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Universidade Federal De Uberlândia Instituto De UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE UBERLÂNDIA INSTITUTO DE BIOLOGIA PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM ECOLOGIA E CONSERVAÇÃO DE RECURSOS NATURAIS AMPLITUDE DE NICHO TRÓFICO EM Tidarren haemorrhoidale (ARANEAE, THERIDIIDAE): DETERMINANTES COMPORTAMENTAIS E IMPLICAÇÕES NUTRICIONAIS SOBRE PARÂMETROS DE HISTÓRIA DE VIDA RENAN DE BRITO PITILIN 2019 I RENAN DE BRITO PITILIN AMPLITUDE DE NICHO TRÓFICO EM Tidarren haemorrhoidale (ARANEAE, THERIDIIDAE): DETERMINANTES COMPORTAMENTAIS E IMPLICAÇÕES NUTRICIONAIS SOBRE PARÂMETROS DE HISTÓRIA DE VIDA Tese apresentada à Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, como parte das exigências à defesa de Doutorado do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação de Recursos Naturais. Orientador Prof. Dr. Marcelo de Oliveira Gonzaga UBERLÂNDIA Fevereiro de 2019 Dados Internacionais de Catalogação na Publicação (CIP) Sistema de Bibliotecas da UFU, MG, Brasil. P684a Pitilin, Renan de Brito, 1988 2019 Amplitude de nicho trófico em Tidarren haemorrhoidale (Araneae, Theridiidae) [recurso eletrônico] : determinantes comportamentais e implicações nutricionais sobre parâmetros de história de vida / Renan de Brito Pitilin. - 2019. Orientador: Marcelo de Oliveira Gonzaga. Tese (Doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação de Recursos Naturais. Modo de acesso: Internet. Disponível em: http://dx.doi.org/10.14393/ufu.te.2019.1242 Inclui bibliografia. Inclui ilustrações. 1. Ecologia. 2. Aranha. 3. Nicho (Ecologia). 4. Aranha - Comportamento. I. Gonzaga, Marcelo de Oliveira, 1974, (Orient.) II. Universidade Federal de Uberlândia. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação de Recursos Naturais. III. Título. CDU: 574 Angela Aparecida Vicentini Tzi Tziboy – CRB-6/947 II RENAN DE BRITO PITILIN AMPLITUDE DE NICHO TRÓFICO EM Tidarren haemorrhoidale (ARANEAE, THERIDIIDAE): DETERMINANTES COMPORTAMENTAIS E IMPLICAÇÕES NUTRICIONAIS SOBRE PARÂMETROS DE HISTÓRIA DE VIDA Tese apresentada à Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, como parte das exigências à defesa de Doutorado do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação de Recursos Naturais. APROVADA em 28 de Fevereiro de 2019 Prof. Dr. Thiago Gechel Kloss - UEMG Prof.ª Dra. Vanessa Stefani Sul Moreira - UFU Prof.ª Dra. Camila Vieira - UFU Prof. Dr. Rafael Rios Moura - UNICAMP Prof. Dr. Marcelo de Oliveira Gonzaga UFU (Orientador) UBERLÂNDIA Fevereiro de 2019 III “A tarefa não é tanto ver aquilo que ninguém viu, mas pensar o que ninguém ainda pensou sobre aquilo que todo mundo vê.” Arthur Schopenhauer IV ÍNDICE AGRADECIMENTOS........................................................................................................ VI INTRODUÇÃO GERAL....................................................................................................... 1 Referências............................................................................................................................. 6 CAPÍTULO 1. Trophic niche segregation and individual specialization in two sympatric species of cobweb spiders (Araneae: Theridiidae)………................................................... 11 Abstract................................................................................................................................ 11 Introduction.......................................................................................................................... 11 Material and Methods.......................................................................................................... 14 Results.................................................................................................................................. 18 Discussion............................................................................................................................ 20 Acknowledgments................................................................................................................ 24 References............................................................................................................................ 24 Figures.................................................................................................................................. 31 CAPÍTULO 2. A importância de experiências prévias na eficiência de captura de presas por Tidarren haemorrhoidale (Bertkau, 1880) (Araneae, Theridiidae)....…………................. 35 Resumo................................................................................................................................. 35 Introdução............................................................................................................................ 36 Material e métodos............................................................................................................... 39 Resultados............................................................................................................................ 41 Discussão.............................................................................................................................. 42 Agradecimentos.................................................................................................................... 45 Referências........................................................................................................................... 45 V Figuras.................................................................................................................................. 49 Tabela................................................................................................................................... 55 CAPÍTULO 3. Effect of diet on development, fecundity and survival of Tidarren haemorrhoidale (Bertkau, 1880) (Araneae, Theridiidae)....……………............................ 56 Abstract................................................................................................................................ 56 Introduction.......................................................................................................................... 57 Material and Methods.......................................................................................................... 60 Results.................................................................................................................................. 62 Discussion............................................................................................................................ 63 Acknowledgments................................................................................................................ 68 References............................................................................................................................ 69 Figures.................................................................................................................................. 74 Tables................................................................................................................................... 78 CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS............................................................................................... 79 VI AGRADECIMENTOS Gostaria de agradecer ao professor Marcelo Gonzaga por ter-me aceitado como aluno e orientado com generosidade e dedicação este trabalho. Foi muito bom trabalhar com alguém que é exemplo de profissional e mostra aos seus orientandos que a pesquisa básica vale a pena e pode ser muito gratificante. Agradeço a Deus por todos os dias de trabalho, por me guiar em cada decisão tomada até aqui e por me abençoar com uma família tão especial. Agradeço aos meus pais, Odete e Toninho pelo amor incondicional e apoio em todos os momentos, pois sem eles, essa carreia academica não seria possível. A minha irmã, Érica por dividir esse sonho comigo e acreditar que eu era capaz. E a minha filha Sophia por simplesmente ser o amor da minha vida e minha vontade de querer vencer. Agradeço aos meus amigos e colegas de profissão Rafael e Jamir por toda paciência, pelas discuções, análises e boas conversas que fortaleceram os laços de amizade e garantiram o inicio de uma parceria profissional. Também agradeço aos colegas de laboratório (LARA), Felipe, Gabriel, Adilson, Aline, Camila, Bruna, Bethania e Isabella pela amizade, pelas coletas mais divertidas, pela ajuda no laboratório e pelos cursos de campo sempre muito bem aproveitados. E aos meus amigos Cristiano, Karen, Johny, Gustavo, Léo, Lucas, Thales e Vitor, por me aguentarem todos esses anos e estarem comigo nos melhores e nos mais difíceis momentos dessa caminhada. À Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) pela bolsa de Doutorado concedida e ao Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia e Conservação de Recursos Naturais pela qualidade das disciplinas e compromisso com a VII excelência do curso. A empresa Duratex S.A. pelo auxílio financeiro para realização do projeto e autorização para trabalhar na Fazenda Nova Monte Carmelo. Por fim, a todos que direta ou indiretamente colaboraram para a realização deste trabalho, minha sincera gratidão. 1 INTRODUÇÃO GERAL Uma das hipóteses ecológicas mais antigas, proposta por Darwin (1859), sugere que a luta pela sobrevivência pode ser mais forte entre espécies filogeneticmente próximas. O princípio da exclusão competitiva preve que espécies ecologicamente semelhantes vivendo em simpatria podem potencialmente levar o competidor menos eficiente à exclusão se o recurso for limitante (Thomas & Rand 1971). A teoria de nicho prevê que espécies coexistentes limitarão os
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