Introduction
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Notes Introduction 1. The members’ only Fu-zoku Shiryo-kan (not very helpfully translated into English on their website as Perverts Museum) is an initiative set up by Takakura Ichiji, a former editor of postwar sexology magazine Fu-zoku kitan (Strange tales of moral customs), and houses a large collection of postwar sex- ology magazines and erotica. For more on Takakura, see Nagae, “Adaruto-kei shuppansha no ru-tsu,” 12. 2. The description refers to Shioda, “Kimi shiru.” 3. See their website: http://www.lib.umd.edu/prange/index.jsp. Accessed May 4, 2011. 4. Shimokawa, “Gaito- no ero shasshin uri,” 32. 5. Mauss, “Techniques of the Body,” 75. 6. Bourdieu, “Belief and the Body,” 88. 7. Mauss, “Techniques of the Body,” 74–75. 8. Bourdieu, “Belief and the Body,” 87. 9. Mead, The American Troops and the British Community. 10. On the development of courtship practices in America, see Bailey, From Front Porch. 11. Simon and Gagnon, “Sexual Scripts,” 491–97, 492. 12. Gagnon and Simon, Sexual Conduct, 105. 13. Ibid. 14. Ibid. 15. Foucault, History of Sexuality, 127. 16. Martin, Situating Sexualities, 251. 17. Gagnon and Simon, Sexual Conduct, 106. 18. Ibid., 111. 19. Ibid. 20. See in particular Kelsky, Women on the Verge, 55–84; Koikari, Pedagogy of Democracy; Shibusawa, America’s Geisha Ally; Tanaka, Japan’s Comfort Women, 111–66. 21. Yonezawa refers to this corpus as “mass entertainment magazines,” Sengo ero manga shi, 11, but I am not using the Japanese term taishu- bunka (mass culture) here because of its class connotations. The kasutori genre has been regarded as “low-brow” but it was not consistently so. As will be discussed in 186 NOTES subsequent chapters a range of writers, some well established, contributed to the kasutori press and in many cases the range of cultural references made sup- posed an educated audience. For a discussion of the difficulty of giving fixed meaning to terms such as “popular” or “mass” culture in Japan, see Bardsley, “Purchasing Power.” Chapter 1 1. Smith, “Making Village Women,” 74. 2. Johnston, Geisha, Harlot, Strangler, 33–34. 3. Fruhstuck, Colonizing Sex, 120. 4. Ogino, “Kindai Nihon no sekushuariti,” 82. 5. Smith, “Making Village Women,” 79. 6. Walthall, “Masturbation and Discourse on Female Sexual Practices,” 3–4. 7. Plugfelder, Cartographies of Desire. 8. Walthall, “Masturbation and Discourse on Female Sexual Practices,” 8. 9. Ibid., 16. 10. See the discussion of Takahashi’s pioneering work in Chapter 5 of this volume. 11. Leupp, Interracial Intimacy, 197. 12. Steiner, “The Revision of the Civil Code,” 289. 13. Garon, “State and Family in Modern Japan,” 318. 14. Smith, “Making Village Women,” 78. 15. Johnston, Geisha, Harlot, Strangler, 30. 16. Steiner, “The Revision of the Civil Code,” 291. 17. Wagatsuma and de Vos, “Attitudes toward Arranged Marriage,” 187. 18. It was possible, however, in the absence of a male heir, for a woman to assume the responsibilities of a family head but these responsibilities would default to her husband were she to (re)marry. 19. Fujitani, Splendid Monarchy, 185. 20. Ibid., 188. 21. Ibid., 189. 22. Ibid. 23. Smith, “Making Village Women,” 77. 24. Fujitani, Splendid Monarchy, 190–91. 25. Iga, “Sociocultural Factors in Japanese Prostitution,” 129. 