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Scienze E Tecnologie Agrarie, Ambientali E Alimentari Alma Mater Studiorum – Università di Bologna DOTTORATO DI RICERCA IN SCIENZE E TECNOLOGIE AGRARIE, AMBIENTALI E ALIMENTARI Ciclo XXVI Settore Concorsuale di afferenza: 12/E1 Diritto Internazionale e dell’Unione Europea Settore Scientifico disciplinare: IUS/14 Diritto dell’Unione Europea TITOLO TESI SCIENZA DELLA SOSTENIBILITA’ E REGOLAZIONE: IL CASO STUDIO DELLA POLITICA EUROPEA IN MATERIA DI RISPARMIO ENERGETICO Presentata da: Francesca Volpe Coordinatore Dottorato Relatore Prof. Dinelli Prof. Montini Correlatore Prof. Segré Esame finale anno 2014 INDICE PARTE PRIMA Verso il superamento dei “miti” e la scoperta di un “nuovo (vecchio) modello di sviluppo” Cap. I – Introduzione ............................................................................................ 1 I.I Premessa concettuale: la Scienza della Sostenibilità ............................................................ 1 I.II Piano del lavoro ................................................................................................................. 14 Cap. II – Metodologia ......................................................................................... 17 II.I Premessa metodologica: la transdisciplinarietà ................................................................. 17 II.II Metodologia del lavoro .................................................................................................... 20 Cap. III – Dalla Crisi del modello di sviluppo dominante alla “Crisi valoriale” .............................................................................................................. 24 III.I La Crisi del modello di sviluppo dominante .................................................................... 24 III.II Entropia entro l’economia ............................................................................................... 42 III.III Impronta ecologica, capacità di carico, resilienza, soglie e limiti ................................. 57 III.IV Il dualismo della scienza erma bifronte ......................................................................... 66 III.V La “Crisi valoriale” ......................................................................................................... 74 Cap. IV – Dalla “insostenibilità dello sviluppo sostenibile” al paradigma della “sostenibilità ecosistemica” ....................................................................... 89 IV.I Premessa ........................................................................................................................... 89 IV.II L’(acquisita) insostenibilità dello sviluppo sostenibile .................................................. 90 IV.III Un nuovo paradigma: la “sostenibilità ecosistemica” ................................................. 104 IV.III.I Verso la definizione di un nuovo paradigma ....................................................................... 104 IV.III.II La sostenibilità debole e la sostenibilità forte ..................................................................... 106 IV.III.III Ecologia superficiale ed ecologia profonda ....................................................................... 111 IV.III.IV La sostenibilità ecosistemica ............................................................................................ 113 CAP. V Proposte per un modello di sviluppo alternativo ............................. 124 V.I Possibili risposte alla Crisi del modello di sviluppo dominante ..................................... 124 V.II Possibili risposte alla Crisi valoriale .............................................................................. 136 Cap. VI Un “nuovo (vecchio) modello di sviluppo” ....................................... 147 PARTE SECONDA Il caso studio di regolazione europea in materia di risparmio energetico Cap. VII – Introduzione ................................................................................... 152 Cap. VIII La regolazione per la sostenibilità .................................................. 154 VIII.I Le ragioni della necessità di una regolazione per la sostenibilità ............................... 154 VIII.I.I La funzione coercitiva della regolazione ............................................................................. 156 VIII.I.II La funzione creativa della regolazione ............................................................................... 164 i VIII.II Le caratteristiche della regolazione per la sostenibilità ............................................. 169 Cap. IX – Risparmio energetico ed efficienza energetica nell’Unione Europea: una “confusione insostenibile” ........................................................ 176 IX.I Consumo, risparmio energetico ed efficienza energetica .............................................. 