DOCSLIB.ORG

Reviewing Threats to Wild Rhodiola Sachalinensis, a Medicinally Valuable Yet Vulnerable Species

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Reviewing Threats to Wild Rhodiola Sachalinensis, a Medicinally Valuable Yet Vulnerable Species Download free from www.wjtcm.net Review Article Reviewing Threats to Wild Rhodiola sachalinensis, A Medicinally Valuable yet Vulnerable Species Josef A. Brinckmanna, Anthony B. Cunninghamb,c, David E. V. Harterd aTraditional Medicinals, Sustainability Department, 4515 Ross Road, Sebastopol, California, 95472, USA, bSchool of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu‑Natal, King Edward Avenue, Pietermaritzburg, 3209, South Africa, cSchool of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, 90 South St., Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia, dBundesamt für Naturschutz (BfN), Konstantinstr. 110, Bonn, 53179, Germany Abstract Occurring in China, DPR Korea, Japan, and Russian Federation and classified in the Red List of Chinese Flora as a vulnerable species, Rhodiola sachalinensis Boriss. is used increasingly in cosmetics, dietary supplements, and Traditional Chinese Medicines (TCMs). The aim of this study was to evaluate the (i) conservation status, harvesting and trade levels of R. sachalinensis, (ii) current state of experimental and commercial farming, and (iii) evidence of substitution or interchangeable use of R. sachalinensis with other Rhodiola species. We assessed data from multiple disciplines and languages including studies on R. sachalinensis biology and ecology, information on impacts of wild harvest, management measures, and current levels of cultivation. Our assessment shows that while R. sachalinensis is increasingly produced by cultivation, wild populations are decreasing and face multiple threats. These include (a) habitat loss including due to oil and gas infrastructure development on Sakhalin island, (b) climate change impacts on alpine ecosystems, and (c) overexploitation of wild plants to satisfy the growing commercial demand. Assessments of the conservation status of R. sachalinensis should commence in each Range State, as well as resource assessments and monitoring of harvesting and trade of wild R. sachalinensis. Even with increased reliance on cultivation, biodiversity conservation, and genetic diversity in wild populations are relevant to future use of this species. Keywords: Conservation, Rhodiola rosea ssp. sachalinensis, Rhodiola sachalinensis, sustainable production, Traditional Chinese Medicine INTRODUCTION measures, and on the current level of cultivation. Our data collection strategy involved using a group of search terms in Rhodiola sachalinensis Borissova, Crassulaceae multiple languages (Chinese, English, Japanese, Korean, and (“gaoshanhongjingtian” (高山红景天), high mountain rhodiola Russian). Search terms included R. sachalinensis, traditional or “kuyehongjingtian” (库页红景天), Sakhalin rhodiola), is a medicine, wild collection, cultivation, export trade, harvesting, rare species with a fragmented distribution[1] in China, DPR conservation status, protected, threatened, red list, and red Korea, Russian Federation, and Japan.[2] R. sachalinensis has book. We used the online academic search engine Google become a popular Rhodiola species[3] traded in Traditional Scholar, China Academic Journals (CNKI) database, and Chinese Medicine (TCM) markets[4] and is also widely used ResearchGate, a professional network for scientists and in dietary supplements[5] and cosmetics. However, there are researchers, as well as patent databases of the China National conservation concerns about this vulnerable (VU) species.[6,7] Intellectual Property Administration, Korean Intellectual This study evaluates the (i) conservation status, harvesting, and trade in R. sachalinensis, (ii) current cultivation, and Address for correspondence: Prof. Josef A. Brinckmann, (iii) evidence of interchangeable use of R. sachalinensis with Traditional Medicinals, Sustainability Department, 4515 Ross Road, other Rhodiola species. Sebastopol, California 95472, USA. E‑mail: [email protected] METHODS This is an open access journal, and articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative We reviewed published studies on R. sachalinensis biology and Commons Attribution‑NonCommercial‑ShareAlike 4.0 License, which allows others to remix, ecology, information on impacts of wild