Empangeni Bulk Sewer Pipeline

CITY OF UMHLATHUZE MUNICIPALITY

PROPOSED UPGRADE OF THE HILLVIEW SEWER RISING MAIN AND SOUTHERN OUTFALL BULK SEWER PIPELINE IN EMPANGENI, KWAZULU-NATAL

VEGETATION ASSESSMENT AND WETLAND DELINEATION

CITY OF UMHLATHUZE MUNICIPALITY

PROPOSED UPGRADE OF THE HILLVIEW SEWER RISING MAIN AND SOUTHERN OUTFALL BULK SEWER PIPELINE IN EMPANGENI, KWAZULU-NATAL

VEGETATION ASSESSMENT AND WETLAND DELINEATION

Draft 2

Prepared for: Prepared by:

City of uMhlathuze Municipality ACER (Africa) Environmental Management Consultants Private Bag X1004 PO Box 503 Richards Bay Mtunzini 3900 3867

July 2014

CITY OF UMHLATHUZE MUNICIPALITY

PROPONENT

Proponent: City of uMhlathuze Municipality Contact person: Bestman Mbhamali Physical address: 5 Mark Strasse, Central Business District, Richards Bay Postal address: Private Bag X1004, Richards Bay 3900 Telephone: 035 907 5463 / 083 635 0803 Fax: 035 907 5452 Email [email protected]

INDEPENDENT VEGETATION SPECIALIST

Consultant: ACER (Africa) Environmental Management Consultants Contact person: Liesl Mostert Physical address: Suites 5&6, Golden Penny Centre, 26 Hely Hutchinson Road, Mtunzini Postal address: PO Box 503, Mtunzini, 3867 Telephone: 035 340 2715 Fax: 035 340 2232 Email [email protected]

DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE  I hereby declare that I acted as the independent specialist in this application;  I do not have and will not have any financial interest in the undertaking of the activity, other than remuneration for work performed in terms of NEMA and the Environmental Impact Assessment Regulations, 2010;  I have and will not have a vested interest in the proposed activity proceeding.

Signed: ………………………………….. Date: ……………………. 2014

PROPOSED UPGRADING OF THE HILLVIEW SEWER RISING MAIN AND SOUTHERN OUTFALL BULK SEWER PIPELINE IN EMPANGENI CITY OF UMHLATHUZE MUNICIPALITY, KWAZULU-NATAL VEGETATION ASSESSMENT AND WETLAND DELINEATION II CITY OF UMHLATHUZE MUNICIPALITY

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

ACER (Africa) Environmental Management Consultants was appointed by UWP Consulting (Pty) Ltd, on behalf of the City of uMhlathuze Municipality, to conduct a Basic Assessment in terms of the Environmental Impact Assessment Regulations, 2010, published under Section 24 of the National Environmental Management Act, 1998 (Act No. 107 of 1998), for the proposed Southern Outfall Sewer Upgrade in Empangeni, KwaZulu-Natal. This included a specialist vegetation assessment and wetland delineation.

The proposed Southern Outfall Sewer Upgrade in Empangeni falls within the City of uMhlathuze Local Municipality and the uThungulu District Municipality. The frequent localized over-flow problems, are a result of old and undersized existing pipelines. The upgrade will entail the installation of a new rising main which will flow from the Hillview Pumping Station for approximately 1.5 km into an existing discharge chamber, and a new gravity main sewer pipeline, which will run from the discharge chamber for approximately 5.3 km and into the Empangeni Waste Water Treatment Works.

The Riparian Areas found within the study area, are classified as Riparian Forests and indicated as an azonal vegetation type. Lowveld Riverine Forest is listed as a vulnerable ecosystem by the National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act, 2004 (Act 10 of 2004). Riparian areas are important for their water management function, the protection and enhancement of water resources, and provision of habitat for plant and animal species. Riparian habitats are considered sensitive ecosystems. EKZNW’s MINSET data indicates that there are no biodiversity priority areas on site, a large section of the area is indicated as “transformed”. Kniphofia littoralis is the only plant species of conservation concern highlighted by EKZNW’s MINSET data. However, the potential for K. littoralis to occur within the study area is low. Maputaland Coastal Belt, Zululand Coastal Thornveld and Lowveld Riverine Forest vegetation types were recorded in the study area. There are no formal conservation areas in the study area.

During the site visit, the following two vegetation communities were identified on site:

 Syzygium cordatum – Bridelia micrantha riverine community.  Sporobolus pyramidalis – Chromolaena odorata disturbed grassland community.

These plant communities are experiencing several threats, including: pollution from sewerage overflows; sedimentation from erosion caused by housing developments within the buffer of the riverine areas; and invasion by alien invasive species. These alien invasives need urgent control measures to improve ecosystem functionality. According to the Conservation of Agricultural Resources Act, 1983 (Act 43 of 1983), several of these alien invasives need to be controlled or eradicated.

Several protected trees have the potential to occur on site. Protected trees require a licence if the trees were to be removed or damaged, according to the National Forests Act, 1998 (Act 84 of 1998). Barringtonia racemosa was recorded in the study area.

There were no wetlands recorded in the study area. There were, however, riparian habitats along the banks of the Mkumbane and Mpangeni rivers (identified as the Syzygium cordatum – Bridelia PROPOSED UPGRADING OF THE HILLVIEW SEWER RISING MAIN AND SOUTHERN OUTFALL BULK SEWER PIPELINE IN EMPANGENI CITY OF UMHLATHUZE MUNICIPALITY, KWAZULU-NATAL VEGETATION ASSESSMENT AND WETLAND DELINEATION III CITY OF UMHLATHUZE MUNICIPALITY micrantha riverine community). These riparian vegetation performs important ecological functions including river bank stabilisation and flood protection; and also provide important refugia for fauna, particularly the birds that are found in the area. In addition, rivers are considered important movement corridors or ecological linkages within a landscape. The riparian areas are considered a sensitive ecosystem and should be avoided if possible. Construction within this community will require a Water Use Licence Application. The Syzygium cordatum – Bridelia micrantha riverine community, falls within level 2 of the uMhlathuze Environmental Services Management Plan (ESMP), and hence no development should be permitted in this zone.

A number of recommendations to mitigate impacts (including alien vegetation control measures) have been recommended. With mitigation, the project is not anticipated to have negative impacts on vegetation or riparian habitats that are considered to be of high significance.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... III TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... V LIST OF FIGURES ...... VI LIST OF TABLES ...... VII LIST OF PLATES ...... VIII ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ...... IX AUTHORS ...... X 1 INTRODUCTION ...... 1 1.1 Background ...... 1 1.2 Approach to the vegetation assessment and wetland delineation ...... 3 1.3 Assumptions and limitations ...... 3 1.4 Information sources ...... 3 2 DESCRIPTION OF THE AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT ...... 4 2.1 Vegetation assessment ...... 4 2.1.1 Threatened terrestrial ecosystems and conservation areas ...... 4 2.1.2 Vegetation types occurring in the study area ...... 7 2.1.3 Vegetation communities identified on site ...... 11 2.1.4 Red data plant species ...... 18 2.1.5 Protected trees ...... 22 2.1.6 Alien and invasive plant species found on site ...... 23 2.2 Wetland delineation ...... 29 2.2.1 Overview of wetlands and riparian areas ...... 29 3 LEGAL ASPECTS ...... 33 3.1 Applicable legislation and guidelines ...... 33 3.1.1 National Environmental Management Act, 1998 (Act 107 of 1998) ...... 33 3.1.2 National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act, 2004 (Act 10 of 2004) .... 33 3.1.3 National Water Act, 1998 (Act 36 of 1998) ...... 33 3.1.4 National Forests Act, 1998 (Act 84 of 1998) ...... 34 3.1.5 Conservation of Agricultural Resources Act, 1983 (Act 43 of 1983) ...... 34 3.1.6 Natal Nature Conservation Ordinance (No. 15 of 1974) and the KwaZulu Nature Conservation Act, 1992 (Act 29 of 1992) ...... 34 3.1.7 uMhlathuze Environmental Services Management Plan ...... 35 4 IDENTIFICATION OF POTENTIAL IMPACTS ...... 39 4.1 Assessment of impacts and identification of mitigation measures ...... 41 4.1.1 Specialist Impact Assessment Criteria ...... 41 5 CONCLUSION ...... 51 6 REFERENCES ...... 52 APPENDIX 1 ...... 54 Curriculum vitae ...... 54

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1 Study area: proposed upgrade of the Empangeni Southern Outfall Sewer ...... 2 Figure 2 Threatened terrestrial ecosystems (SANBI data) ...... 5 Figure 3 Minimum Set Analysis (EKZNW) ...... 6 Figure 4 Vegetation types (Mucina & Rutherford, 2006) ...... 9 Figure 5 Vegetation types (EKZNW, 2011) ...... 10 Figure 6 Vegetation communities identified on site ...... 12 Figure 7 Red List Categories (according to the Threatened Species Programme, SANBI) ...... 18 Figure 8 Sensitivity map based on the occurrence of riparian vegetation in the study area (including 30 m buffer) ...... 32 Figure 9 uMhlathuze Environmental Services Management Plan (ESMP) ...... 37 Figure 10 uMhlathuze Environmental Services Management Plan (ESMP) ...... 38

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1 Red list plants recorded in the quarter degree squares 2831DB and 2831DD (PRECIS) data ...... 19 Table 2 Assessment of Red Data plants potentially occurring on site ...... 21 Table 3 Protected trees recorded on site that require a licence before removal...... 22 Table 4 Potentially occurring protected trees recorded in the grids 2831DB and 2831DD ...... 22 Table 5 Problem plants and alien weeds found on site ...... 23 Table 6 Potentially occurring protected plants according to Schedule 11 (KZN Nature Conservation Act) ...... 35 Table 7 Impact Assessment summary table without mitigation...... 43 Table 8 Impact Assessment summary table with mitigation ...... 46

LIST OF PLATES

Plate 1 Empangeni Waste Water Treatment works ...... 2 Plate 2 Syzygium cordatum – Bridelia micrantha riverine community ...... 13 Plate 3 Sporobolus pyramidalis – Chromolaena odorata disturbed grassland community ...... 16 Plate 4 Elephant’s foot (Dioscorea sylvatica) recorded on site ...... 22 Plate 5 Characteristic large basal leaf lobes of Spanish reed (Arundo donax) ...... 24 Plate 6 Common lantana (Lantana camara) ...... 26 Plate 7 Flowers and fruit of American bramble (Rubus cuneifolius) ...... 27 Plate 8 Brazilian pepper tree (Schinus terebinthifolius) ...... 28

ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

ACER ACER (Africa) Environmental Management Consultants CARA Conservation of Agricultural Resources Act, 1983 (Act 43 of 1983) DWA Department of Water Affairs (formerly known as DWAF) DWAF Department of Water Affairs and Forestry EKZNW Ezemvelo KwaZulu-Natal Wildlife EMPr Environmental Management Programme ESMP uMhlathuze Environmental Services Management Plan KZN KwaZulu-Natal Province MINSET Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife Minimum Set Analysis NEMA National Environmental Management Act, 1998 (Act 107 of 1998) NEMBA National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act, 2004 (Act 10 of 2004) NWA National Water Act, 1998 (Act 36 of 1998) PRECIS Pretoria (PRE) Computerised Information System SANBI South African National Biodiversity Institute

AUTHORS

The author of this Vegetation Assessment and Wetland Delineation Report is Ms L Mostert (ACER). Site visits were undertaken by Ms L Mostert. The report was internally reviewed by Mr K Kruger (ACER).

1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background

ACER (Africa) Environmental Management Consultants was appointed by UWP Consulting (Pty) Ltd, on behalf of the City of uMhlathuze Municipality, to conduct a Basic Assessment in terms of the Environmental Impact Assessment Regulations, 2010, published under Section 24 of the National Environmental Management Act, 1998 (Act No. 107 of 1998) (NEMA), for the proposed Southern Outfall Sewer Upgrade in Empangeni, KwaZulu-Natal. This included a specialist vegetation assessment and wetland delineation.

