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Johnston Site Bulletin A
National Park Service Kennesaw Mountain U.S. Department of the Interior Kennesaw Mountain National Battlefield Park Joseph E. Johnston, Soldier Introducing Mr. Johnston When the Civil War broke out, many of his military colleagues expected much of Joseph E. Johnston. By 1861, he had already been battle-hardened. A native of Virginia, Johnston attended the military academy at West Point, graduating with Robert E. Lee, future commander of the Army of Northern Virginia. A few years later, the young soldier served in the Black Hawk War of 1832, then against the Seminoles in Florida in 1838. In the Mexican War, Johnston was wounded twice and was soon thereafter promoted to colonel. By the outbreak of the Civil War, “Old Joe” was quartermaster-general of the United States Army. Early War Experience When war broke out in 1861, Johnston resigned his was heavily pressured to relieve the city, despite post in favor of the Confederacy, and was appointed his small numbers. Although Johnston ordered the Commanding General of the Army of the Shenan- commander of the Confederate garrison, Lieutenant doah. Later that year when the North launched its General John C. Pemberton, to attack in conjunction first major offensive, the general evaded a superior with his forces, the former refused. Without these force under Union General Patterson to join with men, attack was impractical. Johnston next or- Confederate General Beauregard at the First Battle of dered Pemberton to retreat and save his army from Manassas, and played a crucial role in the Rebel vic- capture. Pemberton had, however, been ordered tory there. -
The State Flag of Georgia: the 1956 Change in Its Historical Context
The State Senate Senate Research Office Bill Littlefield 204 Legislative Office Building Telephone Managing Director 18 Capitol Square 404/ 656 0015 Atlanta, Georgia 30334 Martha Wigton Fax Director 404/ 657 0929 The State Flag of Georgia: The 1956 Change In Its Historical Context Prepared by: Alexander J. Azarian and Eden Fesshazion Senate Research Office August 2000 Table of Contents Preface.....................................................................................i I. Introduction: National Flags of the Confederacy and the Evolution of the State Flag of Georgia.................................1 II. The Confederate Battle Flag.................................................6 III. The 1956 Legislative Session: Preserving segregation...........................................................9 IV. The 1956 Flag Change.........................................................18 V. John Sammons Bell.............................................................23 VI. Conclusion............................................................................27 Works Consulted..................................................................29 Preface This paper is a study of the redesigning of Georgia’s present state flag during the 1956 session of the General Assembly as well as a general review of the evolution of the pre-1956 state flag. No attempt will be made in this paper to argue that the state flag is controversial simply because it incorporates the Confederate battle flag or that it represents the Confederacy itself. Rather, this paper will focus on the flag as it has become associated, since the 1956 session, with preserving segregation, resisting the 1954 U.S. Supreme Court decision of Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, and maintaining white supremacy in Georgia. A careful examination of the history of Georgia’s state flag, the 1956 session of the General Assembly, the designer of the present state flag – John Sammons Bell, the legislation redesigning the 1956 flag, and the status of segregation at that time, will all be addressed in this study. -
Civil War and Reconstruction Era Cass/Bartow County
CIVIL WAR AND RECONSTRUCTION ERA CASS/BARTOW COUNTY, GEORGIA Except where reference is made to the work of others, the work described in this dissertation is my own or was done in collaboration with my advisory committee. This dissertation does not include proprietary or classified information. _______________________________ Keith Scott Hébert Certificate of Approval: ____________________________ ____________________________ Anthony G. Carey Kenneth W. Noe, Chair Associate Professor Professor History History ____________________________ ____________________________ Kathryn H. Braund Keith S. Bohannon Professor Associate Professor History History University of West Georgia ____________________________ George T. Flowers Interim Dean Graduate School CIVIL WAR AND RECONSTRUCTION ERA CASS/BARTOW COUNTY, GEORGIA Keith Scott Hébert A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Auburn University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctorate of Philosophy Auburn, Alabama May 10, 2007 CIVIL WAR AND RECONSTRUCTION ERA CASS/BARTOW COUNTY, GEORGIA Keith Scott Hébert Permission is granted to Auburn University to make copies of this dissertation at its discretion, upon request of individuals or institutions and at their expense. The author reserves all publication rights. ________________________________ Signature of Author ________________________________ Date of Graduation iii DISSERTATION ABSTRACT CIVIL WAR AND RECONSTRUCTION ERA CASS/BARTOW COUNTY, GEORGIA Keith Scott Hébert Doctor of Philosophy, May, 10, 2007 (M.A., -