harvest, management tweak, and build upon the work non‑commercially, as long as appropriate credit is given and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms. Access this article online For reprints contact: [email protected] Quick Response Code: © 2021 World Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine | Published by Wolters Kluwer ‑ Medknow Website: www.wjtcm.net Received: 16-02-2021, Accepted: 31-03-2021, Published: 09-08-2021 DOI: How to cite this article: Brinckmann JA, Cunningham AB, V. Harter DE. 10.4103/wjtcm.wjtcm_47_21 Reviewing threats to wild Rhodiola sachalinensis, a medicinally valuable yet vulnerable species. World J Tradit Chin Med 2021;7:299-306. World J Tradit Chin Med | Volume 7 | Issue 3 | July-September 2021 299 Brinckmann, et al. Reviewing threats to wild Rhodiola sachalinensis Property Office, United States Patent and Trademark Office, differences between R. sachalinensis and R. rosea are and World Intellectual Property Organization. For information described. Third, while R. rosea has a circumpolar distribution, on R. sachalinensis occurrence, conservation, legal, and R. sachalinensis has a much more limited geographic regulatory status, we searched the websites and databases of distribution in Northeast China, DPR Korea, small parts of governmental organizations such as ministries of agriculture, Japan, and the Russian Far East. environment, health, medicines, natural resources and ecology, Chemistry and medicinal uses and tourism, respectively. The root and rhizome of R. sachalinensis contain phenylpropanoids such as the cinnamyl alcohol glycosides RESULTS rosarin and rosavin, the phenylethanoid compound salidroside Taxonomy with its aglycone tyrosol, flavonols such as rhodionin While “The Plant List”, Version 1.1. (2013) treats R. sachalinensis and rhodiosin,[14] monoterpene glycosides (sachalosides I Borissova as a synonym of Sedum roseum (L.) Scop,[8] and the and II), flavonol bisdesmosides (sachalosides III and IV), International Crassulaceae Network lists R. sachalinensis and cyanogenic glycosides (sachaloside V).[15] The Jilin Borissova, Sedum sachalinense (Borissova) Voroschilov, and provincial standards for TCM materials require the herbal Rhodiola rosea ssp. sachalinensis (Borissova) S. Gontcharova drug “Rhodiolae Sachalinensis Radix et Rhizoma” to contain as synonyms of R. rosea L.,[9] Chinese authorities on botany, not-less-than (NLT) 0.20% of salidroside and NLT 0.020% of [16] taxonomy, threatened species, and TCM treat R. sachalinensis tyrosol, calculated on a dried drug basis. Less specifically, as a distinct article; for example, botanists at Flora of China,[2] the Zhejiang provincial standards for TCM materials require and at the Ministry of Environmental Protection and Chinese pharmacopoeial quality R. sachalinensis to contain NLT 22.0% [17] Academy of Sciences (Red List of Chinese Flora),[6] as extractive matter and NLT 6.0% total rhodiola glycosides. well as pharmacognosists at provincial TCM drug product According to TCM theory, R. sachalinensis root and rhizome administrations. Regardless of some differing taxonomic acts to invigorate qi and promote blood circulation and is opinions, in China, R. rosea and R. sachalinensis are classified indicated for treating conditions such as qi deficiency and blood and traded as separate articles of commerce, sourced from stasis, chest pain, angina, stroke, hemiplegia (paralysis of one [16] separate geographic origins, R. rosea from Xinjiang and side of the body), fatigue, asthma, and panting. R. sachalinensis from Jilin and Heilongjiang, each with distinct Ecology and distribution characteristics described in monographs. As we reported The habitat of R. sachalinensis is described as forested slopes, [10] earlier in Cunningham et al., we treat R. sachalinensis as gravel slopes, and alpine tundra in northeastern China (Jilin, a distinct species for three reasons. First, chemotaxonomic Heilongjiang), DPR Korea, Russian Federation, and Japan,[2] [11] [12] studies by Booker et al. and Liu et al., show chemical as well as in rock crevices and stony sites on some volcanic differences between R. rosea (collected in Xinjiang) and oceanic islands of Japan and the Russian Federation.