The proposed Southern Outfall Sewer Upgrade in Empangeni falls within the City of uMhlathuze Local Municipality and the uThungulu District Municipality. The frequent localized over-flow problems are a result of old and undersized existing pipelines. The upgrade will entail the installation of a new 450 mm diameter rising main which will flow from the Hillview Pumping Station for approximately 1.5 km into an existing discharge chamber, and a new 700 mm diameter gravity main sewer pipeline, which will run from the discharge chamber for approximately 5.3 km ( Figure 1) and into the Empangeni Waste Water Treatment Works (Plate 1). The servitude for the pipeline will be 6 m wide.

The terms of reference for the vegetation assessment:

 A description of the current state of the flora in the study area, outlining important characteristics and components thereof, which may be influenced by the proposed project or which may influence the proposed project during construction and operation. Use should be made of annotated maps where appropriate.  The identification of existing and future planned conservation areas.  The identification and categorisation of Red Data and TOPS species potentially affected by the proposed project.  The identification of potential impacts (positive and negative, including cumulative impacts) of the proposed project on vegetation, and vice versa, during construction and operation.  The identification of permits for special and protected plants and trees, as relevant.  Address specific issues and concerns raised by stakeholders during the public review phase of the Basic Assessment process (an Issues and Response Report will be provided to specialists).  Recommendations on site and route alternatives, and additional alternatives should they be identified, to avoid negative impacts.  The identification of mitigation measures for enhancing benefits and avoiding or mitigating negative impacts and risks (to be implemented during design, construction and operation of the proposed project).  The provision of clear guidelines to reduce the damage and loss of vegetation, and to assist with rehabilitation where damage and loss are unavoidable, and to reduce the risk of the spread of alien vegetation.

The terms of reference for the wetland assessment:

 As far as is practically possible, identify wetland areas and delineate in accordance with: A practical field procedure for identification and delineation of wetlands and riparian areas (DWAF, 2006).

 Identify and assess potential impacts that may arise from the proposed outfall bulk sewer line project.  Provide measures for the mitigation of negative impacts, including the possible need for offset mitigation.  The outcomes should be documented in short report interpreting the findings of the field assessment supported with any relevant tables, maps and field data.

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Figure 1 Study area: proposed upgrade of the Empangeni Southern Outfall Sewer

Plate 1 Empangeni Waste Water Treatment works

1.2 Approach to the vegetation assessment and wetland delineation

The vegetation and wetland study involved a site visit to collect data in order to describe the different plant communities and sensitive ecosystems found on site. A practical field procedure for identification and delineation of wetlands and riparian areas (DWAF, 2006) was followed. It included a desktop study and literature review, where available datasets from Government, the Internet, field guides and various reference books were examined (listed in section 6). The data gathered during the site visit was used to classify the plant communities found on site. Potentially occurring Red listed plant species information was accessed from the SANBI website (PRECIS data). A search for Red Data plant species was also conducted.

1.3 Assumptions and limitations

The site visit was performed at the end of autumn in May 2014, outside of the flowering time of many Geophytic plants. This makes positive identification of some of the Geophytic plants highly unlikely.

The site has experienced a high amount of transformation in the past. Past disturbances encountered on site include: past agricultural uses of the land, such as sugarcane farming which transformed former grasslands; drainage of wetlands for sugarcane farming; roads dissecting the rivers in the study area; houses and other infrastructure build on the edge of the river, alien invasive species transforming available habitats. All these activities have led to the severe degradation of the vegetation and associated ecosystems on site. Due to these disturbances, predictions of patterns and processes in the vegetation layer were made difficult, with the result that fine-scale mapping of the plant communities could not be done accurately from aerial photographs.

1.4 Information sources

Lists of potentially occurring Red Data plants were obtained from the South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI). EKZNW GIS databases were used for MINSET (Minimum Set Analysis) Biodiversity data. PRECIS data for the quarter degree squares 2831DB and 2831DD were obtained from the SANBI1 website.

The ESMP data were received from the City of uMhlathuze GIS section.

1 Download from POSA (http://posa.sanbi.org) on 14.05.2014. PROPOSED UPGRADING OF THE HILLVIEW SEWER RISING MAIN AND SOUTHERN OUTFALL BULK SEWER PIPELINE IN EMPANGENI CITY OF UMHLATHUZE MUNICIPALITY, KWAZULU-NATAL VEGETATION ASSESSMENT AND WETLAND DELINEATION 3 CITY OF UMHLATHUZE MUNICIPALITY

2 DESCRIPTION OF THE AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT 2.1 Vegetation assessment 2.1.1 Threatened terrestrial ecosystems and conservation areas

The National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act, 2004 (Act 10 of 2004) provides a listing of ecosystems that are threatened and in need of protection. It is required that impacts should be avoided, minimised, mitigated and/or offset as appropriate (Government Gazette, 9 December 2011).

The Riparian Areas found within the study area, are classified as Riparian Forests and indicated as an azonal vegetation type. Lowveld Riverine Forest is listed as a vulnerable ecosystem by the National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act, 2004 (Act 10 of 2004). Riparian areas are important for their water management function, the protection and enhancement of water resources, and provision of habitat for plant and animal species. Riparian habitats are considered sensitive ecosystems. This azonal vegetation type is also protected by the National Forests Act, 1998 (Act 84 of 1998). Section 7 prohibits the cutting, disturbance, destruction or removal of any indigenous living or dead tree in a forest without a licence.

There are no formal conservation areas in the study area.

Riparian areas are azonal vegetation types, and are not associated with any specific geology or soil type – there are no other threatened terrestrial ecosystems indicated in the study area (Figure 2).

EKZNW’s MINSET data for the area of interest was obtained. MINSET is a guide, using planning units to indicate optimal site selection to meet conservation targets. There are no biodiversity priority areas on site, a large section of the area is indicated as “transformed” (Figure 3). Kniphofia littoralis is the only plant species of conservation concern highlighted by EKZNW’s MINSET data, however, as indicated in section 2.1.4, the available habitat in the study area is degraded, and the potential for K. littoralis to occur within the study area is low.

Figure 2 Threatened terrestrial ecosystems (SANBI data) PROPOSED UPGRADING OF THE HILLVIEW SEWER RISING MAIN AND SOUTHERN OUTFALL BULK SEWER PIPELINE IN EMPANGENI CITY OF UMHLATHUZE MUNICIPALITY, KWAZULU-NATAL VEGETATION ASSESSMENT AND WETLAND DELINEATION 5 CITY OF UMHLATHUZE MUNICIPALITY

Figure 3 Minimum Set Analysis (EKZNW) PROPOSED UPGRADING OF THE HILLVIEW SEWER RISING MAIN AND SOUTHERN OUTFALL BULK SEWER PIPELINE IN EMPANGENI CITY OF UMHLATHUZE MUNICIPALITY, KWAZULU-NATAL VEGETATION ASSESSMENT AND WETLAND DELINEATION 6 CITY OF UMHLATHUZE MUNICIPALITY

2.1.2 Vegetation types occurring in the study area

Based on the Vegetation Map of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland, the following two vegetation types that occur naturally within the study area are: Maputaland Coastal Belt and Zululand Coastal Thornveld (Figure 4). This is confirmed by more recent vegetation mapping by EKZNW (Figure 5). The azonal forest type, namely “Riverine Forest” is also represented in the study area, namely Lowveld Riverine Forest vegetation type.

2.1.2.1 Maputaland Coastal Belt (CB 1)

In South Africa, the Maputaland Coastal Belt vegetation type occurs in the KwaZulu-Natal Province from Mtunzini in the south, to southern Mozambique border in the north. Altitude varies from 20 to 120 m. The conservation status of this vegetation type is vulnerable.

The vegetation is described as seasonally wet grasslands on flat coastal plains most likely originally densely forested in places. Today, the vegetation landscape is composed of pockets of various forest types, thickets, primary and secondary grasslands, timber plantations and cane fields. The open grassland is mainly composed of shrubs and small trees, with a well developed grass and herbaceous layer. Important taxa include Acacia natalitia, Chrysanthemoides monilifera subsp. rotundata, Euclea natalensis, Phoenix reclinata, Searsia natalensis and Smilax anceps.

The geology consists of Quaternary sediments that are up to 18,000 years old and of marine origin. Soils are poor in nutrients and well leached, except in the inter-dune depressions where organic-rich soils are sometimes found.

The Maputaland Coastal Belt vegetation type is found in the south of the study area. Even though the habitat is degraded, elements of this vegetation type can still be found.

2.1.2.2 Zululand Coastal Thornveld (SVI 24)

The Zululand Coastal Thornveld vegetation type occurs in KwaZulu-Natal Province, immediately west of Mtubatuba (in the north) and Empangeni (in the south) in a 10-20 km strip extending westwards, at altitudes between 40 to 300 m. The conservation status of this vegetation type is endangered.

The vegetation is described as species-rich, wooded grassland dominated by Themeda triandra on gently rolling landscapes. Bush clumps on deeper soils feature Phoenix reclinata and Gymnosporia senegalensis. These plant communities grade into dense Acacia woodland on dry slopes and riverine bushland thickets in valley bottoms.

The geology consists almost entirely of Letaba Formation basalts of the Karoo Supergroup. Soils are mainly black with a high clay content.

The Zululand Coastal Thornveld vegetation type is found in the north of the study area. Even though the habitat is degraded, elements of this vegetation type can still be found.

2.1.2.3 Lowveld Riverine Forest (FOa 1)

The Lowveld Riverine Forest in an azonal vegetation type that occurs in riverine areas in South Africa. The vegetation consists of gallery forest2 that fringes rivers and water pans in subtropical regions of South Africa and neighbouring countries. The conservation status of this vegetation type is critically endangered.

The soils are deep, fine-textured, recent alluvial deposits which are subject to frequent flooding and occasionally to heavy flood spells.

The riverine forest occurs along the riverine areas in the study area. The riverine areas are threatened by alien invasives such as Schinus terebinthifolius (Brazilian pepper tree) and Melia azedarach (Syringa); however, this is a sensitive ecosystem, and care should be taken to prevent further degradation.

2 Gallery forest forms corridors along rivers or wetlands and project into landscapes that are otherwise only sparsely treed such as grasslands or savanna. PROPOSED UPGRADING OF THE HILLVIEW SEWER RISING MAIN AND SOUTHERN OUTFALL BULK SEWER PIPELINE IN EMPANGENI CITY OF UMHLATHUZE MUNICIPALITY, KWAZULU-NATAL VEGETATION ASSESSMENT AND WETLAND DELINEATION 8 CITY OF UMHLATHUZE MUNICIPALITY

Figure 4 Vegetation types (Mucina & Rutherford, 2006) PROPOSED UPGRADING OF THE HILLVIEW SEWER RISING MAIN AND SOUTHERN OUTFALL BULK SEWER PIPELINE IN EMPANGENI CITY OF UMHLATHUZE MUNICIPALITY, KWAZULU-NATAL VEGETATION ASSESSMENT AND WETLAND DELINEATION 9 CITY OF UMHLATHUZE MUNICIPALITY

Figure 5 Vegetation types (EKZNW, 2011) PROPOSED UPGRADING OF THE HILLVIEW SEWER RISING MAIN AND SOUTHERN OUTFALL BULK SEWER PIPELINE IN EMPANGENI CITY OF UMHLATHUZE MUNICIPALITY, KWAZULU-NATAL VEGETATION ASSESSMENT AND WETLAND DELINEATION 10 CITY OF UMHLATHUZE MUNICIPALITY

2.1.3 Vegetation communities identified on site

A site survey was conducted to gather phytosociological (vegetation) data on total species composition and relative cover-abundance values for each species using the Braun-Blanquet method (Werger, 1974). Using aerial photographs, the vegetation of the study area was stratified into homogeneous physiographic-physiognomic units. Sample plots were placed in homogenous vegetation units that are representative of that particular plant community. The field visits took place in May 2014.

The cover-abundance for each species present in a sample plot was assessed according to the Braun-Blanquet cover-abundance scale (Mueller-Dombois & Ellenberg, 1974):

r : Very rare with a negligible cover (usually a single individual) + : Present but not abundant, with a small cover value (<1% of the quadrat) 1 : Numerous but covering less than 1% of the quadrat, or not so abundant but covering 1-5% of the quadrat 2a : Covering between 5-12% of the quadrat, independent of abundance 2b : Covering between 13-25% of the quadrat, independent of abundance 3 : Covering 25-50% of the quadrat, independent of abundance 4 : Covering 50-75% of the quadrat, independent of abundance 5 : Covering 75-100% of the quadrat, independent of abundance

The vegetation structure at each plot was described according to the structural classification system of Edwards (1983). The different plant communities were classified based on their ecological functionality and integrity.

