HBS-Expertise China High Tech Endfassung

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HBS-Expertise China High Tech Endfassung www.boeckler.de – November 2008 Copyright Hans-Böckler-Stiftung Boy Lüthje Arbeitspolitik in der chinesischen IT-Industrie - neue Perspektiven in der Diskussion um internationale Arbeitsstandards Abschlussbericht Auf einen Blick… Die Studie analysiert die Muster der Regulierung von Arbeitsstandards in wesent- lichen Segmenten der chinesischen IT-Industrie (multinationale und chinesische Markenfirmen, Kontraktfertiger, Chiphersteller, kleine und mittlere Zulieferer) und deren starke Segmentierung. Das zentrale Ergebnis lautet, dass eine auf der Ebene einzelner Unternehmen oder deren Produktionsnetze ansetzende Überwachung internationaler Ar- beitsstandards der Komplexität der Produktions- und Arbeitsstrukturen in der IT-Industrie Chinas nicht gerecht wird. Erforderlich scheint vielmehr eine umfassende Verankerung solcher Stan- dards in den real existierenden, in rascher Veränderung befindlichen arbeits- politischen Regulierungsprozessen, der Reform von Arbeitsgesetzen und Gewerkschaften sowie neuer Ansätze sozialer Organisierung der Lohnab- hängigen in China. Zentral ist dabei die Schaffung sektoraler und regionaler Regulierungsmecha- nismen für Löhne, Arbeitszeiten und Beschäftigungsbedingungen und die Weiterentwicklung einschlägiger Ansätze in der Reform von Arbeitsrecht, Ge- werkschaften und Tarifbeziehungen in China. Boy Lüthje Arbeitspolitik in der chinesischen IT-Industrie – neue Perspektiven in der Diskussion um internationale Arbeitsstandards Studie im Auftrag der Hans-Böckler-Stiftung Schwerpunkt Strukturwandel – Innovation und Beschäftigung November 2008 Autorenanschrift: PD Dr. Boy Lüthje Institut für Sozialforschung an der Johann-Wolfgang Goethe Universität Senckenberganlage 26 60325 Frankfurt/Main Telefon 069/756183-30 Fax 069-749907 E-Mail: [email protected] Internet: www.ifs.uni-frankfurt.de Forschungsassistenz Dipl. Pol. Peter Pawlicki 2 Inhalt Kurzfassung 4 0. Einleitung 7 1. Profil der chinesischen IT-Industrie: Branchenstrukturen, Standortregionen, Industriepolitik 11 1.1 Untersuchungsansatz und Abgrenzung des IT-Sektors 11 1.2 Branchenentwicklung 14 1.3 Branchenstrukturen 21 a) Eigentumsformen und Herkunft 22 b) Produktionsmodelle 28 1.4 Regionale Strukturen und Netzwerke 35 a) Pearl River Delta 36 b) Großräume Shanghai und Beijing 39 1.5 Industriepolitik und industrielles upgrading 42 2. Arbeitsmärkte, Arbeitsbedingungen, Arbeitspolitik 53 2.1 Beschäftigungsentwicklung und Löhne 54 2.2 Arbeitsmigration und Arbeitsmarktsegmentierung 61 2.3 Produktionsmodelle und Beschäftigungsregimes 64 2.4 Arbeitsbedingungen und Arbeitsstandards 69 3. Arbeitspolitik, Gewerkschaften und Arbeitsstandards 82 3.1 Arbeitspolitik im Zuge von Reform und Öffnung 83 3.2 Gewerkschaften und Arbeitspolitik in der IT-Industrie 87 3.3 Arbeitskonflikte 92 3.4 Arbeitsstandards in der IT-Industrie – gewerkschaftliche Perspektiven 99 3.5 Arbeitsstandards, „innovationsbasiertes Wachstum“ und 104 globale Regulierung Anhang: Arbeitsbedingungen in einem deutschen Unternehmen der IT-Produktion in Südchina 111 Literatur 120 3 Verzeichnis der Tabellen und Schaubilder Tabellen 1 Eckdaten zur Entwicklung der IT-Industrie in China 15 2006-07 2 Produktionsnetzwerk von Flextronics in Asian (2006) 19 3 Die führenden chinesischen IT-Unternehmen (2006) 28 4 Führende Unternehmen der Elektronikkontraktfertigung (2007) 32 5 Produktionstypen in der Elektronikfertigung 36 6 FE-Ausgaben führender chinesischer IT-Unternehmen 50 7 Beschäftigte in der chinesischen IT-Industrie (2006) 56 8 Durchschnittliche Pro-Kopf Einkommen in der IT-Industrie 57 Chinas 9 Gehaltsstandards bei Entwicklungsingenieuren Chips und 59 Elektroniksysteme 10 Katalog Strafmaßnahmen Flextronics Shenzhen 78 11 Bestehende und zukünftige Industrieparks von Foxconn in China 83 Schaubilder 1 Nachfrage nach intergrierten Schaltkreisen nach Weltmarkt- 20 regionen 2000-2005 2 Produktionskomplex „Foxconn City“ in Shenzhen 40 3 Chip Design Workforce in China 1999-2005 62 4 Kurzfassung Im Zuge der anhaltenden globalen Umstrukturierung der IT-Industrie hat sich die Volksrepublik China innerhalb nur eines Jahrzehnts zum international bedeutendsten Standort der Produktion informationstechnischer Erzeugnisse entwickelt. China stellt heute etwa ein Drittel der weltweit etwa 18 Millionen Beschäftigten in der IT-Produktion (ILO 2007). Der massiven Verlagerung der Produktion nach China seit Ende der 1990er Jahre folgten in den letzten Jahren auch wichtige Segmente der Produktentwicklung, etwa im Bereich der Software oder der Chipentwicklung. China wurde damit auch zu einem wichtigen Zielland des so genannten „innovation offshoring“, also der Verlagerung wesentlicher Bereiche der Produktentwicklung in Niedrigkostenstandorte. China hat in besonderer Weise den