Medal of Honor Narrative Andrews Raiders
Medal of Honor: Andrews’ Raiders One of the 19 of 22 men (including 2 civilians) who, by direction of Gen. Mitchell (or Buell) penetrated nearly 200 miles south into enemy territory and captured a railroad train at Big Shanty, Ga., in an attempt to destroy the bridges and tracks between Chattanooga and Atlanta. This is an example of the citation in which the Medal of Honor was awarded to nineteen of the twenty-four participants in the Great Locomotive Chase, a daring military mission breaching Confederate lines. Twenty-two of the men were military and known in history as “Andrews’ Raiders.” Six of the raiders were the very first to receive the Medal of Honor on March 25, 1863. The other thirteen men received the medal later for the same action. Seven raiders received their honor posthumously, some in September 1863 and others after the war. In spring 1862, Confederate forces began the Heartland Offensive by splitting into small groups in an attempt to spread the Union opposition thin. A division from the Army of the Ohio led by Brigadier General Ormsby Mitchel was ordered to Huntsville, Alabama, to repair railroads. In an effort to capture and control railroads deep into Georgia, black-market trader James J. Andrews Marion Ross received the medal developed a plan to conduct a small group of soldiers posthumously, c.1861. Ancestry.com. behind enemy lines. The men were to meet in Georgia, purchase tickets on a train to Chattanooga, overtake the train and destroy telegraph lines, bridges, and railroad track along the return trip north. -
The Original Survey
CHAPTER 1 1865 - 1911 in 1913. By then renumbered Southern Ry. 3770, it had served the line for a quarter of a century. (K. E. Schlachfe? When the dust cleared the unfortunate Lewis AL&Hs management had only limited freedom to McKenzie faced a daunting job. He now had a bat- spend money. tered railroad as far west as Vienna and not much of Somehow McKenzie managed to patch up the rail- anythmg beyond there. And since the Federal gov- road, although it took time. As best anyone can deter- ernment had viewed the Alexandria, Loudoun & mine now, the line's three original locomotives came Hampshire as an "enemy railroad" it offered nothing home-doubtless also needing patching upand a to rehabilitate the line. (This must have been espe- fourth was acquired as surplus from the government cially galling to McKenzie, who had been a staunch and rebuilt in the Alexandria shop. By January 1866 Unionist before and during the war-a position not the railroad was only open as far west as Hunter's Mill popular with his Alexandria friends.) Not only was the and Thomton, less than seven miles beyond Vienna. state of Virginia clearly in no position to help, but it It was not until June 1867 that trains could operate all was anxious to liquidate its stock holdings-forcing Ithe way to Leesburg again. McKenzie and his associates to arrange to buy out the By 1868 the road was finally whole, with a roster of 0 state's stake. Until that was accomplished in 1867, the four locomotives, four passenger coaches, two mail state effectively held a lien on the property and the and express cars, and 43 assorted freight cars-most '9 .111..1.1.11.1.11.1 11..~...IIIL.ll.1..1....1..1............ -
Press Release REVISED May 20, 2020 Historic Jefferson Railway 400 E. Austin Jefferson, TX 75657 General Information, Info@Jeffer
Press Release REVISED May 20, 2020 Historic Jefferson Railway 400 E. Austin Jefferson, TX 75657 General Information, [email protected] or 866-398-2038 www.JeffersonRailway.com, www.DiamondDonEmpire.com Media Contact: Melissa Moit, Manager, call or text 903-742-2041 The Great Locomotive Chase – The Andrews Raid Come experience the re-enactment of The Great Locomotive Chase - The Andrews Raid, the Civil War’s most gripping railroad story aboard an antique gas-powered locomotive at Historic Jefferson Railway. See the North and South skirmish a replica ironclad gunboat firing its cannons on the banks of the Big Cypress Bayou River. The Great Locomotive Chase trains will run on Saturday, May 30, 2020 departing from the Historic Jefferson Railway in downtown Jefferson at 10:30 12:30, 2:30, and 4:30. We have added 10:30 train Saturday morning due to demand. Price is $15 plus tax, lap children free. Tickets are available on line. The gripping tale of The Andrews Raid is the Civil War’s most fascinating railroad story. Famous campaigns were planned and conducted for the primary purpose of capturing or destroying railroad lines of value to the enemy. On the morning of April 12, 1862, the most famous locomotive of the Civil War, the General, was hijacked by the Union civilian spy, James J. Andrews, and his men. After a nail-biting eight hours and 87 miles, the Southerners captured the General, James Andrews and several of his men. The Merrimack was a Union cruiser, captured by the South in Norfolk Virginia, and renamed the Virginia. -
Battlefields in Dixie Land and Chickamauga