The Southern Outfall Sewer Upgrade is located to the west of Empangeni, and in most places, the proposed sewer lines run next to riparian areas. These urban rivers are severely degraded. Past disturbances encountered on site include: past agricultural uses of the land, such as sugarcane farming which transformed former grasslands; drainage of wetlands for sugarcane farming; roads dissecting the river in the study area; houses and other infrastructure built on the edge of the river and alien invasive species transforming available habitats. All these activities have led to the severe degradation of the vegetation and associated ecosystems on site. In spite of the degradation and transformation encountered in the study area, the riparian vegetation and associated ecosystem acts as refugia for fauna, particularly the birds that are found in the area. In addition, the riparian areas are considered important movement corridors or ecological linkages within a landscape.

The following vegetation communities were identified on site (Figure 6):

 Syzygium cordatum – Bridelia micrantha riverine community.  Sporobolus pyramidalis – Chromolaena odorata disturbed grassland community.

Figure 6 Vegetation communities identified on site PROPOSED UPGRADING OF THE HILLVIEW SEWER RISING MAIN AND SOUTHERN OUTFALL BULK SEWER PIPELINE IN EMPANGENI CITY OF UMHLATHUZE MUNICIPALITY, KWAZULU-NATAL VEGETATION ASSESSMENT AND WETLAND DELINEATION 12 CITY OF UMHLATHUZE MUNICIPALITY

2.1.3.1 Syzygium cordatum – Bridelia micrantha riverine community

The Syzygium cordatum – Bridelia micrantha riverine community, indicated as “riverine and associated vegetation” on the map (Figure 6), occurs all along the Mkumbane and Mpangeni rivers in the study area (Plate 2). Different species show dominance along different parts of the river, however, the canopy is for the most part dominated by Bridelia micrantha (Mitzeeri), Albizia adianthifolia (Flatcrown), Trichilia emetica (Natal Mahogany), Syzygium cordatum (Waterberry), Trema orientalis (Pigeonwood), Strelitzia nicolai (Natal Wild Banana), and Phoenix reclinata (Wild Date Palm).

The river and riverine vegetation create important habitats for several faunal species found in the area. During the field surveys, several bird species were seen utilizing the area. This community is a sensitive ecosystem and should be avoided if possible. Construction within this community will require a Water Use Licence Application.

These urban rivers are experiencing several threats, including: pollution from sewerage overflows; sedimentation from erosion caused by housing developments within the buffer of the riverine areas; and invasion by alien invasive species. The alien invasive species causing the most damage include: Schinus terebinthifolius (Brazilian pepper tree), Melia azedarach (Syringa), Litsea glutinosa (Indian laurel), Cestrum laevigatum (Inkberry), Cardiospermum grandiflorum (Balloon vine), Lantana camara (Common lantana) and Chromolaena odorata (Paraffin weed). These alien invasives need urgent control measures to improve ecosystem functionality.

Plate 2 Syzygium cordatum – Bridelia micrantha riverine community

The following plant species were identified in this plant community during the survey: (Alien weeds and invasive plants are indicated with an asterisk).

Woody species Acacia karroo Hayne Albizia adianthifolia (Schumach.) W.Wight Antidesma venosum E.Mey. ex Tul. Apodytes dimidiata E.Mey. ex Arn. Barringtonia racemosa (L.) Roxb. Bridelia micrantha (Hochst.) Baill. Canthium inerme (L.f.) Kuntze * Cestrum laevigatum Schltdl. Clerodendrum glabrum E.Mey. Cordia caffra Sond. Erythrina lysistemon Hutch. Ficus sur Forssk. Ficus sycomorus L. Harpephyllum caffrum Bernh. ex C.Krauss Indigofera jucunda Schrire * Lantana camara L. * Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) C.B.Rob. * Melia azedarach L. * Morus alba L. Phoenix reclinata Jacq. Raphia australis Oberm. & Strey * Rubus cuneifolius Pursh Sapium integerrimum (Hochst.) J.Léonard * Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi * Senna didymobotrya (Fresen.) Irwin & Barneby * Sesbania bispinosa (Jacq.) W.Wight * Sesbania punicea (Cav.) Benth. * Solanum mauritianum Scop. Strelitzia nicolai Regel & Körn. Syzygium cordatum Hochst. Trema orientalis (L.) Blume Trichilia emetica Vahl Trimeria grandifolia (Hochst.) Warb. * Washingtonia robusta H.Wendl.

Herbaceous species * Achyranthes aspera L. * Ageratum houstonianum Mill. Asystasia gangetica (L.) T.Anderson * Bidens pilosa L. * Canna indica L. * Cardiospermum grandiflorum Sw. * Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. Cheilanthes viridis (Forssk.) Sw. Chlorophytum saundersiae (Baker) Nordal * Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M.King & H.Rob. Commelina benghalensis L. Commelina erecta L. Cyclosorus interruptus (Willd.) H.Itô PROPOSED UPGRADING OF THE HILLVIEW SEWER RISING MAIN AND SOUTHERN OUTFALL BULK SEWER PIPELINE IN EMPANGENI CITY OF UMHLATHUZE MUNICIPALITY, KWAZULU-NATAL VEGETATION ASSESSMENT AND WETLAND DELINEATION 14 CITY OF UMHLATHUZE MUNICIPALITY

Cyperus albostriatus Schrad. Cyperus esculentus L. Cyperus obtusiflorus Vahl Cyperus species Desmodium incanum DC. Dioscorea sylvatica Eckl. Ipomoea cairica (L.) Sweet * Ipomoea purpurea (L.) Roth Justicia flava (Vahl) Vahl Kyllinga alba Nees Ludwigia octovalvis (Jacq.) P.H.Raven Nidorella auriculata DC. * Oxalis corniculata L. * Oxalis latifolia Humb., Bonpl. & Kunth * Passiflora foetida L. * Persicaria lapathifolia (L.) Gray Priva cordifolia (L.f.) Druce * Ricinus communis L. * Rivina humilis L. Senecio deltoideus Less. Sida dregei Burtt Davy Smilax anceps Willd. * Solanum nigrum L. Stenochlaena tenuifolia (Desv.) T.Moore Thunbergia alata Sims Typha capensis (Rohrb.) N.E.Br. * Verbena bonariensis L.

Grass species * Arundo donax L. Bothriochloa insculpta (A.Rich.) A.Camus Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.) Willd. Eustachys paspaloides (Vahl) Lanza & Mattei Panicum maximum Jacq. * Paspalum dilatatum Poir. * Pennisetum clandestinum Chiov. * Pennisetum purpureum Schumach. Phragmites australis (Cav.) Steud. Phragmites mauritianus Kunth Setaria megaphylla (Steud.) T.Durand & Schinz Sorghum versicolor Andersson Sporobolus africanus (Poir.) Robyns & Tournay Sporobolus pyramidalis P.Beauv. Stenotaphrum secundatum (H.Walter) Kuntze

2.1.3.2 Sporobolus pyramidalis – Chromolaena odorata disturbed grassland community

The Sporobolus pyramidalis – Chromolaena odorata disturbed grassland community, indicated as “secondary grassland” on the map (Figure 6) occurs adjacent to the riparian habitats in the study area (Plate 3). These secondary grasslands were formerly used for sugarcane cultivation. The grasslands are now dominated by Sporobolus africanus (Ratstail Dropseed grass), S. pyramidalis (Cat's Tail Dropseed grass) and Panicum maximum (Buffalograss). In places, Imperata cylindrica (Cotton-wool grass) clearly dominates. The grasslands are invaded by Chromolaena odorata (Paraffin weed) and Schinus terebinthifolius (Brazillian pepper tree). These alien invasives need urgent control measures to prevent further spread.

Plate 3 Sporobolus pyramidalis – Chromolaena odorata disturbed grassland community

The following plant species were identified in this plant community during the survey: (Alien weeds and invasive plants are indicated with an asterisk).

Woody species Acacia karroo Hayne Acacia nilotica (L.) Willd. ex Delile Chrysanthemoides monilifera (L.) Norl. Dichrostachys cinerea (L.) Wight & Arn. Indigofera jucunda Schrire * Lantana camara L. Lippia javanica (Burm.f.) Spreng. * Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) C.B.Rob. * Melia azedarach L. * Musa species * Psidium guajava L. * Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi

* Senna didymobotrya (Fresen.) Irwin & Barneby * Solanum mauritianum Scop.

Herbaceous species Bulbostylis hispidula (Vahl) R.W.Haines * Canna indica L. * Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. Chamaecrista mimosoides (L.) Greene * Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M.King & H.Rob. Clematis brachiata Thunb. Desmodium incanum DC. Helichrysum decorum DC. Ipomoea cairica (L.) Sweet Pupalia lappacea (L.) A.Juss. Raphionacme palustris Venter & R.L.Verh. Rhynchosia monophylla Schltr. * Richardia brasiliensis Gomes * Ricinus communis L. Senecio madagascariensis Poir. * Verbena bonariensis L.

Grass species Andropogon eucomus Nees Aristida junciformis Trin. & Rupr. Bothriochloa insculpta (A.Rich.) A.Camus Eragrostis capensis (Thunb.) Trin. Eustachys paspaloides (Vahl) Lanza & Mattei Hyparrhenia filipendula (Hochst.) Stapf var. filipendula Imperata cylindrica (L.) Raeusch. Melinis repens (Willd.) Zizka Panicum maximum Jacq. * Paspalum dilatatum Poir. Sorghum versicolor Andersson Sporobolus africanus (Poir.) Robyns & Tournay Sporobolus pyramidalis P.Beauv.

2.1.4 Red data plant species

Red Data plant species that have historically been recorded in the quarter degree squares 2831DB and 2831DD (PRECIS data) are provided in Table 1 (refer also to Figure 7 for an explanation of red list categories). An assessment of these potentially occurring on site is provided in Table 2.

Dioscorea sylvatica (VU) (Plate 4) was recorded during the site visits. Despite the fact that the site is fairly degraded, it is recommended that a search and rescue operation is undertaken prior to construction to find any Threatened or Protected species or any other species of concern, particularly in the riparian habitats.

South African Red List Categories

Extinct (EX)

Extinct in the Wild (EW)

Regionally Extinct (RE)

Critically Endangered, Possibly Extinct (CR PE)

Critically Endangered (CR) Threatened species Endangered (EN) Species of conservation Vulnerable (VU) concern Near Threatened (NT)

Critically Rare

Rare

Declining

Data Deficient – Insufficient Information (DDD)

Data Deficient – Taxonomically Problematic (DDT)

Least Concern (LC) Extinct Threatened

Other categories of conservation concern

Other categories

Figure 7 Red List Categories (according to the Threatened Species Programme, SANBI)

Table 1 Red list plants recorded in the quarter degree squares 2831DB and 2831DD (PRECIS) data

Threat Growth Species Family Habitat and ecology Threats status form Acridocarpus MALPIGHIACEAE Declining Shrub, tree Subtropical forest, forest margins, sand forest The roots are used for traditional medicine. natalitius and bushveld, low-lying scarp forest and coastal plains. Alepidea APIACEAE DDT Herb Data deficient Unknown peduncularis Brachystelma APOCYNACEAE VU Herb, KwaZulu-Natal Coastal Belt grasslands. Habitat transformation, including: cultivation sandersonii succulent (i.e. sugarcane, plantations), urban sprawl, bush encroachment in grasslands; and alien species invasions. Crinum AMARYLLIDACEAE Declining Geophyte Grassland, savanna, near rivers, streams, Bulbs harvested for medicinal use. bulbispermum seasonal pans and in damp depressions. Crinum macowanii AMARYLLIDACEAE Declining Geophyte Mountain grassland and stony slopes in hard Bulbs harvested for medicinal use. dry shale, gravely soil or sandy flats. Crinum moorei AMARYLLIDACEAE VU Geophyte Coastal and riverine forests, scarp forest, in Bulbs harvested for medicinal use. damp or marshy places along watercourses, never in grassland. Crinum stuhlmannii AMARYLLIDACEAE Declining Geophyte Indian Ocean Coastal Belt, Savanna. Bulbs harvested for medicinal use. Scattered in grassland, bushveld and on sandy soils at low altitudes, in deep sand in lowveld bushveld. Cryptocarya latifolia LAURACEAE Declining Tree Evergreen forests along streams and rivers, Bark used for traditional medicine. coastal forests and coastal plateaus. Cryptocarya wyliei LAURACEAE NT Shrub, tree Scarp forest. Occurs on forest margins, in Habitat loss due to frequent and intense fringes of riverine forest, thicket and coastal grassland fires that are causing forest margins bush. to recede; alien species invasions. Dierama sertum IRIDACEAE NT Geophyte Coastal grasslands between coastal forest Habitat loss due to transformation by patches such as the Maputaland Coastal Belt commercial forestry plantations and sugarcane vegetation type. farming in the past. Present decline is due to urban expansion and bush encroachment in grasslands. In conservation areas such as iSimangaliso Wetland Park, the grasslands are threatened by local communities grazing their cattle in the Park. Dioscorea sylvatica DIOSCOREACEAE VU Climber, Wooded and relatively mesic places, such as Over-exploitation due to medicinal use. geophyte the moister bushveld areas, coastal bush and wooded mountain kloofs. PROPOSED UPGRADING OF THE HILLVIEW SEWER RISING MAIN AND SOUTHERN OUTFALL BULK SEWER PIPELINE IN EMPANGENI CITY OF UMHLATHUZE MUNICIPALITY, KWAZULU-NATAL VEGETATION ASSESSMENT AND WETLAND DELINEATION 19 CITY OF UMHLATHUZE MUNICIPALITY