176 IX.II Risparmio energetico ed efficienza energetica: due concetti distinti ........................... 178 IX.III Il passaggio del testimone: dal risparmio energetico all’efficienza energetica ........... 181 IX.IV Risparmio energetico ed efficienza energetica: un’endiadi ........................................ 185 IX.V I rischi della commistione ............................................................................................ 190 IX.VI Le ragioni della commistione ...................................................................................... 204 IX.VII Dal “fare di più con meno” allo “stare meglio con meno, con-dividendo positivo” . 207 Cap. X – Il recupero del “(vecchio) nuovo significato” di risparmio energetico: proposte concrete contro lo spreco e a favore del benessere ..... 213 X.I La delimitazione dell’ambito di indagine ........................................................................ 213 X.II Il risparmio energetico come bene relazionale .............................................................. 219 X.III “Eco-W.I.S.E - a vision for sustainability”: l’esercizio del “diritto di iniziativa dei cittadini europei” per una revisione della Direttiva sulla prestazione energetica nell’edilizia ............................................................................................................................ 223 X.III.I Le motivazioni alla base della proposta ................................................................................ 223 X.III.II “Eco-W.I.S.E. - a vision for sustainability”: i contenuti della proposta ............................... 226 X.III.III “Eco-W.I.S.E. - a vision for sustainability”: modalità di presentazione della proposta, un primo riscontro positivo ............................................................................................................... 232 Cap. XI – Riflessioni conclusive ....................................................................... 241 BIBLIOGRAFIA ............................................................................................... 246 ii PARTE PRIMA Verso il superamento dei “miti” e la scoperta di un “nuovo (vecchio) modello di sviluppo” Cap. I – Introduzione “There is no single home for sustainability. It doesn’t belong to any specific academic discipline or school subject line. Nor is it the domain of any sector – environmentalists, educators, business or government. It is everybody’s business.” S. Parker * I.I Premessa concettuale: la Scienza della Sostenibilità Stiamo oggi attraversando una profonda Crisi 1 che, a causa del fenomeno della globalizzazione, ha velocemente straripato dai confini statunitensi da cui aveva avuto origine nel tardo 2007 per riversarsi, con un meccanismo a catena, su tutto il sistema nella sua interezza, sia dal punto di vista dei limiti geografici che dei settori coinvolti. L’erronea ma diffusa percezione che le diverse crisi in atto (finanziaria, economica, energetica, * S. Parker, Learning and skills for Sustainable Development. Developing a sustainability literate society: Guidance for Higher Education Institutions, Forum for the Future, 2004, p. 18. 1 Si usa “Crisi” con la lettera maiuscola per riferirisi alla situazione complessiva, “crisi” con la lettera minuscola per riferirsi alle diverse situazioni settoriali. 1 ambientale, sociale, etc.) possano essere affrontate e risolte separatamente le une dalle altre, deriva dalla sempre più marcata tendenza alla parcellizzazione e compartimentalizzazione della conoscenza. La nostra evoluzione culturale,2 infatti, sempre più si sta orientando verso la specializzazione e la differenziazione dei saperi, delle competenze, dei ruoli e delle responsabilità, allo stesso modo in cui la percezione degli elementi naturali risulta sempre più limitata, incapace di cogliere i perfetti meccanismi che legano una componente alle altre in rapporti mutuali. L’approccio educativo caratteristico della civilizzazione occidentale tende cioè ad isolare le diverse variabili in quella che l’ecologo Odum ha plasticamente definito una “visione a tunnel” (“tunnel-vision thinking”).3 Ne è esempio principe per la sua gravità, la frattura tra il mondo delle scienze naturali e quello delle scienze sociali, ed economiche in particolare, due dimensioni che dialogano con difficoltà, non si scambiano prospettive di indagine, ma spesso viaggiano su binari paralleli senza poter così beneficiare del valore aggiunto dato dalla reciproca contaminazione. La tradizionale separazione accademica tra scienze sociali e scienze naturali ha così contribuito a una inadeguata comprensione delle dinamiche natura-società.4 Se però è vero che la diminuzione della complessità in un ecosistema porta generalmente a una diminuzione della sua stabilità, alla stregua
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