JRoithfiQlds (ry is Qixie land AiwlOiickamcniga ffetioiral Mil ffkii in.Dixie Land WITH DESCRIPTION OF THE IMPORTANT BATTLES FOUCHTALONC THESE LINES AND THE STORY OF THE ENCINE "GENERAL" Nashville Chattanooga & St.Louis Ry. and \ Western & I Atlantic R.R. THE CONFEDERATES STORMING THE FEDERAL OUTER LINE OF WORKS AT ALLATOONA ON THE LINE OF THE WESTERN & ATLANTIC RAILROAD, OCTOBER S, 1864. CAPTURI 01 mi COLORS OF THE 39TH IOWA REGIMENT OLUMES would be required to give the details of the battles fought on that almost continu ous battlefield extending along the lines of the Nashville, Chattanooga & St. Louis Railway V and Western & Atlantic Railroad from north of Chattanooga all the way to Atlanta. Although space does not permit of any ex tended description, the concise story given here with, of each of the important engagements, will enable the reader to get a clear and comprehensive idea of this tremen dous campaign. On these fields of glory were fought some of the most desperately contested battles of the war, and the memory of the valor here displayed will stir the blood and awaken the patriotism of American citizens for generations to come and doubtless also inspire them to similar deeds of heroism should the defense of their sacred rights require it. The beauty of the well-kept grounds, the imposing monu ments commemorating the important events, and the many memorial tablets explaining the various actions, make a visit to these battlefields an event of supreme interest and inspira tion as well as instruction. 3 BATTLEFIELDS ON AND NEAR LINES OF NASHVILLE, CHATTANOOGA & ST. -
Andrews' Raiders (The Great Locomotive Chase)
Andrews’ Raiders (The Great Locomotive Chase) Topic Guide for Chronicling America (http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov) Introduction On April 12, 1862, Union soldiers executed a raid in Big Shanty, Georgia (now Kennesaw) to steal a locomotive and ride it back north, cutting telegraph wires and disrupting supply transportation. James J. Andrews, a civilian scout and spy, lead 22 troops from Ohio regiments into enemy territory, commandeered a Confederate locomotive, The General, and drove it back north toward Chattanooga, Tennessee. The raid was unsuccessful, as the Confederates eventually caught up with the raiders. Seven of the raiders were hanged as war criminals, including Andrews; some made their escape; and the rest were eventually exchanged and sent home. As a result of this raid, the first Medals of Honor were awarded to the brave men who attempted this daring incursion. Andrews did not receive the Medal of Honor, as he was a civilian and not eligible. Important Dates . April 12, 1862: Union soldiers steal The General and race back toward Chattanooga, Tennessee. April 24, 1862: All of the participants of the raid had been captured and were awaiting trial. June 7, 1862: James J. Andrews is hanged after being found guilty of being a spy. June 18, 1862: Seven other soldiers were hanged in Atlanta after being convicted as spies. March 17, 1863: The six remaining prisoners of war (eight prisoners had already made their escape) are exchanged for Confederate prisoners. March 25, 1863: Jacob Parrott, a private during the raid, is the first recipient of the Medal of Honor. May 30, 1891: A monument is unveiled in the Chattanooga National Cemetery commemorating the raid. -
Total War and Sherman's March to Victory
TOTAL WAR AND SHERMAN’S MARCH TO VICTORY 1 “War is hell.”1 So spoke Union General William Tecumseh Sherman. While certainly not the first military commander in history to say it, he is the general most often quoted as saying it, and perhaps one of the most familiar with the hell that is war. There is a well-known saying that armies are always fighting the last war. That was certainly true in the case of the United States Civil War. Both the Union and the Confederacy engaged in Napoleonic battle tactics and war strategy from the outset. Both sides eagerly sought that one decisive battle that would determine the outcome of the war. But, this war was different, and victory would require a fundamental shift in both battle and war strategy. Through his audacious march to the sea and north through the Carolinas, General Sherman provided that necessary shift. Sherman developed and executed a strategy of what would come to be called total war. He made war not only upon the Confederate army, but upon the South as a whole. Had Sherman not engaged in total war tactics, the South could have continued the war indefinitely and perhaps even gained a negotiated peace. The term “total war” was first coined in 1927 by Italian General Guilio Douhet. Douhet described total war as “the entire population and all the resources of a nation are sucked into the maw of war.”2 In a 1964 essay historian and journalist Bruce Catton stated that “in a total war the enemy’s economy is to be undermined in any way possible.”3 Catton’s description of total war works hand in hand with historian James McPherson’s expanded definition of total war as “a war between peoples rather than simply between armies, a war in which the fighting left nothing untouched or unchanged.”4 Thus when taken together, the best definition of total war can be 1 Matt Carr, “General Sherman’s March to the Sea. -