Threat Growth Species Family Habitat and ecology Threats status form Elaeodendron CELASTRACEAE Declining Tree Forest; margins of coastal and montane Used medicinally. croceum forests. Elaeodendron CELASTRACEAE NT Shrub, tree Savanna or bushveld, from open woodland to Medicinal use transvaalense thickets, often on termite mounds Encephalartos ZAMIACEAE EW Tree Forest. Extinct in the wild due to harvesting of bark for woodii medicinal use. Eulophia speciosa ORCHIDACEAE Declining Geophyte, Various habitats including sand dunes, Harvested for the medicinal plant trade, and herb bushveld, thornveld and montane grasslands habitat loss. Faurea PROTEACEAE Rare Tree Scattered in scarp, mistbelt and montane Occurs sparsely in low numbers in isolated macnaughtonii forest. forest patches. Habenaria woodii ORCHIDACEAE VU Geophyte, Marshy ground in grassland below altitudes of Invasive alien species, habitat loss as well as herb 600 m. habitat degradation. Ilex mitis var. mitis AQUIFOLIACEAE Declining Shrub, tree Along rivers and streams in forest and thickets, Bark and leaves used medicinally. sometimes in the open. Found from sea level to inland mountain slopes. Kniphofia littoralis ASPHODELACEAE NT Herb Coastal grassland, moist depressions, not Habitat loss due to agriculture, forestry and usually in permanently waterlogged soils. urban expansion. Merwilla plumbea HYACINTHACEAE NT Geophyte Montane mistbelt and Ngongoni grassland, Bulbs harvested for medicinal trade. rocky areas on steep, well drained slopes. Nidorella tongensis ASTERACEAE Threatened Herb, - Insufficient data available - Insufficient data available succulent Raphia australis ARECACEAE VU Tree Swamp forest, on seasonally inundated Harvesting of rachides of palm fronds for coastal dunes. building materials for huts and rafts. Senecio ngoyanus ASTERACEAE VU Herb Coastal grassland, marshy depressions. Transformation of Maputaland coastal grasslands by commercial sugarcane and forestry plantations as well as severe overgrazing. Stangeria eriopus STANGERIACEAE VU Geophyte, Forest, grassland, Indian Ocean coastal belt, Medicinal use herb savanna; scarp and coastal forest, Ngongoni and coastal grassland

Table 2 Assessment of Red Data plants potentially occurring on site

Habitat Occurrence Species Family Threat Status Reason suitability Potential Acridocarpus natalitius var. natalitius MALPIGHIACEAE NE Medium to Low Low Habitat degraded Alepidea peduncularis APIACEAE DDT Unknown Unknown Insufficient data available. Brachystelma sandersonii APOCYNACEAE VU Medium to High Medium to Low Habitat degraded Crinum bulbispermum AMARYLLIDACEAE Declining High Medium to High Habitat degraded. Crinum macowanii AMARYLLIDACEAE Declining Low Low Habitat unsuitable Crinum moorei AMARYLLIDACEAE VU Low Low Habitat unsuitable Crinum stuhlmannii AMARYLLIDACEAE Declining Medium to Low Medium to Low Habitat degraded. Cryptocarya latifolia LAURACEAE Declining Low Low Habitat unsuitable Cryptocarya wyliei LAURACEAE NT Low Low Habitat unsuitable Dierama sertum IRIDACEAE NT Medium to Low Medium to Low Habitat degraded Dioscorea sylvatica DIOSCOREACEAE NE High High Recorded on site Elaeodendron croceum CELASTRACEAE Declining Medium to Low Medium to Low Marginally suitable habitat available in study area Elaeodendron transvaalense CELASTRACEAE NT Low Low Habitat unsuitable Encephalartos woodii ZAMIACEAE EW Low Low Extinct in the wild. Eulophia speciosa ORCHIDACEAE Declining Medium to Low Medium to Low Habitat degraded Faurea macnaughtonii PROTEACEAE Rare Low Low Habitat unsuitable Habenaria woodii ORCHIDACEAE VU Low Low Habitat unsuitable Ilex mitis var. mitis AQUIFOLIACEAE Declining Low Low Habitat unsuitable Kniphofia littoralis ASPHODELACEAE NT Medium Low Habitat degraded Merwilla plumbea HYACINTHACEAE NT High Medium to Low Habitat degraded; Over-harvesting for muti Nidorella tongensis ASTERACEAE Threatened Unknown Unknown Insufficient data available Raphia australis ARECACEAE VU High High Recorded on site Senecio ngoyanus ASTERACEAE VU High Medium to Low Habitat degraded Stangeria eriopus STANGERIACEAE VU High Medium to Low Habitat degraded

Plate 4 Elephant’s foot (Dioscorea sylvatica) recorded on site

2.1.5 Protected trees

The following tree species was recorded on site (Table 3) and is protected according to the National Forests Act, 1998 (Act 84 of 1998). The removal or damage of these trees would require a licence.

Table 3 Protected trees recorded on site that require a licence before removal

Species Common name Family Barringtonia racemosa Powder-puff tree LECYTHIDACEAE

The following tree species (Table 4) were previously recorded in the quarter degree squares 2831DB and 2831DD. These trees were not recorded during the site visit, however, that does not exclude them from occurring in the study area. It is recommended that a search and rescue operation is undertaken, within the development footprint, prior to construction to find any Threatened or Protected species or any other species of concern, particularly in the riparian habitats.

Table 4 Potentially occurring protected trees recorded in the grids 2831DB and 2831DD

Species Common name Family Ficus trichopoda Swamp fig MORACEAE Mimusops caffra Coastal red milkwood SAPOTACEAE Sclerocarya birrea subsp. caffra Marula ANACARDIACEAE Sideroxylon inerme subsp. inerme White milkwood SAPOTACEAE

2.1.6 Alien and invasive plant species found on site

Weeds and invasive plant species are regulated according to the Conservation of Agricultural Resources Act, 1983 (Act 43 of 1983) (CARA). These regulations were amended in 2001 and are in the process of being revised. According to CARA, plants are divided into three categories. Table 5 lists the alien and invasive plants found on site and the type and category in which they fall. By law, these alien invasives need to be controlled.

Table 5 Problem plants and alien weeds found on site

Species name Common name Type Category (CARA)*

Achyranthes aspera Burweed Weed 1 Ageratum houstonianum Floss flower Weed 1 Arundo donax Spanish reed Weed 1 Canna indica Indian shot Weed 1 Cardiospermum grandiflorum Balloon vine Weed 1 Cestrum laevigatum Inkberry Weed 1 Chromolaena odorata Paraffin weed Weed 1 Ipomoea purpurea Morning glory Invader 3 Lantana camara Common lantana Weed 1 Litsea glutinosa Indian laurel Weed 1 Melia azedarach Syringa Invader 3 Morus alba White mulberry Invader 3 Psidium guajava Guava Invader 2 Ricinus communis Castor-oil plant Invader 2 Rivina humilis Bloodberry Weed 1 Rubus cuneifolius American bramble Weed 1 Schinus terebinthifolius Brazilian pepper tree Weed 1 Senna didymobotrya Peanut butter cassia Invader 3 Sesbania punicea Red sesbania Weed 1 Solanum mauritianum Bugweed Weed 1

* Category 1: declared weeds are prohibited invader plants, which must be controlled or eradicated. Category 2: declared invader plants are allowed in demarcated areas under controlled conditions. Category 3: mostly ornamental plants having escaped from gardens, but are proven invaders. No further planting allowed

A weed can be defined as a plant that grows in the wrong place at the wrong time. Alien and invasive plants threaten ecosystem functionality, and it is recommended that the alien species found on site be eradicated. The following are recommended methods of control.

Achyranthes aspera (Burweed) Burweed is a perennial weed that occurs mainly in shady conditions such as hedges, along streams, at the edge of patches of bush and in overgrown areas of gardens. Burweed is easily controlled by cultivation, but mature plants should be pulled with care.

Ageratum houstonianum (Floss flower) Floss flower was introduced as an ornamental. It occurs in disturbed, moist places. Floss flower is easy to control by mechanical removal such as uprooting and pre-emergence herbicides. However, once the plants have matured, they are difficult to control with post- emergence chemicals.

Arundo donax (Spanish reed) Spanish reed (Plate 5) favours moist, but not necessarily wet places. Physical methods of control must include total removal of the rhizomes, as the plant easily re-grows from pieces left in the soil. The plant should be cut down to ground level and regrowth sprayed with a systemic herbicide. Follow-up treatments are important for long-term control.

Plate 5 Characteristic large basal leaf lobes of Spanish reed (Arundo donax)

Canna indica (Indian shot) Indian shot is a well-known garden plant that has escaped into the wild and has become widely naturalised. It is usually found on stream banks or moist sites and on plantation edges where it competes with and replaces indigenous species. The plant has strong rhizomatous roots and is difficult to eradicate with herbicides. It should be removed physically, taking care to dig up and destroy the rhizomes.

Cardiospermum grandiflorum (Balloon vine) Balloon vine is a perennial climber that has the ability to smother indigenous vegetation. It often invades forest margins, watercourses and urban open spaces in subtropical regions. The capsules which contain the seeds are blown by the wind and can float, thus being readily distributed by water to reach their preferred habitat, namely moist places. Balloon vine is

relatively easily controlled, as long as the root is destroyed, the rest of the plant can be left to wither and die. There are no registered herbicides for this weed, so the best method is to dig up the root.

Cestrum laevigatum (Inkberry) Inkberry can form dense stands, eliminating indigenous flora and transforming the landscape. Many areas of coastal bush are severely infested. The unripe berries, which are green in June and July, and the young shoots, are very poisonous. Chemical control is the best method available at present. A suitable herbicide such as triclopyr or imazapyr is painted onto the stems or cut stumps. Physical methods require the removal of the entire plant, as the plant coppices vigorously.

Chromolaena odorata (Paraffin weed) Paraffin weed is a transformer species, forming dense, smothering mats over other vegetation. Paraffin weed reduces biodiversity by creating allelopathy and competition. Control of this weed is difficult because it is capable of re-growth from stem coppice, root suckers and seeds. Large plants must be cut down and herbicide applied to the stump. Young plants can be easily uprooted. Older plants can be slashed but quickly coppice unless stumps are dug out or herbicide is applied. Regular burning has been shown to be effective in suppressing infestations in grassland and savanna. However, one should not burn in forest areas, as paraffin weed is flammable, and can damage fire-sensitive forest plants.

Ipomoea purpurea (Common morning glory) Common morning glory is native to tropical and subtropical America and is a troublesome weed in crops and gardens. The seed is said to contain a powerful hallucinogen, and maize grain is downgraded with only a small number of seeds present. It is an extremely difficult weed to control as it escapes most pre- and even some post-emergence herbicide treatments. However, it is very sensitive to the hormone-type herbicides.

