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The Tourism Potential of Zululand North of The THE TOURISM POTENTIAL OF ZULULAND NORTH OF THE TUGELA RIVER WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO ZULU CULTURE AND HISTORY BY MBUSISENI CELIMPILO DUBE SUBMITTED IN FULLFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTERS OF ARTS IN THE DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY, UNIVERSITY OF ZULULAND. SUPERVISOR: MR F A VAN JAARSVELD UNIVERSITY OF ZULULAND, 2011 IN COMPLIANCE WITH THE REGULATIONS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ZULULAND, I DECLARE THAT THIS WHOLE THESIS, UNLESS SPECIALLY STATED TO THE CONTRARY IN THE TEXT, IS MY WORK …………………………….SIGNED M C DUBE KWA-DLANGEZWA JANUARY 2011 CONTENTS Introduction and acknowledgements iii Glossary x Note on spelling xiii Chapter One Zulu History from the Earliest Times to the present and the important aspects shaping current Zulu culture. What is Culture?...............................................................................................01 The nature of the Pre-colonial Zulu homestead (umuzi)……………………………..04 The importance of ancestors………………………………………………………………..08 Ceremonies regarding unmarried women. o Ukwemula/umemulo ceremony……………………………………………………11 o The Reed ceremony…………………………………………………………………..14 o The Tying of the Topknot ceremony……………………………………………….17 Initiation ceremonies for the boys. o The Feast of the First Fruit (umkhosi omncane)………………………………18 o The Grouping-up ceremony (ukubuthwa)….…………………………………..19 The Traditional Attire………………………………………………………………………..20 Chapter Two Some of the most important Pre-colonial Traditional ceremonies held by Africans. The Traditional Zulu wedding(udwendwe) o Preparation for the wedding……………………………………………………..22 o The Attire for the wedding……………………………………………………….24 o Wedding ceremony: First Day…………………………………………………..26 o Wedding ceremony: Second Day……………………………………………….28 o The Last day of the ceremony (day 3)…………………………………………33 i Traditional duties of married Zulu women in the pre-colonial era. o Clay pottery……………………………………………………………………….36 o Weaving……………………………………………………………………………47 Chapter Three Sites of archeological and historical interest. Eshowe and surroundings……………………………………………………………50 Historical background…………………………………………………………………53 Other places of historical interest. o Fort Nongqayi/Zululand Historical Museum…………………………….53 o Vukani Museum………………………………………………………………..57 o KwaMondi Misssion Station…………………………………………………58 o The Dlinza Forest………………………………………………………………61 o Kwa-Bulawayo………………………………………………………………….63 o Cowards Bush…………………………………………………………………..66 o Martyr’s Cross…………………………………………………………………..69 o Signal Hill………………………………………………………………………..72 o Mandawe Cross….……………………………………………………………..72 o Samarang………………………………………………………………………..74 o The Residency…………………………………………………………………..76 o Shakaland……………………………………………………………………….77 Gingindlovu and surroundings Historical background………………………………………………………………..81 Places of Historical Importance. o The Battle of Nyezane………………………………………………………..82 o The Grave of John Dunn…………………………………………………….84 o The Battle of Gingindlovu……………………………………………………85 o The Gingindlovu Monument and Military Cemetery……………………87 ii Empangeni and surroundings. Historical buildings in Empangeni…………………………………………………93 Places of Historical interest. o Empangeni Museum…………………………………………………………..96 o The Empangeni Arts and Craft Centre…………………………………….98 o Kwa-Bhekithunga Stewart Farm……………………………………………99 o Jabulani Arts and Craft………………………………………………………101 o Felixton Sugar Mill…………………………………………………………….132 Richards Bay Node…………………………………………………………………….104 Mandini and surroundings………………………………………………………….107 Places of Historical Interest and Tourists Potential. o Nginani Mission Station………………………………………………………109 o Fort Ternedos……………………………………………………………………109 o Fort Pearson……………………………………………………………………..110 o Ultimatum Tree………………………………………………………………….112 o Tugela Mill………………………………………………………………………..113 o Ndondakusuka…………………………………………………………………..114 o Fort Crealock……………………………………………………………………..119 o Fort Chelmsford………………………………………………………………….120 o Fort Napoleon…………………………………………………………………….122 o St. Andrews Mission Station………………………………………………….122 Amatigulu and surroundings. o Amatigulu Sugar Mill…………………………………………………………..124 Mtunzini and surroundings. o Mtunzini: Historical Background……………………………………………126 o Raphia Palms…………………………………………………………………….128 o Magistrate’s House………………………………………………………………130 iii o Umlalazi Nature Reserve……………………………………………………….131 Chapter Four Maputaland Area and St. Lucia Node and surroundings Thonga people in Maputaland………………………………………………………..135 Places of Historical Importance and their Tourists Potential. o Border Cave……………………………………………………………………….137 o King Dingane’s Grave……………………………………………………………139 o Tshaneni Hill………………………………………………………………………141 o The Missionaries………………………………………………………………….142 St. Lucia and surroundings. Places