26. Dore, City Life in Japan, 159. 27. Uno, “Death of Good Wife,” 294. 28. Mitsuishi, “Otome,” 72. 29. Shibuya, “Do-tei,” 65. 30. Fruhstuck, Colonizing Sex, 69. 31. Johnston, Geisha, Harlot, Strangler, 32–33. 32. Kuno, “Life in Japan,” 193. 33. Yokota-Murakami, Don Juan East-West. 34. Ibid., 36. NOTES 187 35. As seen in the phrase danson johi or “respect men, despise women.” 36. Morton, “The Concept of Romantic Love,” 82. 37. Yokota-Murakami, Don Juan East-West, 42. 38. Leupp, Interracial Intimacy, 166–67. 39. Yokota-Murakami, Don Juan East-West, 41. 40. Kamei, “The Kiss and Japanese Culture,” 114. 41. Blood, Love Match, 129. 42. Hastings, “Dinner Party,” 123. 43. Dore, City Life in Japan, 161. 44. Morton, “The Concept of Romantic Love,” 93. 45. Ibid., 82. 46. Suzuki, Becoming Modern Women, 9. 47. Kuno, “Life in Japan,” 195. 48. Kawamura and Takeda, “Kindai Nihon no sekkusu,” 235. 49. Suzuki, Becoming Modern Women, 66. 50. Kuno, “Life in Japan,” 193. 51. Morton, “The Concept of Romantic Love,” 84. 52. Reichert, In the Company of Men, 227. 53. Watanabe and Iwata, Love of the Samurai. 54. Vocabularia Erotica et Amoris, 67. 55. Reichert, In the Company of Men, 71. 56. Ibid., 28. 57. Karlin, “The Gender of Nationalism,” 64. 58. Dore, City Life in Japan, 159. 59. Angles, Writing the Love of Boys, 22–24. 60. Fruhstuck, Colonizing Sex, 75. 61. Suzuki, Becoming Modern Women, 9. 62. Curran and Welker, “From the Well of Loneliness,” 69–70. 63. S stood for “sister” or sometimes “sho-jo” (girl). 64. The term “homosexuality” was itself a recent construct, first appearing in English in the 1890s. The term first appeared in German slightly earlier, in an anonymous pamphlet published in 1869. See Spencer, Homosexuality, 10. 65. Suzuki, Becoming Modern Women, 24. 66. Ibid., 26. 67. Murata, “Do-sei no koi.” 68. This point was also made in an early postwar roundtable discussion where the commentators note that sexual desire “used not to be a problem” for unmarried women in the prewar period since “women from good families” were protected from sexual stimulation before marriage. However, both masturbation and homosexuality were considered rife among lower-class women who worked in factories and shared communal dormitories; see Josei raifu, “Zadankai,” 18–19. 69. Robertson, “Dying to Tell.” 70. Suzuki, Becoming Modern Women, 66. 71. Ibid. 72. Wagatsuma and de Vos, “Attitudes toward Arranged Marriage,” 188. 188 NOTES 73. Hayashi, “Shin ren’ai no michi,” 36. 74. Blood, Love Match, 6. 75. Ibid., 7. 76. Kamei, “The Kiss and Japanese Culture,” 114. − 77. Otsuka, “Dualism of Love and ‘Wago.’” 78. Ibid., 43 (emphasis in the original). 79. Ibid., 45. 80. Kuno, “Life in Japan,” 196. 81. Steiner, “The Revision of the Civil Code,” 292. 82. Suzuki, Becoming Modern Women, 67. 83. Ibid., 75. 84. Silverberg, Erotic Grotesque Nonsense, 112–13. 85. The edition referred to in this volume is the 1930 Covici Friede version published out of New York. The title of the original Japanese translation was Kanzen naru fu-fu, which is rendered more accurately as “perfect conjugal couple.” 86. Akita, Sei no ryo-ki modan, 186. For a discussion of the popularity of Van de Velde’s text throughout Europe and America in the prewar period, see Bullough, Science in the Bedroom, 140–41. 