The Original Survey
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CHAPTER 1 1865 - 1911 in 1913. By then renumbered Southern Ry. 3770, it had served the line for a quarter of a century. (K. E. Schlachfe? When the dust cleared the unfortunate Lewis AL&Hs management had only limited freedom to McKenzie faced a daunting job. He now had a bat- spend money. tered railroad as far west as Vienna and not much of Somehow McKenzie managed to patch up the rail- anythmg beyond there. And since the Federal gov- road, although it took time. As best anyone can deter- ernment had viewed the Alexandria, Loudoun & mine now, the line's three original locomotives came Hampshire as an "enemy railroad" it offered nothing home-doubtless also needing patching upand a to rehabilitate the line. (This must have been espe- fourth was acquired as surplus from the government cially galling to McKenzie, who had been a staunch and rebuilt in the Alexandria shop. By January 1866 Unionist before and during the war-a position not the railroad was only open as far west as Hunter's Mill popular with his Alexandria friends.) Not only was the and Thomton, less than seven miles beyond Vienna. state of Virginia clearly in no position to help, but it It was not until June 1867 that trains could operate all was anxious to liquidate its stock holdings-forcing Ithe way to Leesburg again. McKenzie and his associates to arrange to buy out the By 1868 the road was finally whole, with a roster of 0 state's stake. Until that was accomplished in 1867, the four locomotives, four passenger coaches, two mail state effectively held a lien on the property and the and express cars, and 43 assorted freight cars-most '9 .111..1.1.11.1.11.1 11..~...IIIL.ll.1..1....1..1............. - ,. Trains of the Washington, Ohio &Western and its successors used the Pennsylvania Railroad’s impressive 1872 Washington terminal at 6th and B Streets, N.W.-now the site of the National Gallery of Art‘s West Building. The PRR and all railroads from the south crossed the Mall to enter the station, shown here about 1895. (Harwoodcollection) of the latter war surplus. One passenger train was planned route west of Clarke’s Gap and heading scheduled each way, leaving Alexandria at 8 a.m. and slightly southwest to Snickersville (now Bluemont) returning from Leesburg at 12:15 in the afternoon. at the base of the Blue Ridge, about 13 miles. The trip took two hours. The stage connections be- The ultimate terminal also was shifted six miles tween Leesburg and Winchester via Purcellville and farther west from Paddytown (Keyser) to Piedmont, Berryville operated only three days a week. now in the new state of West Virginia; there it could But beyond putting its existing line into shape, the connect not only with the B&O (which probably AL&H never seemed to get going again, and for the would be unfriendly) but with the Cumberland & next 20 years it followed an erratic course to nowhere. Pennsylvania Railroad, which reached mines in the Westward consmaion resumed, but listlessly; by the Georges Creek and Mount Savage areas of Mary- end of 1868 the rails had progressed as far west as land. Continuing to creep forward, track reached Clarke’s Gap, three and a half miles from Leesburg, on Hamilton by March 1870, and at the same time pas- grading completed before the war. The goal was still senger service was increased to two scheduled round the upper Potomac coal fields via Winchester, and a trips a day-the traditional morning turn out of Al- new route was surveyed across the Blue Ridge hump, exandria, which carried the mail, and a slower local this time through Snicker’s Gap, several miles south of which left Hamilton at 5:30 a.m. and returned west 0 the original survey. This involved leaving the originally from Alexandria at 5 pm. 20 Raiis To The Biue Ridge ................................................................. .. ......... ..... ..,., 1 , ....-...-> ..... ..: ...: . ,-= ..... ... --_ .:I: . _.I-c. .... .. .. .. The aesthetic Southern Railway frame station later burned and was replaced by a simpler structure. At the left is the grain elevator, BluemontS majoi- landmark and chief freight customer for the railroad here. (Thomas Underwood collection) By then, however, McKenzie and his group had un- supported by individual cities or states was fast giving accountably veered off in a far more ambitious direc- way to large, competitive trunk line systems domi- tion. They now changed their goal to the Ohio River nated by various northern entrepreneurs. Railroad at Point Pleasant, WestVirginia, about midway between enthusiasm was high and money was flowing into new Parkersburg and present-day Huntington and roughly projects everywhere. 