, each chose refugia coated with conspeciÞc silk rather than those previously inhabited by a distantly related cribellate spider, Met- altella simoni (Keyserling). When L. laeta spiders were offered refugia that were freshly removed from silk donors compared with heated, aged refugia from the same silk donor, older refugia were preferred. Solvent extracts of L. laeta silk were chosen approximately as often as control refugia when a range of solvents (methylene chloride:methanol, water, and hexane) were used. However, when acetone was used on similar silk, there was a statistical preference for the control, indicating that there might be a mildly repellent aspect to acetone-washed silk. Considering the inability to show attraction to chemical aspects of fresh silk, it seems that physical attributes may be more important for selection and that there might be repellency to silk of a recently vacated spider. -
The Spiders of Prince Edward Island: Experts and Citizen Scientists Collaborate for Faunistics
The spiders of Prince Edward Island: experts and citizen scientists collaborate for faunistics JosEPh J. B owdEn 1, * , K ylE M. K nysh 2, G ErGIn A. B lAGoEv 3, r oBB BEnnETT 4, M ArK A. ArsEnAulT 5, CAlEB F. h ArdInG 2, r oBErT w. h ArdInG 6, and rosEMAry CurlEy 6 1Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, P.O. Box 960, Corner Brook, Newfoundland and Labrador A2H 6J3 Canada 2University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island C1A 4P3 Canada 3Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, University of Guelph, 579 Gordon Street, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1 Canada 4Royal British Columbia Museum, 675 Belleville Street, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 9W2 Canada 5Prince Edward Island Department of Community, Lands and Environment, P.O. Box 2000, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island C1A 7N8 Canada 6Nature PEI, P.O. Box 2346, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island C1A 8C1 Canada *Corresponding author: [email protected] Bowden, J.J., K.M. Knysh, G.A. Blagoev, R. Bennett, M.A. Arsenault, C.F. Harding, R.W. Harding, and R. Curley. 2018. The spiders of Prince Edward Island: experts and citizen scientists collaborate for faunistics. Canadian Field-Naturalist 132(4): 330 –349. https://doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v132i4.2017 Abstract Although lists of spider species have been compiled for all of Canada’s provinces and territories, the spider fauna of Prince Edward Island (PEI) is poorly known. Based on the efforts of citizen scientists, naturalists, and scientists on PEI and researchers at the Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, we present the first comprehensive list of spider species on the island, increasing the known number from 44 to 198. -
Evolution and Ecology of Spider Coloration
P1: SKH/ary P2: MBL/vks QC: MBL/agr T1: MBL October 27, 1997 17:44 Annual Reviews AR048-27 Annu. Rev. Entomol. 1998. 43:619–43 Copyright c 1998 by Annual Reviews Inc. All rights reserved EVOLUTION AND ECOLOGY OF SPIDER COLORATION G. S. Oxford Department of Biology, University of York, P.O. Box 373, York YO1 5YW, United Kingdom; e-mail: [email protected] R. G. Gillespie Center for Conservation Research and Training, University of Hawaii, 3050 Maile Way, Gilmore 409, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822; e-mail: [email protected] KEY WORDS: color, crypsis, genetics, guanine, melanism, mimicry, natural selection, pigments, polymorphism, sexual dimorphism ABSTRACT Genetic color variation provides a tangible link between the external phenotype of an organism and its underlying genetic determination and thus furnishes a tractable system with which to explore fundamental evolutionary phenomena. Here we examine the basis of color variation in spiders and its evolutionary and ecological implications. Reversible color changes, resulting from several mechanisms, are surprisingly widespread in the group and must be distinguished from true genetic variation for color to be used as an evolutionary tool. Genetic polymorphism occurs in a large number of families and is frequently sex limited: Sex linkage has not yet been demonstrated, nor have the forces promoting sex limitation been elucidated. It is argued that the production of color is metabolically costly and is principally maintained by the action of sight-hunting predators. Key avenues for future research are suggested. INTRODUCTION Differences in color and pattern among individuals have long been recognized as providing a tractable system with which to address fundamental evolutionary questions (57). -
Flut Und Hitze: Auswirkungen Extremer Klimaereignisse Auf Die