Lantana camara (Common lantana) Lantana (Plate 6) is one of the most serious invader species in South Africa. Lantana forms dense, impenetrable thickets, replacing indigenous plants, increasing erosion and seriously interfering with farming and forestry. Cutting the dense bushes and painting or spraying the re-growth with herbicide is the most effective method. Foliar sprays on large, uncut bushes are not very successful. The best results are achieved if the plants are sprayed in summer to autumn. A comprehensive follow-up and maintenance program is essential.

Litsea glutinosa (Indian laurel) Indian laurel invades particularly forest margins and can quickly develop into a mono-specific infestation by out-competing other species. Effective control is by cutting down large trees before they produce viable seeds, and treating the stem with a registered herbicide. Smaller plants can be pulled by hand and are also susceptible to herbicides (care must be taken to remove the long tap root). Frequent follow-up is critical due to the large seed reserves usually found under these trees.

Melia azedarach (Syringa) Syringa is a deciduous tree that produces an abundance of marble-sized, pale yellow berries, which are poisonous to humans and are spread by birds, animals and water. Syringa is very difficult to control. Ring-barking and bark-stripping usually stimulate coppicing and the development of root suckers. The tree should be cut, but not too close to the ground. Then a registered herbicide mixed with diesel oil should be painted onto the stem and stump. It is important to make annual follow-up treatments.

Plate 6 Common lantana (Lantana camara)

Morus alba (White mulberry) The mulberry was introduced for its fruit and as a food for silkworms. The seeds are widely dispersed by birds. The mulberry invades roadsides, riverbanks and urban open spaces. It out-competes and replaces indigenous vegetation. The tree should be physically removed by cutting it down and treating the stump with herbicide.

Psidium guajava (Guava) Guava was introduced to South Africa primarily as an agricultural crop, but also for shade and as an ornamental. It has now established itself in the wild and has become a serious weed. Once established, guava trees are extremely difficult to control. They are evergreen, perennial plants with a strong root system, and are able to withstand many foliar- and soil-applied herbicides. They coppice when cut and produce vigorous root suckers. Ring-barking, bark- stripping and felling encourage root sucker development and create a greater density of infestation. Control is by using a registered herbicide with repeated follow-up treatments.

Ricinus communis (castor-oil plant) The three-lobed fruits of castor-oil plants are extremely toxic to humans and animals. The castor-oil plant is a common pioneer and weed of roadsides, riverbanks, waste places and disturbed habitats. Large plants can easily be controlled by chopping or uprooting them. There are also several registered herbicides that can be used as cut stump treatments.

Rivina humilis (bloodberry) Bloodberry was introduced to South Africa as an ornamental. It has escaped and can be found growing in the wild in the coastal regions of KwaZulu-Natal. Birds are attracted to the brightly coloured seeds, and disperse the plant as they eat the fruit. Individual plants can easily be hand-pulled and destroyed, ideally before the plants have formed berries and/or flowers.

Rubus cuneifolius (American bramble) American bramble (Plate 7) are spread by seed. The small seeds in the berries have a hard, resistant seedcoat, which ensures their survival through the digestive tract of birds and other animals. The bramble also spreads vegetatively by means of tip-rooting and sucker formation on the roots. Sucker development is stimulated when the aerial parts of the plant has been destroyed by fire, mowing or inadequate herbicide application. American bramble is becoming a serious problem, mainly in parts of KwaZulu-Natal, where it forms dense stands in the veld, on roadsides and in forests. The underground runners make the bramble very difficult to eradicate and specialised herbicides are used. These herbicides are most effective in autumn when downward sap movement can transport the chemical to the roots. Follow-up inspections and treatments are important.

Plate 7 Flowers and fruit of American bramble (Rubus cuneifolius)

Schinus terebinthifolius (Brazilian pepper tree) The Brazilian pepper tree (Plate 8) is a vigorous invader and easily replaces indigenous vegetation. It has become well established along the coastal roads and in the coastal bush of KwaZulu-Natal. This plant is easily controlled with physical methods. If mature trees are cut down, care must be taken not to disperse seed. Triclopyr is registered for application as a basal stem treatment.

Senna didymobotrya (Peanut butter cassia) Peanut butte cassia has become naturalised in South Africa and is found throughout the summer-rainfall regions. It invades disturbed areas such as roadsides, waste areas, woodland and river banks, replacing indigenous vegetation. No specific herbicide has been registered for this weed, and it is best controlled manually.

Plate 8 Brazilian pepper tree (Schinus terebinthifolius)

Sesbania punicea (Red sesbania) Red sesbania was probably introduced as an ornamental. All parts of the plant are poisonous but the seeds are particularly lethal to birds and sheep. Red sesbania is found mainly in permanently or seasonally wet places, but is also able to establish in disturbed places such as roadsides and refuse dumps. Slashing induces vigorous re-growth, which must be sprayed with a registered herbicide or physically removed. The best time of year for this is after the spring flush, when plants have exhausted their root reserves. Biological control agents (stem borer, seed feeder and flower bud feeder beetles) are also effective.

Solanum mauritianum (bugweed) Apart from being poisonous, the fruits of the bugweed act as a host for the fruit fly, which is a serious pest of orchard plants. Birds are attracted to the colourful berries and spread the seeds. Bugweed can be killed easily by cutting, stem painting or soil-applied or foliar herbicides. When mechanically cleared, the clouds of fine hairs that are dislodged contain toxins that can cause respiratory problems in workers clearing the plants. Follow up treatments are essential.

2.2 Wetland delineation

2.2.1 Overview of wetlands and riparian areas

The broad definition of a “wetland” includes a variety of ecosystems, ranging from rivers, springs, seeps and mires in the upper catchment, to midlands marshes, pans and floodplains, to coastal lakes, mangrove swamps and estuaries at the bottom of the catchment.

What is a wetland? A wetland is defined as: “land which is transitional between terrestrial and aquatic systems where the water table is usually at or near the surface, or the land is periodically covered with shallow water, and which land in normal circumstances supports or would support vegetation typically adapted to life in saturated soil”.

- National Water Act,1998 (Act 36 of 1998)

In order to identify a wetland, one or more of the following attributes should be present (DWAF, 2005):

3  Wetland (hydromorphic) soils that display characteristics resulting from prolonged saturation.  Presence of water loving plants (hydrophytes).  A high water table that results in saturated soil conditions at or near the surface (in the top 50 cm of the soil:

Many riparian areas display wetland indicators and should be classified as wetlands. However, other riparian areas are not saturated long enough or often enough to develop wetland characteristics, such as redoxymorphic soil features. These conditions do not support vegetation typically adapted to life in saturated soil and it is therefore important to delineate these riparian areas in addition to wetlands (DWAF, 2005).

There were no wetlands found in the study area4, and for the purposes of this report, the area adjacent to the rivers are classified as riparian areas or riparian habitats. The riparian areas are identified as the Syzygium cordatum – Bridelia micrantha riverine community (see section 2.1.3.1).

What is a riparian area? Riparian habitats, also known as riparian areas, are defined as follows: “Riparian habitat includes the physical structure and associated vegetation of the areas associated with a watercourse which are commonly characterised by alluvial soils, and which are inundated or flooded to an extent and with a frequency sufficient to support vegetation of species with a composition and physical structure distinct from those of adjacent land areas.”

- National Water Act,1998 (Act 36 of 1998)

3 Wetland soils display unique characteristics resulting from prolonged and repeated saturation. Once a soil becomes saturated for an extended period of time, roots and micro-organisms consume the oxygen present in pore spaces in the soil, the soil effectively becomes anaerobic. Prolonged anaerobic conditions result in a change in the chemical composition of the soil, and certain soil components, such as iron and manganese can be leached out of the soil profile. These are referred to as redoxymorphic soil features. 4 Several floodplain wetlands were identified to the west of the rivers in the study area, however, since these fall outside of the proposed pipeline, they were not delineated. PROPOSED UPGRADING OF THE HILLVIEW SEWER RISING MAIN AND SOUTHERN OUTFALL BULK SEWER PIPELINE IN EMPANGENI CITY OF UMHLATHUZE MUNICIPALITY, KWAZULU-NATAL VEGETATION ASSESSMENT AND WETLAND DELINEATION 29 CITY OF UMHLATHUZE MUNICIPALITY

What is the difference between a wetland and a riparian area? Wetlands generally display more diffuse flow and are lower energy environments, whereas riparian areas are commonly found along streams and rivers that reflect the high-energy conditions associated with the water flowing in a strongly defined channel.

- (DWAF, 2008)

Riparian zones develop in response to (and are adapted to) the physical disturbances caused by frequent overbank flooding from the associated river or stream channel. Riparian zones can be distinguished from adjacent terrestrial areas by observing the presence of key indicators (DWAF, 2005):

 Topography associated with the watercourse.  Vegetation.  Alluvial soils and recently deposited material.

The delineation of riparian areas relies primarily on the vegetation as an indicator. Sice riparian areas represent the interface between aquatic and upland ecosystems, the vegetation in the riparian area may have characteristics of both aquatic and upland habitats. However, the riparian area adjacent to a watercourse and can be defined as the zone where a distinctive change occurs in the vegetation:

 In species composition relative to the adjacent terrestrial area. 5  In the physical structure, i.e. riparian vegetation will be more robust compared to the adjacent terrestrial vegetation.

Many of the plants in the riparian area require plenty of water and are adapted to shallow water table conditions. Due to water availability and rich alluvial soils, riparian areas are usually very productive. Tree growth rate is high and the vegetation under the trees is usually lush in comparison to the upland terrestrial vegetation (DWAF, 2008).

Why are riparian areas important?

The riparian areas in the study area are important for the following reasons:

 Store water and help reduce flood peaks.  Stabilize stream banks.  Improve water quality by trapping sediment and nutrients.  Maintain natural water temperature through shading for aquatic species.  Provide shelter, food and migration corridors for movement of both aquatic and terrestrial species.  Act as a buffer between aquatic ecosystems and adjacent upslope land uses.

- (DWAF, 2005)

5 Increased height/crown size/number of species. PROPOSED UPGRADING OF THE HILLVIEW SEWER RISING MAIN AND SOUTHERN OUTFALL BULK SEWER PIPELINE IN EMPANGENI CITY OF UMHLATHUZE MUNICIPALITY, KWAZULU-NATAL VEGETATION ASSESSMENT AND WETLAND DELINEATION 30 CITY OF UMHLATHUZE MUNICIPALITY

For the most part, the pipeline is to the east of the rivers, however, there is a section close to the Waste Water Treatment Works where the pipeline crosses the river. In certain sections, the pipeline cuts through the riparian vegetation. A Section 21 Water Use Licence Application will be required.

Rivers are included in the definition of a watercourse6 and are afforded appropriate protection under the National Water Act, 1998 (Act 36 of 1998) (NWA). Carrying out any activity involving modifications to a watercourse, such as impeding or diverting the flow of water within 500m of a watercourse, or altering the bed or banks of a watercourse, would require a water use licence from the Department of Water Affairs. Ideally, no infrastructure should be located within a river/stream, or 30 m from the edge of the riparian zone (EKZNW, 2012). For the sensitivity mapping, a 30 m buffer was added to the riparian areas from the edge of the riparian zone (Figure 8).

6 According to NWA, a watercourse is defined as: (a) a river or a spring; (b) a natural channel in which water flows regularly or intermittently; (c) a wetland, lake or dam into which, or from which, water flows; and (d) any collection of water which the Minister may, by notice of the Gazette, declare to be a watercourse, and a reference to a watercourse includes, where relevant, its bed and banks. PROPOSED UPGRADING OF THE HILLVIEW SEWER RISING MAIN AND SOUTHERN OUTFALL BULK SEWER PIPELINE IN EMPANGENI CITY OF UMHLATHUZE MUNICIPALITY, KWAZULU-NATAL VEGETATION ASSESSMENT AND WETLAND DELINEATION 31 CITY OF UMHLATHUZE MUNICIPALITY

Figure 8 Sensitivity map based on the occurrence of riparian vegetation in the study area (including 30 m buffer) PROPOSED UPGRADING OF THE HILLVIEW SEWER RISING MAIN AND SOUTHERN OUTFALL BULK SEWER PIPELINE IN EMPANGENI CITY OF UMHLATHUZE MUNICIPALITY, KWAZULU-NATAL VEGETATION ASSESSMENT AND WETLAND DELINEATION 32 CITY OF UMHLATHUZE MUNICIPALITY

3 LEGAL ASPECTS 3.1 Applicable legislation and guidelines

The most important environmental legislation and guidelines applicable to this project are summarized below.