Ruf eines „Billiglohnlandes“ erlangt, aller- dings ist über die konkreten Bedingungen der Beschäftigung, die Zusammenset- zung der Belegschaften und die Arbeitspolitik im IT-Sektor Chinas relativ wenig bekannt. Die inzwischen recht zahlreich gewordenen Berichte über die Knappheit von Arbeitskräften, starke Lohn- und Gehaltssteigerungen vor allem bei qualifizierten Kräften sowie Arbeitskonflikte in der chinesischen Elektronikindust- rie deuten aber darauf hin, dass nach dem Investitionsboom der letzten Jahre nunmehr nachhaltige Verbesserungen der Verteilungs- und Arbeitsbedingungen zugunsten der Lohnabhängigen auf der Tagesordnung stehen. Ziel der Studie ist es, einen breiteren Überblick über Branchenstrukturen, Beschäftigungsbedingungen und Arbeitspolitik in der chinesischen IT-Industrie zu geben. • Anknüpfend an langjährige Forschungsarbeiten zur Industrie- und Arbeits- organisation in der IT-Kontraktfertigung und in der Chipentwicklung in China werden die ökonomischen Entwicklungsbedingungen und die wachsenden Differenzierungen innerhalb des chinesischen IT-Sektors entlang unterschiedlicher Branchensegmente und Unternehmenstypen und zwischen den Standortregionen untersucht. 5 • Vor diesem Hintergrund werden die wesentlichen Mechanismen der Regulierung von Lohnverhältnis und Beschäftigungspolitik, deren regio- nale und sektorale Differenzierungen sowie die Widersprüche zwischen zentralstaatlichen Reformen der Arbeitspolitik und ihrer regionalen Umset- zung und Kontrolle dargestellt. Dabei wird insbesondere auch die prekäre Rechtsstellung von ArbeitsmigrantInnen in China ins Auge gefasst - ein Problem nicht nur in den Großbetrieben der Produktion, sondern auch für qualifizierte Arbeitskräfte im Forschungs- und Entwicklungsbereich. • Ausgehend von einer solchen Bestandsaufnahme werden strategische Ansätze für die aktuelle Diskussion um internationale Arbeitsstandards und deren Kontrolle entwickelt. Die zentrale These lautet, dass die Konzentration einschlägiger Debatten auf die Definition und Überwachung solcher Standards auf der Ebene einzelner Unternehmen oder deren Produktionsnetze der Komplexität der Produktions- und Arbeitsstrukturen in der IT-Industrie Chinas nicht gerecht wird. Erforderlich scheint vielmehr eine umfassende Verankerung von internationalen Arbeitsstan- dards in den real existierenden, in rascher Veränderung befindlichen arbeitspoliti- schen Regulierungsprozessen, der Reform von Arbeitsgesetzen und Gewerkschaften sowie neuer Ansätze sozialer Organisierung der Lohnabhängi- gen in China. Zentral ist dabei die Schaffung sektoraler und regionaler Regulierungsmechanismen für Löhne, Arbeitszeiten und Beschäftigungsbedingungen und die Weiterentwicklung einschlägiger Ansätze in der Reform von Arbeitsrecht, Gewerkschaften und Tarifbeziehungen in China. Die Studie soll solche Ansatzpunkte aufzeigen. Dabei soll es nicht allein um arbeitspolitische Standards im engeren Sinne sowie die damit verbundenen migrationspolitischen Fragen gehen. Vielmehr ist nach den Verknüpfungen arbeitspolitischer Problematiken in der IT-Industrie zu den in China geführten politischen Diskursen zu Themen der Industrie-, Innovations- und Umweltpolitik sowie der Arbeitskräftequalifikation zu fragen und nach möglichen 6 Wechselbeziehungen zwischen den verschiedenen Feldern auf nationaler und internationaler Ebene. 7 0. Einleitung Die massiven, seit dem Platzen der „Internet-Blase“ und dem Ende der so genannten New Economy in den Jahren 2000/2001 entstandenen Veränderun- gen in den globalen Produktionsnetzen der IT-Industrie haben China zum welt- weit bedeutendsten Produktionsstandort der Informationselektronik gemacht. Für die Exportökonomie Chinas wurde die IT-Industrie zur wichtigsten Branche, sie ist zugleich zentral für den von der Partei- und Staatsführung propagierten Über- gang des Landes zu einem innovationsorientierten, nachhaltigen Wachstums- modell. Diese Entwicklung fällt zusammen mit anhaltenden Strukturkrisen der IT- Industrie in den westlichen Industrieländern, die in Deutschland zuletzt etwa in der Schließung bedeutender Fertigungsbetriebe der Telekommunikation von Sie- mens-BenQ, Motorola und Nokia zum Ausdruck kamen. Die Verlagerung fortge- schrittener Industriestrukturen scheint inzwischen so weit vorangeschritten zu sein, dass auch die traditionellen Standortvorteile von Hochlohnländern, insbesondere hinsichtlich der Verbindung von technischer Innovation, Produktionsqualität und Qualifikation der Arbeitskräfte, immer stärker an Bedeu- tung verlieren (vgl.Voskamp/Wittke 2008). Damit gewinnt das Thema der Arbeitsstandards in industriellen Entwicklungslän- dern auch für Hochtechnologiebranchen zentrale Bedeutung. Die Frage stellt sich, wie Ansätze einer globalen Regulierung der Branchenkonkurrenz verbun- den werden können mit den gesellschaftspolitischen
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