325 miles from Alexandria. The new route would cut As a result, railroading became a high-stakes game across West Virginia about midway between the Balti- ofpower politics, with the national railroad map chang- more & Ohio’s main line on the north and the Chesa- ing rapidly. And nowhere was that map more in flux peake & Ohio, then under construction to the south, than the entire region south of the Potomac. In 1870 and pass through some of the state’s finest virgin coal Collis P. Huntington was in the process of building his country on the way. To conform with a new charter Chesapeake & Ohio from Richmond to the Ohio River, from the state of West Virginia, the AL&H was re- creating a wholly new trunk line across Virginia and named the Washington & Ohio Railroad on July 26, West Virginia. At the same time both the Pennsylvania 1870,with authorizednewcapitalstockof$lS million. Railroad and the Baltimore & Ohio’s John W. Garrett What inspired this vaulting vision in a group which were competing with each other to create extensive seemed barely able to get their railroad beyond southern systems as adjuncts to their expanding east- Leesburg is now unknown. But it should be noted that em and midwestern lines. Garrett bought control of the railroad environment was then changing dramati- the merged Orange & Alexandria and Manassas Gap cally. The Golden Spike was driven in 1869 and rails roads and, it was said, intended eventually to reach New 0 now reached all the way to the Pacific. The original Orleans. The Pennsylvania was then building a line into concept of regional and localized lines promoted or Washington which it would extend toward Richmond; LkeamandDoldrunu 21 An eastbound Southern Railway wayfreight pauses at Herndon about 1908. (David Marcham collection) soon afterward it would start gobbling up lines through The first mountain was still in the distance but the the Piedmont south of Richmond heading toward At- old bugbear of money continued to haunt to the lanta and Memphis. Baltimore financier William T. project. The company’s gross revenues, which wavered Walters, a PRR ally, simultaneously started assembling around $100,000 ayear, were barelyadequate to meet what became the Atlantic Coast Line system. it operating expenses, much less finance building a In short, it was a turbulent era of railroad expansion railroad through 275 miles of mountain wilderness. and empire-building, with potentially lucrative oppor- In addition the timing was disastrous. The depression tunities for those who moved fast and surely. Perhaps which followed a financial panic in 1873 dried up the McKenzie group thought it could be a contender whatever capital McKenzie may have hoped for. (He in this arena. Or, perhaps, it thought that its expansive was hardly alone; many railroads, especially in the new charter would make the railroad an amactive pur- South, were in receivershp and even the mighty Penn- chase for one of the new empire builders. sylvania and Baltimore & Ohio were forced to give up Either way it was a forlorn hope. The new Wash- their southern adventures.) Furthermore his company ington & Ohio could do no better than inch forward still owed the State of Virginia for its buyout of the a few more miles. It was not until April 1874 that the state’s stock. Out of a $9 million bond issue autho- rails arrived in Purcellville, four miles from Hamilton. rized when the Washington & Ohio was organized, By the end of that year they had reached Round Hill, only $235,000 was actually issued and interest pay- a hamlet in the Blue Ridge foothills three miles from ments on this and its earlier debt were problematical. Purcellville and about SO miles from Alexandria. And For one day, at least, the struggling railroad could there the Washington & Ohio heaved a sigh and bask in some glory: in November 1873 President 0 stopped for good. Ulysses S. Grant took his entire cabinet on a special z z Raih To The Blue Ridge 11.1. ~1.1.1.1....1..~..91..........~.1..~......9..1....1......... Richmond & Danville. (Dav;d Marcham collection) train to Leesburg, where the august group spent the This time the purchasers were a group of New York day at the Loudoun County Fair. financial speculators, who took control on June 12, The end for McKenzie came February 9, 1878, 1883 and renamed their property the Washington, when the Washington & Ohio formally went into re- Ohio & Western. The new title implied even grander ceivership. Although there would be a few false prom- goals, but in fact the new owners were mostly inter- ises over the next decade, Alexandria's will-o-the-wisp ested in selling or leasing the line to some other rail- dreams of western expansion were finished, and the road which might consider it strategic. To make it original management which had suffered with the rail- more attractive, they embarked on a modest modern- road since the 1850s retired from the scene.