3.1.1 National Environmental Management Act, 1998 (Act 107 of 1998)

The National Environmental Management Act, 1998 (Act 107 of 1998) (NEMA) requires negative impacts on the environment and on people’s environmental rights to be anticipated and prevented, and where they cannot altogether be avoided, to be minimized and remedied.

3.1.2 National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act, 2004 (Act 10 of 2004)

According to the National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act, 2004 (Act 10 of 2004) (NEMBA), a person may not carry out a restricted activity involving a specimen of a listed threatened or protected species without a permit from Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife or the Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries. Restricted activities include, among others, hunting, catching, capturing or killing; as well as gathering, collecting, damaging or destroying any threatened or protected species.

The following protected plant tree was recorded on site: Barringtonia racemosa (Powder-puff tree). Dioscorea sylvatica (Elephant’s foot), also recorded on site, is listed as vulnerable.

3.1.3 National Water Act, 1998 (Act 36 of 1998)

The National Water Act, 1998 (Act 36 of 1998) (NWA) recognises that water is a scarce resource and that the ultimate aim of water resource management is to achieve the sustainable use of water for the benefit of all users. The purpose of the NWA includes: section 2 (g) protecting aquatic and associated ecosystems and their biological diversity; (h) reducing and preventing pollution and degradation of water resources; and (k) managing floods and droughts. To this end, the Reserve7 needs to be provided for to protect the ecological functioning of aquatic ecosystems.

If the riparian habitat is disturbed during the construction of the pipeline, a water use licence will be required from the Department of Water Affairs. Disturbance of the riparian habitat triggers the following activities: Section 21 (c) impeding or diverting the flow of water in a watercourse; (i) altering the bed, banks, course or characteristics of a watercourse. Hence, no infrastructure should be located within a watercourse, or 30 m from its edge.

7 According to NWA, the “Reserve'' means the quantity and quality of water required - (a) to satisfy basic human needs by securing a basic water supply... (b) to protect aquatic ecosystems in order to secure ecologically sustainable development and use of the relevant water resource… PROPOSED UPGRADING OF THE HILLVIEW SEWER RISING MAIN AND SOUTHERN OUTFALL BULK SEWER PIPELINE IN EMPANGENI CITY OF UMHLATHUZE MUNICIPALITY, KWAZULU-NATAL VEGETATION ASSESSMENT AND WETLAND DELINEATION 33 CITY OF UMHLATHUZE MUNICIPALITY

3.1.4 National Forests Act, 1998 (Act 84 of 1998)

The National Forests Act, 1998 (Act 84 of 1998), section 7 prohibits the cutting, disturbance, destruction or removal of any indigenous living or dead tree in a forest without a licence. One of the azonal forest types, namely, Lowveld Riverine Forest (listed as vulnerable) is found in the study area.

According to section 15(1) of the National Forests Act, 1998 (Act 84 of 1998), no person may cut, disturb, damage, destroy, possess, collect, remove, transport, export, purchase, sell, donate or in any other manner acquire or dispose of any protected tree or any forest product derived from a protected tree (as listed in Government Gazette Notice 716 of 7 September 2012) except under a licence or exemption granted by the Minister of the Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries. Barringtonia racemosa is a protected tree and removal or damage of this tree species would require a licence.

3.1.5 Conservation of Agricultural Resources Act, 1983 (Act 43 of 1983)

The Conservation of Agricultural Resources Act, 1983 (Act 43 of 1983), as amended, (CARA) provides for control over the utilization of natural agricultural resources. Section 6 of the Act makes provision for control measures to be applied in order to achieve the objectives of the Act. These measures relate to, amongst others: utilization and protection of wetlands; the regulating of the flow pattern of run-off water; the utilization and protection of vegetation; the control of weeds and invader plants; and the restoration or reclamation of eroded land or land which is disturbed or denuded.

CARA defines different categories of alien plants. Category 1 weeds are prohibited and must be controlled; Category 2 declared invader plants are allowed in demarcated areas under controlled conditions and under a permit; and Category 3 alien plants are mostly ornamental plants having escaped from gardens, but are proven invaders, and may no longer be planted except under a permit from the Department of Agriculture.

Several listed invasive species were observed on site and these species should be controlled as part of the implementation of the Environmental Management Programme (EMPr).

3.1.6 Natal Nature Conservation Ordinance (No. 15 of 1974) and the KwaZulu Nature Conservation Act, 1992 (Act 29 of 1992)

According to the Natal Nature Conservation Ordinance No. 15 of 1974 and the KwaZulu Nature Conservation Act, 1992 (Act 29 of 1992) no person shall, among others: damage, destroy, or relocate any specially protected indigenous plant, except under the authority and in accordance with a permit from Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife (EKZNW).

Specially protected indigenous plants are any indigenous plants that are mentioned in Schedule 11 of the KwaZulu Nature Conservation Act, 1992 (Act 29 of 1992). See Table 6 for a list of families and genera that have the potential to occur on site. These include the following families: all Amaryllidaceae8, Asphodelaceae9, Dioscoreaceae, Iridacea and Orchidacea. As well as the following genus: all Brachystelma. These specially protected plants, as well as all red listed plants need to be taken into account before construction

8 Scadoxus are excluded from the list of specially protected Amaryllidaceae. 9 The family Asphodelaceae was formerly known as Liliaceae. All Asphodelaceae are specially protected, excluding Aloe ferox, A. marlothii and A. maculata. PROPOSED UPGRADING OF THE HILLVIEW SEWER RISING MAIN AND SOUTHERN OUTFALL BULK SEWER PIPELINE IN EMPANGENI CITY OF UMHLATHUZE MUNICIPALITY, KWAZULU-NATAL VEGETATION ASSESSMENT AND WETLAND DELINEATION 34 CITY OF UMHLATHUZE MUNICIPALITY

commences for the proposed upgrade of the pipeline. It is recommended that a search and rescue operation is undertaken, within the development footprint, prior to construction, particularly in the riparian habitats. The relevant permits must be obtained as necessary.

Table 6 Potentially occurring protected plants according to Schedule 11 (KZN Nature Conservation Act)

Family Genus AMARYLLIDACEAE Brunsvigia, Crinum, Cyrtanthus APOCYNACEAE Brachystelma ASPHODELACEAE Aloe, Bulbine, Kniphofia, Trachyandra DIOSCOREACEAE Dioscorea IRIDACEAE Aristea, Dierama, Dietes, Freesia, Gladiolus, Hesperantha, Moraea ORCHIDACEAE Disa, Eulophia, Habenaria, Schizochilus STANGERIACEAE Stangeria

3.1.7 uMhlathuze Environmental Services Management Plan

The uMhlathuze Environmental Services Management Plan (ESMP) focuses on planning and management of natural assets at a municipal level. Ecosystem services are critical to the functioning of the Earth’s life-support system. These natural environmental services make an important contribution to the economy of the uMhlathuze Municipality. The ESMP aims, amongst others, to assist in meeting biodiversity conservation targets as set by EKZNW. Four levels of environmental service supply and management zones are recognised:

 Nature reserves (Level 1): includes areas of biodiversity or environmental significance such as estuaries, lakes, major wetlands, natural forests, coastal buffers and critically endangered habitats that are protected in terms of legislation and should be declared as nature reserves.  Conservation zone (Level 2): includes areas of biodiversity or environmental significance. No development of land for purposes other than conservation should be permitted in this zone.  Open Space Linkage Zone (Level 3): provides a natural buffer for Level 1 and 2 zones. Transformation of natural assets and the development of land in theses zones should only be permitted under controlled conditions.  Development Zone (Level 4): areas are either already developed or transformed, and are not critical for environmental service supply. This zone should be developed in a manner that supports, or at least does not adversely impact on, the sustainability of environmental service supply in Level 1, 2 and 3 zones.

The uMhlathuze Environmental Services Management Plan (ESMP) identified three management zones in the study area, viz. levels 2, 3 and 4 (Figure 9). The riparian habitats, identified in section 2.1.3.1 and section 2.2.1 as the Syzygium cordatum – Bridelia micrantha riverine community, falls in level 2, and hence no development should be permitted in this zone.

The management zones have the following categories (Figure 10):

 Acacia woodland.  Agriculture.  Alien Scrub.  Alien trees. PROPOSED UPGRADING OF THE HILLVIEW SEWER RISING MAIN AND SOUTHERN OUTFALL BULK SEWER PIPELINE IN EMPANGENI CITY OF UMHLATHUZE MUNICIPALITY, KWAZULU-NATAL VEGETATION ASSESSMENT AND WETLAND DELINEATION 35 CITY OF UMHLATHUZE MUNICIPALITY

 Forest.  Grassland.  Rural/Peri-urban.  Secondary Grassland.  Shrubland Grassland.  Swamp Forest.  Thicket.  Transformed.  Water.  Wetland.

Figure 9 uMhlathuze Environmental Services Management Plan (ESMP) PROPOSED UPGRADING OF THE HILLVIEW SEWER RISING MAIN AND SOUTHERN OUTFALL BULK SEWER PIPELINE IN EMPANGENI CITY OF UMHLATHUZE MUNICIPALITY, KWAZULU-NATAL VEGETATION ASSESSMENT AND WETLAND DELINEATION 37 CITY OF UMHLATHUZE MUNICIPALITY

Figure 10 uMhlathuze Environmental Services Management Plan (ESMP) PROPOSED UPGRADING OF THE HILLVIEW SEWER RISING MAIN AND SOUTHERN OUTFALL BULK SEWER PIPELINE IN EMPANGENI CITY OF UMHLATHUZE MUNICIPALITY, KWAZULU-NATAL VEGETATION ASSESSMENT AND WETLAND DELINEATION 38 CITY OF UMHLATHUZE MUNICIPALITY

4 IDENTIFICATION OF POTENTIAL IMPACTS

The major risk factors and associated activities likely to accompany the development are as follows:

 Disturbance and loss of riparian vegetation and riparian habitats due to construction activities. Riparian habitats are sensitive ecosystems and are protected by the National Water Act. It is recommended that the proposed development be moved out of the riparian habitat and riparian buffer zone. If destruction of the riparian habitat cannot be avoided, the following mitigation measures should be put in place: . Keep vegetation clearance to a minimum. No vegetation should be cleared beyond the site itself. . A walk down should precede construction to identify red listed or protected plants.  To prevent disturbance of the riparian habitats during construction: . Store waste materials according to best practice guidelines and recommendations to prevent contamination of the riparian ecosystem. . Report accidental spills to the ECO immediately.  Disturbance and loss of secondary grasslands due to construction activities. Loss of plant cover could encourage alien invasive plant species to spread into the surrounding ecosystems. The following mitigation measures apply: . Keep vegetation clearance to a minimum. No vegetation should be cleared beyond the site itself.  Disturbance to soil and hydrology with the resultant siltation of riparian habitats. During construction activities, follow these guidelines: . Install temporary erosion and sediment control measures before initial disturbance of the soil. . Ensure that topsoil removal and storage are done according to best practice principles. . Reclaim and revegetate the disturbed areas to approximately pre-construction capability. . Following construction, the disturbed area should be seeded with locally sourced indigenous seed mixes to limit erosion. . Avoid construction activities during the rainy season, and especially during episodes of heavy rains.  Disturbance of riparian habitat - due to pollution from sewerage spills. It is imperative that: . Accidental spills should be contained and cleaned up as soon as possible. . Regular maintenance of the sewerage line is important to prevent spills and leakage of the infrastructure. Replace missing manhole covers to prevent blockage and vandalism from occurring.  Disturbance and loss of vegetation during the operational phase. If alien invasive plants are left uncontrolled, they will spread, and fill niches usually filled by indigenous vegetation. Melia azedarach and Schinus terebinthifolius are a serious problem particularly in the riparian habitats. . Control and eradicate alien invasive plants using the recommended methods. Care should be taken when controlling alien invasives in the riverine areas, not to use chemicals that may be harmful to fish and other fauna.  Some alien invasive plants produce changes in soil chemistry (known as allelopathy) that prevent indigenous plant species from germinating in those soils. Weeds such as Lantana camara and Chromolaena odorata have allelopathic properties. These chemical changes in the soil lead to a decrease on indigenous plants and leads to an increase in soil erosion. . Keep vegetation clearance to a minimum PROPOSED UPGRADING OF THE HILLVIEW SEWER RISING MAIN AND SOUTHERN OUTFALL BULK SEWER PIPELINE IN EMPANGENI CITY OF UMHLATHUZE MUNICIPALITY, KWAZULU-NATAL VEGETATION ASSESSMENT AND WETLAND DELINEATION 39 CITY OF UMHLATHUZE MUNICIPALITY

. Control and eradicate alien invasive plants using methods recommended in this report . Reclaim and revegetate disturbed areas with locally sourced indigenous plants / seed mixes to limit erosion

Cumulative impacts associated with the proposed development during the construction phase:

 Cumulative impacts associated with vegetation clearance will result in disturbance of soils, spread of alien invasive species and a reduction of ecosystem services.  Cumulative impacts associated with vegetation clearance will result in disturbance of soils, increased soil erosion, the river will become silted up, which will could lead to flooding in certain parts of the catchment.