[18] R. sachalinensis (collected in Heilongjiang and Liaoning). While the observed differences in Liu et al.,[12] using a high performance In China, R. sachalinensis is distributed mainly in the liquid chromatography-diode array detection and ultraviolet Changbai Mountain Range of northeastern Jilin province spectrophotometric (HPLC-DAD/UV) method, based on [Figure 1], and Heilongjiang province in the Zhangguangcai [19] [20] eight compounds of four chemical classes (phenylpropanoids, Mountains and Daxingan Mountains. It is found, in phenylethanol derivatives, flavonoids, and phenolic acids) the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture of China’s [21] were only weak, Booker et al.,[11] using general metabolomic Jilin Province, which borders both Primorsky Territory, fingerprinting but also specific high‑performance thin‑layer Far Eastern Federal District, Russian Federation, as chromatography (HPTLC) methods for testing of the rosavin well as the northernmost province of DPR Korea, North and salidroside marker spectra, found compelling differences Hamgyong Province. In the Changbai Mountains Nature between R. rosea and R. sachalinensis samples. In a DNA Reserve (CMNR), R. sachalinensis is recorded
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Leonetti-Geo3.Pdf
    GEO 3 Il Mondo: i paesaggi, la popolazione e l'economia 3 media:-testo di Geografia C3 pag. 2 Geo 3: Il Mondo I paesaggi, la popolazione, l’economia Per la Scuola Secondaria di Primo Grado a cura di Elisabetta Leonetti Coordinamento editoriale: Antonio Bernardo Ricerca iconografica: Cristina Capone Cartine tematiche: Studio Aguilar Copertina Ginger Lab - www.gingerlab.it Settembre 2013 ISBN 9788896354513 Progetto Educationalab Mobility IT srl Questo libro è rilasciato con licenza Creative Commons BY-SA Attribuzione – Non commerciale - Condividi allo stesso modo 3.0 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/legalcode Alcuni testi di questo libro sono in parte tratti da Wikipedia Versione del 11/11/2013 Modificato da [email protected] – 23/9/15 INDICE GEO 3 Glossario Mappe-Carte AulaVirtuale 3 media:-testo di Geografia C3 pag. 3 Presentazione Questo ebook fa parte di una collana di ebook con licenza Creative Commons BY-SA per la scuola. Il titolo Geo C3 vuole indicare che il progetto è stato realizzato in modalità Collaborativa e con licenza Creative Commons, da cui le tre “C” del titolo. Non vuole essere un trattato completo sull’argomento ma una sintesi sulla quale l’insegnante può basare la lezione, indicando poi testi e altre fonti per gli approfondimenti. Lo studente può consultarlo come riferimento essenziale da cui partire per approfondire. In sostanza, l’idea è stata quella di indicare il nocciolo essenziale della disciplina, nocciolo largamente condiviso dagli insegnanti. La licenza Creative Commons, con la quale viene rilasciato, permette non solo di fruire liberamente l’ebook ma anche di modificarlo e personalizzarlo secondo le esigenze dell’insegnante e della classe.
    [Show full text]
  • Pierce-The American College of Greece Model United Nations | 2019
    Pierce-The American College of Greece Model United Nations | 2019 Committee: Special Political and Decolonization Committee Issue: The issue of the South Kuril Islands Student Officer: Marianna Generali Position: Co-Chair PERSONAL INTRODUCTION Dear Delegates, My name is Marianna Generali and I am a student in the 11th grade of HAEF Psychiko College. This year’s ACGMUN will be my first time chairing and my 9th conference overall. It is my honour to be serving as a co-chair in the Special Political and Decolonization Committee in the 3rd session of the ACGMUN. I am more than excited to work with each of you individually and I look forward to our cooperation within the committee. MUN is an extracurricular activity that I enjoy wholeheartedly and could not imagine my life without it. Through my MUN experience, I have gained so much and it has helped me in so many areas of my life. In particular, I have gained organizing and public speaking skills and enhanced my knowledge on the history of the world and most importantly current affairs, hence I believe this is a one of a kind opportunity and I hope that everyone will have a fruitful debate and a lot of fun. I hope that I can help you with your preparation and your work within the conference and in your endeavours overall. I believe this is a really interesting topic and will bring a lot of fruitful debate, but it is crucial that you come prepared. I will be the expert chair on the topic of the issue of the South Kuril Islands.
