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Frontier, Cody, and Mesaverde Formations in the Wind River and Southern Bighorn Basins, Wyoming

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Frontier, Cody, and Mesaverde Formations in the Wind River and Southern Bighorn Basins, Wyoming l 't ,\ '0 ~· I· I lQ ~ ~ ~... ~ flt Cl. ~ Frontier, Cody, and Mesaverde Q.. "'; c ·;;;0 II) ~ 0... Formations in the Wind River Q.. ;:.... ~ ~ Vl 5 and Southern Bighorn Basins, ·;;, 0 0 ~ . .. ~~· I :z~ Wyoming ~ 0 ~ Vl.. :z GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 495-E til <= ~ ]Jrepared in cooperation with the Geological 0 X ~ S'urvey of lf/jotJting and the Department of \---&S 0 Geology of the U11,iversity of Wyoming as ~ ffi part of a progratJJ of the Department of the > ~ Interior for development of the Missouri :zQ ~ River basin Vl.. z 0 f= < ~ 0 "- ~ 0 ffi > < ~ ~ 0 ~ ;:..... Q 0 Ul. ~/ I~ a::0 "- ...I ~ ~ -~ ~ Frontier, Cody., and Mesaverde Formations in the Wind River and Southern Bighorn ·Basins, Wyoming By WILLIAM R. KEEFER GEOLOGY OF THE WIND RIVER BASIN, CENTRAL WYOMING GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 495-E ( Prepared in cooperation with the Geological Survey of Wyoming and the Department of Geology of the University of Wyoming as part· of a program of the Department of the Interior for development of the Missouri River basin UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON 1972 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR ROGERS C. B. MORTON, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY V. E. McKelvey, Director Library or Congress catalog-card No. 74-188170 .I J~ ··- For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 (paper cover) Stock Number 2401-2131 ·~ CONTENTS Page Page Abstract ___ .... ---------- ------------------------- E1 Cody Shale-Continued Introduction -------------------------------------­ 2 Lithology and thickness E14 General stratigraphic features of the Frontier, Cody, Contac.t with Mesaverde Formation ____________ _ 16 and Me·saverde Formations ----------·------------ 3 Age and correlation -------------------------- 17 Frontier Formation ------------------------------- 4 Mesaverde Formation ·----------------------------- 18 Definition ------------------------------------ 4 DefinUion ------------------------------------ 18 Li.thology and thickness _______ ----------------- 8 Lithology and thickness ----------------------- 18 Contact with Mowry Shale -------------------­ 10 Contact with. overlying rocks ------------------ 20 Contact with Cody Shale ---------------------­ 12 Age and correlation -------------------------- 20 Age and correlation -------------------------- 12 Summary of depositional history of the Frontier, Cody, Cody Shale -----·--------------------------------­ 14 and Mesaverde Formations ---------------------- 21 Definition ------------------------------------ 14 References cited -·--------------------------------- 22 ILLUSTRATIONS [Plates are in pocket] PLAl'ES. 1-3. Stratigraphic sections showing correlation of Frontier, Cody, and Mesaverde Formations along- 1. West margin of Wind Rive·r Basin, Wyoming. 2. South margin of Wind River Basin, Wyoming. 3. North and east margins of Wind River Basin and south margin of Bighorn Basin, Wyoming. Page FIGURE 1. Index map of Wyoming showing Wind River Basin and other areas mentioned in text ------------------ E2 2. Map showing major physiographic and structural features in central Wyoming ------------------------ 3 3. Map showing major outcrops and locations of measured or drilled sections of the Frontier, Cody, and Mesa- verde Formations ---------··-----·--------------------------------------------------------------- 6 4. Photograph of Frontier Formation and Cody Shale on north limb of Maverick Springs anticline _______ _ 8 5. Photograph of Frontier Formation and Mowry Shale on east limb of Derby Dome anticline -------------- 10 6. Thickness map of intervals B through G of the Frontier Formation and associated strata -------------- 11 7. Thickness map of interval H of .the Frontier Formation, Cody Shale, and Mesaverde Formation ----·----- 15 8. Photograph of Mesaverde Formation and Cody Shale in northern Wind River Basin ------------------- 17 9. Photograph of Teapot Sandstone Member of Mesaverde Formation at Coalbank Hills, northern Rattle- snake Hills ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 19 TABLES Page TABLE 1. List of geologic sections used on correlation charts (pls. 1-3) -----------------------------------·------ E5 2. Relations of the Upper Cretaceous Frontier, Cody, and Mesaverde Formations to the· western interior reference sequence and faunal zones------------------------------------------------------------ 13 III GEOLOGY OF THE WIND RIVER BASIN, CENTRAL WYOMING FRONTIER, CODY, AND MESAVERDE FORMATIONS IN THE WIND RIVER AND SOUTHERN BIGHORN BASINS, WYOMING By WILLIAM R. KEEFER ABSTRACT Carlile in the eastern part. In