Cumulative impacts associated with the proposed development during the operational phase:

 Cumulative impacts associated with vegetation clearance will result in disturbance of soils, increased soil erosion, reduced habitat for fauna and flora species, spread of alien invasive species and a reduction of ecosystem services  Cumulative impacts associated with burst sewerage pipes or blocked mains that cause sewerage spills directly into the rivers. This will be detrimental to the natural environment, by upsetting the balance of nutrients and fauna and flora in the system. Additionally this has human health implications, since the rivers are in an urban environment

The assessment of the different impacts for the proposed Southern Outfall Sewer Upgrade is provided in Table 7 and Table 8. The criteria used to assess the potential impacts are provided in section 4.1.1. Without mitigation, many of the impacts will have a permanent effect. With mitigation some of the impacts will be less significant. The mitigation actions such as control of alien invasive plants and the control of pollutants such as accidental sewerage spills will need to be in place for the entire lifespan of the operation of the sewerage works.

4.1 Assessment of impacts and identification of mitigation measures

4.1.1 Specialist Impact Assessment Criteria

The following criteria were applied to predict and assess the significance of potential impacts associated with the proposed development:

 Direct impacts are impacts that are caused directly by the activity and generally occur at the same time and at the place of the activity. These impacts are usually associated with the construction, operation or maintenance of an activity and are generally obvious and quantifiable.

 Indirect impacts of an activity are indirect or induced changes that may occur as a result of the activity. These types of impacts include all the potential impacts that do not manifest immediately when the activity is undertaken or which occur at a different place as a result of the activity.

 Cumulative impacts are impacts that result from the incremental impact of the proposed activity on a common resource when added to the impacts of other past, present or reasonably foreseeable future activities. Cumulative impacts can occur from the collective impacts of individual minor actions over a period of time and can include both direct and indirect impacts.

 Nature – the evaluation of the nature of the impact. Most negative impacts will remain negative, however, after mitigation, significance should reduce: . Positive. . Negative.

 Spatial extent – the size of the area that will be affected by the impact: . Site specific. . Local (limited to the immediate areas around the site; <2 km from site). . Regional (would include a major portion of an area; within 30 km of site). . National or International.

 Duration – the timeframe during which the impact will be experienced: . Short-term (0-3 years or confined to the period of construction). . Medium-term (3-10 years). . Long-term (the impact will only cease after the operational life of the activity). . Permanent (beyond the anticipated lifetime of the project).

 Intensity – this provides an order of magnitude of whether or not the intensity (magnitude/size/frequency) of the impact would be negligible, low, medium or high): . Negligible (inconsequential or no impact). . Low (small alteration of natural systems, patterns or processes). . Medium (noticeable alteration of natural systems, patterns or processes). . High (severe alteration of natural systems, patterns or processes).

 Frequency – this provides a description of any repetitive, continuous or time-linked characteristics of the impact: . Once off (occurring any time during construction). . Intermittent (occurring from time to time, without specific periodicity). . Periodic (occurring at more or less regular intervals).

. Continuous (without interruption).

 Probability – the likelihood of the impact occurring: . Improbable (very low likelihood that the impact will occur). . Probable (distinct possibility that the impact will occur). . Highly probable (most likely that the impact will occur). . Definite (the impact will occur).

 Irreplaceability – of resource loss caused by impacts: . High irreplaceability of resources (the project will destroy unique resources that cannot be replaced). . Moderate irreplaceability of resources (the project will destroy natural resources, which can be replaced with effort). . Low irreplaceability of resources (the project will destroy natural resources, which are easily replaceable).

 Reversibility – the degree to which the impact can be reversed / the ability of the impacted environment to return/be returned to its pre-impacted state (in the same or different location): . Impacts are non-reversible (impact is permanent). . Low reversibility. . Moderate reversibility of impacts. . High reversibility of impacts (impact is highly reversible at end of project life).

 Significance – the significance of the impact on components of the affected environment (and, where relevant, with respect to potential legal infringement) is described: . Low (the impact will not have a significant influence on the environment and, thus, will not be required to be significantly accommodated in the project design). . Medium (the impact will have an adverse affect or influence on the environment, which will require modification of the project design, the implementation of mitigation measures or both). . High (the impact will have a serious affect on the environment to the extent that, regardless of mitigation measures, it could block the project from proceeding).

 Confidence – the degree of confidence in predictions based on available information and specialist knowledge: . Low. . Medium. . High.

Table 7 Impact Assessment summary table without mitigation

ility

Impact Description

ability

Nature

Duration Intensity

Irreplace

Frequency

Probability

Confidence

Significance

Reversib Spatial Extent 1. Construction phase Direct impacts Potential impacts of the proposed Southern Outfall Sewer Upgrade in Empangeni 1.1 Disturbance and loss of riparian Negative Local Permanent High Continuous Definite Moderate Low High High vegetation and riparian habitats to High. due to construction activities 1.2 Disturbance and loss of Negative Site Permanent Medium Continuous Definite Low Low Low High secondary grasslands due to specific construction activities 1.3 Disturbance to soil and Negative Local Permanent High Continuous Definite Moderate Low Medium High hydrology with the resultant siltation of riparian habitats Cumulative impacts 1.4 Cumulative impacts associated Negative Local Permanent Medium Continuous Highly Moderate Low Medium High with vegetation clearance will to High probable result in disturbance of soils, spread of alien invasive species and a reduction of ecosystem services

1.5 Cumulative impacts associated Negative Local Permanent Medium Continuous Probable Moderate Low Medium High with vegetation clearance will to High result in disturbance of soils, increased soil erosion, the river will become silted up, which will could lead to flooding in certain parts of the catchment

CITY OF UMHLATHUZE MUNICIPALITY

ility

Impact Description

ability

Nature

Duration Intensity

Irreplace

Frequency

Probability

Confidence

Significance

Reversib Spatial Extent 2. Operational phase Indirect impacts Maintenance and operation of the proposed Southern Outfall Sewer Upgrade in Empangeni 2.1 Disturbance of riparian habitat. Negative Site Long-term High Intermittent Probable Moderate Low Medium - Medium (Potential pollution from specific to to High High sewerage spills) Local. Sewerage spills will have an effect down stream 2.2 Disturbance and loss of Negative Local Long-term High Continuous Highly High Low Secondary High vegetation during operational probable vegetation: phase. Medium. (If not controlled, alien invasive Protected species will spread, and fill plants: niches usually filled by High indigenous vegetation. Melia azedarach and Schinus terebinthifolius are a serious problem) 2.3 Changes in soil chemistry* as Negative Site Permanent Medium Continuous Highly Moderate Low Medium High the result of alien invasive plants specific probable (alien invasive plants are an indirect result of a disturbance and movement of soils and clearance of vegetation) *Weeds such as Lantana camara and Chromolaena odorata have allelopathic effects on the soil that prevent other species from germinating. This leads to soil erosion

CITY OF UMHLATHUZE MUNICIPALITY

ility

Impact Description

ability

Nature

Duration Intensity

Irreplace

Frequency

Probability

Confidence

Significance

Reversib Spatial Extent Cumulative impacts 2.4 Cumulative impacts associated Negative Local Permanent Medium Continuous Highly Moderate Low Medium High with vegetation clearance will probably result in disturbance of soils, increased soil erosion, reduced habitat for fauna and flora species, spread of alien invasive species and a reduction of ecosystem services

2.5 Cumulative impacts associated Negative Local Long-term Medium Continuous Highly Moderate Low Medium High with burst sewerage pipes or to probable blocked mains that cause permanent sewerage spills directly into the rivers. This will be detrimental to the natural environment, by upsetting the balance of nutrients and fauna and flora in the system. Additionally this has human health implications, since the rivers are in an urban environment

Table 8 Impact Assessment summary table with mitigation

Impact Description Mitigation

ability

Nature

Duration Intensity

Irreplace

Frequency

Probability

Confidence

Significance

Reversibility Spatial Extent 1. Construction phase Direct impacts Potential impacts of the proposed Southern Outfall Sewer Upgrade in Empangeni 1.1 Disturbance and loss of . Move proposed upgrade Negative Local Long-term High Continuous Definite Moderate Low High High riparian vegetation and out of riparian habitat to to High riparian habitats due to and riparian buffer zone Permanent construction activities . Biodiversity offset mitigation where destruction of riparian habitat is unavoidable . Keep vegetation clearance to a minimum. No vegetation should be cleared beyond the site itself . A walk down should precede construction to identify red listed or protected plants . During construction, waste materials should be stored according to best practice guidelines and recommendations to prevent contamination of the riparian ecosystem . Accidental spills should be reported to the ECO immediately

CITY OF UMHLATHUZE MUNICIPALITY

Impact Description Mitigation

ability

Nature

Duration Intensity

Irreplace

Frequency

Probability

Confidence

Significance

Reversibility Spatial Extent 1.2 Disturbance and loss of . Keep vegetation Negative Site Long-term Medium Continuous Definite Low Moderate Low High secondary grasslands due clearance to a minimum. specific to construction activities No vegetation should be cleared beyond the site itself 1.3 Disturbance to soil and . Install temporary erosion Negative Local Medium- Medium Continuous Highly Moderate Moderate Medium High hydrology with the resultant and sediment control term probable siltation of riparian habitats measures before initial disturbance of the soil . Ensure that topsoil removal and storage are done according to best practice principles . Reclaim and revegetate the disturbed areas to approximately pre- construction capability . Following construction, the disturbed area should be seeded with locally sourced indigenous seed mixes to limit erosion . Avoid construction activities during the rainy season, and especially during episodes of heavy rains

CITY OF UMHLATHUZE MUNICIPALITY

Impact Description Mitigation

ability

Nature

Duration Intensity

Irreplace

Frequency

Probability

Confidence

Significance

Reversibility Spatial Extent Cumulative impacts 1.4 Cumulative impacts . Keep vegetation Negative Local Long-term Medium Continuous Highly Moderate Moderate Medium High associated with vegetation clearance to a minimum probable clearance will result in . Control soil erosion disturbance of soils, spread . Control alien invasive of alien invasive species plants and a reduction of ecosystem services 1.5 Cumulative impacts . Keep vegetation Negative Local Long-term Medium Continuous Highly Moderate Moderate Medium High associated with vegetation clearance to a minimum probable clearance will result in . Control soil erosion disturbance of soils, . Reclaim and revegetate increased soil erosion, the the disturbed areas with river will become silted up, locally sourced which will could lead to indigenous plants / seed flooding in certain parts of mixes to limit erosion the catchment

CITY OF UMHLATHUZE MUNICIPALITY

Impact Description Mitigation

ability

Nature

Duration Intensity

Irreplace

Frequency

Probability

Confidence

Significance

Reversibility Spatial Extent 2. Operational phase Indirect impacts Maintenance and operation of proposed Southern Outfall Sewer Upgrade in Empangeni 2.1 Disturbance of riparian . Accidental spills should Negative Site Long-term High Intermittent Probable Moderate Moderate Medium Medium habitat. be contained and specific to (Potential pollution from cleaned up as soon as Local sewerage spills) possible . Regular maintenance of sewerage line / replace manhole covers to prevent possible spills / blockage / vandalism 2.2 Disturbance and loss of . Control and eradicate Negative Local Permanent High Continuous Highly Moderate Moderate Low High vegetation during alien invasive plants probable operational phase. using methods (If not controlled, alien recommended in this invasive species will report spread, and fill niches usually filled by indigenous vegetation. Melia azedarach and Schinus terebinthifolius are a serious problem) 2.3 Changes in soil chemistry* . Keep vegetation Negative Site Permanent Medium Continous Highly Moderate Moderate Low High as the result of alien clearance to a minimum specific probable invasive plants (alien . Control and eradicate invasive plants are an alien invasive plants indirect result of a using methods disturbance and movement recommended in this of soils and clearance of report vegetation) . Reclaim and revegetate *Weeds such as Lantana disturbed areas with camara and Chromolaena locally sourced odorata have allelopathic indigenous plants / seed effects on the soil that mixes to limit erosion