    [Show full text]
  • LCSH Section H
    H (The sound) H.P. 15 (Bomber) Giha (African people) [P235.5] USE Handley Page V/1500 (Bomber) Ikiha (African people) BT Consonants H.P. 42 (Transport plane) Kiha (African people) Phonetics USE Handley Page H.P. 42 (Transport plane) Waha (African people) H-2 locus H.P. 80 (Jet bomber) BT Ethnology—Tanzania UF H-2 system USE Victor (Jet bomber) Hāʾ (The Arabic letter) BT Immunogenetics H.P. 115 (Supersonic plane) BT Arabic alphabet H 2 regions (Astrophysics) USE Handley Page 115 (Supersonic plane) HA 132 Site (Niederzier, Germany) USE H II regions (Astrophysics) H.P.11 (Bomber) USE Hambach 132 Site (Niederzier, Germany) H-2 system USE Handley Page Type O (Bomber) HA 500 Site (Niederzier, Germany) USE H-2 locus H.P.12 (Bomber) USE Hambach 500 Site (Niederzier, Germany) H-8 (Computer) USE Handley Page Type O (Bomber) HA 512 Site (Niederzier, Germany) USE Heathkit H-8 (Computer) H.P.50 (Bomber) USE Hambach 512 Site (Niederzier, Germany) H-19 (Military transport helicopter) USE Handley Page Heyford (Bomber) HA 516 Site (Niederzier, Germany) USE Chickasaw (Military transport helicopter) H.P. Sutton House (McCook, Neb.) USE Hambach 516 Site (Niederzier, Germany) H-34 Choctaw (Military transport helicopter) USE Sutton House (McCook, Neb.) Ha-erh-pin chih Tʻung-chiang kung lu (China) USE Choctaw (Military transport helicopter) H.R. 10 plans USE Ha Tʻung kung lu (China) H-43 (Military transport helicopter) (Not Subd Geog) USE Keogh plans Ha family (Not Subd Geog) UF Huskie (Military transport helicopter) H.R.D. motorcycle Here are entered works on families with the Kaman H-43 Huskie (Military transport USE Vincent H.R.D.
    [Show full text]
  • Reviewing Threats to Wild Rhodiola Sachalinensis, a Medicinally Valuable Yet Vulnerable Species
    [Downloaded free from http://www.wjtcm.net on Wednesday, September 1, 2021, IP: 10.232.74.26] Download free from www.wjtcm.net Review Article Reviewing Threats to Wild Rhodiola sachalinensis, A Medicinally Valuable yet Vulnerable Species Josef A. Brinckmanna, Anthony B. Cunninghamb,c, David E. V. Harterd aTraditional Medicinals, Sustainability Department, 4515 Ross Road, Sebastopol, California, 95472, USA, bSchool of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu‑Natal, King Edward Avenue, Pietermaritzburg, 3209, South Africa, cSchool of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, 90 South St., Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia, dBundesamt für Naturschutz (BfN), Konstantinstr. 110, Bonn, 53179, Germany Abstract Occurring in China, DPR Korea, Japan, and Russian Federation and classified in the Red List of Chinese Flora as a vulnerable species, Rhodiola sachalinensis Boriss. is used increasingly in cosmetics, dietary supplements, and Traditional Chinese Medicines (TCMs). The aim of this study was to evaluate the (i) conservation status, harvesting and trade levels of R. sachalinensis, (ii) current state of experimental and commercial farming, and (iii) evidence of substitution or interchangeable use of R. sachalinensis with other Rhodiola species. We assessed data from multiple disciplines and languages including studies on R. sachalinensis biology and ecology, information on impacts of wild harvest, management measures, and current levels of cultivation. Our assessment shows that while R. sachalinensis is increasingly produced by cultivation, wild populations are decreasing and face multiple threats. These include (a) habitat loss including due to oil and gas infrastructure development on Sakhalin island, (b) climate change impacts on alpine ecosystems, and (c) overexploitation of wild plants to satisfy the growing commercial demand.