of Historical Significance and Tourists Potential. o Cape Vidal…………………………………………………………………………143 o Norwegian Mission Station……………………………………………………144 o RAF Blockhouse at Mount Tabor and Catalina Landing Area…………145 o St. Lucia Eastern Shores: Iron Age Sites Diving Spots………………….145 Summary………………………………………………………………………………….148 Source list: o Books……………………………………………………………………………….156 o Journal Articles…………………………………………………………………..161 o Newspapers……………………………………………………………………….162 o Government Publications……………………………………………………..162 o Archival Documents……………………………………………………………162 o Masters and Doctoral Thesis…………………………………………………163 o Relevant Published and Unpublished Materials…………………………163 o Articles from Killie Campbell Africana Library……………………………166 o Oral Sources……………………………………………………………………...164 o Internet/website…………………………………………………………………165 iv List of maps Map 1 Zululand North of the Tugela River………………………………...01 Map 2 Eshowe and surroundings……………………………………………50 Map 3 Gingindlovu and surroundings………………………………………81 Map 4 Empangeni and surroundings. ……………………………………….89 Map 5 Mandini and surroundings…………………………………………..107 Map 6 Maputaland area……………………………………………………….133 v Introduction and acknowledgements. Humankind has inhabited Zululand for many centuries. Evidence of the presence of Late Stone Age hunter-gatherers of 30 000 years ago can be found in stone tools and rock paintings scattered over various sites. These sites are of historical, cultural and archeological significance.1) Rock shelters such as Border Cave near Ingwavuma, suggest that Homo Sapiens have been present in the area for approximately 100 000 years, which makes the site one of the oldest sites for modern human habitation on earth. On the Eastern Shores of Lake St. Lucia, evidence has been found of the first farmers in the area dating back to the 3rd century AD. There is reason to believe that these people were the ancestors to the present Zulu people living in KwaZulu-Natal. For as long as the Zulu people have been living in the area, contact with the European culture (as from the mid-nineteenth century and the invasion and the defeat of the Zulu army by British forces in 1879) has had a radical effect on Zulu life and culture. The demarcation of Zululand by the Zululand Delimitation Commission in 1904 into “reserves,” farmland, mission stations, game reserves and more, contributed to further disruption of Zulu customs and culture. The Zululand Delimitation Commission was constituted in August 1902. It submitted its final report on 18 October 1904, which set aside 388.7 hectares as reserves for the Zulus and 261.3 hectares for Whites.2) The formation of the new South Africa in 1994 did not solve the problems of unemployment and poverty in Zululand. Historic and eco-tourism, however, can make a major contribution towards improving the situation in this regard. The tourism potential of Zululand has never been fully exploited, as it should have been. It is rich in history for both Whites and Blacks. The clashes between Blacks and Whites 1) . F. A. van Jaarsveld: Proposed heritage and eco-tourism route. Mfolozi River to Mozambique, p.6. 2) . A. Duminy & B.Guest: Natal and Zululand from the Earliest Times to 1910, p. 221. vi that occurred during the 19th century contributed towards unemployment and poverty. The wars were in line with White occupation plans, the battles of the Anglo-Zulu war, Nyezane, Gingindlovu and Khambula being good examples. Blacks stood up and fought for the land that they believed was theirs and which was taken over by the Whites. These wars came to an end in 1879. Thereafter both Whites and Blacks had to learn to live together. This saw the Zulu culture and British culture being intermingled thus today presenting history that is part and parcel of South African society’s heritage. The social, cultural, economical and political interactions, on daily basis, between Whites and Blacks enabled their different cultures to be intermingled. A number of publications on this aspect of Zulu history were produced. Jeff Guy produced a publication in 1964 on the destruction of the Zulu kingdom.3) This publication addresses the impacts of the Civil Zulu war4) in Zululand, but does not focus on the pre-colonial Zulu history5)and how it can attract tourists. In 1969 T. J. Lucas6) published a book in which he attempted to address the pre-colonial aspects like the origin of the name amaZulu and amaXhosa7), origin of the Zulu nation8) under King Shaka and Dingane9), Zululand under King Mpande.10) Thereafter it addressed Natal and Zulus under British Rule. However it did not address places of historical importance and how those places can attract tourists. Even the pre-colonial Zulu culture has never been fully addressed in Zulu perspective. 3) . J. Guy: The Destruction of the Zulu Kingdom: The Civil War in Zululand, 1879-1884.
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