Flut und Hitze: Auswirkungen extremer Klimaereignisse auf die epigäische Arthropodenfauna (Araneae – Spinnen) ufernaher Lebensräume (Auen, Polder) des Inselrheins bei Mainz Dissertation zur Erlangung des Grades „Doktor der Naturwissenschaften“ am Fachbereich Biologie der Johannes-Gutenberg-Universität in Mainz Patrick Guhmann geb. in Ludwigshafen am Rhein Mainz, im Dezember 2009 Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 11.05.2010 Überall geht ein früheres Ahnen dem späteren Wissen voraus... (Alexander Freiherr von Humboldt) Lebenslauf Persönliche Daten: Vor- und Zuname: Patrick Guhmann Geburtstag: 25.05.1978 Geburtsort: Ludwigshafen am Rhein Wohnort: Sachsenstr. 5a, 67134 Birkenheide Staatsangehörigkeit: deutsch Familienstand: ledig Schulbildung: 1984 - 1988 Albertine-Scherer-Schule Birkenheide 1988 - 1996 Carl-Bosch-Gymnasium Ludwigshafen 1996 - 1999 Max-Planck-Gymnasium Ludwigshafen Wehrdienst: 1. Juli 1999 - 30. Sept. 2000 Bundesmarine Studium: Studienbeginn am 01.10.2000 im Studienfach Biologie an der Johannes-Gutenberg Universität Mainz Erfolgreicher Abschluss des Grundstudiums mit dem Vordiplom am 19.11.2002 an der Johannes-Gutenberg Universität Mainz Erfolgreicher Studienabschluss an der Johannes-Gutenberg Universität Mainz mit dem Diplom am 09.12.2005 Beginn der Promotion am 18.09.2006 an der Johannes-Gutenberg Universität Mainz Hiermit erkläre ich, die vorliegende Arbeit selbständig und nur unter Verwendung der angegebenen Quellen und Hilfsmittel angefertigt zu haben. Patrick Guhmann, Mainz, im Dezember 2009 Inhaltsverzeichnis 1. Einleitung -
Common Spiders of the Chicago Region 1 the Field Museum – Division of Environment, Culture, and Conservation
An Introduction to the Spiders of Chicago Wilderness, USA Common Spiders of the Chicago Region 1 The Field Museum – Division of Environment, Culture, and Conservation Produced by: Jane and John Balaban, North Branch Restoration Project; Rebecca Schillo, Conservation Ecologist, The Field Museum; Lynette Schimming, BugGuide.net. © ECCo, The Field Museum, Chicago, IL 60605 USA [http://fieldmuseum.org/IDtools] [[email protected]] version 2, 2/2012 Images © Tom Murray, Lynette Schimming, Jane and John Balaban, and others – Under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 License (non-native species listed in red) ARANEIDAE ORB WEAVERS Orb Weavers and Long-Jawed Orb Weavers make classic orb webs made famous by the book Charlotte’s Web. You can sometimes tell a spider by its eyes, most have eight. This chart shows the orb weaver eye arrangement (see pg 6 for more info) 1 ARANEIDAE 2 Argiope aurantia 3 Argiope trifasciata 4 Araneus marmoreus Orb Weaver Spider Web Black and Yellow Argiope Banded Argiope Marbled Orbweaver ORB WEAVERS are classic spiders of gardens, grasslands, and woodlands. The Argiope shown here are the large grassland spiders of late summer and fall. Most Orb Weavers mature in late summer and look slightly different as juveniles. Pattern and coloring can vary in some species such as Araneus marmoreus. See the link for photos of its color patterns: 5 Araneus thaddeus 6 Araneus cingulatus 7 Araneus diadematus 8 Araneus trifolium http://bugguide.net/node/view/2016 Lattice Orbweaver Cross Orbweaver Shamrock Orbweaver 9 Metepeira labyrinthea 10 Neoscona arabesca 11 Larinioides cornutus 12 Araniella displicata 13 Verrucosa arenata Labyrinth Orbweaver Arabesque Orbweaver Furrow Orbweaver Sixspotted Orbweaver Arrowhead Spider TETRAGNATHIDAE LONG-JAWED ORB WEAVERS Leucauge is a common colorful spider of our gardens and woodlands, often found hanging under its almost horizontal web. -
Effect of Leaf Shape on Forest Litter Spiders : Community Organization and Microhabitat Selection of Immature Enoplognatha Ovata (Clerck) (Theridiidae)
Stevenson, B . G. and D. L. Dindal. 1982. Effect of leaf shape on forest litter spiders : Community organization and microhabitat selection of immature Enoplognatha ovata (Clerck) (Theridiidae). J. Arachnol., 10:165-178. EFFECT OF LEAF SHAPE ON FOREST LITTER SPIDERS : COMMUNITY ORGANIZATION AND MICROHABITAT SELECTION OF IMMATUR E ENOPLOGNATHA OVA TA (CLERCK) (THERIDIIDAE) Bruce G. Stevenson and Daniel L. Dindal Soil Ecology, State Universitypf New Yor k College of Environmental Scien a and Forestry Syracuse, New York 1321 0 ABSTRAC T Effects of leaf shape and other habitat structure variabl s on spider community organization an d on microhabitat selection of immature Enoplognatha ovata in deciduous forest litter were studied in central New York . Three litter boxes of each of four litter treatments (curled maple leaves, flat mapl e leaves, curled filter paper disks, and flat filter paper disks) were sampled monthly from Novembe r 1979 to August 1980. Twelve similarly-sized samples of natural litter also were collected, and all litte r boxes and natural litter samples were placed in Tullgren funnels for extraction of spiders . Spider species richness was significantly greater in curled litter than in flat litter . Significant differences in the composition of hunting spider families also were found. Differences in species richness and composition of hunting spiders was attributed to differences in habitat space, accordin g to leaf shape. Each litter treatment supported approximately the same proportion of hunting and web-building spiders and similar composition of web-building spider families . These data indicated similarity in prey resources among the litter treatments . A three-way ANOVA for E.