    [Show full text]
  • North Korean House of Cards Leadership Dynamics Under Kim Jong-Un
    North Korean House of Cards Leadership Dynamics Under Kim Jong-un Ken E. Gause H R N K North Korean House of Cards Leadership Dynamics Under Kim Jong-un Ken E. Gause H R N K Committee for Human Rights in North Korea Copyright © 2015 Committee for Human Rights in North Korea Printed in the United States of America All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior permission of the Committee for Human Rights in North Korea, except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical reviews and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law. Committee for Human Rights in North Korea 1001 Connecticut Avenue, NW, Suite 435 Washington, DC 20036 P: (202) 499-7970 ISBN: 9780985648053 Library of Congress Control Number: 2015954268 BOARD OF DIRECTORS Gordon Flake (Co-Chair) Chief Executive Officer, Perth USAsia Centre, The University of Western Australia Co-author, Paved with Good Intentions: The NGO Experience in North Korea Katrina Lantos Swett (Co-Chair) President and CEO, Lantos Foundation for Human Rights and Justice John Despres (Co-Vice-Chair) Consultant on International Financial & Strategic Affairs Suzanne Scholte (Co-Vice-Chair) President, Defense Forum Foundation Seoul Peace Prize Laureate Helen-Louise Hunter (Secretary) Attorney Author, Kim II-Song’s North Korea Kevin C. McCann (Treasurer) General Counsel, StrataScale, Inc., Counsel to SHI International
    [Show full text]
  • Mountains in Asia and Their Location
    Mountains in asia and their location Continue Wikipedia's List of Asian Terrain articles This page lists the highest natural altitude of each sovereign country on the geographically defined Asian continent. Countries sometimes associated with Asia politically and culturally, but not as a geographical part of Asia, are not included in this list of physical characteristics (with the exception of Cyprus - marked with an N/A rating). Not all of the points on this list are mountains or hills, some are simply in distinguishable altitudes as geographical characteristics. Notes are provided in case of territorial disputes or conflicts affecting the list. Some countries such as Azerbaijan, Georgia, and Russia (Elbrus) have part of their territory and their high points outside Asia; Their non-Asian high scores are listed with an N/A rated entry below their continental peak. Three other entoes from the most recognized countries with the highest scores in Asia are listed and ranked in Inalic. For more details, see List of states with limited recognition. Rank Country Highest point Elevation 6 Afghanistan Noshaq 7,492 m (24,580 ft) N/A Armenia Aragats 4,090 m (13,419 ft) N/A Azerbaijan Mount Bazardüzü 4,466 m (14,652 ft) 43 Bahrain Mountain of Smoke 122 m (400 ft) 39 Bangladesh Saka Haphong 1,052 m (3,451 ft) 4 Bhutan Gangkhar Puensum 7,570 m (24,836 ft) 36 Brunei Pagon Hill 1,850 m (6,070 ft) 37 Cambodia Phnom Aural 1,810 m (5,938 ft) 1 China Mount Everest[1] 8,848 m (29,029 ft) N/A Cyprus Mount Olympus 1,951 m (6,401 ft) 25 East Timor Tatamailau
    [Show full text]
  • Geo-Data: the World Geographical Encyclopedia
    Geodata.book Page iv Tuesday, October 15, 2002 8:25 AM GEO-DATA: THE WORLD GEOGRAPHICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA Project Editor Imaging and Multimedia Manufacturing John F. McCoy Randy Bassett, Christine O'Bryan, Barbara J. Nekita McKee Yarrow Editorial Mary Rose Bonk, Pamela A. Dear, Rachel J. Project Design Kain, Lynn U. Koch, Michael D. Lesniak, Nancy Cindy Baldwin, Tracey Rowens Matuszak, Michael T. Reade © 2002 by Gale. Gale is an imprint of The Gale For permission to use material from this prod- Since this page cannot legibly accommodate Group, Inc., a division of Thomson Learning, uct, submit your request via Web at http:// all copyright notices, the acknowledgements Inc. www.gale-edit.com/permissions, or you may constitute an extension of this copyright download our Permissions Request form and notice. Gale and Design™ and Thomson Learning™ submit your request by fax or mail to: are trademarks used herein under license. While every effort has been made to ensure Permissions Department the reliability of the information presented in For more information contact The Gale Group, Inc. this publication, The Gale Group, Inc. does The Gale Group, Inc. 27500 Drake Rd. not guarantee the accuracy of the data con- 27500 Drake Rd. Farmington Hills, MI 48331–3535 tained herein. The Gale Group, Inc. accepts no Farmington Hills, MI 48331–3535 Permissions Hotline: payment for listing; and inclusion in the pub- Or you can visit our Internet site at 248–699–8006 or 800–877–4253; ext. 8006 lication of any organization, agency, institu- http://www.gale.com Fax: 248–699–8074 or 800–762–4058 tion, publication, service, or individual does not imply endorsement of the editors or pub- ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Cover photographs reproduced by permission No part of this work covered by the copyright lisher.