CITY OF UMHLATHUZE MUNICIPALITY

Impact Description Mitigation

ability

Nature

Duration Intensity

Irreplace

Frequency

Probability

Confidence

Significance

Reversibility Spatial Extent prevent other species from germinating. This leads to soil erosion Cumulative impacts 2.4 Cumulative impacts . Keep vegetation Negative Local Long-term Medium Continuous Highly Moderate Moderate Low High associated with vegetation clearance to a minimum probably clearance will result in . Control soil erosion disturbance of soils, . Control and eradicate increased soil erosion, alien invasive plants reduced habitat for fauna . Reclaim and revegetate and flora species, spread of disturbed areas with alien invasive species and a locally sourced reduction of ecosystem indigenous plants / seed services mixes to limit erosion

2.5 Cumulative impacts . Regularly maintain Negative Local Long-term Medium Continuous Highly Moderate Moderate Low High associated with burst sewerage line probable sewerage pipes or blocked infrastructure by mains that cause sewerage replacing manhole spills directly into the rivers. covers to prevent This will be detrimental to blockage of the system the natural environment, by . Accidental spills should upsetting the balance of be contained and nutrients and fauna and cleaned up as soon as flora in the system. possible Additionally this has human health implications, since the rivers are in an urban environment

5 CONCLUSION

The majority of the proposed sewerage line is adjacent to the Mkumbane and Mpangeni rivers, falling within the delineated riparian habitats and their associated buffers. The project will affect the riparian habitat and adjacent disturbed grassland. Despite a high level of transformation due to agricultural and urban development activities, and a high degree of colonisation with alien plant species, the riparian vegetation performs important ecological functions including river bank stabilisation and flood protection. Additionally, the riparian habitat creates important refugia for the birds found in the area, with the result that the riparian habitats in the study area are flagged as sensitive environments. Rivers, which are formally referred to as “watercourses”, are protected by the National Water Act, 1998 (Act 36 of 1998); and a water use licence would be required from the Department of Water Affairs to carry out any activity involving modifications within 500m of a watercourse as well as alteration of the bed or banks of the watercourse.

During the site visit, the following two vegetation communities were identified on site:

 Syzygium cordatum – Bridelia micrantha riverine community.  Sporobolus pyramidalis – Chromolaena odorata disturbed grassland community.

Site visits were performed outside of the flowering time of many of the red listed plants that have the potential to occur on site. Due to this limitation, the ecologist visiting the site was unable to detect many red listed plants. Even though the site has experienced disturbance in the past, it is recommended that a search and rescue operation is undertaken prior to construction to find any Threatened or Protected species or any other species of concern, particularly in the riparian habitats. Permits will be required to remove or destroy protected plant species. Several protected trees have the potential to occur on site. Protected trees require a licence if the trees were to be removed or damaged, according to the National Forests Act, 1998 (Act 84 of 1998). Barringtonia racemosa was recorded in the study area.

The main potential impacts of the project on the vegetation and riparian habitats are negative and include river pollution, the loss and degradation of riparian and grassland vegetation and loss and degradation of soils. These impacts in turn threaten the integrity of the riparian zone and the protective functions it performs. A number of recommendations to mitigate impacts (including alien vegetation control measures) have been recommended. With mitigation, the project is not anticipated to have negative impacts on vegetation or riparian habitats that are considered to be of high significance.

6 REFERENCES10

Boon, R. 2010. Pooley’s Trees of Eastern South Africa. A Complete Guide. Flora & Fauna Publications Trust, Durban.

Bromilow, C. 2001. Problem Plants of South Africa. Briza Publications, Pretoria.

Bromilow, C. 2010. Problem Plants and Alien Weeds of South Africa. Briza Publications, Pretoria.

Coates Palgrave, M. 2002. Trees of Southern Africa. Struik Publishers, Cape Town.

Conservation of Agricultural Resources Act, 1983 (Act 43 of 1983).

Crouch, N.R., Klopper, R.R., Burrows, J.E. & Burrows, S.M. 2011. Ferns of Southern Africa: A Comprehensive Guide. Struik Nature, Cape Town.

DWAF, 1999. Water-Use Licensing: the policy and procedure for licensing Stream Flow Reduction Activities. Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, Pretoria.

DWAF, 2005. A practical field procedure for identification and delineation of wetlands and riparian areas. Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, Pretoria.

DWAF, 2008. Updated Manual for the Identification and Delineation of Wetlands and Riparian Areas. Prepared by M. Rountree, A. L. Batchelor, J. MacKenzie and D. Hoare. (Draft Report). Stream Flow Reduction Activities, Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, Pretoria, South Africa.

Edwards, D. 1983. A broad-scale structural classification of vegetation for practical purposes. Bothalia 14: 705-712.

Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife. 2012. Biodiversity Impact Assessment Handbook for KwaZulu-Natal. Final Draft. EKZNW, Pietermaritzburg.

Government Gazette, 9 December 2011. National List of Ecosystems that are Threatened and in need of Protection. In accordance with the National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act, 2004 (Act no. 10 of 2004). Government Notice No. 34809.

Henderson, L. 2001. Alien Weeds and Invasive Plants. A complete guide to declared weeds and invaders in South Africa. PPRI Handbook No. 12. ARC, Cape Town.

Kent, M. & Coker, P. 1992. Vegetation Description and Analysis: A Practical Approach. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester.

KwaZulu Nature Conservation Act, 1992 (Act 29 of 1992).

Mucina, L. and Rutherford, M.C. (eds.) 2006. The vegetation of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland. Strelitzia 19. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria.

Mueller-Dombois, D. Ellenberg, H. 1974. Aims and methods of vegetation ecology. John Wiley, New York.

10 Reference list includes field guides that were utilized during field survey / site visits. PROPOSED UPGRADING OF THE HILLVIEW SEWER RISING MAIN AND SOUTHERN OUTFALL BULK SEWER PIPELINE IN EMPANGENI CITY OF UMHLATHUZE MUNICIPALITY, KWAZULU-NATAL VEGETATION ASSESSMENT AND WETLAND DELINEATION 52 CITY OF UMHLATHUZE MUNICIPALITY

Natal Nature Conservation Ordinance No. 15 of 1974.

National Environmental Management Act, 1998 (Act 107 of 1998).

National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act, 2004 (Act 10 of 2004).

National Forests Act, 1998 (Act 84 of 1998).

National Water Act, 1998 (Act 36 of 1998).

Pooley, E. 2005 A Field Guide to Wild Flower: KwaZulu-Natal and the Eastern Region. Natal Flora Publications Trust, Durban.

SANBI & DEAT. 2009. Threatened Ecosystems in South Africa: Descriptions and Maps. DRAFT for Comment. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria.

uMhlathuze Local Municipality. 2007. Umhlathuze Environmental Services Management Plan. (Draft 2) Prepared by: FutureWORKS!

Van Oudtshoorn, F. 1999. Guide to Grasses of southern Africa. Briza Publications, Pretoria.

Werger, M.J.A. 1974. On concepts and techniques applied in the Zürich-Montpellier method of vegetation survey. Bothalia 11(3): 309-323.

APPENDIX 1

Curriculum vitae

CURRICULUM VITAE LIESL MOSTERT

Position: Vegetation and Ecological Specialist Name of Firm: ACER (Africa) Environmental Management Consultants Name of Staff: Rachel Elizabeth (Liesl) Mostert Profession: Environmental Consultant / Vegetation Scientist Date of Birth: 18 March 1977 Years of experience: 7 years Nationality: South African

KEY QUALIFICATIONS AND RELEVANT PROJECT EXPERIENCE

EDUCATION

University of Pretoria 2001: BSc Majoring in Plant Diversity and Environmental Management. 2002: BSc Honours (with distinction) in Botany. 2007: MSc in Vegetation Science. Title: Phytosociological study of the Kruger National Park, south of the Sabie River, Mpumalanga Province, South Africa. MSc thesis, University of Pretoria.

Special Courses 2007: GIMS: ArcGIS course 2007 & 2008: Wetland Training Course: Delineation, legislation, management and rehabilitation. Presented by the Department of Botany, University of Pretoria.

Key Competencies

 Environmental Impact Assessment.  Vegetation Assessment.  Ecological Assessment.  Wetland delineation.

2012: Mkuze Biomass Power Plant, Specialist Assessment: Flora and Terrestrial Fauna. Client: CSIR. Position held: Vegetation and Ecological Specialist. Ecological assessment for a proposed biomass power plant near Mkuze, in northern KwaZulu-Natal. Vegetation survey, wetland delineation and mapping, desktop assessment of the terrestrial fauna (excluding birds), assessment of ecological impacts, recommendations for management and monitoring impacts, and ecological mitigation measures.

2013: Richards Bay Port Proposed Provision of Services: Terrestrial Ecological Assessment and Wetland Delineation. Client: Geomeasure Group Groundwater & Environmental Consultants. Position held: Vegetation and Ecological Specialist. Terrestrial ecological assessment and wetland delineation for the proposed provision of services at the South Dunes Area, Port of Richards Bay, KwaZulu-Natal. Fauna and flora assessment & Wetland delineation

2013: Eskom Clocolan-Ficksburg 88 kV power line, Free State Province. Vegetation, Terrestrial Fauna Assessment and Wetland Delineation. Client: Eskom Holdings Soc Ltd.

Position held: Specialist report for a proposed new power line between Clocolan and Ficksburg.

2013: Proposed widening of the Medway Road, Richards Bay, KwaZulu-Natal. Vegetation Assessment and Wetland Delineation. Client: Richards Bay Industrial Development Zone (RBIDZ). Specialist report for the proposed widening of the Medway Road in Richards Bay.

2013: King Shaka International Airport Proposed AgriZone 2 development. Fauna and Flora Specialist Study. Client: Dube TradePort Corporation (DTPC). Position held: Vegetation and Ecological Specialist. Flora and Fauna specialist study for the proposed AgriZone phase 2 development adjacent to the King Shaka International Airport where the where greenhouses are proposed to be built for export of high quality agricultural produce, such as cut flowers and vegetables.

EMPLOYMENT HISTORY

2012 – Present: Agricultural, Community, Environmental and Rural Development Consultants (Pty) Ltd t/a ACER (Africa) Environmental Management Consultants Environmental Consultant

2011: University of Zululand Part-time lecturer: Environmental management course (Geography Department)

2009 – 2010: MSA Geoservices (Pty) Ltd Environmental Scientist

2007-2009: Gauteng Department of Agriculture, Conservation & Environment (GDACE) Regional Ecologist

2005-2007: South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI) PRECIS Information Officer

PUBLICATIONS

 Joubert, R.E. 2002. Filling gaps in Vegetation Data, South of the Sabie River in the Kruger National Park. BSc Hons thesis, University of Pretoria, Pretoria.  Mostert, R.E. 2007. Phytosociological study of the Kruger National Park, south of the Sabie River, Mpumalanga Province, South Africa. MSc thesis, University of Pretoria, Pretoria.  Koen, D., Green N., Mostert, R.E and Mbatha, K.R. 2007. Framework for an Ecological Management Plan: Marievale Bird Sanctuary. Agriculture, Conservation and Environment: Directorate of Nature Conservation, Gauteng Provincial Government.  Mostert, T.H.C., Bredenkamp, G.J., Klopper, H.L., Verwey, C., Mostert, R.E., & Hahn, N. 2008. Major vegetation types of the Blouberg Nature Reserve and Soutpansberg Conservancy. Koedoe 50(1): 32-48.  Mostert, T.H.C., Bredenkamp, G.J. & Mostert, R.E. 2009. Plant communities of the Soutpansberg Arid Northern Bushveld. Koedoe 51(1): 1-11.