87. Van de Velde, Ideal Marriage, 159. 88. Ibid., 224. 89. Driscoll, Absolute Erotic, Absolute Grotesque, 183. 90. Yamamoto, Kasutori zasshi kenkyu-, 44. 91. Akita, Sei no ryo-ki modan, 186–87. 92. Yamamoto, Kasutori zasshi kenkyu-, 54. 93. Yokota-Murakami, Don Juan East-West, notes that “it seems to have been the compound sei-yoku that first conveyed the meaning of sexuality in the modern sense” and that it first appeared in dictionaries in 1907 after which “it was soon widely used,” 133. See also Kawamura and Takeda, “Kindai Nihon no sekkusu,” 234. 94. Fruhstuck, Colonizing Sex, 110–15. 95. Driscoll, Absolute Erotic, Absolute Grotesque, 153. 96. Ogino, “Kindai Nihon no sekushuariti,” 85. 97. Pflugfelder, Cartographies of Desire, 287. 98. Driscoll, Absolute Erotic, Absolute Grotesque, 153. 99. See Freedman, Tokyo in Transit, for a discussion of how expanding public transport in Tokyo provided increased opportunity for recreation and dis- traction for the city’s bourgeois. 100. Angles, “Seeking the Strange,” 131. 101. Silverberg, “Constructing a New Cultural History,” 123. 102. For a discussion of the contents of some of these magazines and their trouble with the censors, see Umehara, “Zasshi ‘Gurotesuku.’” 103. Domenig, “History of Sex Education Films in Japan,” Part 1. 104. Angles, Writing the Love of Boys, 21. 105. Angles, “Seeking the Strange,” 102. 106. Pflugfelder, Cartographies of Desire, 320. NOTES 189 107. As detailed in Chapter 6, male cross-dressing prostitution in particular had a long history in Japan and was historically associated with the Kabuki theater. Robertson argues that, inspired by memories of Kabuki, “frontline soldiers staged shows in which some of them performed as women.” She notes that in one recorded instance, the cross-dressed soldier “was the biggest attraction” and was hugged, kissed, and had “her” dress lifted by other men, Takarazuka, 102. 108. See Giles, “The Denial of Homosexuality”; Micheler, “Homophobic Propaganda”; Spencer, Homosexuality, 347. 109. Ibid., 347–51. 110. See McLelland, Queer Japan, 42–54. 111. Gekkan yomiuri, “Dansho- wa kataru.” 112. Pflugfelder, Cartographies of Desire, 327. 113. Sakai, Nihon kanrakukyo- annai. 114. In a 1937 article from Shufu no tomo cited by Silberberg, Erotic Grotesque Nonsense, 158. 115. Freedman, Tokyo in Transit, 145. 116. Sato notes that in 1921 only 10 percent of the Japanese population fit the definition of middle class and that middle-class consumer culture was “con- spicuously urban centered” with large parts of the country relatively unaf- fected by these modernizing forces; Sato, “Contesting Consumerisms,” 264. 117. Kuno, “Life in Japan,” 200. 118. Kitamura, Screening Enlightenment, 1. 119. Freedman, Tokyo in Transit, 178. 120. Kuryu, “Gendai no ren’ai,” 66. − 121. Oya, “Ero guro nansensu jidai,” 68. 122. Sato, “Contesting Consumerisms.” 123. Fujiki, “Gakubuchi no sho-,” 38. 124. Cited in Abel, “The Ero-Puro Sense,” 344. 125. Ibid. 126. Ibid., 345. 127. Pratt, “Arts of the Contact Zone,” 4. 128. Drea, In the Service of the Emperor, 79. 129. Ibid., 80. 130. Ibid., 77. 131. Ryang, Love in Modern Japan, 52. 132. Timm, “Sex with a Purpose,” 224. 133. Suzuki, “Senso ni okeru dansei sekushuariti.” 134. Ibid. 135. Shin and Cho, “Characteristics and Special Nature,” 53.