    [Show full text]
  • Upsc October - 2019 Daily Current Affairs Class Test - 01 2
    UPSC OCTOBER - 2019 DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS CLASS TEST - 01 2. Consider the following pairs: 1. With reference to the Constitution of India, Festivals State consider the following statements: 1. Losar - Arunachal Pradesh 1. Article 130 says that, the Supreme Court 2. Bathukamma - Chhattisgarh shall sit in Delhi or in such other place or 3. Wari - Maharashtra places, decided by President of India, on Which of the pairs given above is/are correct advice of Prime Minister. matched? 2. In Kerala, Supreme Court has its regional a) 1 only bench established long back in b) 1 and 3 only since 1968. c) 2 and 3 only Which of the statements given above is /are d) 1, 2 and 3 correct? Answer - B a) 1 only Explanation b) 2 only Statement 2 is wrong c) Both 1 and 2 Bathukamma is celebrated in Telangana. d) Neither 1 nor 2 Why this Question: Answer- D Telangana government recently celebrated the Explanation: eagerly awaited ‘Festival of Flowers’ Statement 1 is Wrong (Bathukamma) for which the State is known. Article 130 says that “the Supreme Court shall sit Bathukamma. in Delhi or in such other place or places, as the The festival was traditionally celebrated by Chief Justice of India may, with the approval of women across the state. the President, from time to time, appoint.” Every year this festival is celebrated as per Telugu It is decided by Chief Justice of India and approval version of Hindu calendar in the Bhadrapada of President is needed. Amavasya, also known as Mahalaya Amavasya, Statement 2 is also Wrong usually in September–October of Gregorian There is no regional bench of supreme court in calendar.
    [Show full text]
  • Crossing the Yalu River 7 8 (Togang-Nok) 9 [The Diary Begins on 25 July (24Th Day of 6Th Month)1 and Finishes on 10 8 August (9Th Day of 7Th Month) 1780
    3065_CH01.qxp:Layout 1 5/25/10 1:31 PM Page 1 1 2 3 CHAPTER 1 4 5 6 Crossing the Yalu River 7 8 (Togang-nok) 9 [The diary begins on 25 July (24th day of 6th month)1 and finishes on 10 8 August (9th day of 7th month) 1780. It is a record of crossing the Yalu River 1 and reaching Liaoyang in fifteen days.] 2 3Li 4 5 6 PROLOGUE 7 8 he reader may ask why the ‘Record of Crossing the Yalu (Amnok) 9 TRiver’ begins with the words ‘the third sixty-year cycle of the year 20 Gengzi (Kor. Kyo˘ngja, 1780),2 since . .’. The reasons are several: to 1 describe the itinerary, the daily happenings, and the weather along the 2 way, matched to the relevant days and months of the entries, starting 3 from the 6th month of 1780. The word ‘since’ appears because the date 4 starts after the adoption of the reign title3 Chongzhen (r. 1628–1644). 5 This was the reign title of the last reigning monarch of the Ming dynasty 6 (1368–1644), the Emperor Chongzhen (posthumous name: Zhuanglie 7 huangti). The year 1780 corresponds to the third cycle of the year 8 Kyo˘ngja. One may ask further: ‘Why not simply describe it as 9 Chongzhen such and such a year?’ The answer is ‘Because soon we will 30 be crossing the Yalu River and we want to avoid that term. The people 1 living on the other side are Manchurians and they all use the reign title 2 of the Qing dynasty (1644–1911).