The Locomotive Fairfax Historic Fairfax City, Inc
"Preserving the Past. Protecting the Future." the Protecting Past. the "Preserving Volume 15, Issue 2 Spring 2018 The Locomotive Fairfax Historic Fairfax City, Inc. A Brief History "Fare Fac - Say Do" by William Page Johnson, II Executive Officers The steam powered locomotive, or iron horse, was a marvel John A.C. Keith President Jenée L. Lindner Vice-Pres. of mechanical engineering in its day and was clearly a world- Albert L. Leightley Treasurer changing technology. The American public was fascinated with Linda M. Baringhaus Secretary these gigantic hissing, smoke-belching, snorting monsters in much Hildie Carney Director Patricia A. Fabio Director the same way that later generations would be awed by the Linda C. Goldstein Director D. Lee Hubbard Director automobile, airplane, and space travel. Fairfax, VA 22030 VA Fairfax, Hon. Wm. Page Johnson, II Director 10209 Main Street Main 10209 Benny Leonard Director Maria McFarlane Director The Orange and Alexandria Railroad was chartered by the Virginia John A.C. Keith, President Keith, A.C. John Wayne A. Morris Director John P. Murphy Director General Assembly in 1848 to enable the port city of Alexandria, Virginia to Return Address - Historic Fairfax City, Inc. City, Fairfax Historic - Address Return Mary S. Petersen Director Hon. Penny A. Rood Director compete with the farm markets of Baltimore and Richmond. Ground was Mark A. Towery Director broken for the new line on Water Street, Alexandria, March 4, 1850.1 Edward C. Trexler, Jr. Director Matthew T. West Director Construction began almost immediately and was completed to Lee’s Station, Vacant Director Vacant Director Fairfax County by September 1851. -
American Civil War
BRAILLE AND TALKING BOOK LIBRARY (800) 952-5666; btbl.ca.gov; [email protected] History: American Civil War These nonfiction books are all about the American Civil War, the historical figures involved, analyses on the cultural and political climate of the time, and the aftermath of the war. To order any of these titles, contact the library by email, phone, mail, in person, or order through our online catalog. Most titles can be downloaded from BARD. How the South Could Have Won the Civil War the Fatal Errors that Led to Confederate Defeat by Bevin Alexander Read by Bill Wallace 13 hours, 28 minutes Military historian posits that the South would have been victorious had Confederate president Jefferson Davis and General Robert E. Lee followed General Stonewall Jackson's advice and attacked factories, railroads, and farms in the North rather than engaging in frontal assaults. Details crucial battles that support this theory. 2007. Download from BARD: How the South Could Have Won the Civil War… Also available on digital cartridge DB066971 America's War Talking about the Civil War and Emancipation on their 150th Anniversaries by Edward L. Ayers Read by Various Narrators 10 hours, 47 minutes Anthology of readings about the Civil War and its aftermath, copublished by the American Library Association and the National Endowment for the Humanities. Offers both historical documents and contemporary perspectives, including an 1862 journal by Louisa May Alcott and a 2008 analysis of the conflict's legacy by historian Drew Gilpin Faust. 2012. Download from BARD: America’s War Talking about the Civil War… Also available on digital cartridge DB074156 “Freedom to All": New Jersey’s African-American Civil War Soldiers by Joseph G. -
The Role of Union Cavalry During the Atlanta Campaign
AD-A284 554 ETTO 3 Jun 94 Master's Thesis 2 Aug 93-3 Jun 94 The Role of Union Cavalry During the Atlanta Campaign MAJ Robert B. Leach, USA U.S. Army Command and General Staff College Attn: ATZL-SWD-GD Ft. Leavenworth, Ks 66027-6900IOU Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. This study is a historical analysis of the effectiveness of Union cavalry during the Atlanta Campaign of the American Civil War. In a campaign noted for the highly skilled maneuver conducted by General William Tecumseh Sherman, the effective employment of the cavalry was essential. The Union cavalry had the missions of providing security to the flanks of the army and protecting the supply lines by guarding the railroad and by striking against the Confederate cavalry. Later in the campaign, the Union leadership introduced the task of destroying Confederate railroads as a cavalry mission. The Union cavalry failed to perform these missions adequately. First, this work investigates the tradition of the Union cavalry and the state of Sherman's cavalry at the beginning of the campaign. Secondly, an analysis of the cavalry operations breaks the use of cavalry into three phases a-nd focuses on the various missions which were attempted. Finally, the study addresses the lessons learned and what the applicability is for modern operations. This study concludes that although the Union cavalry was well manned and well eauipped, improper employment and deficient senior leadership caused it to play an unsuccessful and detrimental -part in the overall campaign. Civil War, Atlanta Campaign, Union Cavalry 146 UNCLASSIFIED UNCLASSIFIED UNCLASSIFIED THE ROLE OF UNION CAVALRY DURING THE ATLANTA CAMPAIGN A thesis presented to the Faculty of the U.S.