the southern Bighorn Basin The Upper Cretaceous Frontier, Cody, and Mesaverde the formation incorporates beds as old as early Greenhorn. Formations compose a thick sequence of sedimentary rocks Conversely, the uppermost Cody strata become progressively deposited during the final major transgression and regression younger eastward across the region; it contains equivalents of the epicontinental sea in central Wyoming. These rocks of late Niobrara age toward the west and early Pierre age consist of a complexly intertongued succession of marine, toward .the east. bracl<ish, deltaic, and fluviatile strata in which individual The largely nonmarine Mesmrerde Formation consists of units show pronounced changes in thickness, lithology, and 550 to at least 2,000 feet of interbedded sandstone, shale, and age across the Wind River and southern Bighorn Basins. carbonaceous ·beds. A typical section in the eastern part of The Frontier Formation, of both marine and nonmarine the Wind River Basin consists, in descending order, of: (1) origin, is an alternating sequence of sandstone and shale. The the Tea·pot .Sandstone Membe·r, (2) an unnamed middle forma,tion is of varied thickness, ranging from 470 to 1,045 member, (3) the Parkman Sandstone Member, (4) the Wal­ feet, because it intertongues with adjacent strata of both the lace Creek Tongue (of the Cody Shale), and (5) the Fales underlying Mowry Shale and the overlying Cody Shale. Sandstone Member. Conspicuous sandstone units also occur Three conspicuous zones of sandstone, refene·d to by petro­ at the top and base of the Mesaverde· at mos.t other localities, leum geologists as the "First, Second, and Third Wall Creek but the Teapot Sandstone Member is generally the only unit sands," are present at most lo<;!alities in the Wind River to be formally designated elsewhere in the region. A local, Basin. In the southern Bighorn Basin the· Peay and Torch­ and perhaps regional, erosional unconformity separates the light Sandstone Members are the base and top of the forma­ Teapot from the older strata. The bulk of the Mesaverde .. tion, respectively. Despite lateral changes in lithology, several Formation is equivalent in age to some of the lower and other discrete· stratigraphic intervals were also traced over middle membe·rs of the Pierre Shale in terms of the western wide areas, largely on the basis of electric-log correlations. In interior reference sequence, but toward the west the lower­ terms of the composite reference sequence of Upper Creta­ most beds are as old as strata in the upper part of the ceous rocks in the western interior region, the Frontier contains Niobrara Formation. equivalents of the· following formations in the areas indi­ The Frontier Formation, deposited in a wide variety of cated: (1) western Wind River Basin-Belle Fourche Shale, onshore and offshore environments, records a limited east­ Greenhorn Limestone, Carlile Shale, and lower part of the ward withdrawal of the sea across central Wyoming at the Niobrara Formakion, (2) eastern Wind River Basin-Belle beginning of Late Cretaceous time. The Cody Shale repre­ Fourche Shale, Greenhorn Limestone, and Carlile Shale, and sents a major westward transgression, and the Mesaverde (3) southern Bighorn Basin-Belle Fourche Shale and lower Formation the ensuing eastward regression. Clastic debris part of the Greenhorn Limestone·. was derived chiefly from the west and northwest. A minor readvance of the sea (represented by the Lewis Shale) took The marine Cody Shale consists predominantly of shale in plasce following Mesaverde deJ>osition but was limited to the its lower part and of interbedded shale and sandstone in i·ts upper part; its thickness ranges from 3,150 to 4,700 feet. In eastern parts of the Wind River and Bighorn Basins. two zones, one across the central part of the region of s.tudy Thickness maps of units indicate that an incipient down­ and the other across the eastern part, extensive westward­ warp formed along the present north and northeast margins projecting tongues of the Cody are inte·rcalated with east­ of the Wind River Basin during deposition of the Frontier, ward-projecting tongues of the Mesaverde Formation. The Cody, and Mesaverde Formations. The position of this shal­ zones of intertonguing trend nearly north and a.re as much low trough coincides closely with the area in which the great­ as 40 miles wide. Intertonguing units in the eastern zone are est amount of basin subsidence took place during the major the Fales Sandstone Member of the Mesaverde and the over­ phases of Laramide· deformation in latest Cretaceous and lying Wallace Creek Tongue of the Cody Shale·; in places, early Tertiary times. Incipient upwarps formed contempo­ the Wallace Creek Tongue is included with the Mesaverde raneously along the south and northwest margins of the Formation for mapping convenience. The basal part of the basin, perhaps
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