    [Show full text]
  • Hydrothermal System and Acid Lakes of Golovnin Caldera, Kunashir, Kuril Islands: Geochemistry, Solute Fluxes and Heat Output
    Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 346 (2017) 10–20 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jvolgeores Hydrothermal system and acid lakes of Golovnin caldera, Kunashir, Kuril Islands: Geochemistry, solute fluxes and heat output Elena Kalacheva a,⁎, Yuri Taran a,b, Ekaterina Voloshina a, Salvatore Inguaggiato c a Institute of Volcanology and Seismology, FEB RAS, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky 683006, Russia b Institute of Geophysics, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City 04510, Mexico c IstitutoNazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Palermo, Italy. article info abstract Article history: Golovnin caldera on the southernmost Kuril Island arc Kunashir Island is characterized by intense hydrothermal Received 5 January 2017 activity and thermal manifestations of different types inside and outside the caldera. In this paper we report our Received in revised form 19 May 2017 results of the 2015 field campaign together with already published data and discuss unusual geochemical fea- Accepted 3 June 2017 tures of the whole system. Acid chloride sulfate waters discharging inside the caldera are different from hot sul- Available online 7 June 2017 fate chloride waters discharging along the coast of the Sea of Okhotsk. The difference is in the ratios of the main conservative components (Cl, B, Na) and a high fraction of a Ca-SO enriched component in the coastal springs. Keywords: 4 Volcano-hydrothermal system Another unusual feature of the system is the existence of boiling Na-Cl springs outside the caldera, between fi Kuril Islands the caldera thermal elds with Cl-SO4 and SO4 acid waters and SO4-Cl acid-to-neutral springs along the coast.
    [Show full text]
  • Social Studies SOCIAL TOPIC STUDIES East Asia: the Middle Kingdom, the Rising Sun, the Land of the Morning Calm, CONTEST and Beyond
    2019-2020 READING LIST SOCIAL STUDIES SOCIAL TOPIC STUDIES East Asia: The Middle Kingdom, the Rising Sun, the Land of the Morning Calm, CONTEST and Beyond The Social PRIMARY READING SELECTION Studies Contest Everlasting Flower: A History of Korea, by Keith Pratt consists of Reaktion Books; (2007) ISBN: 978-1861893352! 45 objective questions and Available from Texas Educational Paperbacks, Inc -- 800-443-2078 an essay. www.tepbooks.com Students List price: $27.00, TEP UIL price: $17.55 plus shipping are expected Also available from most online book sellers. to master primary SUPPLEMENTAL READING MATERIAL reading Country Profiles selections, as (from the CIA’s The World Factbook, BBC News Country Profiles and Info- well as specific documents, please) and to be familiar with • China • Japan general- • Hong Kong • South Korea knowledge • Macau • North Korea social studies • Taiwan • Mongolia concepts and terms. • Tibet Each year, the contest focuses Links on a different https://www.ancient.eu topic area and https://www.britannica.com/ a reading list https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/asia-and-africa is provided by https://www.infoplease.com/ UIL. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/docs/profileguide.html http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/country_profiles/default.stm https://www.history.com/topics/china https://www.history.com/topics/china/china-timeline https://www.history.com/topics/japan https://www.history.com/topics/korea/south-korea https://www.history.com/topics/korea/north-korea-history Check https://www.uiltexas.org/academics/academic-contests/social-studies
    [Show full text]
  • Perfect 7 : an Introduction
    PERFECT 7 : AN INTRODUCTION 9990772422 Current Affairs : Perfect 7 SEVEN IMPORTANT ISSUES 1. TELECOM SECTOR IN INDIA : NEEDS REVIVAL Why in News? seen whether the industry, which is But despite this, the sector is reeling under a daunting debt of about currently facing its worst phase ever The government has constituted `4 lakh crore and is in dire financial and needs the government to step a Committee of Secretaries (CoS), straits, will be able to recover from this in. The sector is currently finding it headed by Cabinet Secretary Rajiv setback. The bench made it clear that increasingly difficult to manage its Gauba, to work out a relief package for there would no further litigation on the cumulative debt of almost `4 lakh the telecom sector, a move that may issue and it would fix a time frame for crore, with revenues of less than ` help mitigate the impact of the more calculation and payment of dues by the 1.8 lakh crore, and steadily falling, than `1.4 lakh crore that the telcos may telecom companies. due to intense competition. Currently, need to pay the exchequer following a the price of data for the customer at recent Supreme Court (SC) order. The Current Status of the Sector an average of `8 per GB is almost the CoS will also review various demands India is currently the world’s second- lowest in the world. Also, the average made by the industry, including largest telecommunications market revenue per user per month has deferment of spectrum auction with a subscriber base of 1.20 billion declined from `174 in 2014-15 to `113 payment due for the next two years, and has registered strong growth in in 2018-19.
    [Show full text]